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1
F, Rotatori Anthony, Hrsg. Treatment and prevention of childhood sexual abuse: A child-generated model. Washington, D.C: Taylor & Francis, 1995.
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2
D, Gillis Philip, und U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences., Hrsg. Cognitive behaviors for computer generated forces. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 2000.
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Human nature: How the mind generates behavior. [Springfield, Va.]: Financial Book Partners, 1998.
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Aprile, Luigi, Hrsg. Psicologia dello sviluppo cognitivo-linguistico: tra teoria e intervento. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/8884530652.
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Il volume, pubblicato in onore di Filippo Boschi, si compone di un'introduzione e sedici contributi che riportano studi e ricerche realizzate da autori di varie Università italiane, tra cui Firenze, Padova, Roma, Trieste, spesso in collaborazione con gruppi di studiosi di prestigiose Università straniere. Il volume presenta quindi alcune delle più aggiornate acquisizioni scientifiche sulla psicologia della lettura in particolare e dello sviluppo cognitivo e linguistico in generale, ed è destinato non solo a specialisti e cultori del settore, ma anche agli studenti universitari impegnati nello studio della psicologia dello sviluppo e dell'educazione.
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Argentina en sus mitos, del granero del mundo a la nación fabril: Aportes antropológicos en el estudio de conocimientos, tecnologías y aprendizajes. CABA [i.e. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires]: Imago Mundi, 2010.
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Paloscia, Raffaele, Simone Spellucci und Luca Spitoni. La Habana del Este. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-503-5.
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The Atlas of Territorial Heritage in the Municipality of East Havana is a useful tool in order to reach a complete knowledge of an extended Cuban municipality belonging to Havana, Cuba. At the same time the atlas is useful to generate analytical bases for future urban planning interventions and transformations, which can be focused on the idea of territorial heritage as an essential resource for a self-sustaining development. The main objective is to explain the tangible and intangible components of the heritage and try to stimulate and strengthen the community’s awareness on the richness of territory and its potential. Thus communities can express themselves in the adaptation to environmental, climatic, demographic and economic changes. The Atlas was developed by an Italian/Cuban team of experts in different phases and has been updated recently. It contains the results of a deep and accurate analysis and cataloging, made up of a large number of data concerning the various areas of research. The data were organized in typologies and punctually located in maps. The multifaceted and dense richness of Cuban culture finds in this volume a confirmation, and makes possible to put into practice cognitive tools for safeguarding and valorization, a strong point for new challenges of contemporaneity.
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Shah, Rajiv, und Roger Zimmermann. Multimodal Analysis of User-Generated Multimedia Content. Springer, 2018.
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Shah, Rajiv, und Roger Zimmermann. Multimodal Analysis of User-Generated Multimedia Content. Springer, 2017.
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Fox, Kieran C. R., und Manesh Girn. Neural Correlates of Self-Generated Imagery and Cognition Throughout the Sleep Cycle. Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.16.
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Humans have been aware for thousands of years that sleep comes in many forms, accompanied by different kinds of mental content. This chapter reviews the first-person report literature on the frequency and type of content experienced in various stages of sleep, showing that different sleep stages are dissociable at the subjective level. It then relates these subjective differences to the growing literature differentiating the various sleep stages at the neurophysiological level, including evidence from electrophysiology, neurochemistry, and functional neuroimaging. The authors suggest that there is emerging evidence for relationships between sleep stage, neurophysiological activity, and subjective experiences. Specifically, they emphasize that functional neuroimaging work suggests a parallel between activation and deactivation of default network and visual network brain areas and the varying frequency and intensity of imagery and dream mentation across sleep stages; additionally, frontoparietal control network activity across sleep stages may parallel levels of cognitive control and meta-awareness.
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O'Callaghan, Claire, und Muireann Irish. Candidate Mechanisms of Spontaneous Cognition as Revealed by Dementia Syndromes. Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.6.
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The capacity to engage in spontaneous self-generated thought is fundamental to the human experience, yet surprisingly little is known regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms that support this complex ability. Dementia syndromes offer a unique opportunity to study how the breakdown of large-scale functional brain networks impacts spontaneous cognition. Indeed, many of the characteristic cognitive changes in dementia reflect the breakdown of foundational processes essential for discrete aspects of self-generated thought. This chapter discusses how disease-specific alterations in memory-based/construction and mentalizing processes likely disrupt specific aspects of spontaneous, self-generated thought. In doing so, it provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocognitive architecture of spontaneous cognition, paying specific attention to how this sophisticated endeavor is compromised in dementia.
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Austerweil, Joseph L., Samuel J. Gershman und Thomas L. Griffiths. Structure and Flexibility in Bayesian Models of Cognition. Herausgegeben von Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend und Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.9.
