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Chatterley, Christie, und Karl Linden. „Demonstration and evaluation of germicidal UV-LEDs for point-of-use water disinfection“. Journal of Water and Health 8, Nr. 3 (09.03.2010): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.124.
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Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a common disinfection option for water treatment in the developed world. There are a few systems installed in developing countries for point-of-use treatment, but the low-pressure mercury lamps currently used as the UV irradiation source have a number of sustainability issues including a fragile envelope, a lifetime of approximately one year, and they contain mercury. UV light emitting diodes (LEDs) may offer solutions to many of the sustainability issues presented by current UV systems. LEDs are small, efficient, have long lifetimes, and do not contain mercury. Germicidal UV LEDs emitting at 265 nm were evaluated for inactivation of E. coli in water and compared to conventional low-pressure UV lamps. Both systems provided an equivalent level of treatment. A UV-LED prototype was developed and evaluated as a proof-of-concept of this technology for a point-of-use disinfection option, and the economics of UV-LEDs were evaluated.
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Shi, Changmin, Saya Takeuchi, Joseph Dura und Eric Wachsman. „(Digital Presentation) High Energy Density Stable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Enabled By 3D Bilayer Garnet Electrolytes“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, Nr. 7 (09.10.2022): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272614mtgabs.
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The cubic-garnet (Li7La3Zr2O12, LLZO) Lithium-Sulfur battery (GLSB) shows great promise in the pursuit of achieving high energy densities. The sulfur used in the cathodes are abundant and inexpensive and possess high specific capacity. As well, LLZO displays excellent chemical stability with Li metal. By using unique porous/dense/porous LLZO “trilayer” and dense/porous LLZO “bilayer” architectures developed by our group, an exceptionally high areal current density of 10 mA/cm2 in Li-Li symmetric cells without applied pressure was achieved. However, instability in the sulfur cathode/LLZO interface can cause cell performance issues. Therefore, it is critical to resolve the sulfur cathode/LLZO interfacial challenge to achieve stable cycling. Here, we created an innovative gel polymer (GPE) buffer layer to stabilize the sulfur cathode/LLZO interface. With a thin bilayer LLZO architecture as a solid electrolyte, stable cycling was achieved with a high initial discharge capacity of 1542 mAh/g corresponding to an energy density of 223 Wh/kg and 769 Wh/L under a discharge current density of 0.87 mA/cm2 without applied pressure. Moreover, the addition of the GPE interlayer also allowed the GLSB cells to maintain an average discharge capacity of 1218 mAh/g over 265 cycles with 80% capacity retention at discharge current density of 1.74 mA/cm2 under a sulfur loading of 5.2 mg/cm2 at 22 (Figure 1). Achieving such stability is a major step in the development of commercial garnet lithium sulfur batteries. Figure 1
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Taer, E., A. Apriwandi, Z. Purba und R. Taslim. „Porous carbon nanofiber monolith binder-free derived from stink bean pod peel as electrode material for symmetric supercapacitor application“. Journal of Ovonic Research 17, Nr. 5 (September 2021): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2021.175.487.
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Activated carbon bio-wastes-based have been extensively studied as electrode material for symmetric supercapacitor. In this work, the activated carbon stink bean pod peel-based was synthesis with simplest possible technique without involving complicated techniques as electrode material for supercapacitor. Stinky bean pod peel-based activated carbon is prepared through pre-carbonization, chemical activation, carbonization, and physical activation. ZnCl2 in four different concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 m L-1 was selected as chemical reagent. Furthermore, the carbonization and physical activated were performed in furnace tube in high temperature. The physical features obtained indicate the potential of stink bean pod peel as activated carbon with a nanofiber structure and decorated by rodlike structure. In symmetric supercapacitor, the capacitive behavior was obtained as high as 265 F g-1 in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. In addition, the maximum energy density was found of 36.18 Wh kg-1 with power density of 125.06 W kg-1 . This simple method of obtaining activated carbon from stink bean pod peel provides a perspective for the further development of high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.
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Wang, Chao-Yang, Teng Liu, Xiao-Guang Yang, Shanhai Ge, Nathaniel V. Stanley, Eric S. Rountree, Yongjun Leng und Brian D. McCarthy. „(Keynote) Rapid Thermal Management for Fast Charging of Energy-Dense Lithium-Ion Batteries“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, Nr. 7 (22.12.2023): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-027954mtgabs.
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Charging time trauma refers to the pain experienced by electric vehicle (EV) owners when the ‘refill’ time is significantly longer than that of traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. Worsening this trauma is the inconsistency of EV charging; for example, the same EV may take five times longer to charge on a cold day. Faster charging will alleviate this pain point and aid in the mass adoption of EVs, crucial for meeting near-term carbon emission goals. Reaching this goal will require smarter and more rapid thermal management to provide significantly faster safe charging. The results from the 2022 Nature article “Fast charging of energy-dense lithium-ion batteries” (DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-05281-0) where 265 Wh/kg lithium-ion pouch cells were charged from 0-70% in less than 12 minutes, 2,000 times in a row before end-of-life, will be presented. These cells used only proven materials, including a liquid electrolyte made from industrially-used components, and energy-dense, EV-grade electrodes. Key to success was smart cell thermal management. More recent advancements, including multi-cell battery-level data, will also be discussed. Figure 1
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Cascino, Gregory. „Functional MRI for Language Localization“. Epilepsy Currents 2, Nr. 6 (November 2002): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2002.00065.x.
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Language Dominance in Partial Epilepsy Patients Identified with an fMRI Reading Task Gaillard WD, Balsamo L, Xu B, Grandin CB, Braniecki SH, Papero PH, Weinstein S, Conry J, Pearl PL, Sachs B, Sato S, Jabbari B, Vezina LG, Frattali C, Theodore WH Neurology 2002;59(2):256–265 Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language tasks readily identify frontal language areas; temporal activation has been less consistent. No studies have compared clinical visual judgment with quantitative region-of-interest (ROI) analysis. Objective To identify temporal language areas in patients with partial epilepsy by using a reading paradigm with clinical and ROI interpretation. Methods Thirty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, aged 8 to 56 years, had 1.5-T fMRI. Patients silently named an object described by a sentence compared with a visual control. Data were analyzed with ROI analysis from t-maps. Regional asymmetry indices (AIs) were calculated ([L-R]/[L+R]), and language dominance defined as >0.20. t-Maps were visually rated by three readers at three t thresholds. Twenty-one patients had the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT). Results The fMRI reading task provided evidence of language lateralization in 27 of 30 patients with ROI analysis. Twenty-five were left dominant, two right, one bilateral, and two were nondiagnostic; IAT and fMRI agreed in most patients; three had partial agreement, and none overtly disagreed. Interrater agreement ranged between 0.77 to 0.82 (Cramer V; p < 0.0001); agreement between visual and ROI reading with IAT was 0.71 to 0.77 (Cramer V; p < 0.0001). Viewing data at lower thresholds added interpretation to 12 patients on visual analysis and eight with ROI analysis. Conclusions An fMRI reading paradigm can identify language dominance in frontal and temporal areas. Clinical visual interpretation is comparable to quantitative ROI analysis.
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Nikman, Shahin, Abdulhakim Oudjana, Thomas Leckie, Pasidu Pallawela und Edward Brightman. „Hybrid Lithium Polysulfide Flow Batteries for Large Scale Energy Storage“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, Nr. 2 (09.10.2022): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022139mtgabs.
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Lithium-sulfur battery chemistry has garnered global attention as a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to its significantly higher theoretical capacity (450 Wh/kg) compared to lithium-ion (265 Wh/kg), and the fact that its elemental components are green, safe and abundant[1]. As opposed to lithium-ion, the cathode solution chemistry is rich, as elemental sulfur forms polysulfide chains during discharge which can transport and deposit on the metallic lithium anode during a dissolution-migration-deposition “shuttle” mechanism which in effect a) cause a constant internal shorting current proportional to the transport of polysulfides and b) cause a build-up of lithium- and sulfur-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the anode which irreversibly passivates the lithium metal anode. This effect must be supressed at all costs in conventional lithium-sulfur batteries, and is achieved by encouraging rapid precipitation of Li2S salts by the use of low-donor number solvents for the electrolyte such as diglyme (DME) and dioxolane (DOL). However, polysulfide chains (Li2Sx, 3 ≤ x ≤ 8) have great potential as redox couples due to their stable, successive multistep redox behaviour and have been successfully demonstrated in hybrid redox-flow battery configurations[2], in particular enabled by lithium nitrate as an additive to the catholyte that forms a stable SEI on the lithium metal surface that greatly reduces the polysulfide deposition. The lithium-polysulfide redox flow battery in theory far outstrips current state of the art vanadium redox flow batteries due to the higher capacity density in the catholyte (50-150 Wh/L vs 30 Wh/L), and the energy dense lithium metal[2]. However, the solubility of polysulfides decrease with chain length and depth of discharge, and high polarity, high donor number solvents that can enable high polysulfide concentrations[3] are typically far more reactive towards lithium metal[4]. Moreover lithium nitrate have little effect as anode protectant in this class of solvents compared to low donor number, low polarity solvents such as DME and DOL, and the polysulfide reduction pathway is dependent on the stabilising property of the solvent[5]. In collaboration with our commercial partner StorTera under the Faraday Institute, we have developed novel techniques for catholyte analysis. We show the role of nitrate consumption rate on protection of the anode, and the relative corrosive rate of lithium in a high polarity, high donor number class solvent (DMSO) versus conventional low polarity, low donor number class solvent (DOL/DME). Further we explore avenues to protect metallic lithium in highly concentrated polysulfide catholyte that enables large-scale energy storage that surpasses lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow batteries for cost, safety, serviceability and environmental impact. Such factors will be key for commercial deployment, in particular suitable for developing countries where microgrids for remote communities rely on intermittent renewable power supply. Zhang, G., Zhang, Z. W., Peng, H. J., Huang, J. Q. & Zhang, Q. A Toolbox for Lithium–Sulfur Battery Research: Methods and Protocols. Small Methods 1, 1–32 (2017). Yang, Y., Zheng, G. & Cui, Y. A membrane-free lithium/polysulfide semi-liquid battery for large-scale energy storage. Energy Environ. Sci. 6, 1552–1558 (2013). Pan, H. et al. On the Way Toward Understanding Solution Chemistry of Lithium Polysulfides for High Energy Li-S Redox Flow Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, (2015). Gupta, A., Bhargav, A. & Manthiram, A. Highly Solvating Electrolytes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1–9 (2019). Lu, Y. C., He, Q. & Gasteiger, H. A. Probing the lithium-sulfur redox reactions: A rotating-ring disk electrode study. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 5733–5741 (2014).
