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苏, 婷婷. „Lindbergh’s View of Scientific History—Focusing on The Origin of Western Science“. Advances in Philosophy 13, Nr. 01 (2024): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acpp.2024.131025.
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Kenny, Michael G. „The recovered memory controversy: An anthropologist's view“. Journal of Psychiatry & Law 23, Nr. 3 (September 1995): 437–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009318539502300306.
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The false memory controversy falls in the border zone between facts and values. Scientific claims are made that are also heavily influenced by moral and political convictions. Observations are offered on the sociology of this affair, on the politics of knowledge, and on the influence of the DSM rubric in setting up the terms of the debate. Several non-Western “psychiatric” conditions are discussed that reveal the interpenetration of theory and experience in the interpretation of illness, and that reciprocally tell us something about this relationship in the practice of Western psychiatry itself.
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Pafomova, L. A. „Evolution of Views on the Value of Scientific Knowledge in Western Philosophy“. Discourse 7, Nr. 6 (21.12.2021): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2021-7-6-28-41.
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Introduction. Evolution of views on the value of scientific knowledge in various directions of Western philosophy, from the ancient period to the 20th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the view of scientific knowledge as the value of scientific reality is a fairly new phenomenon.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is the cultural and philosophical analysis of various points of view in the works of both ancient philosophers, philosophers of the Renaissance and the New times (Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, F. Aquinas, Leonard da Vinci, F. Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza), as well as in the works of O. Comte, Spencer, Mach, Poincare, Pierce, James, Dewey, Jaspers, B. Russell, etc. (i.e. representatives of positivism, existentialism, neo-Thomism).Results and discussion. Today two directions could be distinguished in the relation to science: either its absolutization, that we name scientism, or the cult of an abstract person opposed to science – anthropologism. This is a consequence of the changes in the views on scientific knowledge that have taken place throughout the history of science. Thus, in the ancient period, the value of science was determined, firstly, not in relation to the practical activity of a human being, but only in relation to science to knowledge and cognition, and secondly, as a way of self-development of the individual. In the Middle Ages, science was the “handmaid” of theology. In the Renaissance science faced new challenges: the first was an anti-religious understanding of the essence of a person, the second was the justification of the role of scientific knowledge both for practice and for the worldview as a whole. It was on this understanding of the meaning of scientific knowledge that the concepts of the philosophers of the XVII–XVIII centuries were built, and they dominated until the middle of the XIX century. From this period, a one-sided approach begins to dominate – the ideological role of the value of science was denied and only its pragmatic value is taken. Along with this, there is also a critical attitude towards science, which then develops into anti-scientism. Today, a pessimistic approach (postmodernism, for example) the approach to the consideration of the value of scientific knowledge is characteristic of modern philosophical trends that deny not only the value of scientific knowledge, but also deny knowledge itself.Conclusion. The evaluation of scientific knowledge in Western philosophy has undergone significant changes. If in classical philosophy, with a few exceptions, the recognition of the comprehensive value of science prevailed, i.e. its ideological, humanistic and practical value, then in the future all these three main aspects of the value of scientific knowledge are analyzed. In the extreme forms, this leads to the emergence of antiscientism, for which it is the development of scientific knowledge is perceived as a source of human misery and suffering.
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BULUT, İsmail. „The Scientific Justification of Revelation“. Eskiyeni, Nr. 47 (20.09.2022): 605–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37697/eskiyeni.1125810.
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Classical discourses on prophethood and other areas of religion in Muslim thought began to be expressed with a new discourse in the 19th and 20th centuries due to the pressure of Western philosophical thoughts. In the face of the criticism and attacks of the West against Islam and specifically the issues related to prophecy from a positive point of view, recent scholars have tried to prove the necessity of prophecy and the need for prophecy from a mental point of view.
Although the existence of Allah and the fact that the universe and beings were created by Him in Muslim culture have been tried to be proven with many scientific evidences in addition to rational proofs, attempts to prove prophecy and revelation with scientific evidence are rare cases. Scientific grounding work, especially on faith issues, has also been seen as an important and courageous initiative that is not on the agenda of eastern culture. The experimental studies of 19th century Western scientists and philosophers on the soul and similar subjects, scientific explanations on subjects such as hypnosis, magnetism, genius, communication between living things and instinct, led Muslim thinkers to attempts to prove the revelation scientifically.
In this study, the possibility of scientific grounding of revelation has been examined. It is seen that many scientific activities were produced in the period of New Scientific Kalam as a defense reflex against the threatening activities of the West's positivist and materialist thought towards spirituality, especially against the suspicions and accusations of Islam. The different interpretations of the revelation by Muslim thinkers within the scope of solving the belief problems of the period against Western culture and science can be considered as an original contribution to Islamic thought. In this respect, the scope of the study is limited to the New Scientific Period. Research In the framework of Ferîd Vecdî and some of his contemporaries, different approaches to revelation and the claims of scientific proof of revelation are discussed and evaluated. In addition, in the study, it is aimed to exhibit the diversity of the intellectual structure of the New Scientific Kalam period, in which a new vitality was observed after the stagnation and regression period in the history of Kalam, and the context of the different initiative in question.
As a result of the research, it is seen that the method of Western thinkers is used in the answers given to the claims made by materialist thinkers. The theses put forward on many subjects such as prophecy and revelation were tried to be refuted with the evidences of those theses. In this period, it is understood that the revelation was handled as a phenomenon rather than the special revelation sent to the prophets and an effort was made to establish scientific grounds.
It is seen that thinkers like Ecstasy cling to theories that are not generally accepted and currently defended for the scientific justification of revelation-type issues, and they perceive Western knowledge as science and make different interpretations from time to time. It can be said that such initiatives have made original contributions to Islamic thought in terms of scientifically handling prophecy and revelation, exhibiting a sociological approach to the relationship between prophecy and civilization, reinterpreting Islamic teachings against the developing Western culture and science, and producing solutions to the problems of the day.
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Lloyd, G. E. R. „Notes on the Framework for Comparing Science and Philosophy Across Civilizations“. Journal of Chinese Philosophy 40, Nr. 5 (02.03.2013): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-04005006.
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How far can we construct a framework within which to compare different traditions of philosophy and science across civilizations? The first problem lies with the terms “philosophy” and “science” themselves, for they carry particular associations in Western thought, some of which contribute to the mistaken view that they are uniquely Western activities. This brief article refutes that view, examining how we can compare the philosophical and scientific achievements of different cultures, and further challenging the sharp positivist dichotomy between “science” and “philosophy” that stems from equating the former with facts, the latter with values.
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Winarti, Winarti, Nasrullah Nasrullah, Muzhir Rinaldi und Darwin Effendi. „THE CONCEPT OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING FROM AN ISLAMIC POINT OF VIEW: FUSION WITH A WESTERN PERSPECTIVE“. Esteem Journal of English Education Study Programme 6, Nr. 2 (08.07.2023): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/esteem.v6i2.12320.