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Probability theory forms a natural framework for explaining the impressive success of people at solving many difficult inductive problems, such as learning words and categories, inferring the relevant features of objects, and identifying functional relationships. Probabilistic models of cognition use Bayes’s rule to identify probable structures or representations that could have generated a set of observations, whether the observations are sensory input or the output of other psychological processes. In this chapter we address an important question that arises within this framework: How do people infer representations that are complex enough to faithfully encode the world but not so complex that they “overfit” noise in the data? We discuss nonparametric Bayesian models as a potential answer to this question. To do so, first we present the mathematical background necessary to understand nonparametric Bayesian models. We then delve into nonparametric Bayesian models for three types of hidden structure: clusters, features, and functions. Finally, we conclude with a summary and discussion of open questions for future research.
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McLean, Peter D., und Sheila R. Woody. Anxiety Disorders in Adults. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195116250.001.0001.
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In this title, the authors review psychosocial treatments for anxiety disorders, focusing on the scientific basis and demonstrated outcomes of the treatments. Cognitive-behavioral therapies are highlighted, as they have been the most frequently investigated approaches to treating anxiety disorders. Individual chapters feature specific phobias: social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The book is rich in clinical material and integrates science and clinical practice in an effort to help practitioners to improve the effectiveness of their work with anxious clients. Recently developed psychosocial treatments for anxiety disorders reflect the systematic influence of scientifically generated knowledge, and these new treatments yield strong results. Research in such areas as information processing, cognition, behavioral avoidance, and the physiological components of anxious arousal has increased our knowledge of mediators that cause and maintain anxiety disorders.
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Julesz, Bela. Dialogues on Perception. The MIT Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2398.001.0001.
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An elucidation of ideas and insights generated by the paradigm of "early vision," presented in the form of dialogues. Renowned for his work in depth perception and pattern recognition, Bela Julesz originated the techniques—involving computer-generated random-dot stereograms, cinematograms, and textures—that resulted in the subfield of human psychology called "early vision." In this book, Julesz elucidates the ideas and insights generated by this exciting paradigm in a series of dialogues between Julesz the naif and Julesz the scientist. These playful, personal, deeply informed dialogues, though challenging, are never beyond the reach of the general scientific reader interested in brain research. Among the topics covered are stereopsis, motion perception, neurophysiology, texture and auditory perception, early vision, visual cognition, and machine vision. Julesz's work on early vision and focal attention is the basis of the discussions, but he is equally at ease recounting his debate with John Searle and describing his interactions with Salvador Dali. He also addresses creativity, mathematics, theories, metascientific questions, maturational windows, and cortical plasticity, relates his current work to past findings and ideas, and considers how some strategic questions can be solved with existing tools.
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Kucyi, Aaron. Pain and Spontaneous Thought. Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.40.
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Pain is among the most salient of experiences, while also, curiously, being among the most malleable. A large body of research has revealed that a multitude of explicit strategies can be used to effectively alter the attention-demanding quality of acute and chronic pains and their associated neural correlates. However, thoughts that are spontaneous, rather than actively generated, are common in daily life, and so attention to pain can often temporally fluctuate because of ongoing self-generated experiences. Classic pain theories have largely neglected to account for unconstrained fluctuations in cognition, but new studies have demonstrated the behavioral relevance, putative neural basis, and individual variability of interactions between pain and spontaneous thoughts. This chapter reviews behavioral studies of ongoing fluctuations in attention to pain, studies of the neural basis of spontaneous mind-wandering away from pain, and the clinical implications of this research.
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Wamsley, Erin J. Dreaming and Waking Thought as a Reflection of Memory Consolidation. Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.23.
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Dreaming has often been viewed as a “mysterious” experience entirely distinct from waking cognition. An alternative view proposes that dreams are generated by the same fundamental processes that give rise to spontaneous thought during wakefulness. New evidence suggests that these processes include activity of the brain’s memory systems, supporting consolidation of newly encoded experience. During both sleep and wakefulness, fragments of recently encoded memory are recombined with related remote memory and semantic information to create novel scenarios. This is an adaptive process that contributes to the “consolidation” of memory and is reflected in the phenomenology of both our nightly dreams and waking daydreams.
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Bongard, Josh. Modeling self and others. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0011.
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Embodied cognition is the view that intelligence arises out of the interaction between an agent’s body and its environment. Taking such a view generates novel scientific hypotheses about biological intelligence and opportunities for advancing artificial intelligence. In this chapter we review one such set of hypotheses regarding how a robot may generate models of self, and others, and then exploit those models to recover from damage or exhibit the rudiments of social cognition. This modeling of self and others draws mainly on three concepts from neuroscience and AI: forward and inverse models in the brain, the neuronal replicator hypothesis, and the brain as a hierarchical prediction machine. The chapter concludes with future directions, including the integration of deep learning methods with embodied cognition.