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Nguyen, Trung Van, und Yuanchao Li. „New Developments in the High-Energy-Density Solid-Liquid Storage Technology for Redox Flow Batteries“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, Nr. 1 (09.10.2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02143mtgabs.
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The environmental impact of the use of fossil fuels for energy can be reduced if electricity, which represents one-third of all energy uses, can be generated totally from renewable/sustainable sources such as wind and solar. However, this is only possible if cost-effective long-duration storage technologies are available to allow the highly variable and unpredictable wind and solar energy sources to become reliable baseline energy sources like coal, nuclear or natural gases. Redox flow battery (RFB) energy storage systems are highly suitable for this large-scale, long-duration storage application because while their power output scales with the size of the battery, their energy content resides in the amount of active materials that are stored in external tanks and can be easily scaled up for longer duration.1 The conventional redox flow batteries store electrical energy in the form of some aqueous or non-aqueous soluble ions or compounds in the electrolyte solution. Because of the low solubility (< 2M) of most ions and compounds in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, these redox flow battery systems have low energy density.2–4 For example, the commercialized all-vanadium RFB system has an average energy density of 20 Wh/kg while that of the lithium-ion battery system is 100-265 Wh/kg.5 To store enough energy for 3-5 days in these RFBs requires a very large volume of solution in a large number of tanks, making these RFB systems expensive due to the cost of tanks and the fluid distribution system and floor space. Our group recently developed a new storage approach that can greatly increase the energy storage density while still enabling the flow battery concept.6 In this approach, the reactants are stored as both soluble ions and their undissolved solid forms and only the liquid containing the soluble ions is circulated through the batteries. This approach potentially enables >4X increase in the storage energy density. This technology was recently demonstrated in a hydrogen-vanadium (VI/V) system, and new test results and findings in this area will be presented in this talk. References H. Zhang, W. Lu, and X. Li, Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 1–15 (2019). D. G. Kwabi et al., Joule, 2, 1894–1906 (2018). M. Wu, T. Zhao, H. Jiang, Y. Zeng, and Y. Ren, Journal of Power Sources, 355, 62–68 (2017). C. Ding, H. Zhang, X. Li, T. Liu, and F. Xing, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 4, 1281–1294 (2013). A. Manthiram, ACS Central Science, 3, 1063–1069 (2017). Y. Li and T.V. Nguyen, “A Solid-Liquid High-Energy-Density Storage Concept for Redox Flow Batteries and Its Demonstration in an H2-V System,” Paper ID APEN-MIT-2021_023, Applied Energy Symposium: MIT A+B, Aug. 11-13, 2021, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Sheikh, Sameena, R. K. Behl, S. S. Dhanda und Ashwani Kumar. „Gene effects for different metric traits under normal and high temperature stress environments in wheat (T. aestivum L. Em Thell)“. South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, Nr. 1 (2009): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp09007.
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The present investigation was conducted to analyze gene effects for grain yield and its components under two different environments. Nine wheat genotypes were selected to generate the experimental material comprised six parental and segregating generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BS1 of BC1 of each of the following six crosses – PBW 343 x WH 283, PBW 343 x WH 542, PBW 343 x PBW 435, UP 2565 x UP 2425, EIGN 1 x Raj 3765 and EIGN 8 x UP 2425. Joint scaling tests revealed the presence of epitasis. Six parameter model revealed the significance of additive gene effects (d) for biological and grain yield and their components in most of the crosses. The relative magnitude of (h) was higher than (d) in all the crosses for most of the characters while additive x additive (i) effects appeared to be significant for grain yield per plant (E1) and number of grain per spike (E2) in PBW 343 x WH 283. Significant (i) type of interaction was recorded in PBW 343 x WH 542 for number of grain per spike (E1), number of tillers per plant (E2) in PBW 343 x PBW 435 and for 1000-grain weight in UP 2565 x UP 2425. Pedigree method and simple selection in crosses like PBW 343 x PBW 435, UP 2565 x UP 2425, PBW 343 x WH 283 and PBW 343 x WH 542 should be used for improvement of traits governed by additive and additive x additive gene effect.
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Rasyida, Amaliya, Salsa Zulfa Aurelia, Fikriyah L. A. Intan, Nabila Firdausi Nuzula, Hosta Ardhyananta, Sigit Tri Wicaksono und Mas Irfan Purbawanto Hidayat. „Potential Use of Water Hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) as Growth Media: The Comparison of Acid and Base Treatment“. Materials Science Forum 1104 (10.11.2023): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-do5gjx.
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This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using water hyacinth (WH) as growth media. It was carried out using different treatments, acid, and base, characterized by microscope optic, swelling index, soil water retention, and observing the growth of mung bean seeds for seven days. The results showed that the highest swelling index was NaOH solution treatment in WH with a 2.5 – 2 cm diameter at 560%. It was also shown that soil samples using WH with NaOH treatment can retain water, enhancing mung bean seeds’ rapid growth. Therefore, this preliminary study shows the potential use of WH as growth media.
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Phan, Trang, und Giang Vu. „Wh-questions in Japanese: Challenges for Vietnamese L2 learners“. Acta Linguistica Asiatica 14, Nr. 1 (30.01.2024): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.14.1.87-109.
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The study explored how Vietnamese learners of Japanese handle structural differences in wh-questions. Despite both being wh-in-situ languages, the divergent word order poses challenges for Vietnamese learners. The research involved 65 high school students with 2.5 to 13 years of Japanese learning. Survey results showed a positive correlation between Japanese proficiency and performance. Students were more accurate when Japanese wh-questions mirrored Vietnamese word order, especially in ‘why’ and ‘when’ questions. Difficulties arose when structures differed. Advanced learners could acquire L2 wh-questions with parametric values distinct from L1, but native-like interpretations in Japanese remained challenging. The study advocates for explicit classroom instruction on Japanese wh-question word order, particularly with scrambled sentences, to enhance accuracy and improve overall teaching effectiveness.
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Pannu, Kamalpreet, Geetika Singh und Manoj Kumar. „Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in Triticum aestivum“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 16, Nr. 2 (15.07.2021): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/16.2/160-164.
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The present investigation was carried out to study gene action, heterosis, correlations, variance, genetic advance, heritability using diallel mating design at Research farm, Department of Agriculture, Mata Gujri college, Fatehgarh sahib during rabi, 2016-17 and 2017-18. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design and observations were recorded on fifteen characters. The best heterotic cross for grain yield per plant was Kalyan Sona × WH-1080 followed by PDW-215 × CPAN-1796, Kalyan Sona× CPAN-1796, DBW-90 × PDW-215, DBW-90 ×WH-1080 and Kalyan Sona × DBW-90. Results revealed that grains per plant showed highly significant and positive genotypic correlations with days to booting, days to heading, spike length, plant height, harvest index and peduncle length. The experimental materials for the present investigation consisted of five lines viz., Kalyan sona , WH-1080, PDW-215, DBW-90 and CPAN-1796 and one check viz., PBW-725.
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Kitenge, V. N., D. J. Tarimo, K. O. Oyedotun, G. Rutavi, D. T. Bakhoum und N. Manyala. „Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor Based on Low Aqueous Electrolyte Contents in EmimTFO Ionic Liquid“. International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (25.04.2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8659009.
