Thematische Bibliographien / Why-Not questions

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Why-Not questions“

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Veröffentlicht am 15. Februar 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Why-Not questions"

Friedman, Susan Stanford. „Why Not Compare?“ PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 126, Nr. 3 (Mai 2011): 753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2011.126.3.753.

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Why not compare? It's a janus-faced question, a double entendre, its dual meanings depending on emphasis. On the one hand, what are all the reasons why we should not compare? But, on the other hand, why shouldn't we compare, and what are the costs if we do not? Embedded in these questions are more fundamental ones ranging from the epistemological to the methodological. What do we mean by comparison, what effects do our comparisons have, and how do we actually do comparison? By “we” here, I address those involved in intellectual work who face choices on whether or not to engage in comparison; I do not, in this essay, address those who study how and why individuals or human societies compare and with what consequences.

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Maltsev, Oleg. „Why Fate is Not Popular“. Newsletter on the Results of Scholarly Work in Sociology, Criminology, Philosophy and Political Science 3, Nr. 1 (07.01.2022): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.61439/uake7898.

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In this paper, the author proposes a praxeological and epistemological reflection on the issue of why the phenomenon of "fate" has lost popularity in the 21st century, particularly in our current times. First and foremost, the very question itself is critically examined and empirically researched. The historical and socio-cultural preconditions for the genesis of the perception of the construct "fate" and its individual elements are reviewed. One of the practical innovations and discoveries presented in this scientific research involves models that provide an understanding of fate as a system, while also addressing a range of practical questions. These questions include how and why people perceive their fate, what the main barriers and "enemies' are that prevent people from learning to control their fate, and how they can realize the future they desire.

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Orlandi, Nico. „Why Not Reductionism?“ Journal of Consciousness Studies 29, Nr. 7 (14.07.2022): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53765/20512201.29.7.218.

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Neurocognitive Mechanisms is a well-informed and provocative book. In these comments, I raise questions about the distinctiveness of Piccinini's positive proposals when it comes to the status of the special sciences and to the notion of mental representation.

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Zhong, Zhefan, Xin Lin, Liang He und Jing Yang. „Answering why-not questions on KNN queries“. Frontiers of Computer Science 13, Nr. 5 (17.06.2019): 1062–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11704-018-7074-4.

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Wang, Meng, Jun Liu, Bifan Wei, Siyu Yao, Hongwei Zeng und Lei Shi. „Answering why-not questions on SPARQL queries“. Knowledge and Information Systems 58, Nr. 1 (19.01.2018): 169–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10115-018-1155-4.

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Liu, Qing, Yunjun Gao, Gang Chen, Baihua Zheng und Linlin Zhou. „Answering why-not and why questions on reverse top-k queries“. VLDB Journal 25, Nr. 6 (03.09.2016): 867–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00778-016-0443-4.

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Zhian He und Eric Lo. „Answering Why-Not Questions on Top-K Queries“. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 26, Nr. 6 (Juni 2014): 1300–1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2012.158.

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Wang, Meng, Weitong Chen, Sen Wang, Jun Liu, Xue Li und Bela Stantic. „Answering why-not questions on semantic multimedia queries“. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, Nr. 3 (02.09.2017): 3405–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5151-6.

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Łukaszyk, Ewa. „Why Minor, Not Major?“ Colloquia Humanistica, Nr. 2 (13.06.2015): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/ch.2013.015.

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Why Minor, Not Major?Even if the probability that some of these languages might one day be reborn from the ashes and reintroduced to everyday communication is very low, we still need to preserve at least some trace of humanity’s linguistic diversity. It is a task that concerns all of us, not only the peoples whose direct heritage these languages are. We are still unable to answer many of the fundamental questions in linguistics, concerning such aspects as the origin of human speech and the generaltraits or structures that underlie all human forms of communication. If languages continue dying at the pace they do, soon we will have no material left to carry on this quest any further.These questions, central to the humanities today, justify the choice of the topic for this issue of "Colloquia Humanistica". The joint efforts of the authors who contributed to it, evidently cannot cover either the vastness of the problems, or the geographic diversity of the world’s minor cultures, literatures and languages. Nonetheless, some examples have been chosen, illustrating the research problems that are currently topical and bringing to the general academic consciousness cultural realities that we are still less familiar with.

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Ko, Andrew J., und Brad A. Myers. „Extracting and answering why and why not questions about Java program output“. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 20, Nr. 2 (August 2010): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1824760.1824761.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Why-Not questions"

Chen, Lei. „Answering why-not questions on spatial keyword top-k queries /Chen Lei“. HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/365.