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Gallagher, Shaun. Enactive Intentionality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.003.0004.
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This chapter offers an in-depth discussion of the concept of intentionality from neo-behaviorist, neo-pragmatist, and enactivist perspectives. It argues that intentionality need not be conceived in representationalist terms, and that both phenomenology and pragmatism point to a more basic form of non-derived intentionality—the notion of operative intentionality, which is embodied in motoric, action-related processes, and embedded in socially situated behavior. Concepts of intentionality also reflect specific conceptions of social cognition. The enactive, neo-pragmatic, operative concept of intentionality turns out to be the relevant concept needed to support enactivist and extended mind approaches to understanding mind. Operative (embodied, motoric) intentionality is shown to be the real original or non-derived intentionality generated in our interactions with others.
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Grush, Rick, und Lisa Damm. Cognition and the Brain. Herausgegeben von Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels und Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0012.
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The article explores the relationship between cognition and the brain. Some researches indicate that emotions provide information, anticipate future responses, influence reasoning strategy, index value, and direct attention toward particular objects but few psychologists have attempted to incorporate these results into an integrative general theory of cognition and emotion. Antonio Damasio claims that emotions are primarily representations of somatic states, including visceral and musculoskeletal, at the psychological level. The relationship between the event type and the associated emotional reaction is learned so that when the same type of event is encountered, or the same type of action considered, it can induce the corresponding emotion and the valance of that emotion can influence how the agent behaves in that situation. Damasio argued that somatic markers help facilitate reasoning by providing a rapid processing of potential decision outcomes based on immediate endorsement or rejection, which then helps constrain the decision-making space to a manageable size for which it becomes reasonable to employ more traditional means of evaluation such as cost-benefit analysis on the remaining options. Berthoz argued that the brain is a simulator of action and a generator of hypotheses such that anticipating and predicting the consequences of actions based on the remembered past is one of the basic properties of the brain.
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Recanati, François. Cognitive dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0011.
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This chapter offers an elaboration and defense of the mental-file approach to singular thought. Mental files are supposed to account for both cognitive significance and coreference de jure. But these two roles generate conflicting constraints: files must be fine-grained to play the first role and coarse-grained to play the second role. To reconcile the constraints, we need to distinguish two sorts of file (static files and dynamic files), and two forms of coreference de jure (strong and weak). Dynamic files are sequences of file-stages united by the weak coreference de jure relation. It is at the synchronic level, that of file-stages, that the stronger coreference de jure is to be found. The resulting view is compared to that of Papineau, according to whom only dynamic files are needed, and to that of Ninan, according to whom there are proper dynamic files that exhibit strong coreference de jure.
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Mercer, Jonathan. Psychology and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.282.
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Psychology plays a key role in the success of strategy and is therefore important to the study of international security. There are four general approaches to the psychology of strategy. The first focuses on personality, and more specifically on individual differences, cognition, and the use of evolutionary psychology and neuroscience to investigate human nature. The second approach draws on deterrence theory, which considers how an actor can keep a target from doing something it would otherwise do. A political psychological perspective on deterrence consists of three elements. First, psychological approaches to deterrence reject stimulus–response models and instead lay emphasis on understanding cognition and emotion. Second, deterrence is a policy rather than a philosophy. Third, whereas normative theories explain how one ought to behave (and thus cannot be disconfirmed by evidence), psychological theories change in response to new evidence, such as with the development of prospect theory. The third aspect of strategic interaction involves learning and intelligence assessments. Based on this approach, how people learn, what they are likely to learn, and the problems of assessing the intentions and capabilities of others are central to strategy. The fourth and final approach is concerned with the strategy of group conflict, which has generated two waves of research: the first analyzed how material inequality or competition for resources gives rise to psychological forces that result in group cooperation and between-group competition, and the second added nonmaterial causes to explain group relations.
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Blanchard, Thomas, und Jonathan Schaffer. Cause without Default. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0010.
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Must causal models distinguish default from deviant events? Yes, say Menzies (2004, 2007), Hitchcock (2007), Hall (2007), and Halpern (2008), inter alia. No, argues this chapter. It argues that adding defaults into causal models (1) generates complicating and under-constrained unclarities, (2) fails to solve the problems it has been claimed to solve, and (3) fails to fit the most psychologically plausible accounts of how norms influence cognition generally. Instead of adding defaults into causal models, it recommends clarifying the background constraints on what counts as an apt causal model, and attending to background cognitive biases about the availability of alternatives.