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A study has been conducted on the electrochemical properties of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EmimTFO) protic ionic liquid enhanced by adding potassium nitrate (2.5 M) aqueous solution. The properties of EmimTFO as well as mixtures diluted by molar fractions of 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 of KNO3 were also investigated through measurements of viscosity, density, and conductivity. In a three-electrode test run at 0.25 A g-1, the addition of 2.5 M KNO3 solution generated peak specific capacities of ~40.2 and ~85.8 mAh g-1 on the positive and negative potentials, respectively. These performances surpassed the specific capacities obtained for EmimTFO in a three-electrode run at 0.25 A g-1 using the same electrode material (activated carbon). The top-performing electrolyte mixture ([EmimTFO]0.8[2.5 M KNO3]0.2) was then used to assemble a symmetric supercapacitor, which could run at a voltage of ~2.1 V. The device was able to retain 71.35% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge. It also displayed higher specific energy and power of 22.21 Wh kg-1 and 520 W kg-1, respectively, at 0.5 A g-1 as compared to specific energies of 4.73 Wh kg-1 and 11.2 Wh kg-1 for the devices assembled with single EmimTFO and 2.5 M KNO3 as the electrolytes, respectively.
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Khairunnisa, Khairunnisa, und Siti Mita Mafturoh. „Characteristics of LiFePo4 and Li-Ion Batteries during the Process of Charging and Discharging for Recommendation Solar Power Energy Storage“. Jurnal Edukasi Elektro 7, Nr. 1 (31.05.2023): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jee.v7i1.61654.
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One of the advantages of using electric vehicle batteries to store electrical energy is an appropriate technology that supports zero emission. Hence, this research tries to compare based on each type of Lithium to be seen in terms of capacity and total energy obtained during charging and discharging conditions. The results of the comparison of the characteristics of the two batteries show that Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries have better quality. Based on the results of testing the conditions when charging from both of them, it was found that the capacity of the LiFePo4 battery was 22.93Ah while the Li-Ion was 2.65 Ah. for a total LiFePo4 energy of 79.84 Wh and Li-Ion of 10.28 Wh. Meanwhile, when testing the Discharging conditions, the LiFePo4 battery capacity based on the test results was 22.76 Ah and Li-Ion 2.60 Ah. Meanwhile, the measured total energy from LiFePo4 is 69.45 Wh, and Li-Ion is 9.44 Wh. Hence, if viewed from the advantages and disadvantages, Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries are suitable for accumulators or electric car batteries and energy storage for solar power plants
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Wohlsen, T., S. Stewart, P. Aldridge, J. Bates, B. Gray und M. Katouli. „The efficiency of ozonated water from a water treatment plant to inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts during two seasonal temperatures“. Journal of Water and Health 5, Nr. 3 (01.03.2007): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.039.
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We investigated the efficiency of residual ozone from an advanced water treatment plant with an applied dose of 2.5 mg l−1 to inactivate viable Cryptosporidium oocysts during summer (i.e. 24°C) and winter (i.e. 18.9°C) in Queensland, Australia. Containers for sample collection were inoculated with 1,000 oocysts l−1 and filled with ozonated water. Ozone residual concentrations were measured at 0, 5 and 10 min intervals. Viability was determined by excystation. Non-ozonated water from the plant, trip and laboratory controls were also analysed. The applied ozone dose of 2.5 mg l−1 produced an immediate residual concentration of 1.25 mg 1−1 at 24°C and 1.34 mg 1−1 at 18.9°C in unseeded samples. The initial ozone residual in seeded containers was 1.22±0.03 mg 1−1 at 24°C and 1.37±0.04 mg 1−1 at 18.9°C. There was a gradual increase in inactivation of oocysts, with 49% of oocysts inactivated at 0 min to 92% after 10 min at 24°C and 57% at 0 min to 92.8% at 10 min at 18.9°C.
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Adams, William M., Derek J. Hevel, Jaclyn P. Maher und Jared T. McGuirt. „Racial and Sex Differences in 24 Hour Urinary Hydration Markers among Male and Female Emerging Adults: A Pilot Study“. Nutrients 12, Nr. 4 (12.04.2020): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041068.
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The purpose of this study was to examine 24 h urinary hydration markers in non-Hispanic White (WH) and non-Hispanic Black (BL) males and females. Thirteen males (BL, n = 6; WH, n = 7) and nineteen females (BL, n = 16, WH, n = 3) (mean ± SD; age, 20 ± 4 y; height, 169.2 ± 12.2 cm; body mass, 71.3 ± 12.2 kg; body fat, 20.8 ± 9.7%) provided a 24 h urine sample across 7 (n = 13) or 3 (n = 19) consecutive days (148 d total) for assessment of urine volume (UVOL), urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), and urine color (UCOL). UVOL was significantly lower in BL (0.85 ± 0.43 L) compared to WH college students (2.03 ± 0.70 L) (p < 0.001). Measures of UOSM, USG, and UCOL, were significantly greater in BL (716 ± 263 mOsm∙kg−1, 1.020 ± 0.007, and 4.2 ± 1.4, respectively) compared to WH college students (473 ± 194 mOsm∙kg−1, 1.013 ± 0.006, 3.0 ± 1.2, and respectively) (p < 0.05). Differences in 24 h urinary hydration measures were not significantly different between males and females (p > 0.05) or between the interaction of sex and race/ethnicity (p > 0.05). Non-Hispanic Black men and women were inadequately hydrated compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Our findings suggest that development of targeted strategies to improve habitual fluid intake and potentially overall health are needed.
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Freeman, Matthew C., Robert E. Quick, Daniel P. Abbott, Paul Ogutu und Richard Rheingans. „Increasing equity of access to point-of-use water treatment products through social marketing and entrepreneurship: a case study in western Kenya“. Journal of Water and Health 7, Nr. 3 (01.05.2009): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.063.
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Point-of-use water chlorination reduces diarrhoea risk by 25–85%. Social marketing has expanded access to inexpensive sodium hypochlorite for water treatment, at a cost of less than US$0.01 per day, in Kenya. To increase product access, women's groups in western Kenya were trained to educate neighbours and sell health products to generate income. We evaluated this programme's impact on equity of access to water treatment products in a cross-sectional survey. We surveyed 487 randomly selected households in eight communities served by the women's groups. Overall, 20% (range 5–39%) of households in eight communities purchased and used chlorine, as confirmed by residual chlorine observed in stored water. Multivariate models using illiteracy and the poorest socioeconomic status as a referent showed that persons with at least some primary education (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8, 3.5) or secondary education (OR 5.4, 95% CI 1.6, 17.5) and persons in the four wealthiest quintiles (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0, 6.0) were more likely to chlorinate stored water. While this implementation model was associated with good product penetration and use, barriers to access to inexpensive water treatment remained among the very poor and less educated.
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Christensen, Ekaterina, Vegard Nilsen, Tor Håkonsen, Arve Heistad, Christophe Gantzer, Lucy J. Robertson und Mette Myrmel. „Removal of model viruses, E. coli and Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water by zirconium and chitosan coagulants“. Journal of Water and Health 15, Nr. 5 (11.08.2017): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.055.
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The present work evaluates the effect of contact filtration, preceded by coagulation with zirconium (Zr) and chitosan coagulants, on model microorganisms and waterborne pathogens. River water intended for potable water production was spiked with MS2 and Salmonella Typhimurium 28B bacteriophages, Escherichia coli, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts prior to coagulation. The hygienic performance demonstrated by Zr comprised 3.0–4.0 log10 removal of viruses and 5.0–6.0 log10 removal of E. coli and C. parvum oocysts. Treatment with chitosan resulted in a removal of 2.5–3.0 log10 of viruses and parasites, and 4.5–5.0 log10 of bacteria. A reference coagulant, polyaluminium chloride (PACl), gave a 2.5–3.0 log10 removal of viruses and 4.5 log10 of E. coli. These results indicate that both Zr and chitosan enable adequate removal of microorganisms from surface water. The present study also attempts to assess removal rates of the selected microorganisms with regard to their size and surface properties. The isoelectric point of the Salmonella Typhimurium 28B bacteriophage is reported for the first time. The retention of the selected microorganisms in the filter bed appeared to have some correlation with their size, but the effect of the charge remained unclear.
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Desi Anggraeni, Nuha, István Seres und István Farkas. „Energetic analysis of semi-transparent photovoltaic module“. E3S Web of Conferences 484 (2024): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448403001.
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Alternatives to traditional fossil-based energy generation are required to combat climate change and air pollution. Solar power has become increasingly appealing due to its infinite supply, ability to mitigate climate change, and non-polluting nature. The semi-transparent photovoltaics have a portion of the cell that allows light to pass through while the rest of the cell generates electricity. Energy analysis on semi-transparent photovoltaic is needed to determine their performance. The studied semi-transparent photovoltaic systems consist of ten modules combined in one panel and two separate panels. The system consists of 2x10 pieces 165 Wp Solarwatt Vision modules with 3,3 kWp capacity. The installation site’s location is the latitude 47.5946° N, 19.3619° E. The energy production of semi-transparent photovoltaics: The highest energy production per year was found in 2018 with a value of 3.18 MWh, followed by 2019, 2021, 2020, and 2017 with values of 2.76 MWh, 2.5 MWh, 2.31 MWh, and 1.68 MWh, respectively. The highest monthly energy production is found in April, May, June, and July, with values of 445618 Wh, 459812 Wh, 442955 Wh, and 496671 Wh, respectively. The further plan is to study PAR components under the modules.