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Indonesia is currently in the midst of Industrial Revolution 4.0. This indicates that the development of the Internet, the latest technologies, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology should be initiated by people of high character and harmony within society. People are constantly growing and always adapting to existing changes. To cope with this, we humans, as creators or users of revolutions, are expected to support scientific thinking activities. The process of computation and dies. Analysis of data or information. Statistics is the process analysis and verification of data or information, which ultimately indicates the validity of the data or information. From an Islamic point of view, humans serve Allah SWT and were created as caliphs or leaders of the smallest (family, school, largest (ministry or government)) realms. In essence, human beings were implicitly created by an Almighty Creator to cooperate and live in societies, nations and families. However, to achieve this goal we need the ability to think scientifically, and this was made clear to his Apostle in the Koran and Sunnah. continue to understand without interruption. Contextual analysis techniques related to the Islamic perspective as well as the concept of scientific thinking in the Islamic perspective. From this we can gain some insight. In other words, in order to be able to carry out scientific thinking activities thoroughly, we need three functions, which are the key pillars of scientific thinking (language, mathematics, statistics) and conceptual logic related to Al-Quran and Hadith.
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SABLAN, Mariam Abu. „WESTERN NOMADIC DISCOURSE AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE OTHER“. International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 03, Nr. 06 (01.12.2021): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.6-3.25.
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Investing in university education has spread widely in Palestine and all counties around the world. This is due to several causes, such as the enormous increase in the number of students, and the growth in the number of students with various academic degrees, which resulted in increasing the number of public and private universities, in addition to the institutes specialized in various professional studies. Many of these universities seek to develop and raise their educational competencies. Therefore, they started resorting to the so-called networking between universities. Consequently, the study aimed to identify the reality of networking processes between universities from the point of view of the teaching staff in the universities of Jerusalem and the West Bank. The study also aims to point out the reality of teaching and academic exchange, the scientific research, community service and the continued education from the point of view of the teaching staff in the universities of Jerusalem and the West Bank. Also, it seeks to uncover the differences in the networking processes between universities from the viewpoint of the teaching staff in the universities of Jerusalem and the West Bank, according to the variables of gender, academic qualification, years of experience, and university. To achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher used the analytical descriptive approach, in addition to a questionnaire consisted of (35) paragraphs distributed over three fields: teaching and academic exchange, scientific research, community service and continued education. The validity and stability of the questionnaire had been confirmed. The questionnaire is distributed over a sample from the faculty that were chosen randomly from the universities of Jerusalem (Sakhnin, Al-Qasimi, Ono, David Yellen) and the West Bank (Arab American University, An-Najah National University, Birzeit, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Al-Ahliyya Palestine, Al-Quds Open, Hebron), numbering (200) individuals. After collecting the data, it was analysed through processing it statistically by (SPSS). The results of the study indicated that the reality of teaching, academic exchange, scientific research, community service and continuing education from the point of view of the teaching staff in the universities of Jerusalem and the West Bank has come to a large extent. The results also revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of reality of networking operations between universities from the point of view of the teaching staff in the universities of Jerusalem and the West Bank according to the variable of gender, academic qualification and years of experience. However, the results indicated that there were differences according to the differences among the universities.
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Hassan, Abul Mufid Md. „Western Civilization in View of Sheikh Muhammad Wadeh Al-Rasheed Al-Hasani Al-Nadawi“. Sprin Journal of Arabic-English Studies 2, Nr. 01 (16.04.2023): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjaes.v2i01.32.
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Western civilization as described by many scholars is a civilization accused of exploitation and duplicity. The reality is colonialism, distortion, and forgery. Western thought, which originated in the hands of Pagan Greece and the worship of the Roman God Caesar, then tainted its legacy with the distorted myths of Judaism and the concepts of Christianity. Today, it has become a global thought, and it is trying to impose its influence on all the people in general and on the Islamic nation in particular. Thus, the Islamic nation should have done today a comparative study between the Arab-Islamic civilization and the European civilization and try to know the realities of the two civilizations and determine its position on Western civilization and Western thought, and not be far from the Arab spirit and innate characteristics.
Allah the Almighty blessed the Islamic nation with many jealous Islamic scholars to carry out this responsibility, so they criticized Western civilization and thought, exposed its falsity, and called on people to resist it and protect their souls from assimilating into it. The prominent Islamic scholar, Sheikh Muhammad Wadeh Al-Rashid Al-Hasani Al-Nadawi(1935-2019 AD.) belongs to this group. He analysed Western thought and its materialistic philosophy in a scientific way and proved with evidence that it is a civilization of exploitation and dualism, and human feeling is missing in this civilization. He published articles in this field in Al-Raid newspaper and Al-Baath Al-Islami magazine (both are published in Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Luknow). The Islamic Scientific Academy in Lucknow collected some of these articles and printed them as a book in 2012 AD. entitled 'To a New World Order'. In this article, humble efforts have been made to study the book and analyse it to understand the facts raised by Sheikh Muhammad Wadeh Al-Rashid Al-Hasani Al-Nadawi in an objective manner.
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Hamouda, Abed. „The hypothesis of chance in the genesis of the universe View and veto“. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Sharia'h Sciences and Islamic Studies, Nr. 93 (05.09.2023): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54940/si29087463.
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Science in Islam is based on religious data, based on the proof of the Creator of this universe, which made Muslims distinct from Western thought in general, where Western thought in the emergence of the universe is based on unfounded hypotheses and conjectures, and was not built on sound scientific foundations. In the modern era, many of these hypotheses have been woven, such as saying the eternity of the universe, and its multiplicity, and the idea of creation by chance and randomness has spread, and many hypotheses attributed - Bahtana - to science. The idea of chance and randomness in the emergence of life has relied on materialistic thought, which disrupts faith in God Almighty, and attributes creation to speculative data, as opposed to scientific legal data that are based on correct science, which confirms the statement that there is a creator of this universe. One of the most prominent signs of the reversal of chance and randomness: the fine tuning of this universe, and the many and great evidence in it. The study was entitled: 'The hypothesis of chance in the genesis of the universe View and veto', which consists of an introduction, and two sections. The first section talked about the concept of atheistic materialism, and its images, as between the concept of chance, and its pillars, while the second section talked about the reversal of the statement by chance and randomness through fine tuning and intelligent design, and scientific evidence.
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Ivanov, Dmitrii. „Ivanov D. V. (2023) Western sociology from an Eastern European perspective (review of the handbook. Titarenko L. G. Modern western sociology. Minsk : RIVSH, 2021. 420 p.)“. Science. Culture. Society 29, Nr. 1 (31.03.2023): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/nko.2023.29.1.14.