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Kuenzler, Adrian. Fashioning Consumer Cognitive Capability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0005.
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This chapter moves beyond the existing contradictions in the accepted market regulatory approach to demonstrate that markets should often be seen in terms of their ability to yield cognitive capability. Particularly, the cognitive psychological research convincingly shows that there is room for manipulation of consumer preferences by product manufacturers and sellers, which may have adverse effects on consumer sovereignty and the establishment of market equilibria based on what consumers value, because exogenous consumer preferences no longer interact with technologies and initial endowments to generate corresponding equilibrium prices and production levels. Based on insights gained by Friedrich August von Hayek about the workings of the competitive process, this chapter reconceptualizes the notion of consumer sovereignty and explains how an increased promotion of intratype competition can help consumers to arrive at less biased decisions.
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Ebstein, Richard P., Songfa Zhong, Robin Chark, Poh San Lai und Soo Hong Chew. Modeling the Genetics of Social Cognition in the Laboratory. Herausgegeben von Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.017.
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This chapter examines recent advances in the genetics of social cognition, discussing evidence from twin studies that confirm the relevancy of genetic hard wiring in understanding many social phenotypes, with important implications for the social sciences and for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that may identify specific genes contributing to a wide range of social phenotypes, genoeconomics, and individual and social decision making. Stressing the importance of phenotype definition and precise measurement as key to success in GWAS, the authors argue that laboratory-based behavioral economic paradigms using ethnically homogenous student populations generate the best prospects for successful GWAS. Also discussed are the neurochemical/neurogenetic architecture of behavioral economic games that measure individual and social decision making and the considerable progress made in unraveling the neurogenetics of human parenting and the beginning of a political attitudes neuroscience. The authors’ own GWAS is used to present a set of guidelines for future research directions.
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Gazzaniga, Michael S., Hrsg. The Cognitive Neurosciences. 4. Aufl. The MIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/8029.001.0001.
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The fourth edition of the work that defines the field of cognitive neuroscience, offering completely new material. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The fourth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biologic underpinnings of complex cognition—the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. The material in this edition is entirely new, with all chapters written specifically for it. Since the publication of the third edition, the field of cognitive neuroscience has made rapid and dramatic advances; fundamental stances are changing and new ideas are emerging. This edition reflects the vibrancy of the field, with research in development and evolution that finds a dynamic growth pattern becoming specific and fixed, and research in plasticity that sees the neuronal systems always changing; exciting new empirical evidence on attention that also verifies many central tenets of longstanding theories; work that shows the boundaries of the motor system pushed further into cognition; memory research that, paradoxically, provides insight into how humans imagine future events; pioneering theoretical and methodological work in vision; new findings on how genes and experience shape the language faculty; new ideas about how the emotional brain develops and operates; and research on consciousness that ranges from a novel mechanism for how the brain generates the baseline activity necessary to sustain conscious experience to a bold theoretical attempt to make the problem of qualia more tractable.
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Godfrey-Smith, Peter. Towers and Trees in Cognitive Evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0015.
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Dennett argues that Darwinism provides a universal theory of adaptation and improvement in design. In his “Tower of Generate and Test,” Dennett distinguishes four kinds of creatures that realize a Darwinian pattern on different scales and with different degrees of sophistication: Darwinian, Skinnerian, Popperian, and Gregorian creatures. I examine Dennett’s tower in the light of recent work on learning, and in the context of the phylogenetic tree. A class of associative learners—Humean organisms—probably lies between Dennett’s Darwinian and Skinnerian creatures. Various cognitive capacities are also more demanding than instrumental conditioning, but insufficient for Popperian cognition in Dennett’s sense. Creatures corresponding to these intermediate stages are named—Carnapian, Pearlian, Tolmanian. These stages are not arranged in a tower.
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Poeppel, David, George R. Mangun und Michael S. Gazzaniga, Hrsg. The Cognitive Neurosciences. 6. Aufl. The MIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11442.001.0001.