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Bao, Xiuyu, Yiping Song, Tao Li, Shanshan Zhang, Lihua Huang, Shuya Zhang, Junting Cao, Xiaolin Liu und Jianqin Zhang. „Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Ovary Tissue between Black Muscovy Duck and White Muscovy Duck with High- and Low-Egg Production“. Genes 12, Nr. 1 (31.12.2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010057.
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The egg-laying rate is an important indicator for evaluating fertility of poultry. In order to better understand the laying mechanism of Muscovy ducks, gene expression profiles and pathways of ovarian tissues in high- and low-laying black (BH and BL) and white Muscovy ducks (WH and WL) during the peak production period were performed by using RNA-seq. The total number of reads produced for each ovarian sample ranged from 44,344,070 to 47,963,328. A total of 113, 619 and 87 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in BH-vs-WH, BL-vs-BH and BL-vs-WL, respectively. Among them, 54, 356 and 49 genes were up regulated and 59, 263 and 38 genes were down regulated. In addition, there were only 10 up-regulated genes in WL-vs-WH. In the comparison of DEGs in black and white Muscovy ducks, two co-expressed DEG genes were detected between BH-vs-WH and BL-vs-WL and seven DEGs were co-expressed between BL-vs-BH and WL-vs-WH. The RNA-Seq data were confirmed to be reliable by qPCR. Numerous DEGs known to be involved in ovarian development were identified, including TGFβ2, NGFR, CEBPD, CPEB2, POSTN, SMOC1, FGF18, EFNA5 and SDC4. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations indicated that DEGs related to ovarian development were mainly enriched in biological processes of “circadian sleep/wake cycle process,” “negative regulation of transforming growth factor-β secretion,” “positive regulation of calcium ion transport” in BH-vs-WH and “cell surface receptor signaling pathway,” “Notch signaling pathway” and “calcium ion transport” in BL-vs-BH. Besides, “steroid biosynthetic process,” “granulosa cell development” and “egg coat formation” were mainly enriched in BL-vs-WL and “reproduction,” “MAPK cascade” and “mitotic cell cycle” were mainly enriched in WL-vs-WH. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ovarian steroidogenesis were the most enriched in Muscovy duck ovary transcriptome data. This work highlights potential genes and pathways that may affect ovarian development in Muscovy duck.
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Moore, Rebecca R., Hiroaki Nagai, Rodney A. Miller, Jerry F. Hardisty, Neil Allison, Keith R. Shockley und David E. Malarkey. „Comparative Incidences and Biological Outcomes for Thymoma in Various Rat Strains in National Toxicology Program Studies“. Toxicologic Pathology 47, Nr. 7 (08.08.2019): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623319863119.
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Thymomas from 277 Fischer 344/N (F344/N), 10 Sprague Dawley (HSD:Sprague Dawley SD) (SD), 129 Wistar Han [Crl:WI(Han)] (WH), and 4 Wistar Outbred (WO) rats were reviewed from long-term studies in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) database. The incidence of thymomas in F344/N rats was slightly higher in males than in females, while the incidences in SD and WH rats were higher in females than in males. Only male WO rats were used in NTP studies. Of the 277 thymomas in F344/N rats, 235 (84.8%) were benign and 42 (15.2%) malignant, 14 of which exhibited metastasis. Of the 10 thymomas in SD rats, 5 (50%) were benign and 5 (50%) were malignant, one of which exhibited metastasis. Of the 129 thymomas in WH rats, 126 (98%) were benign and 3 (2%) were malignant, 1 with metastasis. Of the 4 thymomas in WO rats, 3 (75%) were benign and 1 (25%) was malignant, with no metastases. Malignant thymomas in F344/N and WH rats showed a propensity to be the cause of death and to result in early mortality, whereas the benign thymomas were associated less often with decreased survival. No occurrences of this neoplasm were reported to be related to exposure to any test articles.
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Kim, Byong-Kyu, und Moo-Yong Rhee. „Impact of 2018 ESC/ESH and 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines: Difference in Prevalence of White-Coat and Masked Hypertension“. Healthcare 8, Nr. 2 (03.05.2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020122.
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Our study evaluated whether there were differences in the prevalence of white-coat hypertension (WH) and masked hypertension (MH) based on the 2018 ESC/ESH and 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines in Korea. The motivation was the lowering of the diagnostic threshold for hypertension in the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines. Of 319 participants without antihypertensive drug history and with suspected hypertension based on outpatient clinic blood pressure (BP) measured by physicians, 263 participants (51.6 ± 9.6 years; 125 men) who had valid research-grade office BP and 24-h ambulatory BP measurements were enrolled. WH prevalence based on daytime ambulatory BP among normotensive individuals was lower with the ESC/ESH guidelines than the ACC/AHA guidelines (29.0% vs. 71.4%, p < 0.001). However, MH prevalence based on daytime ambulatory BP among hypertensive individuals was higher based on the ESC/ESH guidelines (21.6% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.001). Seventy percent of WH cases (2017 ACC/AHA guidelines) and 95.2% of MH cases (2018 ESC/ESH guidelines) occurred in individuals with systolic BP of 130–139 mmHg and/or diastolic BP of 80–89 mmHg. The diagnostic threshold of the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines yielded a higher prevalence of WH compared to that of the 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines. However, the prevalence of MH was higher with the 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines than with the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines. The high prevalence of WH and MH in people with a systolic BP of 130–139 mmHg or diastolic BP of 80–89 mmHg suggests the need for a more active out-of-office BP measurement in this patient group.
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Mirkin, B. M., V. B. Martynenko und S. M. Yamalov. „(A review) N. N. Lashchinsky. Vegetation of Salair krjazh. Novosibirsk: Geo, 2009. 263 p.“ Vegetation of Russia, Nr. 15 (2009): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2009.15.129.
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Peer-reviewed monograph opens with a Foreword by V. P. Sedelnikov "From the editor", wh ere it is reported that this is the first book in a new series "Vegetation of Siberia", "In the context of biodiversity conservation and the growing interest in rare plants and communities need to give the most complete picture of the phytocoenotic diversity of Siberia. To further summarize knowledge of vegetation is important to the publication of primary data arrays of geobotanical descriptions on all types of communities."
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Lam, Jason Tszhin, Edwin Lui, Simon Chau, Cathie Show Wu Kueh, Ying-kit Yung und Wing Cheong Yam. „Evaluation of real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Escherichia coli in beach water“. Journal of Water and Health 12, Nr. 1 (18.10.2013): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.038.
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The current investigation evaluated the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for quantitative detection of Escherichia coli in marine beach water. Densities of E. coli in 263 beach water samples collected from 13 bathing beaches in Hong Kong between November 2008 and December 2009 were determined using both real-time PCR and culture-based methods. Regression analysis showed that these two methods had a significant positive linear relationship with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.64. Serial dilution of spiked samples indicated that the real-time PCR had a limit of quantification of 25 E. coli colonies in 100 mL water sample. This study showed that the rapid real-time PCR has potential to complement the traditional culture method of assessing fecal pollution in marine beach water.
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., Rimbawati, Abdul Azis Hutasuhut1 und Yusniati Chaniago. „Analysis of Hybrid Power Plant Technology Using Data Weather in North Sumatera“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.7 (27.09.2018): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.7.27364.
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North Sumatera which has areas of extreme enough 0-350 altitude above sea stretching from the coast of the Strait of Malaka to the Bukit Barisan mountains, resulting in some very isolated areas and may not be covered by the electricity supply ongride. It is very necessary to conduct basic research on the application of hybrid power generation technologies to meet the lighting facilities in remote villages. After surveying potential at three points, namely: the lowlands, plains and plateaus. From the data analysis shows that, forLowland rainfall amounts average of 166 mm/month, solar irradiance an average of 185.78 Wh/m2/day and an average wind speed of 2.68 knots. Furthermore, to the plains of moderate rainfall average of 176 mm/month, the intensity of solar irradiance 176 Wh/m2/day and wind speeds average 2,32 Knot, while the highlands rainfall average ranges from 171 mm/month, the intensity of solar irradiance 181.09 Wh/m2/day as well as wind speed 2.5 knots. This shows North Sumatera province is potential to develop a hybrid power generation technologies (microhydro, solar, wind and battery) to support the accelerated development of the villages.
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Rogers, J. M. „Cimetières et traditions funéraires dans le monde islamique: Actes du colloque international du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique organisé par l'Université Mimar Sinan, Istanbul, 28–30 September, 1991. Edited By Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont and A. Aksel Tibet, 2 vols. pp. I xvi, 385; pp. II viii, 265, Index, IIIus. bl. and wh. and col. Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1996.“ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8, Nr. 2 (Juli 1998): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618630001004x.
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Ackerman, Drew, und Stephen B. Weisberg. „Relationship between rainfall and beach bacterial concentrations on Santa Monica Bay beaches“. Journal of Water and Health 1, Nr. 2 (01.06.2003): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2003.0010.