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The review presents the textbook "Modern western sociology" (Minsk, 2021) by Belarusian sociologist and philosopher L.G.Titarenko. Structure and contents of the handbook are considered from a pint of view of the multiparadigm condition in current sociology and in the context of post-globalization trends. The reviewed work, due to amount of material and to deep analysis, is reaching a level of sophisticated academic textbook. The author analyses main paradigms and theories which define the character of scientific discipline in its modern period covering a century since the 1920s to our days. The book demonstrates very well that Western sociology remains the core of modern sociology as a scientific discipline and that Western sociology is reassessed and modified in local sociological communities being a starting point for the new conceptions of social knowledge, including anti-Western and counter-globalist ones.
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Fleer, Marilyn. „Early Childhood Science Education: Acknowledging and Valuing Differing Cultural Understandings“. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 21, Nr. 3 (September 1996): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693919602100304.
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Science experiences in early childhood are common place, particularly in the natural sciences. However, when we organise these experiences they are usually framed from a Western science perspective. Little thought is given to other forms of science, such as Eastern or Aboriginal perspectives. This paper discusses the need to move away from such an ethnocentric view of science, and for early childhood professionals to actively seek out the cultural views which influence their children's scientific thinking. Accordingly, Aboriginal science is highlighted in this paper.
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Barabash, Boris A. „GENERAL REGULATIONS OF THE ASIAN, WESTERN AND AFRICAN WAYS OF STATE EMERGENCE“. Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series "Law" 1, Nr. 6 (14.07.2023): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2709-6408-2023-1-6-1.
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In this article, the author made an attempt to reveal the general laws of the emergence of the state and considered three theories (Asian, Western and African) that are known to modern science. For this purpose, an analysis of classical sources was carried out, which is always important and useful. After all, it is the analysis of philosophical works devoted to the emergence of states that is special in this context, because it is this approach that gives modern science the opportunity to compare its research with the highest level of world scientific thought. It is proven that outstanding philosophers and legal scholars devoted many scientific works to the study of the problem of the emergence of the state and law. However, it should be noted that the modern world treats such fundamental works somewhat superficially. It is believed that the trends inherent in the modern stage of the development of civilization, with their speed and multi-level globalization, make the philosophical heritage either unnecessary or not relevant. The author's position is based on the fact that such a point of view has nothing to do with the scientific approach - because, as is known, new things appear only on the basis of old knowledge and experience. After all, even King Solomon said about this: "What has been, will be, and what happened, will happen, and there is nothing new under the sun. It happens that a person will say: "Look, this is new!" - and it was already before, before us.'' So, the scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the author examines the scientific and philosophical aspects of the emergence of the state from new positions. Therefore, various sources of references, an original view of the problem can become interesting and useful for the reader and researcher. At the same time, the complex of knowledge about the emergence of the state is not limited to the material presented by the author, because it is limitless. But it is very important to consider the main theories and trends outlined in the article. They can provide an impetus for solving modern problems and respond to the challenges of the times.
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Wang, Zhi De. „Pythagoras Number Theory and the Scientific Beauty of the Theory Origin“. Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (März 2012): 3410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3410.
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In the long journey of the western aesthetics development, science and aesthetics especially the mathematics and the aesthetics relationship is more intimate. In the ancient Greece civilization, there is a very prominent characteristic, which is a kind of unparalleled thick interesting to question closely to the nature. As they don’t satisfied only stay in the imagination of the world picture view of the poetic in the mythology, and try to use the reason to guide the heaven sent human being’s imagination, they try eagerly to explain the nature order, evolution and movement. When the ancient Greece natural philosophers do the nature science research, they also do the aesthetic research. Pythagoras, as a mathematician and physicist and a astronomer, who with most of the disciples used the nature science view to see the aesthetics problems once at the beginning, which created the second to none of the method of quantitative research of the things.
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Hamka, Ibnu Hudzaifah, Rahmah Ahmad H. Osman, Mohd Norhan Hamsi und Muhammad Hafiz Muhammad Zain. „The Islamization of Knowledge and Its Efforts to Neutralize The Idea of Liberal Islām: A Descriptive Study“. Al Hikmah International Journal of Islamic Studies and Human Sciences 4, Special Issue (25.12.2021): 114–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46722/hkmh.4.si.e21.
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This study deals with the conflict between the Islamization of knowledge and the liberalism of Islam. The necessity of the project of Islamization of knowledge is to be purifying from Western influences and elements in thought and human sciences because they do not suitable the Islamic world view. The phenomenon of liberal Islam became one of the challenges of Islamization of knowledge to reach its goals. The study aims to present the efforts that have been made to neutralize the idea of liberal Islam. The study was based on the descriptive approach by studying the concept of Islamization of knowledge and liberal Islam and tracing the history of them in Indonesia and Malaysia. From the results of the study: The researchers concluded that the Islamization of knowledge project has exerted its efforts in various activities to implement the neutralization of the elements that are affected by the Western world view in science and thought generally. Most of the activities revolved around editorial and publishing activities, discussions, lectures and scientific debates, and the establishment of social and scientific institutions or organizations.
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Bahari, Lalu Pradipta Jaya, Nurus Sa'adah, Rannikko Harry und Grégory Baron. „Comparative Study of The Phenomenon of Trance and Possession Based on Western Perspective and Islamic Psychology“. World Psychology 2, Nr. 3 (15.08.2023): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55849/wp.v2i3.396.
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The phenomena of trance and possession are events that occur in various cultures and traditions. In general, both phenomena are characterized by the loss of control of one's body or consciousness. However, views on the causes and treatment of both phenomena may vary between Western and Islamic Psychology perspectives. This study aims to compare Western and Islamic Psychology perspectives on the phenomena of trance and possession. From the Western perspective, the phenomenon is often explained as a medical or psychological condition that can be treated with scientific methods such as drugs and psychological therapies. Whereas in Islamic Psychology, the phenomenon is explained as a manifestation of supernatural powers that affect a person's mental state. This research combines a comparative qualitative and descriptive approach by analyzing literature related to the phenomena of trance and trance from both perspectives. The results show that although there are differences in views between the two perspectives, both recognize the influence of psychological factors in the occurrence of these phenomena. In addition, Islamic Psychology recognizes the existence of supernatural powers that influence the phenomenon of trance and trance-inducing, while the Western perspective tends to reject this view. In conclusion, this study provides an understanding of the differences in views between the Western perspective and Islamic Psychology regarding the phenomena of trance and possession. It also shows that although the views between the two perspectives may differ, they can complement each other and provide a more holistic understanding of the phenomenon.
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Coker, Elizabeth M. „Discursive practice and the negotiation of psychiatric pathology in Egypt“. International Psychiatry 1, Nr. 4 (April 2004): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600006676.