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With the continued proliferation of location-based services, a growing number of web-accessible data objects are geo-tagged and have text descriptions. Spatial keyword top-k queries retrieve k such objects with the best score according to a ranking function that takes into account a query location and query keywords. However, it is in some cases difficult for users to specify appropriate query parameters. After a user issues an initial query and gets back the result, the user may find that some expected objects are missing and may wonder why. Answering the resulting why-not questions can aid users in retrieving better results and thus improve the overall utility of the query functionality. While spatial keyword querying has been studied intensively, no proposals exist for how to offer users explanations of why such expected objects are missing from results. In this dissertation, we take the first step to study the why-not questions on spatial keyword top-k queries. We provide techniques that allow different revisions of spatial keyword queries such that their results include one or more desired, but missing objects. Detailed problem analysis and extensive experimental studies consistently demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed techniques in a broad range of settings.

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Attolou, Hervé-Madelein. „Explications pour des recommandations manquantes basées sur les graphes“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., CY Cergy Paris Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CYUN1337.

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Cette thèse explore le domaine spécifique des explications du type "Pourquoipas" (recommandations manquantes), qui se concentrent sur l'explication del'absence de certains éléments dans la liste de recommandations. Le besoind'explications recommandations manquantes est particulièrement crucial dans desscénarios de recommandation complexes, où l'absence de certaines recommandationspeut entraîner l'insatisfaction ou la méfiance des utilisateurs. Par exemple, un util-isateur d'une plateforme de commerce en ligne pourrait se demander pourquoi unproduit spécifique n'a pas été recommandé malgré le fait qu'il remplissait certainscritères. En fournissant des explications sur les recommandations manquantes, nousvisons à améliorer la transparence, la satisfaction des utilisateurs, leur engagementet la fiabilité globale du système.La principale contribution de cette thèse est le développement d'EMiGRe (Ex-plainable Missing Graph REcommender), une infrastructure algorithmique novatricequi fournit des explications actionnables pour les recommandations manquantesdans les systèmes de recommandation basés sur les graphes. Contrairement auxméthodes d'explicabilité traditionnelles, qui se concentrent sur la justification deséléments recommandés, EMiGRe se concentre sur l'absence d'éléments spécifiquesdans les listes de recommandations. L'infrastructure fonctionne en analysant les in-teractions de l'utilisateur dans une modélisation de graphe d'information hétérogèned'un ensemble de données, en identifiant les actions ou relations clés qui, lorsqu'ellessont modifiées, auraient conduit à la recommandation de l'élément manquant. EMi-GRe propose deux modes d'explication :- Le mode Suppression identifie les actions ou interactions existantes qui em-pêchent le système de recommander l'élément souhaité et suggère de les supprimer.- Le mode Ajout propose des actions ou des éléments supplémentaires qui, s'ilsétaient utilisés, déclencheraient la recommandation de l'élément manquant.Pour générer des explications dans les deux modes Ajout et Suppression, nousexplorons l'espace de solutions à l'aide d'un ensemble d'heuristiques adaptées àdes objectifs spécifiques. Le cadre offre plusieurs heuristiques, chacune servant unobjectif : l'heuristique incrémentale privilégie un calcul plus rapide en augmentantprogressivement le nombre d'éléments sélectionnés, potentiellement au détrimentd'explications minimales. En revanche, l'heuristique combinatoire vise à trouver desexplications plus petites en explorant minutieusement l'espace de solutions. De plus,une heuristique de comparaison exhaustive est incluse pour évaluer la contributionprécise de chaque voisin à l'élément manquant par rapport à tous les autres éléments,augmentant ainsi le taux de succès.Pour valider l'efficacité du cadre EMiGRe des évaluations expérimentales ap-profondies ont été menées sur des jeux de données synthétiques et réels. Les jeux dedonnées incluent des données provenant de sources telles