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Rainfall effects on beach water quality in southern California are large enough that county health departments typically issue warnings for the public to avoid recreational water contact for 3 days following a storm. To enhance the scientific foundation for these preemptive public health warnings, we examined the relationship between rainfall and beach indicator bacteria concentrations using 5 years of fecal coliform data taken daily at 20 sites in southern California. There was a countrywide increase in ocean bacterial concentrations associated with almost all storms larger than 6 mm and with every storm larger than 25 mm. Only for storms less than 2.5 mm was there no observable rainfall effect. Bacterial concentrations remained elevated for 5 days following a storm, although they generally returned to levels below state water quality standards within 3 days. The length of the antecedent dry period had a minimal effect on this relationship, probably reflecting a quickly developed equilibrium between the decay of older fecal material and the introduction of new fecal material to the landscape.
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Atef, Eidi Mohammad, Nitiwit Dumrichob, Romuald Jolivot, Waleed Mohammed und Karel Sterckx. „Low Cost Solar Power System with Open Loop Tracking for Rural and Developing Areas“. Engineering Journal 24, Nr. 5 (30.09.2020): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2020.24.5.65.
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Solar energy continues to enjoy interest and is becoming one of the important elements in the world's future energy consumption and economic growth. One way to increase the use of solar power systems, particularly in rural and developing areas, is through the employment of low cost, power efficient systems. This paper presents a possible low cost solution where an open loop tracking system is implemented with a small size 50 Watt (W) Monocrystalline Photovoltaic (PV) panel. The system’s performance is monitored at different tropical weather conditions. In addition, the output power is measured and compared between a static solar panel and one that includes the proposed tracking system. The measurements over the course of 6 months in Pathum Thani, north of Bangkok (Thailand), showed that the output energy with tracking system, on average, is 18 % higher than with static panel (45 Watt hour (Wh) compared to 36.5 Wh). The overall generated energy in 7 hours in a day are 315 Watt hour per day (Wh/day) and 255 Wh/day for tracking and static panel respectively. On rainy days, the average measured output power is reduced to 25% of that on the sunny days. The experimental results have been compared to those of a deduced first order simulation output and this over a period of five months. The experiment shows similarity in the trend between experimental and simulation results. Finally, multiple sensors were added to the solar unit, and measured environmental data sent obtained by these sensors were over a low bandwidth communication link, and recorded/processed on a remote server.
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Chaidez, Cristobal, Marcela Soto und Nohelia Castro-del Campo. „Effect of water suspended particles on the recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum from tomato surfaces“. Journal of Water and Health 5, Nr. 4 (01.05.2007): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.048.
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An increase in the number of outbreaks of foodborne disease associated with fresh produce consumption has been described. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of water suspended particles during immersing/spraying disinfection processes and the recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from tomato surfaces. Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculetum Mill.) were immersed/sprayed with chlorinated water with low and high suspended particle content (10 and 1,000 mg/l) containing 100, 1,000 or 10,000 oocysts/l. Tomatoes were evaluated after a contact time of 120 seconds and 30 seconds for immersing and spraying procedures, respectively. The immersing procedure showed a high recovery of C. parvum oocysts from the tomato surface when the concentration was 10,000 oocysts/l and 10 mg/l suspended particles (295±94 [mean±standard deviation]). High particle content affected oocyst recovery and dissolved particles exerted a chlorine demand reducing the disinfectant residual. In the spraying procedure, the highest recovery was observed with 10,000 oocysts/l (225±72). Our understanding is that the association of C. parvum oocysts with suspended particles might promote the oocyst deposition in the wash water tanks and that this interaction should be considered when evaluating the quality of the water.
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Samra, Zahoor Qadir, Umber Javaid, Sadia Ghafoor, Aleeza Batool, Nadia Dar und Muhammad Amin Athar. „PCR assay targeting virulence genes of Helicobacter pylori isolated from drinking water and clinical samples in Lahore metropolitan, Pakistan“. Journal of Water and Health 9, Nr. 1 (03.02.2011): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.169.
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Helicobacter pylorus is considered for chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers and adenocarcinoma and its high infection rate is observed in overcrowded and lower socioeconomic groups in developing countries. This study was designed to identify the role of drinking water in the transmission and prevalence of H. pylori (HP). Selective HP medium was developed for enrichment and presumptive identification of H. pylori by urease, catalase and species specific 16S rRNA tests. The virulence genes (vacA ‘s’ and ‘m’ regions and cagA) of H. pylori in 90 out of 225 H. pylori positive drinking water samples were present (40%). Ten out of 18 biopsies (55.55%) and 15 out of 50 vomiting fluids of gastric disease patients (30%) were also positive for virulence genes. Anti-H. pylori antibodies were also detected in 31 out of 50 patients’ sera. The presence of virulence genes was also directly confirmed by hybridization studies using non-radioactive DNA probes of 16S rRNA, vacA and cagA genes. The presence of H. pylori in water is due to poor sanitary conditions, improper waste disposal and lack of public health education. PCR-based analysis and colony hybridization can be used for detection of H. pylori in clinical and environmental samples.
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Qi, Wang, Lim Fang Yee und Hu Jiangyong. „Relationship between organic precursors and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in tropical water sources“. Journal of Water and Health 12, Nr. 4 (14.07.2014): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.117.
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The presence of organic compounds in water sources is one of the concerns in water treatment. They are potential precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and thus induce health problems in humans. Among the emerging DBPs, carcinogenic compound N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has been receiving attention during the last decade. This study examined the characteristics of organic components in various water sources and investigated their relationships with NDMA formation. Experiments were carried out on selected water samples from both natural water and wastewater. Results showed similar NDMA formation kinetics for both water sources. However, more contribution of NDMA precursors was found to be from the wastewater due to its higher organic nitrogen content. NDMA formation potential (NDMAFP) of secondary effluent ranged from 264 to 530 ng/L. A correlation study between organic compound characteristics and NDMAFP indicated that the majority of NDMA precursors came from dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) compound with small molecular weight (smaller than 500 Da), with correlation R2 = 0.898. Although secondary treatment removed more than 90% of NDMA precursors, the remaining precursors in secondary effluent would still pose a challenge for water quality.
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Armstrong, Andrew M., Mark D. Sobsey und Lisa M. Casanova. „Disinfection of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by copper in water“. Journal of Water and Health 14, Nr. 3 (04.01.2016): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.059.
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When households lack access to continuous piped water, water storage in the home creates opportunities for contamination. Storage in copper vessels has been shown to reduce microbes, but inactivation kinetics of enteric bacteria in water by copper alone needs to be understood. This work characterized inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by dissolved ionic copper in water. Reductions of E. coli and P. aeruginosa increase with increasing dose. At 0.3 mg/L, there was a 2.5 log10 reduction of E. coli within 6 hours. At 1 and 3 mg/L, the detection limit was reached between 3 and 6 hours; maximum reduction measured was 8.5 log10. For P. aeruginosa, at 6 hours there was 1 log10 reduction at 0.3 mg/L, 3.0 log10 at 1 mg/L, and 3.6 log10 at 3 mg/L. There was no significant decline in copper concentration. Copper inactivates bacteria under controlled conditions at doses between 0.3 and 1 mg/L. E. coli was inactivated more rapidly than P. aeruginosa. Copper at 1 mg/L can achieve 99.9% inactivation of P. aeruginosa and 99.9999997% inactivation of E. coli over 6 hours, making it a candidate treatment for stored household water.
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Haftu, Desta, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Desalegn Ajema, Genet Gedamu und Eskezyiaw Agedew. „Water, sanitation and hygiene practice and associated factors among HIV infected people in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia“. Journal of Water and Health 15, Nr. 4 (10.05.2017): 615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.373.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected people have substantially greater need for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Many opportunistic infections cause high morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) than in immune competent populations. The objective of the study was to assess WASH practices and associated factors among PLHIV. A cross-sectional study design was conducted. Bivariate and multivariate logistic model was employed. According to this study, 97 (23.5%) of the households have unimproved water status, 221 (53.5%) of the households have unimproved sanitation status and 171 (41.4%) of the households have poor hygiene practice. Diarrhoea [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 16; 95% confidence interval (CI): (6, 44)] was associated with water status of the clients. Occupational status [AOR = 8.9; 95% CI: (2, 38)], wealth index [AOR = 0.23; 95% CI: (0.12, 0.4)], frequency of body washing [AOR = 0.23; 95% CI: (0.12, 0.4)] and hand washing device availability [AOR = 4.4; 95% CI: (2.5, 8)] were significantly associated with hygienic practice. It was concluded that the magnitude of the problem regarding WASH practices in HIV infected people in the study area was high. Health education and integrated additional support for the provision of WASH practices is needed.
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Ohno, Koichi, Mari Asami und Yoshihiko Matsui. „Is the default of 2 liters for daily per-capita water consumption appropriate? A nationwide survey reveals water intake in Japan“. Journal of Water and Health 16, Nr. 4 (18.06.2018): 562–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.281.