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Modern biomedical psychiatry is the product not only of scientific enterprise but also of the progressive secularisation and medicalisation of moral life in the West (Jimenez, 1987). Psychiatry is an evolving cultural product. Its diagnostic categories represent pathologies rooted in Western notions of self, identity, normality and abnormality (Gaines, 1991). Psychiatric practice in Egypt, on the other hand, is the product of two different and often incompatible world views, namely Western psychiatry and Egyptian concepts of self, identity, normality and abnormality. The task of the psychiatrist in Egypt is to negotiate symptoms and diagnoses in a way that is sensitive to the demands of these two competing cultural streams. Analysis of this process provides a unique view of the ways in which culture can have an impact on professional psychiatry in any society or ethnic context.
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Shavlay, Ellina P. „India: International Scientific and Technical Cooperation“. Asia and Africa Today, Nr. 2 (2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750024406-8.
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The article aims to examine India’s international scientific and technical cooperation (ISTC) and its role in its national technological sovereignty. India has long claimed the status of a great power and, as a result, is striving to strengthen its positions in areas of strategic importance. Meanwhile, today, in terms of quality and volumetric characteristics, Indian achievements are significantly inferior to both the most developed countries and China, India’s key competitor. Against this contradictory background, an effective organization of international scientific and technological cooperation is becoming increasingly crucial to tap the country’s potential. In this regard, India tends to choose co-authors in scientifically and technologically advanced countries as well as to pursue a policy aimed at shaping the global scientific, technical, and innovation agenda in favor of its domestic socio-economic needs. With a view to reducing its excessive dependence on the leading economies in R&D, India attempts to expand the ISTC geography by establishing contacts with the BRICS countries. Given that amidst current political developments, India refused to stop the collaboration with our country even under the Western pressure, it is necessary for Russia to further deepen the dialogue.
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Vakhrushev, Ivan Iurevich. „Populism and Anti-Intellectualism: the Evolution of the Political Views of the Italian "Five Star Movement" (2005–2022)“. Исторический журнал: научные исследования, Nr. 1 (Januar 2024): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.1.68882.
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Among the characterizing features of populism, which has become an integral part of the party-political systems of Western countries, anti-intellectualism is often listed. It is understood as distrust of intellectuals, expert knowledge and the scientific community. Italy, the “political laboratory of Europe,” provides rich material for studying the connection between anti-intellectualism and populism. This article attempts to analyze the role and evolution of anti-intellectualism in populist discourse using the example of the Italian Five Star Movement (M5S). Five Stars, founded by comedian Beppe Grillo and IT entrepreneur Gianroberto Casaleggio, has become one of the main parties in the country, while expressing controversial views from the point of view of the scientific community. Using qualitative text and discourse analysis, the party's official blogs, M5S bills, articles from Italian and foreign media are analyzed. As a result, this work offers a balanced view of the gradual development of anti-intellectual sentiments within the Movement in the context of the overall process of institutionalization of the party into the mainstream of Italian politics during the period of 2005–2022. The subject of this article remains completely unexplored in Russian scientific literature and little studied in foreign science. Analysis of this subject shows that in the process of institutionalization, the long stay of the anti-establishment party in government, populist rhetoric, including anti-intellectual rhetoric, is emasculated and approaches the “mainstream”.
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Pietersen, H. J. „An Epistemological View of Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Some Perspectives and Implications for Future Knowledge Development“. South African Journal of Psychology 19, Nr. 2 (Juni 1989): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124638901900206.
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The epistemological nature of science and industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology is considered against the backdrop of scientific divergence and fragmentation, and the consequent need for theory development and knowledge integration. Two basic epistemologies, related to traditions of thought in western science, are identified, namely, the analytic and synthetic modes of knowledge. With the aid of a number of sensitizing concepts such as scope of knowledge, process of knowledge development and time-perspective of knowledge, the epistemological characteristics and preferences encountered in I/O psychology are discussed in some detail. The major conclusion is that the discipline is clearly operating within the classic (analytic or positivist) mode of scientific endeavour. The most important implication for future knowledge development is co-equivalence of both analytic (differentiative) and synthetic (integrative) modes of knowledge and related methods, which should be regarded in a dialectical manner. This is postulated as necessary in order to escape the threat of becoming a technological fragment of a science, tied to a one-sided epistemology.
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Tchouechov, V. I. „HOW IS A PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY POSSIBLE, OR ABOUT THE ROLE OF PHILOSOPHICAL PRUDUENCE AND FORESIGHT IN MODERN HUMANITIES“. HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE FAR EAST 2, Nr. 18 (2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2021-18-2-38-43.
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The article deals with the features of philosophical prudence and foresight as a methodological and world-view reflection of the presuppositions of modern humanity and its role in the critical analysis of modern scientific facts and arguments about human’s nature, essence and existence developed by the founder of the St. Petersburg school of philosophical anthropology B.V. Markov and also shows its originality in comparing with approaches in Western humanities
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Adilović, Zuhdija. „METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR A RIGHT ATTITUDE TOWARDS WESTERN THOUGHT“. Zbornik radova Islamskog pedagoškog fakulteta u Zenici (Online), Nr. 9 (15.12.2011): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2011.17.
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Domination of Western Civilization globally presents a great problem for small nations and cultural communities. That problem is especially noticeable in the light of globalization when many peoples and nations almost completely lose their identity. The formula of success many people are aware of today is to remain devoted to one’s own tradition and culture, and to acquire positive streams of contemporary times. However, the answer to the question how to achieve that in a quality manner, so that it is not detrimental to either of the components, is not yet completely defined. One of important segments of academic work is scientific-research work that has its own methodology. Unfortunately, as in other segments of life, western concept is the one that dominates. It is a rarity today to find Muslim researchers that manage to adopt positive aspects of the methodology and to liberate themselves from its colouration by Western view that is contrary to Islamic view. The aim of this paper is to specify broad methodological guidelines that will help Muslim researchers in the field of their faith, so that they remain on the right path, and accept scientific methodology of research at the same time. When Islam is concerned, it is based on the fact that everything in terms of faith defined by the Qur’an and the authentic hadith is the bare truth that cannot be doubted in any case and that cannot be outdated ; regardless if it is related to ghaib (metaphysics), as the matter of the Divinity, hereafter and the origin of man, or to general postulates as the perfection of Islam and its foundation on oneness of the Creator (tawheed), or to disrupting one’s belief (iman) by following some other faiths apart from Islam, etc. And when Western thought is concerned, its philosophical and religious conceptions, moral values, cognitive and social systems, it is a result of human effort and by that it is subject to correctness and mistake. Nevertheless, the fact that it was developed without any connection to the true faith, due to various social and civilization movements of unbelieving peoples, does not mean that it is completely inaccurate and that is has to be dismissed automatically. Keywords: contemporary thought, tradition, culture, Islamic concept
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Islam, Sharmin, Rusli Bin Nordin, Ab Rani Shamsuddin und Hanapi Bin Mohd Noor. „Ethics of Human Cloning: A Comparative Study of Western Secular and Islamic Bioethics Perspectives“. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 11, Nr. 4 (13.11.2012): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i4.12595.