qu'Amazon, simulant unscénario de commerce en ligne réel, ainsi que le jeu de données Food.com représentantun problème de recommandation sur une plateforme de recettes. Les résultats ex-périmentaux montrent qu'EMiGRe est capable de fournir des explications de bonnequalité pour les recommandations manquantes avec un minimum de surcharge com-putationnelle. En particulier, le système démontre une amélioration significativedes taux de succès des explications par rapport aux méthodes traditionnelles deforce brute, tout en maintenant une taille d'explication et un temps de traitementacceptables.De plus, cette thèse introduit une nouvelle évaluation des explications des recom-mandations manquantes, en définissant des métriques telles que le taux de succès, lataille de l'explication et le temps de traitement pour mesurer la qualité et l'efficacitédes explications
In the era of big data, Recommendation Systems play a pivotal role in helping users navigate and discover relevant content from vast amounts of data. Whilemodern Recommendation Systems have evolved to provide accurate and relevant recommendations, they often fall short in explaining their decisions to users. Thislack of transparency raises important questions about trust and user engagement, especially in cases where certain expected items are not recommended. To addressthis, recent research has focused on developing explainable Recommendation Systems, which provide users with insights into why certain items are recommended oromitted.This thesis explores the specific area of Why-Not Explanations, which focuses on explaining why certain items are missing from the recommendation list. Theneed for Why-Not Explanations is particularly crucial in complex recommendation scenarios, where the absence of certain recommendations can lead to user dissatisfaction or mistrust. For instance, a user on an e-commerce platform might wonder why a specific product was not recommended despite fulfilling certain criteria. By providing explanations for missing recommendations, we aim to improve transparency, user satisfaction, engagement, and the overall trustworthiness of the system.The main contribution of this thesis is the development of EMiGRe (Explainable Missing Graph REcommender), a novel framework that provides actionable Why-Not Explanations for graph-based Recommendation Systems. Unlike traditional explainability methods, which focus on justifying why certain items were recommended, EMiGRe focuses on the absence of specific items from recommendation lists. The framework operates by analyzing the user's interactions within a Heterogeneous Information Graph (HIN) modelization of a dataset, identifying key actions or relations that, when modified, would have led to the recommendation of the missing item. EMiGRe provides two modes for explanation:• Remove Mode identifies existing actions or interactions that are preventing the system from recommending the desired item and suggests removing these.• Add Mode suggests additional actions or items that, if interacted with, would trigger the recommendation of the missing item.To generate explanations in both Add and Remove modes, we explore the solution space using a set of heuristics tailored for specific objectives. The framework offers multiple heuristics each serving a purpose: Incremental Powerset an Exhaustive Comparison . The Incremental heuristic prioritizes faster computation by gradually increasing the set of selected items, potentially overlooking minimal explanations. In contrast, the Powerset heuristic aims to find smaller explanations by thoroughly searching the solution space. Additionally, Exhaustive Comparison comparison heuristic is included to assess the precise contribution of each neighbor to the Why-Not Item (W NI) compared to all other items, increasing the success rate.To validate the effectiveness of the EMiGRe framework, extensive experimental evaluations were conducted on both synthetic and real-world datasets. The datasets include datasets from sources like Amazon, which simulates a real-world e-commerce scenario, and the Food dataset representing a recommendation problemin a recipe-based platform. The experimental results show that EMiGRe is able to provide good-quality Why-Not Explanations. Specifically, the system demonstratesan improvement in explanation success rates compared to traditional brute-force methods, while maintaining acceptable explanation size and processing time.Moreover, this thesis introduces a novel evaluation for Why-Not Explanations, defining metrics such as success rate, explanation size, and processing time to measure the quality and efficiency of explanations