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The sixth edition of the foundational reference on cognitive neuroscience, with entirely new material that covers the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies. Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The sixth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biological underpinnings of complex cognition—the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. It offers entirely new material, reflecting recent advances in the field, covering the latest research, experimental approaches, and measurement methodologies. This sixth edition treats such foundational topics as memory, attention, and language, as well as other areas, including computational models of cognition, reward and decision making, social neuroscience, scientific ethics, and methods advances. Over the last twenty-five years, the cognitive neurosciences have seen the development of sophisticated tools and methods, including computational approaches that generate enormous data sets. This volume deploys these exciting new instruments but also emphasizes the value of theory, behavior, observation, and other time-tested scientific habits. Section editorsSarah-Jayne Blakemore and Ulman Lindenberger, Kalanit Grill-Spector and Maria Chait, Tomás Ryan and Charan Ranganath, Sabine Kastner and Steven Luck, Stanislas Dehaene and Josh McDermott, Rich Ivry and John Krakauer, Daphna Shohamy and Wolfram Schultz, Danielle Bassett and Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, Marina Bedny and Alfonso Caramazza, Liina Pylkkänen and Karen Emmorey, Mauricio Delgado and Elizabeth Phelps, Anjan Chatterjee and Adina Roskies
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Delafield-Butt, Jonathan. The emotional and embodied nature of human understanding: Sharing narratives of meaning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the emotional and embodied nature of children’s learning to discover biological principles of social awareness, affective contact, and shared sense-making before school. From mid-gestation, the fetus learns to anticipate the sensory effects of simple, self-generated actions. Actions generate a small ‘story’ that progresses through time, giving meaningful satisfaction on their successful completion. Self-made stories become organized after birth into complex projects requiring greater appreciation of their consequences, which are communicated. They are mediated first by brainstem conscious control made with vital feelings, which motivates a more abstract, cortically mediated cognitive and cultural intelligence in later life. By tracing the development of meaning-making from simple projects of the infant to complex shared projects in early childhood, we appreciate the embodied narrative form of human understanding in healthy affective contact, how it may be disrupted in children with clinical disorders or educational difficulties, and how it responds in joyful projects to an understanding teacher’s support for learning.
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Northoff, Georg. How Does the Brain’s Spontaneous Activity Generate Our Thoughts? Herausgegeben von Kalina Christoff und Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.9.
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Recent investigations have demonstrated the psychological features (e.g. cognitive, affective, and social) of task-unrelated thoughts, as well as their underlying neural correlates in spontaneous activity, which cover various networks and regions, including the default-mode and central executive networks. Despite impressive progress in recent research, the mechanisms by means of which the brain’s spontaneous activity generates and constitutes thoughts remain unclear. This chapter suggests that the spatiotemporal structure of the brain’s spontaneous activity can integrate both content- and process-based approaches to task-unrelated or spontaneous thought—this amounts to what is described as the “spatiotemporal theory of task-unrelated thought” (STTT). Based on various lines of empirical evidence, the STTT postulates two main spatiotemporal mechanisms, spatiotemporal integration and extension. The STTT provides a novel brain-based spatiotemporal theory of task-unrelated thought that focuses on the brain’s spontaneous activity, including its spatiotemporal structure, which allows integrating content- and process-based approaches.
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Carvalho, André F., Gilberto S. Alves, Cristiano A. Köhler und Roger S. McIntyre. Cognitive Enhancement in Major Depressive Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190214401.003.0010.
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and disabling illness often associated with elevated rates of non-recovery and substantial psychosocial burden. Cognitive impairment is a common residual manifestations of MDD. Overactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, along with immune–inflammatory imbalances, a decrease in neurotrophin signaling, and an increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress, leads to neuroprogression and cognitive deterioration in MDD. “Cognitive remission” has been proposed as a novel treatment target for MDD. Cognitive remediation therapy has provided encouraging results for the management of cognitive deficits in MDD. The effects of standard antidepressant drugs on MDD-related cognitive dysfunction are often suboptimal, which calls for the development of novel agents with the potential to target cognitive impairments in MDD. The incorporation of biobehavioral strategies (e.g., exercise) and multimodal treatment approaches (e.g., cognitive training, antidepressant therapy, and neuromodulation) is more likely to generate therapeutic benefit.
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Lobina, David J. Recursion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785156.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive account of the role of recursion in language in two distinct but interconnected ways. First, it examines how recursion applies at different levels within a full description of natural language. Specifically, it identifies and evaluates recursion as: a) a central property of the computational system underlying the faculty of language; b) a possible feature of the derivations yielded by this computational system; c) a global characteristic of the structures generated by the language faculty; and d) a probable factor in the parsing operations employed during the processing of recursive structures. Secondly, the volume orders these different levels into a tripartite explanatory framework. According to this framework, the investigation of any particular cognitive domain must begin by first outlining what sort of mechanical procedure underlies the relevant capacity (including what sort of structures it generates). Only then, it argues, can we properly investigate its implementation, both at the level of abstract computations typical of competence-level analyses, and at the level of the real-time processing of behaviour.
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McPherson, Gary E., Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Music Performance, Volume 1. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190056285.001.0001.