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Abstract Two liters per day is generally applied as the default drinking water intake rate for risk assessments, although evidence supporting this value is insufficient. This study aimed to reveal actual water intakes from tap water and other types of drinks, and to explore the relationships between these intakes. For this purpose, we conducted a nationwide Internet questionnaire survey. Tap water intake negatively correlated with bottled water and soft drink intakes, suggesting a mutually complementary relationship. We propose an index, potential Tap Water Intake (pTWI), calculated by adding soft drinks and bottled water to tap water intake. Mean per-capita tap water intake across the entire Japanese population was estimated at 1.28 L/d, whereas mean pTWI was estimated at 1.65 L/d. Two liters per day corresponds to the 88th percentile of tap water intake and to the 76th percentile of pTWI, and covers the intake of the majority of the population in Japan. This rate should continue being used as the default in the Japanese population, but the rate to cover the tap water intake of almost the entire population would be higher: it was >2.5 L/d.
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Mashau, Funanani, Esper Jacobeth Ncube und Kuku Voyi. „Maternal urinary levels of trichloroacetic acid and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes“. Journal of Water and Health 17, Nr. 6 (22.11.2019): 884–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.109.
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Abstract The current study aimed to determine the association between trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes among third-trimester pregnant women who were exposed to chlorinated drinking water. A total of 205 pregnant women who participated in the disinfection by-products exposure and adverse pregnancy outcome study in South Africa were randomly asked to participate in this study by providing their morning urine sample voids. Samples were analysed for urinary creatinine and TCAA. Furthermore, participants gave individual data using a structured questionnaire. The mean (median) concentration of creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA was 2.34 (1.95) μg/g creatinine. Elevated levels of creatinine-adjusted TCAA concentrations showed an increased risk of premature birth, small for gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight. There was no significant statistical correlation observed between creatinine-adjusted TCAA concentrations and the total volume of cold water ingested among the study population. No statistically significant association was observed between creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA and premature birth, SGA and low birth weight newborns among the study subjects. However, the urinary TCAA concentrations identified in this study suggest potential health risks towards women and foetus. Therefore, further studies are warranted to prevent further adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Zhou, Yanlong, Nicolas Emery, Jean-Pierre Pereira-Ramos, Oliver Nguyen und Rita Baddour-Hadjean. „(Digital Presentation) Lithium Transition Metal Nitride Li7MnN4 (LMN) As Competitive Negative Electrode Material for Li-Ion Battery: Synthesis Optimization and High Energy Density of the NMC/Li5.3MnN4 Full Cell“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, Nr. 2 (07.07.2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012363mtgabs.
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Li-on battery (LIB) is an important technology which is widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles (EV) and other energy storage applications. Commercial LIB has multiple choices as positive electrode materials such as layered transition metal oxides (LiCoO2, LiNi1-y-zMnyCozO2...), spinel oxides LiNixMn2-xO4 as well as olivine LiFePO4. Conversely, the selection of negative electrodes is mainly limited to graphite or Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). Graphite is inexpensive and delivers large capacity but suffers from the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as well as Li dendrites formed at high rate, leading to low rate capability and security problems [1]. Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) on the other hand, is able to circumvent the problems of graphite thanks to its higher working potential (1.5 V vs Li+/Li) and minimal structural change during lithiation [2]. However, LTO has a lower energy density than graphite due to a higher working potential and a moderate specific capacity (∼150 mAh g− 1 and 120 mAh g− 1 at 1C and 5C rate, respectively). Therefore, there is a strong need of researching large-capacity insertion-based negative electrode materials working in the 1.0 < V ≤ 1.5 V voltage range to design new generation high energy density full cells. Transition-metal nitrides are considered to be among the most promising class of anode materials for LiBs [3]. Within this family, Li7MnN4 (LMN) [4] with an anti-fluorite 3D structure has received great attention due to its large specific capacity of 280 mAh g-1, excellent cycle stability and appropriate working potential of 1.2 V. We previously showed this material prepared at high temperature exhibits very large particle size [4]. Therefore, a crucial post-synthesis ball-milling step was required to benefit from the maximum capacity and high rate capability. However, this ball-milling step is hard to reproduce due to its dependence on many instrumental factors such as jar geometry, ball/material mass ratio [4]. In this work, an optimization of the synthesis conditions of LMN is proposed and new key parameters controlling the particle size distribution (PSD) are identified, allowing the suppression of the post-synthesis ball-milling process. Thanks to the specific morphology attained when using our optimized synthesis conditions, the as-synthesized LMN material is able to deliver larger capacity at higher rate (265 mAh g− 1 and 160 mAh g− 1 at 1C and 5C rate, respectively). These capacity values are the best to our knowledge and compete with that of benchmark LTO. Furthermore, the lower working potential of LMN (1.2 V, i. e. 0.35 V lower than LTO) is expected to provide larger energy density in a full cell device compared to LTO. To carry this argument further, NMC/LMN full cell is constructed for the first time with LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 and pre-delithiated LMN (Li5.3MnN4). This NMC/LMN coin cell is applied for galvanostatic cycling at different current densities while a 3-electrode cell using metallic Li as reference electrode is used to clarify potential changes during the charge-discharge process. We show the NMC/LMN full cell replicates the electrochemical performance of NMC/Li half-cell in the 3.2 V - 2 V potential window. These results prove the feasibility and compatibility of the NMC/LMN full cell and the suitability of delithiated LMN as negative electrode material. Remarkably, the maximum energy density of the NMC/LMN full cell, of 256 Wh/kg(based on total active materials mass loading), is 30% to 50% higher than that exhibited by a NMC/LTO full cell. [1] T. Waldmann, B. I. Hogg, and M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, “Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells – A review,” J. Power Sources, vol. 384, no. November 2017, pp. 107–124, 2018. [2] T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, and N. Yamamoto, “Zero‐Strain Insertion Material of Li [ Li1 / 3Ti5 / 3 ] O 4 for Rechargeable Lithium Cells,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 142, no. 5, pp. 1431–1435, 1995. [3] J. M. Tarascon and M. Armand, “Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries,” Mater. Sustain. Energy A Collect. Peer-Reviewed Res. Rev. Artic. from Nat. Publ. Gr., vol. 414, no. November, pp. 171–179, 2010. [4] E. Panabière, N. Emery, S. Bach, J. P. Pereira-Ramos, and P. Willmann, “Ball-milled Li7MnN4: An attractive negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 97, pp. 393–397, 2013. Figure 1
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Shaheen, S. M., M. S. Shams, F. A. Elbehiry und S. M. Ibrahim. „Influence of Stabilized Biosolids Application on Availability of Phosphorus, Copper, and Zinc“. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/817158.
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The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of sewage sludge (SS) and stabilized SS application on Olsen-P and DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn in relation to soil type, sewage source, mixing rate and incubation time. Two different SS were mixed with amendments by mixing rates 10 and 25%. These amendments include coal fly ash (CFA), bentonite (B), sugar beet factory lime (SBFL), calcium carbonate, rice straw (RS), water hyacinth (WH), and cotton stalks (CS). Treated and untreated SS had been applied to fluvial and calcareous soil with application rate 2.5% and incubated for one and two month. After incubation, soil samples were analyzed for Olsen-P and DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn. Application of SS increased significantly Olsen-P and DTPA extractable Cu and Zn compared to control. Application of stabilized SS increased significantly Olsen-P, with high increasing rate with SBFL and WH-stabilized SS. Stabilized-SS decreased significantly Cu and Zn availability compared to mono SS treatment. Bentonite-, SBFL and CFA-stabilized SS were the highest among inorganic treatments for reducing available Cu and Zn either in fluvial or calcareous soil, while WH and RS-stabilized SS treatment were the most suitable organic ones for reducing DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn.
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Rohman, Muklis Fatqur, Wahyu Setyo Pambudi, Trisna Wati und Yuliyanto Agung Prabowo. „Prototipe dan Monitoring Penerangan Jalan Umum (PJU) Menggunakan Tenaga Surya“. BEES: Bulletin of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 4, Nr. 2 (30.11.2023): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/bees.v4i2.4284.
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Utilizing solar energy as an alternative energy source for Indonesia's electricity needs is very appropriate because it is located in a tropical area with hot sunlight available all year round. Considering that in rural areas in Indonesia there are still many public road accesses that are not equipped with street lighting and the problem stems from the use of conventional electrical energy as a source of street lighting. The use of photovoltaics (PV) as a tool to produce electrical energy with the advantages of being environmentally friendly, low maintenance costs and zero emissions and the energy needed is available in nature and is always renewable (renewable energy). The 1 DOF (Degree OF Freedom) solar tracker mechanic is used to find the point where the sunlight is optimal, which aims to produce maximum solar panel output during energy conversion. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that solar-powered public street lighting (PJU-TS) using a mechanical solar tracker delay of 2 seconds produces a daily energy conversion of 235.20 Wh, which is more optimal than solar-powered public street lighting (PJU-TS) with solar tracker delay. 2.5 seconds amounting to 218.75 Wh and solar powered public street lighting (PJU-TS) without a solar tracker amounting to 171.34 Wh.
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Smeets, P. W. M. H., J. C. van Dijk, G. Stanfield, L. C. Rietveld und G. J. Medema. „How can the UK statutory Cryptosporidium monitoring be used for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in drinking water?“ Journal of Water and Health 5, S1 (01.09.2007): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.140.