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Tzompanaki, Aikaterini. „Réponses manquantes : Débogage et Réparation de requêtes“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS223/document.

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La quantité croissante des données s’accompagne par l’augmentation du nombre de programmes de transformation de données, généralement des requêtes, et par la nécessité d’analyser et comprendre leurs résultats : (a) pourquoi telle réponse figure dans le résultat ? ou (b) pourquoi telle information n’y figure pas ? La première question demande de trouver l’origine ou la provenance des résultats dans la base, un problème très étudié depuis une 20taine d’années. Par contre, expliquer l’absence de réponses dans le résultat d’une requête est un problème peu exploré jusqu’à présent. Répondre à une question Pourquoi-Pas consiste à fournir des explications quant à l’absence de réponses. Ces explications identifient pourquoi et comment les données pertinentes aux réponses manquantes sont absentes ou éliminées par la requête. Notre travail suppose que la base de données n’est pas source d’erreur et donc cherche à fournir des explications fondées sur (les opérateurs de) la requête qui peut alors être raffinée ultérieurement en modifiant les opérateurs "fautifs". Cette thèse développe des outils formels et algorithmiques destinés au débogage et à la réparation de requêtes SQL afin de traiter des questions de type Pourquoi-Pas. Notre première contribution, inspirée par une étude critique de l’état de l’art, utilise un arbre de requête pour rechercher les opérateurs "fautifs". Elle permet de considérer une classe de requêtes incluant SPJA, l’union et l’agrégation. L’algorithme NedExplain développé dans ce cadre, a été validé formellement et expérimentalement. Il produit des explications de meilleure qualité tout en étant plus efficace que l’état de l’art.L’approche précédente s’avère toutefois sensible au choix de l’arbre de requête utilisé pour rechercher les explications. Notre deuxième contribution réside en la proposition d’une notion plus générale d’explication sous forme de polynôme qui capture toutes les combinaisons de conditions devant être modifiées pour que les réponses manquantes apparaissent dans le résultat. Cette méthode s’applique à la classe des requêtes conjonctives avec inégalités. Sur la base d’un premier algorithme naïf, Ted, ne passant pas à l’échelle, un deuxième algorithme, Ted++, a été soigneusement conçu pour éliminer entre autre les calculs itérés de sous-requêtes incluant des produits cartésien. Comme pour la première approche, une évaluation expérimentale a prouvé la qualité et l’efficacité de Ted++. Concernant la réparation des requêtes, notre contribution réside dans l’exploitation des explications polynômes pour guider les modifications de la requête initiale ce qui permet la génération de raffinements plus pertinents. La réparation des jointures "fautives" est traitée de manière originale par des jointures externes. L’ensemble des techniques de réparation est mis en oeuvre dans FixTed et permet ainsi une étude de performance et une étude comparative. Enfin, Ted++ et FixTed ont été assemblés dans une plate-forme pour le débogage et la réparation de requêtes relationnelles
With the increasing amount of available data and data transformations, typically specified by queries, the need to understand them also increases. “Why are there medicine books in my sales report?” or “Why are there not any database books?” For the first question we need to find the origins or provenance of the result tuples in the source data. However, reasoning about missing query results, specified by Why-Not questions as the latter previously mentioned, has not till recently receivedthe attention it is worth of. Why-Not questions can be answered by providing explanations for the missing tuples. These explanations identify why and how data pertinent to the missing tuples were not properly combined by the query. Essentially, the causes lie either in the input data (e.g., erroneous or incomplete data) or at the query level (e.g., a query operator like join). Assuming that the source data contain all the necessary relevant information, we can identify the responsible query operators formingquery-based explanations. This information can then be used to propose query refinements modifying the responsible operators of the initial query such that the refined query result contains the expected data. This thesis proposes a framework targeted towards SQL query debugging and fixing to recover missing query results based on query-based explanations and query refinements.Our contribution to query debugging consist in two different approaches. The first one is a tree-based approach. First, we provide the formal framework around Why-Not questions, missing from the state-of-the-art. Then, we review in detail the state-of-the-art, showing how it probably leads to inaccurate explanations or fails to provide an explanation. We further propose the NedExplain algorithm that computes correct explanations for SPJA queries and unions there of, thus considering more operators (aggregation) than the state of the art. Finally, we experimentally show that NedExplain is better than the both in terms of time performance and explanation quality. However, we show that the previous approach leads to explanations that differ for equivalent query trees, thus providing incomplete information about what is wrong with the query. We address this issue by introducing a more general notion of explanations, using polynomials. The polynomial captures all the combinations in which the query conditions should be fixed in order for the missing tuples to appear in the result. This method is targeted towards conjunctive queries with inequalities. We further propose two algorithms, Ted that naively interprets the definitions for polynomial explanations and the optimized Ted++. We show that Ted does not scale well w.r.t. the size of the database. On the other hand, Ted++ is capable ii of efficiently computing the polynomial, relying on schema and data partitioning and advantageous replacement of expensive database evaluations by mathematical calculations. Finally, we experimentally evaluate the quality of the polynomial explanations and the efficiency of Ted++, including a comparative evaluation.For query fixing we propose is a new approach for refining a query by leveraging polynomial explanations. Based on the input data we propose how to change the query conditions pinpointed by the explanations by adjusting the constant values of the selection conditions. In case of joins, we introduce a novel type of query refinements using outer joins. We further devise the techniques to compute query refinements in the FixTed algorithm, and discuss how our method has the potential to be more efficient and effective than the related work.Finally, we have implemented both Ted++ and FixTed in an system prototype. The query debugging and fixing platform, short EFQ allows users to nteractively debug and fix their queries when having Why- Not questions

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„Diagnosing dizziness in the emergency department: Why "What do you mean by 'dizzy'?" Should not be the first question you ask“. THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 2007. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3267879.