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Volume 1 of the Oxford Handbook of Music Performance is designed around four distinct parts: Development and Learning, Proficiencies, Performance Practices, and Psychology. Chapters cover a range of topics dealing with musical development, talent development, and chapters dealing with learning strategies from a self-directed student learning perspective and high-impact teaching mindframes. Essential proficiencies include coverage of effective practice habits, through to the abilities of being able to play by ear, sight-read, improvise, memorize repertoire, and conduct and chapters that detail the highly personalized forms of musical expression that go beyond the printed notation or stylistic convention of the repetoire being performed. Chapters within the Performance Practices part cover some of the most fundamental aspects of performance practices from Baroque through to New Music repertoire and include chapters dealing with how emotions might be generated as a form of historically informed performance practice, and how creativity unfolds in the real-time dynamics of musical performance. The Psychology part concerns characteristics and individual differences in human behavior, cognition, emotion, and wellness. Across chapters in this part, several common threads and themes are evident: our relationships with music itself and what it means to become and to be a musician, the tensions that can arise between the joy of music and the hard work required to develop musical skills, and the intimate connection between music performance and our social and emotional lives.
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Fernandez, Erin K. The role advanced combinatorial problem solving ability plays in middle school children's ability to generate alternative solutions to social cognitive problems. 1987.
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Barlow, Kenneth K. Remedy for a Fat Planet: A Scientific and Cognitive Approach to Fat Loss That Will Generate Lasting Results. Independently Published, 2019.
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34
Danks, David. The Psychology of Causal Perception and Reasoning. Herausgegeben von Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock und Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0022.
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Causal beliefs and reasoning are deeply embedded in many parts of our cognition. We are clearly ‘causal cognizers’, as we easily and automatically (try to) learn the causal structure of the world, use causal knowledge to make decisions and predictions, generate explanations using our beliefs about the causal structure of the world, and use causal knowledge in many other ways. Because causal cognition is so ubiquitous, psychological research into it is itself an enormous topic, and literally hundreds of people have devoted entire careers to the study of it. Causal cognition can be divided into two rough categories: causal learning and causal reasoning. The former encompasses the processes by which we learn about causal relations in the world at both the type and token levels; the latter refers to the ways in which we use those causal beliefs to make further inferences, decisions, predictions, and so on.
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Stevens, Robert D. Introduction: Biological Mechanisms of Injury and Repair. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0026.
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Chapter 26 is an introduction to devoted to biological mechanisms underpinning organ dysfunction and repair in critical illness, and how research has generated fundamental insights into the biology of conditions, such as sepsis and ARDS, and has suggested important new therapeutic paradigms. It also specifically addresses issues surrounding genetic susceptibility, cognitive deficiency, frailty, myocardial ischaemia, muscle wasting, sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), CIP, and structural muscle alterations.
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Epstein, Joshua M. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158884.003.0001.
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This book describes an agent-based model dubbed Agent_Zero, which was constructed using a significant volume of contemporary cognitive neuroscience. Agent_Zero is a new theoretical entity that exhibits observable behaviors generated by the interaction of affective, cognitive, and social components. Its affective component is based on the Rescorla–Wagner model of conditioning and extinction, while its cognitive (deliberative) component reflects biases and heuristics in probability estimation. The book presents Agent_Zero as a new, neurocognitively grounded, foundation for generative social science, a simple explicit model of individual behavior in groups that includes some representation of “the passions,” of (imperfect) reason, and of social influence. This introduction explains the motivations for constructing Agent_Zero, its components, and its basic mathematical scaffolding. It also provides an overview of the book's organization.
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Pigeon, Wilfred R., und Henry J. Orff. The Neurobiology of Insomnia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0173.
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The neurobiology of insomnia is intertwined with that of sleep and wakefulness. Conceptual models of insomnia are being refined to accommodate sleep-wake research and insomnia-specific research, including animal models. Neurobiological abnormalities associated with insomnia include homeostatic dysregulation; circadian abnormalities; and somatic, cognitive, and cortical hyperarousal. The role of hyperarousal in particular has been supported by evidence generated from a variety of psychophysiological measures and neuroimaging techniques. Insomnia is also associated with alterations in neuroendocrine and neuroimmune function. For the treatment of insomnia, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches are efficacious with cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia considered the first-line treatment and with development of novel agents ongoing.
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de Almeida, Roberto G. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0001.
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It is patent that the so-called cognitive revolution of the 1950s and 1960s was the result of ideas emerging at the confluence of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, and neuroscience—what became known as cognitive science. In the last 60 years or so, Jerry Fodor has been one of the most important exponents of this revolution. He has advanced key ideas on the foundations of cognitive science, in particular on the nature of mental representation and on mental processes seen as computations over symbols. Many of his contributions have been the subject of deep divides and have generated classical controversies. The chapter provides a rough guide to Fodor’s contributions to psycholinguistics, to the modularity of mind, to atomism as a theory of conceptual representation, to the language of thought hypothesis, and to cognitive architecture more broadly—topics that figure prominently in the present book.