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Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) is increasingly being used to complement traditional verification of drinking water safety through the absence of indicator bacteria. However, the full benefit of QMRA is often not achieved because of a lack of appropriate data on the fate and behaviour of pathogens. In the UK, statutory monitoring for Cryptosporidium has provided a unique dataset of pathogens directly measured in large volumes of treated drinking water. Using this data a QMRA was performed to determine the benefits and limitations of such state-of-the-art monitoring for risk assessment. Estimates of the risk of infection at the 216 assessed treatment sites ranged from 10−6.5 to 10−2.5 person−1 d−1. In addition, Cryptosporidium monitoring data in source water was collected at eight treatment sites to determine how Cryptosporidium removal could be quantified for QMRA purposes. Cryptosporidium removal varied from 1.8 to 5.2 log units and appeared to be related to source water Cryptosporidium concentration. Application of general removal credits can either over- or underestimate Cryptosporidium removal by full-scale sedimentation and filtration. State-of-the-art pathogen monitoring can identify poorly performing systems, although it is ineffective to verify drinking water safety to the level of 10-4 infections person−1 yr−1.
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Leskinen, Stephaney D., Valerie J. Harwood und Daniel V. Lim. „Rapid dead-end ultrafiltration concentration and biosensor detection of enterococci from beach waters of Southern California“. Journal of Water and Health 7, Nr. 4 (01.07.2009): 674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.086.
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Same-day microbial water quality assessments are not possible with standard methods, which increases the possibility of public exposure to fecal pathogens. This study examined the efficacy of high-volume hollow fibre ultrafiltration coupled to biosensor detection for enterococci in marine waters to allow same-day public notification of poor water quality. Fifty-six 100 l ultrafiltered samples and 100 ml grab samples were collected weekly from May to July 2007. Post-ultrafiltration processing included sonication and micron sieve passage to remove interfering particulates, followed by centrifugation for secondary concentration. Levels of enterococci in grab and ultrafiltration samples were determined by a standard method (EPA method 1600) for calculation of recovery efficiencies and concentration factors. Each final retentate was analysed with the RAPTOR evanescent wave biosensor. Enterococci levels increased over 26,000-fold in final retentates. Enterococci were detected when ambient concentrations exceeded the regulatory standard for a single sample (≥105 CFU/100 ml), and detection was highly correlated with breaches of the single-sample regulatory limit. The combined procedure required 2.5 h for detection compared with 24 h for EPA method 1600. This field study achieved rapid detection of enterococci by ultrafiltration, secondary concentration and biosensor analysis, and demonstrates its potential usefulness for water quality monitoring.
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Egorov, Andrey I., Jennifer M. Birkenhauer Best, Christopher P. Frebis und Michella S. Karapondo. „Occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in a random sample of drinking water distribution systems in the USA“. Journal of Water and Health 9, Nr. 4 (20.06.2011): 785–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.169.
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Aeromonads are aquatic bacteria found in drinking water supplies worldwide. Some species, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, can cause disease in humans. For this survey, 293 United States public water systems were selected using random sampling, stratified by water source and system type. Water samples were collected during one year from three sites (six samples per site) in each system. Temperature, pH, turbidity, total and free chlorine were measured using standard methods. Aeromonads were detected in 130 of 5,042 valid samples (2.6%) from 42 (14.3%) systems using the ampicillin-dextrin agar with vancomycin culture method with oxidase, trehalose and indole confirmation tests. Concentrations of aeromonads in positive samples were 0.2 to 880 (median 1.6) colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 mL. Adjusted odds ratios of Aeromonas detection were 1.6 (95% confidence limits 1.0, 2.5) during the summer season, 3.3 (1.8, 6.2) for turbidity above 0.5 nephelometric units and 9.1 (3.5, 24) at 0 mg/L compared with 0.25 mg/L total chlorine. Geographic region, system size and type of water source were not significant predictors of Aeromonas detection in multivariate regression analysis. The results of this survey demonstrate the importance of maintaining adequate residual chlorine and low turbidity for preventing drinking water contamination with aeromonads.
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Zyara, Alyaa M., Eila Torvinen, Anna-Maria Veijalainen und Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. „The effect of chlorine and combined chlorine/UV treatment on coliphages in drinking water disinfection“. Journal of Water and Health 14, Nr. 4 (06.04.2016): 640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.144.
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Chlorine disinfection is a globally used method to ensure the safety of drinking water. However, it has not always been successful against viruses and, therefore, it is important to find new methods to disinfect water. Seventeen different coliphages were isolated from the treated municipal wastewater. These coliphages and MS2 were treated with different dosages of chlorine in drinking water, and a combined chlorine/ultraviolet irradiation treatment for the chlorine-resistant coliphages. Chlorine disinfection with 0.3–0.5 mg/L total chlorine (free Cl-dosage 0.12–0.21 mg/L) for 10 min achieved 2.5–5.7 Log10-reductions for 11 sensitive coliphages. The six most resistant coliphages showed no reduction with these chlorine concentrations. MS2 was intermediate in chlorine resistance, and thus it is not a good indicator for viruses in chlorine disinfection. In the combined treatment total chlorine of 0.05–0.25 mg/L (free Cl-dosage 0.02–0.08 mg/L) and ultraviolet irradiation (14–22 mWs/cm2) were more effective than chlorine alone, and 3–5 Log10-reductions were achieved for the chlorine-resistant strains. The chlorination efficiency could be increased by higher dosages and longer contact times, but this could increase the formation of disinfection by-products. Therefore, the combination treatment is a recommended disinfection method.
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Macarrão, Camila Longhi, André Luis Lacerda Bachi, Mario Mariano und Lucia Jamli Abel. „Effects of drinking desalinated seawater on cell viability and proliferation“. Journal of Water and Health 15, Nr. 3 (06.02.2017): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.252.
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Desalination of seawater is becoming an important means to address the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources in the world. Seawater has been used as drinking water in the health, food, and medical fields and various beneficial effects have been suggested, although not confirmed. Given the presence of 63 minerals and trace elements in drinking desalinated seawater (63 DSW), we evaluated their effects on the behavior of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cells through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and annexin-V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. Our results showed that cell viability and proliferation in the presence of 63 DSW were significantly greater than in mineral water and in the presence of fetal bovine serum in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 63 DSW showed no toxic effect on murine embryonic fibroblast (NIH-3T3) and murine melanoma (B16-F10) cells. In another assay, we also showed that pre-treatment of non-adherent THP-1 cells with 63 DSW reduces apoptosis incidence, suggesting a protective effect against cell death. We conclude that cell viability and proliferation were improved by the mineral components of 63 DSW and this effect can guide further studies on health effects associated with DSW consumption.
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Singh, Gulshan, Ayanda Sithebe, Abimbola M. Enitan, Sheena Kumari, Faizal Bux und Thor Axel Stenström. „Comparison of droplet digital PCR and quantitative PCR for the detection of Salmonella and its application for river sediments“. Journal of Water and Health 15, Nr. 4 (04.04.2017): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2017.259.
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Despite advances in microbial detection that quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has led to, complex environmental samples, such as sediments, remain a challenge due to presence of PCR inhibitors. Aquatic sediments accumulate particle-bound microbial contaminants and thereby reflect a cumulative microbial load over time. The relatively new droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has emerged as a direct quantitative method, highly tolerant to PCR inhibitors and relinquishing the necessity for calibration/standard curves. Information is virtually absent where ddPCR has been applied to detect pathogenic organisms in aquatic sediments. This study compared the efficacy of ddPCR with qPCR, for quantification of Salmonella in sediments from the Palmiet River near an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa. ddPCR significantly improved both analytical sensitivity and detection of low concentrations of Salmonella as compared to qPCR. The expected copy numbers measured from both qPCR and ddPCR showed good R2 values (0.999 and 0.994, respectively). The site mostly affected by the informal settlements exhibited Salmonella in the range of 255 ± 37 and 818 ± 30 Salmonella/g (p ≤ 0.0001) in qPCR and ddPCR, respectively. The improved detection of Salmonella in sediments with ddPCR makes it a promising technical method for the quantification of Salmonella in multifarious environmental samples.
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Miller-Schulze, Justin P., Catherine Ishikawa und Jeffery A. Foran. „Assessing lead-contaminated drinking water in a large academic institution: a case study“. Journal of Water and Health 17, Nr. 5 (19.07.2019): 728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.025.
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Abstract Drinking water is an important source of lead exposure, and definitively characterizing the sources of lead in drinking water, particularly in large institutional settings, can be time-consuming and costly. This study examined lead concentrations in drinking water at a large university, focusing on variability in first-draw samples and variability with dispensed volume. Over 350 sources were sampled twice by independent groups, and while 78% of these samples were within 2.5 μg/L, almost 10% differed by >10 μg/L. In both sampling events, approximately 50% of sources had lead concentrations >1 μg/L, 6% were >15 μg/L, and 30% were between 1 and 15 μg/L. The highest lead concentration detected was 400 μg/L, with five sources >100 μg/L. Nine sources were sampled more intensively and six had first-draw sample ranges >5 μg/L. Lead concentration versus dispensed volume profiles indicated that while most sources had decreasing lead concentrations after the first draw, others had maximum lead concentrations at higher dispensed volumes. The variability observed suggests that assessments using only one or two samples per source may not identify all sources with elevated lead concentrations, and management strategies should account for this possibility.