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Bücher zum Thema "Why-Not questions"

Willke, J. C. Why not love them both?: Questions & answers about abortion. [Cincinnati, Ohio: Hayes Pub. Co., 1997.

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Cobb, Vicki. Why can't I live forever?: And other not such dumb questions about life. New York: Lodestar Books, 1997.

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Cobb, Vicki. Why doesn't the sun burn out?: And other not such dumb questions about energy. New York: Lodestar Books, 1990.

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ill, Enik Ted, Hrsg. Why can't you unscramble an egg?: And other not such dumb questions about matter. New York: Lodestar Books, 1990.

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ill, Enik Ted, Hrsg. Why doesn't the earth fall up?: And other not such dumb questions about motion. New York: Lodestar Books, 1988.

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Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency., Hrsg. Why some people vote and others do not?: Penetrating answers to this and other key questions which intrigue election observers. Lahore: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2003.

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Mooney, Bel. Why not? Methuen Children's, 1990.

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Why does not God intervene? and other questions. 2. Aufl. New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990.

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Kea, ElElise. Why Not Me?: Sometimes, We Ask the Wrong Questions. Outskirts Press, Incorporated, 2016.

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Hayes, Declan. God's Solution: Why Religion not Science Answers Life's Deepest Questions. iUniverse, Inc., 2007.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Why-Not questions"

Faye, Jan. „Not Just Why-questions“. In The Nature of Scientific Thinking, 210–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137389831_9.

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Shagoury, Ruth, und Brenda Miller Power. „Epilogue Why Not Teacher Research?“ In Living the Questions, 235–39. 2. Aufl. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032681528-9.

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Zong, Chuanyu, Bin Wang, Jing Sun und Xiaochun Yang. „Minimizing Explanations of Why-Not Questions“. In Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 230–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43984-5_17.

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Li, Yin, und Bixin Li. „Answering Why-Not Questions on GeoSPARQL Queries“. In Web and Big Data, 286–300. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25198-6_22.

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Gao, Yunjun, und Qing Liu. „Why-Not and Why Questions on Reverse Top-k Queries“. In Preference Query Analysis and Optimization, 31–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6635-1_3.

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Zong, Chuanyu, Xiufeng Xia, Bin Wang, Xiaochun Yang, Jiajia Li, Xiangyu Liu und Rui Zhu. „Answering Why-Not Questions on Structural Graph Clustering“. In Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 255–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91452-7_17.

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Stratigi, Maria, Katerina Tzompanaki und Kostas Stefanidis. „Why-Not Questions & Explanations for Collaborative Filtering“. In Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2020, 301–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62008-0_21.

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Li, Guozhong, Nathan Ng, Peipei Yi, Zhiwei Zhang und Byron Choi. „Answering the Why-Not Questions of Graph Query Autocompletion“. In Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 332–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91452-7_22.

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Zong, Chuanyu, Zefang Dong, Xiaochun Yang, Bin Wang, Tao Qiu und Huaijie Zhu. „Efficiently Answering Why-Not Questions on Radius-Bounded k-Core Searches“. In Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 93–109. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30675-4_7.

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Zhang, Wang, Yanhong Li, Lihchyun Shu, Changyin Luo und Jianjun Li. „Shadow: Answering Why-Not Questions on Top-K Spatial Keyword Queries over Moving Objects“. In Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 738–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73197-7_51.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Why-Not questions"

Braman, Gary. „Aircraft Accidents: Investigating Human Error“. In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–5. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12157.

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On August 15, 1995, at approximately 2000 hours, a flight of two (2) United States (US) Army UH-60A BLACKHAWK helicopters departed from Royal Air Force (RAF) Akrotiri (in southern Cyprus) for the US Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon utilizing Night Vision Goggles (NVG). Not long after departure, with both aircraft at approximately 800 feet above ground level (AGL) over the Mediterranean Sea, the second aircraft radioed the first aircraft informing them there "#1engine was on fire." Approximately 45 seconds later, the lead aircraft impacted the water at over 200 knots killing all four crewmembers and destroying the aircraft. After learning of the mishap, the US Army Safety Center (USASC) dispatched a team to the site. The accident investigation process had process. The Accident Investigation Board would utilize its 3W approach to answer three questions: "what happened?", "why did this happen?", and "what can we do to prevent it from happening again?"1 The investigation would be conducted in four phases and focus on three areas: material factors, environmental factors, and human factors. It was determined that the aircraft crashed as a result of human error. But why the human error occurred was not determined. In order to answer this question, two exhaustive studies were initiated.