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Dunlop, Katherine. Understanding Non-Conceptual Representation of Objects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0003.
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This chapter endorses Lucy Allais’s attribution of a non-conceptualist view to Kant and her methodology of appealing to contemporary cognitive science. In particular, it agrees with Allais that intuition should be understood as the result of cognitive processing (rather than as brutely given). But the chapter argues that Allais’s choice of ‘binding’ as an empirical model (for the generation of intuition) is not apt, proposing instead that the processing that generates intuition should be taken to implement empirically-identified ‘principles of object perception’. It is argued that representation conforming to these principles need not qualify as conceptual by Kant’s standards.
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Dunaway, Johanna, und Kathleen Searles. News and Democratic Citizens in the Mobile Era. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922504.001.0001.
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Abstract People increasingly use mobile phones for many tasks including consuming news, which affects what they pay attention to and learn. Using mobile devices as a case, this book argues that by differentiating between physical and cognitive access to content we can better understand how technology structures information delivery and presentation. Moreover, a model for post-exposure processing offers a means to generate and test for communication technology’s effects on cognitive access. This book helps to reconcile accounts that paint smartphones as either the democratic leveler or divider and offers an approach to understanding media effects as situated in the context of changing information communication technology. The authors argue that this approach adds to our understanding of how communication technology changes what we know about media effects, with consequences for the informed citizenry a democracy requires.
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Lobina, David J. Probing recursion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785156.003.0007.
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The experimental probing of recursion in human performance is fraught with non-trivial problems. Here, a number of case studies from the literature are analysed that contrast with the approach set out in chapter 5, and it is proposed that they give little information about the underlying mental processes at play within each of these domains. Among the questions discussed are whether experimental participants employ recursive rules in parsing artificial strings of nonsense syllables, the role of self-embedded structures in reasoning and general cognition, and the reputed connection between structural features of a visuospatial object and the corresponding recursive rules needed to represent or generate it. What a recursive process would actually look like and how one could go about probing its presence in human behaviour is then re-emphasized.
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Lobina, David J., und José E. García-Albea. On Language and Thought. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0012.
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The relationship between language and thought remains an unsettled issue. The chapter approaches it from the perspective of whether any of the representations the language faculty generates can be said to be constitutive of thought (i.e., to form part of thought representations). It reviews four such linguistic formats or representations—phonetic (PHON), syntactic (SEM), phonological, and semantic—and argues that all of them are in principle extraneous to what a theory of thought requires. Thought must be subsumed by abstract, amodal, structured, and fully explicit propositional representations to account for cognitive flexibility, and all four formats fall short of exhibiting the necessary properties.
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Prado, Raquel. Multistate models for mental fatigue. Herausgegeben von Anthony O'Hagan und Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.29.
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This article discusses the use of structured, multivariate Bayesian dynamic models in the analysis of experimental data involving large-scale electroencephalography (EEG) signals or time series generated on individuals subject to tasks inducing mental fatigue. It first provides an overview of the goals and challenges in the analysis of brain signals, using the EEG case as example, before describing the development and application of novel time-varying autoregressive and regime switching models, which incorporate relevant prior information via structured priors and fitted using novel, customized Bayesian computational methods. In the experiment, a subject was asked to perform simple arithmetic operations for a period of three hours. Prior to the experiment, the subject was confirmed to be alert. After the experiment ended, the subject was fatigued. The study demonstrates that Bayesian analysis is useful for real time detection of cognitive fatigue.
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Goldman, Alvin I. Theory of Mind. Herausgegeben von Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels und Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0017.
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The article provides an overview of ‘Theory of Mind’ (ToM) research, guided by two classifications. The first covers four competing approaches to mentalizing such as the theory-theory, modularity theory, rationality theory, and simulation theory. The second classification is the first-person/third-person contrast. Jerry Fodor claimed that commonsense psychology is so good at helping predict behavior that it is practically invisible. It works well because the intentional states it posits genuinely exist and possess the properties generally associated with them. The modularity model has two principal components. First, whereas the child-scientist approach claims that mentalizing utilizes domain-general cognitive equipment, the modularity approach posits one or more domain-specific modules, which use proprietary representations and computations for the mental domain. Second, the modularity approach holds that these modules are innate cognitive structures, which mature or come on line at preprogrammed stages and are not acquired through learning. The investigators concluded that autism impairs a domain-specific capacity dedicated to mentalizing. Gordon, Jane Heal, and Alvin Goldman explained simulation theory in such a way that mind readers simulate a target by trying to create similar mental states of their own as proxies or surrogates of those of the target. These initial pretend states are fed into the mind reader's own cognitive mechanisms to generate additional states, some of which are then imputed to the target.