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The comparative approach regarding the ethics of surrogacy from the Western secular and Islamic bioethical view reveals both commensurable and incommensurable relationship. It is not either straight forward commensurable or straight forward incommensurable. Islamic bioethics is straight-forward in prohibiting reproductive cloning on its own features and also guess social chaos and anarchy. Western secular bioethics has both arguments and counter arguments both for and against this scientific innovation. Both are eager to highlight the welfare of the society as a whole but the approaches are not always the same. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i4.12595 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 04 Oct12
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Maltsev, Konstantin Gennadievich, und Artem Levushovich Alaverdyan. „Sociological view of the establishment of European nations: experience of philosophical criticism“. KANT 39, Nr. 2 (15.06.2021): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2021-39.37.
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The purpose of the study is to identify the reasons for the discrepancy in the issue of the time of the emergence of European nations in modern Western sociology in the perspective of the meaning of "" for interpreting the meaning of representing a nation in the political economic paradigm (J. Agamben). It is established that the horizon of the representation of the nation and the national, normatively set by the dominant "liberal metaphysics", which determines the direction of research in disciplinary-organized science and their results, have objective significance, provided that the interrelated foundations / axioms are recognized that form the paradigm of presenting reality as a given object for thematization in subject of scientific research. The scientific novelty of the philosophical interpretation of the beginning and the emergence of reality of European nations is due to an essential feature of liberal metaphysics, defined by K. Schmitt as a "fundamental rejection of truth" in favor of "endless discussion" on the "organization of truth" (F.R. Ankersmit). In this form, "liberal metaphysics" is as an ideology and the representation of a nation simultaneously has the character of scientific objectivity and a political program. As a result of the study, it was concluded that a nation as a civic association based on civic loyalty of freely self-determining autonomous individuals is valid as a project and the meaning of disagreements about the time of its emergence is revealed as a "historiographic recalculation" (M. Heidegger), whose task is to provide a justification for a political project – "civil nation".
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Vujovic, Sreten. „"We" and "others" according to statements of economic experts in Serbia“. Sociologija 45, Nr. 3 (2003): 237–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0303237v.
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This article refers to the scientific and professional relations between Serbian economists and their counterparts from the West. Opinions of Serbian economists about the others and otherness are considered within the context of post socialist transformation at the turn of millennium. Firstly, the statements about scientific exchange with foreign, i.e. Western professionals and institutions are discussed referring to experienced pleasant and unpleasant surprises as well as to the effects of scientific cooperation in view of "we"-"others" relationship, i.e. mutual learning process and reception of knowledge and professional behavior types. In relation to that, the differences between egalitarian liberals and libertarians among our economist", are pointed out. Finally, arguments of interviewed experts about privatization in Serbia, its characteristics and effects are presented.
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Noeralamsyah, Zenno. „Gülen on Nature of Knowledge“. Aqlania 10, Nr. 2 (28.11.2019): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/aqlania.v10i2.2302.
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This article aim to explore perspective of Fethulleh Gülen about knowledge. The idea that science and religion coalesce in the structure of the universe has been expressed by Western philosophers, that contributed to the almost complete separation of intellectual and scientific activities from religion. In this view of dualism, science and religion both find their apotheosis and its keeping religion and science separating by an unbridgeable chasm. The ontological argument of the idea of giving birth to materialism, which supposes that the nature of existence based on matter. Associated with this, Fethullah Gülen offers a new typical scientific approach that will fuse scientific knowledge and religious beliefs closely associated with spirituality, reconfigures modern understandings of science and faith to relieve the dichotomous presumption of the reason-revelation divide. He is deeply interested in the problematic of the relationship between religion and science, while he does not reject the modern scientific approach, neither does it deify it. The essence of the philosophical thought of Fethullah Gülen (who was otherwise known simply as Hoca Effendi) is that understanding the religious texts and the creeds of Islam should be performed using sufi interpretation and commentary by transmission, without denying current context. In Gülen’s view, religious belief and scientifical reason should be combined, for they are a single truth with two expressions. Therefore, the unification of physics and metaphysics in the nature of knowledge, fundamental concept of bridging science and spirituality, both traditional and modern influences in Gülen's treatment of science will be analyzed in this article, to examine what nature of knowledge is in accordance with Gülen's worldview.
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Ye, Lin, und Yitong Liu. „Scientific views of R.O. Jacobson in the paradigm of text-linguistics“. Neophilology, Nr. 4 (2023): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2023-9-4-1017-1025.
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The semiotic concept of R.O. Jacobson has been studied, the ideas of which are associated with structuralism as a method of cognition, semiotics as the science of sign systems and poetics as the general semiotics of the text. We analyzed the main components of the R.O. Jacobson concept, which based on the linguocultural aspect of textual criticism. His complex and dialogical view of semiotics and the unique features of his research paradigm are summarized. When considering the category “complexity”, attention is drawn to the modeling of the “meaning – text” model in the aspect of bringing the science of language closer to the sciences of the anthropocentric cycle. Consideration of the similarity and contiguity of metaphor and metonymy allowed R.O. Jacobson should consider that any metonymy is endowed with a slight metaphorical shadow, and any metaphor has a metonymic coloring, and highlight a formal method of research, which represents the merging and transformation of two different processes of thinking – humanistic and scientific. The scientist considered linguistic consciousness to be in some way derivative of ethnocultural consciousness. since it clearly reflects the ideas of Eastern and Western people about the world within a separate national-cultural tradition, building its own scientific view, defining the features of the organization of discourse. The category of “dialogicity,” which manifests itself in the process of an individual’s speech-mental activity, realizes the dialectical unity of language and thinking, and therefore, bearing in mind the thought processes occurring in the human mind, it is more correct to speak of dialogicity as a text-generating speech-thinking process.
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Stoenescu, Constantin. „Lexiconul psihologiei științifice în Cursul de psihologie al lui C. Rădulescu-Motru“. Studii de istorie a filosofiei românești 2023, Nr. 19 (18.12.2023): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/sifr.202319.01.
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In his late works, such as “The Road since Structure”, Thomas Kuhn revised his view on the development of scientific knowledge, described as a succession of stages of “normal science” and “extraordinary research” leading to the replacement of one paradigm by another, and proposed a linguistic approach to the advancement of scientific knowledge based on the concepts of conceptual network and lexicon. I believe that Kuhn’s proposal can be used as a heuristic tool for understanding the process of scientific growth, including in psychology. In this regard, C. RădulescuMotru’s Psychology Course” from 1923 is an exemplary case, marking the transition from speculative psychology, based on substantialist Aristotelian concepts, to an empirical psychology, based on experimental research – a program initiated by Franz Brentano and John St. Mill. This course thus crowns the Romanian philosopher’s efforts to develop a scientific lexicon and reinforce the conceptual network specific to psychology, an approach that places him in synchronicity with the Western philosophical and scientific community.