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Rusovac, Dominik, Markus Hecher, Martin Gebser, Sarah Alice Gaggl und Johannes K. Fichte. „Navigating and Querying Answer Sets: How Hard Is It Really and Why?“ In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}, 642–53. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/60.

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Answer set programming is a popular declarative paradigm with countless applications for modeling and solving combinatorial problems. We can view a program as a knowledge database compactly representing conditions for solutions. Often we are interested in reasoning about solutions of filtering answer sets. At the heart of these questions is brave and cautious reasoning. For browsing answer sets, we combine both as restricting atoms of answer sets is only meaningful for atoms called facets that belong to some (brave) but not to all answer sets (cautious). Surprisingly, the precise computational complexity of facet problems remained widely open so far. In this paper, we study the complexity of answer set facets. We establish tight results for reasoning with facets, deciding upper and lower bounds as well as the exact number of facets, and comparing facets. Facet reasoning seems to be a natural problem formalism, residing in complexity families Σᴾ, Πᴾ, Dᴾ, and Θᴾ, up to the third level. Moreover, our study considers quantitative importance questions on facets and generalizing from facets to conjunctions, disjunctions, and arbitrary queries. We complete our results by an experimental evaluation.

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Tran, Quoc Trung, und Chee-Yong Chan. „How to ConQueR why-not questions“. In the 2010 international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1807167.1807172.

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Islam, M. S. „On answering why and why-not questions in databases“. In 2013 IEEE 29th International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdew.2013.6547468.

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Myers, Brad A., David A. Weitzman, Andrew J. Ko und Duen H. Chau. „Answering why and why not questions in user interfaces“. In the SIGCHI conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1124772.1124832.

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He, Zhian, und Eric Lo. „Answering Why-not Questions on Top-k Queries“. In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icde.2012.8.

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Islam, M. S., Rui Zhou und Chengfei Liu. „On answering why-not questions in reverse skyline queries“. In 2013 29th IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icde.2013.6544890.

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Chen, Lu, Yunjun Gao, Kai Wang, Christian S. Jensen und Gang Chen. „Answering why-not questions on metric probabilistic range queries“. In 2016 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icde.2016.7498288.

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Bidoit, Nicole, Melanie Herschel und Aikaterini Tzompanaki. „Efficient Computation of Polynomial Explanations of Why-Not Questions“. In CIKM'15: 24th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2806416.2806426.

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Vermeulen, Jo, Geert Vanderhulst, Kris Luyten und Karin Coninx. „PervasiveCrystal: Asking and Answering Why and Why Not Questions about Pervasive Computing Applications“. In 2010 6th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ie.2010.56.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Why-Not questions"

Jordà, Òscar, Martin Kornejew, Moritz Schularick und Alan Taylor. Zombies at Large? Corporate Debt Overhang and the Macroeconomy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, Oktober 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp168.

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What are the macroeconomic consequences of business credit booms? Are they as dangerous as household credit booms? If not, why not? We answer these questions by collecting data on nonfinancial business liabilities (primarily bank loans and corporate bonds) for 17 advanced economies over the past 150 years. Unlike household credit, business credit booms are rarely followed by macroeconomic hangovers. Data on debt renegotiation costs—instrumented by a country’s legal tradition—show that frictions to debt resolution make recessions deeper and longer—an important factor in explaining the differences with household credit booms.

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Webb, Philip. Deployment of Parallel Kinematic Machines in Manufacturing. SAE International, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022010.

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The field of parallel kinematics was viewed as being potentially transformational in manufacturing, having multiple potential advantages over conventional serial machine tools and robots. However, the technology never quite achieved market penetration or broad success envisaged. Yet, many of the inherent advantages still exist in terms of stiffness, force capability, and flexibility when compared to more conventional machine structures. Deployment of Parallel Kinematic Machines in Manufacturing examines why parallel kinematic machines have not lived up to original excitement and market interest and what needs to be done to rekindle that interest. A number of key questions and issues need to be explored to advance the technology further.

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Andrews, Matt. Getting Real about Unknowns in Complex Policy Work. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/083.