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Ali, Asghar, Insha Sultan, Aftab Hossain Mondal, Mohammad Tahir Siddiqui, Firdoos Ahmad Gogry und Qazi Mohd Rizwanul Haq. „Lentic and effluent water of Delhi-NCR: a reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria harbouring blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV type ESBL genes“. Journal of Water and Health 19, Nr. 4 (28.05.2021): 592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.085.
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Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is not restricted to clinics but also spreading fast in the aquatic environment. This study focused on the prevalence and diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes among bacteria from lentic and effluent water in Delhi-NCR, India. Phenotypic screening of 436 morphologically distinct bacterial isolates collected from diverse sites revealed that 106 (∼24%) isolates were ESBL positive. Antibiotic profiling showed that 42, 60, 78 and 59% ESBL producing isolates collected from Ghazipur slaughterhouse, Lodhi garden pond, Hauz Khas lake and Jasola wastewater treatment plant, respectively, were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index varied from 0.20 to 0.32 among selected locations. The prevalence of ESBL gene variants blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M were found to be 17.64, 35.29 and 64%, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of obtained gene sequences showed three variants of blaCTX-M (15, 152 and 205) and two variants of blaTEM (TEM-1 and TEM-116) among ESBL producers. The co-existence of 2–3 gene variants was recorded among 48% ESBL positive isolates. New reports from this study include the blaCTX-M gene in Acinetobacter lwoffii, Enterobacter ludwigii, Exiguobacterium mexicanum and Aeromonas caviae. Furthermore, the identification of blaTEM and blaSHV in an environmental isolate of A. caviae is a new report from India.
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Igbaria, Abdul Kareem, und Asmaa Ghanayem. „A Content Analysis of the WH-Questions in the EFL Textbook of That's Right“. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, Nr. 3 (25.03.2020): 220–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.73.7942.
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In the current study, the researchers analyzed the units of the textbook “That’s Right” for 10th grade students for English teaching in Israel. The study examined the WH- questions found in the textbook according to the various cognitive levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy. By using Bloom's taxonomy, the researchers attempted to understand whether WH-questions used in the textbook emphasize high-level thinking and cognitive skills development. The question of this study is: To what extent do the WH-questions in the textbook “That’s Right” emphasize higher order thinking skills?
Content analysis was performed for the questions for five study units in the textbook. The question served as the unit of analysis for this research. A WH-question is defined as a question beginning with a WH-word and ending with a question mark. The questions were collected, listed, and analyzed according to Bloom's taxonomy, according to which thinking skills are divided into low and high orders. Low order thinking skills are knowledge, comprehension, and application. High order thinking skills are: analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Percentages and frequencies of each cognition level were calculated for each book unit separately and for all the units combined. Validation and reliability checks were performed to validate this study.
The results showed that 245 out of the 324 questions emphasized cognition levels that develop lower order thinking skills, while only 79 questions emphasized the three levels that use high order thinking skills. The textbook "That’s Right" questions place most emphasis on comprehension and knowledge, which are both connected to lower order thinking skills. This may result in lower cognitive abilities among students and should be further investigated to create better language skills in future generations. Additional studies of English textbooks at various age levels using content analysis are recommended. These studies will show which cognitive skills are developed in English materials and will improve future English education in Israel.
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Long, Sharon C., und Mark D. Sobsey. „A comparison of the survival of F+RNA and F+DNA coliphages in lake water microcosms“. Journal of Water and Health 2, Nr. 1 (01.03.2004): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2004.0002.
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The survival of seven F+RNA phages (MS2 Group I ATCC type strain, two Group I environmental isolates, a Group II environmental isolate, a Group III environmental isolate, and two Group IV environmental isolates) and six F+DNA phages (M13, fd, f1, and ZJ/2 ATCC type strains, and two environmental isolates) were examined in microcosms using a surface drinking water source. Phages were spiked into replicate aliquots of a source water at about 20,000 pfu/ml. Replicate spikes were incubated at 4 and 20°C and monitored for 110 days. At 4°C, Groups I and II F+ RNA phages were detectable through 110 days, with reductions of about 1 and 3 log10, respectively. The Group III F+RNA phage demonstrated 5 log10 reduction after 3 weeks, and the Group IV F+RNA phages were reduced to detection limits (5 log10 reduction) within 10 days. Of the F+DNA phages, all four type strains were detectable with about 2.5 log10 reduction after 110 days at 4°C. The F+DNA environmental isolates were detectable with about a 4 log10 reduction after 110 days at 4°C. All phages demonstrated faster decay at 20°C. These results suggest that differences in F+ phage survival may influence their prevalence in environmental waters and the ability to attribute their prevalence to specific human and animal sources of faecal contamination.
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Lee, Shun-Hwa, Chul-Hee Lee, Yun-Hee Kim, Ju-Hee Do und Seung-Hyun Kim. „Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the Nakdong River and their removal during water treatment“. Journal of Water and Health 5, Nr. 1 (01.09.2006): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.051.
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This study was conducted in preparation of a pending Cryptosporidium regulation in Korea. The study had two main objectives: 1) to examine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Nakdong River; and 2) to evaluate their removal during water treatment. Occurrence of Giardia cysts was also examined. Average (arithmetic mean) numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts at the treatment intake site were 2.6 l-1 and 4.8 l-1, respectively. Generally, the number of Giardia cysts was higher than that of Cryptosporidium oocysts at more sites, but the difference was minimal. Comparison of tributaries indicated that livestock wastes were more serious pollutants than sewage in terms of protozoa contamination. In general, fewer oocysts and cysts were detected during winter. No correlation was found for such water quality parameters as T-N, T-P, TOC, DO, pH and temperature with the numbers of oocysts and cysts except for suspended solids, which showed the highest correlation (R2=0.55). Removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts was evaluated using a Cryptosporidium tracer, which has similar characteristics to Cryptosporidium oocysts. The tracer removal depended on turbidity removal. Coagulation followed by sedimentation resulted in 1.2‒1.5 log removal of the tracer under optimal conditions. Filtration resulted in 1.3‒1.5 log removal of the tracer. These treatability experiments showed that traditional water treatment processes could achieve 2.5‒3.0 log removal of the oocysts.
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Sodha, Samir V., M. Menon, K. Trivedi, A. Ati, M. E. Figueroa, R. Ainslie, K. Wannemuehler und R. Quick. „Microbiologic effectiveness of boiling and safe water storage in South Sulawesi, Indonesia“. Journal of Water and Health 9, Nr. 3 (26.04.2011): 577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.255.
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In Indonesia, where diarrhea remains a major cause of mortality among children <5 years, the government promotes boiling of drinking water. We assessed the impact of boiling on water quality in South Sulawesi. We surveyed randomly selected households with at least one child <5 years old in two rural districts and tested source and stored water samples for Escherichia coli contamination. Among 242 households, 96% of source and 51% of stored water samples yielded E. coli. Unboiled water samples, obtained from 15% of households, were more likely to yield E. coli than boiled samples [prevalence ratios (PR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–2.5]. Water stored in wide-mouthed (PR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.8) or uncovered (PR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3–2.4) containers, or observed to be touched by the respondent's hands (PR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3–2.1) was more likely to yield E. coli. A multivariable model showed that households that did not boil water were more likely to have contaminated stored water than households that did boil water (PR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5–2.3). Although this study demonstrated the effectiveness of boiling in reducing contamination, overall impact on water quality was suboptimal. Future studies are needed to identify factors behind the success of boiling water in Indonesia to inform efforts to scale up other effective water treatment practices.
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Zhou, Xue, Lunhui Xiang, Fenghong Wu, Xiaoling Peng, Hong Xie, Jiachun Wang, Kedi Yang, Wenqing Lu und Zhigang Wu. „Comparison of extracts and toxicities of organic compounds in drinking water concentrated by single and composite XAD resins“. Journal of Water and Health 11, Nr. 4 (03.09.2013): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.035.
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We compared extracts and toxicities of organic compounds (OCs) in drinking water concentrated by composite XAD-2/8 resin (mixed with an equal volume of XAD-2 and XAD-8 resins) with those extracted by single XAD-2 (non-polar) and XAD-8 (polar) resins. Drinking water was processed from raw water of the Han River and the Yangtze River in Wuhan section, China. The extraction efficiency of all resins was controlled at 30%. The types of extracted OCs were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were assessed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and comet assays, respectively, in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Our results showed that XAD-2/8 extracted a larger variety of OCs, compared with XAD-8 and XAD-2. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of extracted OCs were in the order of XAD-8> XAD-2/8> XAD-2 at almost all tested concentrations after 24 h treatment (P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that single XAD resin selectively extracts either polar or non-polar OCs, which would lead to over- or under-estimation of the toxicity of drinking water. Nevertheless, composite resin extracts both polar and non-polar OCs, and could be utilized as a useful extraction technique to evaluate the level and toxicity of OCs in drinking water.