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Salimova, Leila F. „THE BODY IN THE HISTORY OF WESTERN EUROPEAN AND RUSSIAN THEATRE: CULTURAL VARIABILITY OF SHAME“. Articult, Nr. 1 (2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2021-1-19-31.
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Modern scientific knowledge approaches the study of the physical and aesthetic bodies with a considerable body of texts. However, on the territory of the theater, the body is still considered exclusively from the point of view of the actor's artistic tools. Theatrical physicality and the character of physical empathy in the theater are not limited to the boundaries of the performing arts, but exist in close relationship with the visual and empirical experience of the spectator, performer, and director. The aesthetic and ethical aspect of the attitude to the body in the history of theatrical art has repeatedly changed, including under the influence of changing cultural criteria of "shameful". The culmination of the demarcation of theatrical shame, it would seem, should be an act of pure art, independent of the moral restrictions of society. However, the experiments of modern theater continue to face archaic ethical views. The article attempts to understand the cultural variability of such a phenomenon as shame in its historical and cultural extent using examples from theater art from antiquity to the present day.
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Samuel, Geoffrey B. „Tibetan Medicine and Biomedicine: Epistemological Conflicts, Practical Solutions“. Asian Medicine 2, Nr. 1 (16.01.2006): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342106777996501.
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The western adaptation of non-western medical systems and traditions is a complex process that takes place at a variety of different levels. In many practical medical contexts, epistemological issues receive little attention. Both patients and practitioners may switch frameworks relatively freely, without much concern about underlying theoretical assumptions. Epistemological issues may be more central elsewhere, for example in regard to the licensing and approval of practitioners and medicinal substances, or in terms of the rethinking of western models of knowledge to include new insights from these non-western sources. I suggest in this paper that the major learned medical traditions of Asia, such as āyurveda and traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Tibetan medicine, for all their differences from biomedicine and among each other, are in some respects relatively compatible with western biomedical understandings. They can be read in physiological terms, as referring to a vocabulary of bodily processes that underlie health and disease. Such approaches, however, marginalise or exclude elements that disrupt this compatibility (e.g. references to divinatory procedures, spirit attack or flows of subtle 'energies'). Other non-western healing practices, such as those in which spirit attack, 'soul loss' or 'shamanic' procedures are more central, are less easily assimilated to biomedical models, and may simply be dismissed as incompatible with modern scientific understandings. Rather than assenting to physiological reduction in the one case, and dismissal as pre-scientific in the other, we should look for a wider context of understanding within which both kinds of approach can be seen as part of a coherent view of human beings and human existence.
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Fauzi, Ramdani, und Muhammad Haidar. „Ethics Toward Nature in View of Seyyed's Ecosophy Hossein Nasr“. Jurnal Riset Agama 3, Nr. 1 (25.01.2023): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/jra.v3i1.19541.
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This research aims to discuss the environmental crisis that occurs almost all over the world. This research uses a library research approach that contains descriptions of theories, findings and research materials obtained from reference materials to make the basis of research. The results of this study show that the cause of global environmental damage is due to the influence of the reductionist and exploitative western scientific paradigm. Descartes' philosophy that separates the spirit from the body and Newton's mechanistic physics that considers every organism can be known by separating it into small parts like a machine make science dry of spiritual things. Humans are an integral unit and cannot be separated from this nature, awareness of the position of humans in nature as caliphs who must maintain and preserve nature is the main key in handling this natural damage. Nasr provides a solution with Scientia Sacra, which is sacred knowledge that involves revelation which is the heart of knowledge and it is the center of this environment that includes and determines tradition.
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Becker, Hans-Jürgen, und Nguyen Minh Quang. „Chemical education in Vietnam – Get ready for reformation“. Tạp chí Khoa học 14, Nr. 4 (20.09.2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.14.4.194(2017).
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The contribution comments on articles out of the Vietnamese Newspaper Vietnam News concerning the current educational situation in Vietnam documented by headings of distinctive articles. This will be combined with our experiences in lecturing and researching in Vietnam. Themes related to education and education reformation are discussed in public. The goal is obviously to regard social opinions and to make administrational decisions more transparent. The article also shows our awareness of the educational situation in Vietnam from a western scientific point of view.
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George, David E. R. „Quantum Theatre – Potential Theatre: a New Paradigm?“ New Theatre Quarterly 5, Nr. 18 (Mai 1989): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00003067.
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The ‘theatre of the world’, or Theatrum Mundi, offered a pervasive emblematic view of the relationship between God, as playwright and audience, and his terrestrial creation. Although this became peculiarly appropriate during the Renaissance period, views of the theatre as microcosmic of the larger world have persisted – whether in the consciously wrought imagery of modern sociology or the unconscious colloquial useage of theatrical terms to describe everyday behaviour. In the article which follows, David E. R. George suggests that the ‘view’ of the subatomic world presented by quantum theory makes for a paradigm which is no less compelling, according to which the sense of theatrical ‘potentiality’ which characterizen much contemporary experimental theatre is illuminated and paralleled by the refusal of scientific certainty that quantum theory confronts and accommodates. David George. whose ‘Letter to a Poor Actor’ appeared in NTQ 8 (1986), taught in the Universities of California at Berkeley, Gottingen, Malaysia, and Peking before taking up his present post at Murdoch University, Western Australia. His books include studies of Ibsen. German tragic theory, and Indian ritual dance–drama.
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Ильин, Илья, und Ольга Леонова. „Новые подходы к исследованию феномена глобализации в зарубежной науке“. Vek globalizatsii 3, Nr. 47 (30.09.2023): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30884/vglob/2023.03.03.
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The authors, based on a review of the latest foreign scientific literature on the problems of globalization, consider the emerging trends in its research. Some new views on understanding globalization and highlighting its essential characteristics are shown. Among the most significant features of globalization, Western researchers emphasize its dynamic nature, depending on a combination of social, economic and political factors. In general, the works of Western scientists and specialists on globalization have implemented an objective, comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of this phenomenon. However, the economic-centric view still dominates, when the essence of globalization and global processes is reduced mainly to its economic aspect. New topics in research such as global risks, the role of information technology in global processes, possible consequences of globalization are considered mainly in the economic context in connection with the process of development of the global economy. The analysis of these works allowed us to state the growing diversity of methodological approaches used by Western scientists to the study of globalization. Among them are transdisciplinarity, consideration of its multidimensionality, multi-aspect character of globalization, the relationship of globalism with geopolitics and geo-economics. The most productive is the use of civilizational, anthropological, institutional, constructivist and evolutionary approaches.
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NAROCHNITSKAYA, Natalia. „TREATY OF NYSTAD, GEOPOLITICAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE AND CONTROVERSIAL NARRATIVE ON RUSSIA’S IMPERIAL TRADITION“. Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, Nr. 4 (27) (2021): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-4-6-25.