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As with all public policy work, education policies are demanding. Policy workers need to ‘know’ a lot—about the problems they are addressing, the people who need to be engaged, the promises they can make in response, the context they are working in, and the processes they will follow to implement. Most policy workers answer questions about such issues within the structures of plan and control processes used to devise budgets and projects. These structures limit their knowledge gathering, organization and sense-making activities to up-front planning activities, and even though sophisticated tools like Theories of Change suggest planners ‘know’ all that is needed for policy success, they often do not. Policies are often fraught with ‘unknowns’ that cannot be captured in passive planning processes and thus repeatedly undermine even the best laid plans. Through a novel strategy that asks how much one knows about the answers to 25 essential policy questions, and an application to recent education policy interventions in Mozambique, this paper shows that it is possible to get real about unknowns in policy work. Just recognizing these unknowns exist—and understanding why they do and what kind of challenge they pose to policy workers—can help promote a more modest and realistic approach to doing complex policy work.

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Magnoli, Alessandro. National Health Accounts in Latin America and Caribbean: Concept, Results and Policy Uses. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012213.

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This paper presents the National Health Accounts (NHA) methodology and its relevance in policy making in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. After presenting the concept of NHA and highlighting recent results of LAC data collection activities, the paper will focus on policy applications of NHA and its usefulness in supporting the financial dimension of health reforms. Lastly, it will analyze problems and drawbacks in the use of this tool. In short, the paper attempts to answer the following questions: What is NHA? How is it used? Why is it not used? How can and should it be put to use in LAC? Despite the serious drawbacks that exist in the NHA practice (e.g., methodological problems, understanding by policy makers, and institutionalization), the main message of this paper is a normative one: NHA should become the Management Information System for health policies, in particular when the health reform process is in progress.

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Antonov, Volodymyr. Natural history BBC documentaries: history and functions. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11402.

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This scientific article studies natural history documentaries produced by BBC and traces important stages of the development of the attitude towards such genre as natural history documentary. This research is about understanding why this kind of programmes is important, particularly for Ukrainians, and why we should study the genre thoroughly, including the BBC’s experience in the field. Accordingly, the main objectives of the study were: 1. To substantiate the necessity for Ukrainian scholars to study natural history documentaries and BBC’s experience in the field. 2. To trace back and describe the main stages of development in the sphere of producing natural history documentaries by British Broadcasting Corporation. 3. To analyze the obstacles which modern journalists, filmmakers are dealing with and to draw attention of Ukrainian specialists to those philosophical questions that modern era is searching for answers to. In the result of the research these main tasks which were outlined above were fulfilled. The author of this article concluded that natural history documentaries help to understand our place in the world we live in. In addition, through the shared environment we can feel unity with those who inhabit our region, country, inhabited it before, will inhabit in future. Documentaries help us understand who we are. And this function of identification is very important for contemporary Ukraine. To understand how to create proper natural history documentary it’s important to learn the global history of creating such programmes and especially that part which covers BBC’s achievements. The achievements of the corporation which gave birth to such prominent figure as David Attenborough. In addition to this, the article described some modern challenges which documentary makers face and those questions which contemporary society needs to have answered. Because you cannot create a proper natural history programme if you know past but do not know modern challenges. To sum up, the topic which is deeply connected with process of self-identification is very important and perspective for Ukrainian society which suffers hybrid war and endeavours of Russian Federation to assimilate Ukrainian people, Ukrainian culture.

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Pinheiro, Armando Castelar, Indermit S. Gill, Luis Servén und Mark Roland Thomas. Brazilian Economic Growth, 1900-2000: Lessons and Policy Implications. Inter-American Development Bank, Mai 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008731.

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This paper examines Brazilian economic growth as part of the project "Explaining Economic Growth Performance" launched by the Global Development Network (GDN), the purpose of which is to explain economic growth performances across seven regions of the world. According to the author of this study, a better understanding of Brazil's paradoxical growth pattern during the 20th century may not only improve policy formulation but also help generate political support for its implementation. Any proposal for deepening the reform process in Brazil will not win wide acceptance if it is not perceived to respond to a credible account of how policies that are "wrong" in 2001 appeared "right," for half of the last century. With this context in mind, this paper addresses three overarching questions. First, how did Brazil manage to grow so rapidly from 1930 to 1980 while following so many "wrong" policies? Second, why did Brazil then perform so poorly in the final two decades of the century? And third, considering developments in both the domestic and international arenas, how should current public policy priorities be set to maximize Brazil's potential sustainable growth rate? Analysis will look at the aggregate performance of the Brazilian economy in 1930-2000, it will examine micro evidence from firms and households, respectively, and determine whether these patterns are consistent with the macroeconomic observations noted in our initial analysis. The study also provides an evaluation on how should current public policy priorities be set to maximize Brazil's potential sustainable growth rate.