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Carlisle, Clare. Habit, Practice, Grace. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796732.003.0006.
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Traditional philosophy of religion is shaped by its focus on the cognitive aspects of religious life—beliefs and doctrines—which can easily be articulated in propositional form. But “lived religion” encompasses more than belief, and if philosophers of religion are to do justice to our subject-matter, we need to learn to think philosophically about practice in general, and about religious practices in particular. This chapter considers some of the methodological questions and challenges that come with this task, and looks at two recent attempts to develop a philosophy of religious practice. It then outlines a concept of practice which tries to take account of two features of religious practice: how practice uses repetition to generate change, or even transformation; and how practice gives form to desire.
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Hommel, Bernhard. Goal-Directed Actions. Herausgegeben von Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.18.
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Personal causation relies on translating goals into goal-directed behavior. This chapter addresses how humans generate a goal-directed behavior, that is, how they initiate and control intentional, goal-directed actions. In particular, it discusses how anticipated action effects are integrated with motor patterns, so to guide future effect-driven actions, and how action intentions struggle with overlearned habits. It argues that intentional and conscious processes typically precede, rather than accompany, intentional actions, and that the experience of personal agency and the identification of action errors are based on a comparison between expected and actual action effects. A final outlook addresses the implications of increasing insight into cognitive embodiment and of increasing interdisciplinarity for the study of human action control and personal causation.
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Breitenbach, Angela. Laws and Ideal Unity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746775.003.0006.
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This chapter explores Kant’s account of the empirical laws of nature and the systematic unity they generate. How, if at all, can the particular laws of nature be both necessary and known empirically? And what, if any, is the cognitive function of the regulative idea of systematic unity for our knowledge of the laws? It is argued that, on Kant’s account, empirical reflection on particular phenomena can give us access to the laws insofar as this reflection is guided by the a priori laws of nature and the regulative idea of systematic unity. Reflection of this kind cannot ground scientific knowledge in the strict sense of the term, but it can lead to a common form of our knowledge of the laws.
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Moreno, Jonathan D., Michael N. Tennison und James Giordano. Security threat versus aggregated truths: Ethical issues in the use of neuroscience and neurotechnology for national security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786832.003.0027.
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This chapter explores uses of brain science for purposes of national security intelligence and defense, discusses the neuroethical issues that these approaches foster, and posits ways that such ethical concerns can be addressed. The chapter begins with a historical overview of military attempts to employ the tools and techniques of brain and cognitive science, and illustrates ethical problems generated by these attempts. It then focuses on the ways that ethical systems and approaches might be utilized or limited in neuroscience and neurotechnology for military and security operations. With recognition of the global trends and the power dynamics that such scientific capacity can yield, the chapter emphasizes the importance of neuroethical preparedness and provides a novel paradigm for neuroethical risk assessment and mitigation. The authors of this chapter offer their insights through their perspectives as American scholars engaged not only in American issues, but as scholars engaged through collaboration and cooperation on the global stage.
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Bi, Xiaojun, Andrew Howes, Per Ola Kristensson, Antti Oulasvirta und John Williamson. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the field of computational interaction, and explains its long tradition of research on human interaction with technology that applies to human factors engineering, cognitive modelling, artificial intelligence and machine learning, design optimization, formal methods, and control theory. It discusses how the book as a whole is part of an argument that, embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction design has the potential to complement human strengths and provide a means to generate inspiring and elegant designs without refuting the part played by the complicated, and uncertain behaviour of humans. The chapters in this book manifest intellectual progress in the study of computational principles of interaction, demonstrated in diverse and challenging applications areas such as input methods, interaction techniques, graphical user interfaces, information retrieval, information visualization, and graphic design.
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Silberstein, Michael, W. M. Stuckey und Timothy McDevitt. Coda for Ants. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807087.003.0010.
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The epilogue summarizes and reviews the main claims of the book pertaining to the problems of the dynamical universe paradigm and the resolution of those problems via the adynamical block universe alternative called Relational Blockworld (RBW). The new physics RBW is expected to generate—and must provide in order to be considered a viable alternative to the dynamical paradigm— has been provided. RBW’s debt to the late John Wheeler is acknowledged and it is argued that the RBW model is an affirmation and instantiation of the five main principles Wheeler said ought to govern any attempt at quantum gravity and unification. Finally, if RBW with its neutral monism is true, RBW should lead not only to a new paradigm in physics but also to a new paradigm in cognitive science and consciousness studies.