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The 300th anniversary of the Peace of Nystad, which boosted a major geopolitical transformation of Europe, prompts a retrospective look at the jealous attitude of European powers toward Russian expansion and consolidation. The creation of the Russian Empire was an imperative of the time as a response to geopolitical and civilizational challenges. Since then, a nihilistic view of Muscovy enshrined in Western historical consciousness has been gradually transferred to Imperial Russia, the USSR and to contemporary Russia turning into a kind of phobia. Western media propagate the image of an alien, undercivilised and hostile Russian realm, originating from selected history books, regardless of differing perceptions of Russian history among Western scientific and intellectual communities. This image has incorporated negative stereotypes about Orthodoxy and Russia from various eras, from the Great East-West Schism and “Mongolian Slavery” to the Communist experiment and the new split over values and progress.
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Aralbay, Saken, Gaziz Telebaev, Оmirbek Bekezhan, Assem Sagatova und Kamchat Abdrahmanova. „The problem of the nation and national values in the ideology of Marxism“. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, Nr. 3 (17.09.2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(3).2021.56-63.
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Analysis of the influence of the ideas of Marxism on the national values of the Kazakh people in the Western and Soviet Union were founded by K. Marx and his ideological partner F. Engels. Although the ideas of Marxism were intended to resolve the economic and social contradictions that occurred in Western countries, they belonged to this view. And the communist ideology, formed on the basis of Marxism, bypassed Western culture and radically changed the national values of the Kazakh state within the Soviet Union, the culture of thinking. Identification of the main mistakes in the ideas of Marxism and the consequences of one-sided scientific concepts took place in further development. In this article the author analyzes the Soviet government on the way of creating a formation of communism with the definition of one-sided scientific factors that took place in the ideology of Marxism and the state of Kazakhstan that was part of Soviet Union and its cultural essence. The author proves that the main mistake in the ideology of Marxism is that the problems of national values remain outside the process of society; ideologists turned a blind eye to this problem and as a result, have lost the existing opportunities
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Aralbay, Saken, Gaziz Telebaev, Оmirbek Bekezhan, Assem Sagatova und Kamchat Abdrahmanova. „The problem of the nation and national values in the ideology of Marxism“. Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 28, Nr. 3 (17.09.2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.28(3).2021.56-63.
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Analysis of the influence of the ideas of Marxism on the national values of the Kazakh people in the Western and Soviet Union were founded by K. Marx and his ideological partner F. Engels. Although the ideas of Marxism were intended to resolve the economic and social contradictions that occurred in Western countries, they belonged to this view. And the communist ideology, formed on the basis of Marxism, bypassed Western culture and radically changed the national values of the Kazakh state within the Soviet Union, the culture of thinking. Identification of the main mistakes in the ideas of Marxism and the consequences of one-sided scientific concepts took place in further development. In this article the author analyzes the Soviet government on the way of creating a formation of communism with the definition of one-sided scientific factors that took place in the ideology of Marxism and the state of Kazakhstan that was part of Soviet Union and its cultural essence. The author proves that the main mistake in the ideology of Marxism is that the problems of national values remain outside the process of society; ideologists turned a blind eye to this problem and as a result, have lost the existing opportunities
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Elías, Carlos. „Acience Journalism as an Academic Discipline: the Fusion of Western Media and Science seen from a Literary and Social Perspective“. Communication Papers 7, Nr. 13 (25.05.2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.33115/udg_bib/cp.v7i13.21999.
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Science Journalism addresses the intersection of two major spheres of Western culture: natural sciences and mass media. And both can be said to share the same ultimate goal: to seek the truth and make it public. On the other hand, Science Journalism is a creative writing between Natural and Social Sciences and, as a profession, is the perfect bridge between the<br />two cultures –scientific and literary- defined by C.P. Snow. It is therefore, a rich discipline in every aspect, but also one that involves a great deal of conceptual and procedural complexity. Journalism is the craft of creative writing, and initially, science also adapted a literary style.<br />Scientific Journalism deals exclusively with Natural Science, but with a Social Sciences point of view. It requires similar standards and guidelines, such as those used by scientists -physicists, chemists, biologists and geologists- for a journalist to approach the facts. In scientific<br />journalism it is important to define what is theory in Natural Science as opposed to the Social Sciences. “Science” journalism deals with information that comes exclusively from discoveries and facts. Science journalism, as a profession, is the perfect bridge between these two cultures: scientific and literary. A science journalist has more close contact with scientists -and their scientific results- than a sociologist or philosopher of science. But at the same time, journalism is a literary genre itself
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Antonova, Clemena. „Non-Euclidean Geometry in Russian Art History: On a Little-Known Application of a Scientific Theory“. Leonardo 53, Nr. 3 (Mai 2020): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01786.
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The author has previously proposed that there are at least six different definitions of “reverse” or “inverse” perspective, i.e. the principle of organizing pictorial space in the icon. Reverse perspective is still a largely unresolved art historical problem. The author focuses on one of the six defi nitions, the one least familiar to Western scholars—namely, the view, common in Russian art-historical writing at the beginning of the twentieth century, that space in the icon is a visual analogue of non-Euclidean geometry. Russian mathematician-turned-theologian and priest Pavel Florensky claimed that the space of the icon is that of non-Euclidean geometry and truer to the way human vision functions. The author considers the scientifi c validity of Florensky's claim.
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Vlasov, Sergey, Yevhen Moldavanov, Roman Dychkovskyi, Edgar Cabana, Natalia Howaniec, Katarzyna Widera, Andrzej Bąk und Adam Smoliński. „A Generalized View of Longwall Emergency Stop Prevention (Ukraine)“. Processes 10, Nr. 5 (29.04.2022): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050878.
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Based on both theoretical and practical experiences, the measures aimed at controlling emergency shutdowns of stopes have been highlighted. These stopes are connected with the emergency rigid settlements of powered complexes. In terms of the Western Donbas mines, there are certain risks of a shutdown of stopping operations within the zone of primary roof caving. Thus, the causes of emergency rigid settlements of the support may include the following: layers of the main roof rocks are hanging and not timely delaminated; sudden changes in lithology; hydraulic overloading of the main roof; structural flaws of support under certain conditions of its use, etc. In this paper, the theoretical method of scientific cognition was applied, which, with its help, makes it possible to switch from single low-efficiency measures to a set of actions aimed at preventing any uncontrolled situation. Obtaining certain generalized knowledge means obtaining a much deeper representation of reality, penetrating into its essence. The study also involves statistical analysis, being the basis for outlining a zone of primary caving where a high degree of risk is observed. Certainly, the generalization of these measures does not solve the problem completely. Consequently, there will be further attempts to search for and achieve principal new solutions in the future.