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Blaxter, Tamsin, Elina Åsbjer und Walter Fraanje. Animal welfare and ethics in food and agriculture. TABLE, August 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/f2d8f4c7.

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The role of non-human animals in the food system is more fiercely contested now than ever before. Deep chasms exist between different actors’ visions of the future and their acceptance of the present. What some view as moral outrages, others see as valued traditions, wellsprings of pride and identity, honed crafts, sources of indispensable nutrients, and so much more; intersections with other issues (environmental harms, rural economies, development and poverty) add still further tension. It is a difficult knot to untangle. Reflecting and contributing to these radical differences in positions, stakeholders in these debates work within varied frameworks. For philosophers of animal ethics, these are fundamentally moral questions that must be answered by direct engagement with our value systems. For animal welfare scientists, we can move forward by deepening our empirically-based understanding of other animals’ lives. For farmers, fishers, and others practically engaged in producing animal foods, too little attention is paid to the moral authority gained from daily working alongside other animals and understanding intuitively what is and is not good practice. In this explainer, we explore the paradigms and arguments surrounding animal ethics and animal welfare. We investigate how and why different disciplines frame the debate differently, the range of positions, and whether any areas of agreement might signal pathways to progress.

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Belafi, Carmen. Where There’s a Will There’s a Way: The Role of Political Will in Creating/Producing/Shaping Education Systems for Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), Juli 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/043.

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This Insight Note argues that political will is a decisive factor in explaining both the homogeneity in the expansion of schooling and the heterogeneity in the expansion of learning, and introduces three takeaways as necessary conditions for a meaningful and sustained prioritisation of learning: The highest authorities of a country have the political will to prioritise learning. The highest authorities of a country want to get every child learning (as they define learning goals as universal goals). The highest authorities of a country adopt a long-horizon view to reap the benefits of a learning-oriented system for the long haul. That said, there are good reasons why many disdain appeals to ‘political will’ and why political will is described as “the slipperiest concept in the policy lexicon” (Hammergren 1998: 12).1 My purpose is not to invoke political will as a deus ex machina or an exogenously given characteristic of a country like its latitude. I explore what political will is (and who needs to have it), how one can identify it, and how it arises in different political regime types. To make “because they wanted it” a workable and useful insight, we need to dig deeper into questions such as: “How do some countries come to want to and others not?” and “What, if anything, can be done to foment the wanting to?” As will be shown, the standard RISE Systems Framework is only partially capable of explaining how the political willof the highest authorities of a state is formed. Therefore, an additional typology of political regimes is introduced to distinguish between different modalities of rule and state-society relations. This typology not only helps in separating different ways in which political will is formed, but also outlines different pathways for how political will may be fostered, depending on the type of regime. The Insight Note is structured as follows: Section 2 defines the term ‘political will’. Section 3 hones in on the three key points and offers empirical examples of political will and prioritisation of learning. Section 4 discusses the formation of political will in different political contexts and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the RISE Systems Framework in capturing the different modalities of political will formation. Section 5 introduces a typology of political regimes that can help guide analysis on how political will is formed in different regime types and how interventions to create political will may have to look different depending on the type of political system. Section 6 concludes.

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Brophy, Kenny, und Alison Sheridan, Hrsg. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Juni 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.

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Glick, Mark, Gabriel A. Lozada und Darren Bush. Why Economists Should Support Populist Antitrust Goals. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, Dezember 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp195.

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Antitrust economists have generally supported the Consumer Welfare Standard as a guide to antitrust policy questions because of its origins in Marshall’s consumer surplus approach and the general economic surplus approach to welfare economics. But welfare economists no longer support the surplus approach because decades of research pertaining to the surplus approach have uncovered numerous inconsistencies and serious ethical challenges. However, the surplus approach to welfare survives in industrial organization textbooks and among industrial organization economists that specialize in antitrust. We argue in this paper that the Consumer Welfare Standard is not a reliable standard and should be abandoned. We cite several reasons: (1) it limits antitrust goals a priori without any defensible justification, (2) it considers all transfers of surplus between stakeholders in antitrust cases to be welfare neutral, (3) it is biased in favor of big business and the rich, and (4) the accumulation of inconsistencies and problems documented by welfare economists renders the theory completely unreliable. In a final section of the paper, we preliminarily contend that modern research in welfare economics concerning the factors that influence human welfare could be used to inform a more progressive standard for determining antitrust goals.

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