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Kharkevich, M. V. „Soft Power: Political Use of A Scientific Concept“. MGIMO Review of International Relations, Nr. 2(35) (28.04.2014): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-22-29.
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The article discusses the use and transformation of the American scientific concept "soft power" in official Russian and US foreign policy rhetoric with the methodological help of Habermas' communicative action theory and its adoption to IR by T. Risse. In mainstream IR the proliferation of the "soft power" concept is viewed in terms of ideological competition among states. The author argues that it is better to view this process as a form of international political deliberations on new forms of power in world politics. The article shows that there's no communicative action of US and Russia based on their tentative discussion of the "soft power" concept. On of reasons might be the lack of interest of both states for the concept as an ideological basis for cooperative actions. For Russia soft power in its classical form might be used towards its near abroad and probably BIC states. In dealings with western states Russian soft power turns into lobbyism and propaganda which is strictly not soft power. US under Obama have basically refuted the concept, having changed it for analytically meaningless "smart power". The conclusion is that communicative action requires prior existence of commutative rationality. This type of rationality is evident among postmodern states - the EU member states - and apparently absent among modern states such as Russia and US.
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Harrison, John G., und Richard Tipping. „Early historic settlement on the western carselands of Forth valley: a reappraisal“. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 137 (30.11.2008): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.137.461.470.
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This paper challenges the view, widespread amongst historians and archaeologists, that prior to the Improvement period the carselands west of Stirling were devoid of settlement due to near-continuous peat mosses. The argument is supported by cartographic evidence of pre-Improvement settlement and by documentary evidence of farming and settlement from the 15th century onward. Settlement was concentrated along the river margins and most of the modern carseland settlements are recorded by the 17th century. Eighteenth-century writers thought that the mosses had always been discontinuous and identified the important relationship between settlement and soil-types across the carse. Fortunately, the scientifically and archaeologically important surviving peat mosses have made the area a focus of palaeo-ecological and geomorphological research in recent decades. The scientific evidence supports the historical conclusion that the mosses were likely to be discontinuous in the pre-Improvement period, providing attractive sites for early settlement along their margins and confirms the correlation between documented early modern settlement and soil types, themselves a reflection of the evolution of the carse in the post-glacial period. The modern landscape is not, in this view, simply a product of moss clearance but also includes land never covered by moss and land only partially reclaimed. The reasons why recorded archaeological evidence for settlement is confined to the margins of the carse are briefly considered, as are some of the wider historical implications (such as movement between the north and south of Scotland).
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Fedorov, Aleksandr, und Gennadiy Golyadkin. „World War II in the doodle mirror of Western historiography“. Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, Nr. 2 (21.07.2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-2-57-64.
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Today we are witnessing another surge of Anti-Russian sentiment, resuscitating the old myth of Russia’s eternal aggressiveness. Obviously, it was needed for the West anti-Russian forces in order to dictate our country their conditions and rules of the game. Ultimately doodle, these goals are also served to distorting the truth about World War II. This scientific article discusses a number of the most controversial issues in the history of World War II. From the point of historicism view and scientific objectivity, their interpretation of Western historiography and politicians of anti-Russian orientation is criticized. The efforts of modern Anti-Russian sentiments are equating the pre-war policy of the USSR with the aggressive policy of Nazi Germany had exposed. Myths about the allegedly “preventive” nature of the treacherous attack of the latter on the Soviet Union are refuted, as well as attempts to justify the collapse of the “blitzkrieg” not by the heroic resistance of the Red Army, but by difficult climatic conditions, huge distances and numerous water barriers on the way of German troops. The authors of the article draw attention to the fact that in many Western military-historical works, the main reasons for the defeat of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front by the filing of German “memoirs” generals are primarily called Hitler’s incompetence and stubbornness, betrayal of satellite countries, etc., but not the superiority of Soviet military strategy and operational art, the ability to fight, the courage and steadfastness of a Soviet soldier who fought both for the freedom of his Fatherland and for the liberation of all Europe from the Nazi yoke.
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Semenenko, Valeriy, Liudmyla Radchenko, Svitlana Rudenko, Alla Nikolaienko-Lomakina und Oksana Balashova. „UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN CONFLICT IN THE DONBAS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF WESTERN HISTORIOGRAPHY: CHARACTER, ORIGINS, REASONS“. ScienceRise 3 (30.06.2020): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001342.
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Object of research: analysis of the works of modern foreign authors, which reflect the process of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in the Donbas, which cast doubt on the European security system, has complicated the lives of millions of citizens. Clarification of the reasons that led to the amorphous national identity of the population of Donbas, rejection of Western values, mythical ideas about fascists-Banderites. Disclosure of the diversity of assessments of Western historiography regarding the origins and causes of the conflict, its nature. From a critical point of view, the work of "geopolitical realists" who are trying to minimize the Kremlin’s actions in relation to Ukraine is considered. Investigated problem: to show and prove that the revival of Russian neo-imperialism, which even after 1991 considered Ukraine a vassal, became the main external factor that led to the escalation of the conflict and its actual “freezing”. The attention is focused on the reasons for the appearance of peculiar stereotypes of thinking and behavior of residents of the Donetsk basin, contrasted with the mentality of citizens of other regions, especially Western Ukraine. The cultural-historical split of Ukraine, which developed historically, could not be the cause of the armed conflict, even with the pole opposition “Lviv-Donetsk”. Therefore, the separatist sentiments that appeared in Donbas at certain times were not a mass phenomenon even in 2014 because of this, it is impossible to explain Russian aggravation of relations between the elites of Kyiv and Donbas without analyzing external interference. The state of affairs was also aggravated by both sabotage of the Donbas elites, they did not recognize the legitimacy of the new government in Kyiv after February 2014, and by the mistakes made by the central government in Kyiv. Hasty and ill-conceived, according to Western experts, was the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of a law abolishing the regional status of the Russian language. The name of the military operations from the Kyiv side as “anti-terrorist operation” was doubtful. It was changed late. Main scientific results: in fact, for the first time in the historiography of Ukraine, the latest works of Western scholars on the Ukrainian-Russian conflict have been analyzed. Conclusions are made about the inconsistency of the views of Western historians regarding the nature and causes of the conflict, the prospects for its settlement.
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Chebotareva, E. Y. „Cross-cultural peculiarities of interrelations between overparenting and psychological well-being of present time senior“. Современная зарубежная психология 8, Nr. 4 (2019): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/jmfp.2019080401.
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The article presents a review of studies on a specific style of parenting. This parenting style is called «helicopter parenting» in Western scientific literature and has got this name due to excessive parental care for an adolescent who begins his/ her independent life. The data on the interplay of this style with the psychological well-being and academic achievements of adolescents are summarized. It is shown that despite the general dysfunctionality of this style, it’s certain aspects can be positively associated with the adolescents’ well-being. A review of cross-cultural research shows that there are some universal models of parental behavior that provide an adolescent with a sense of secure attachment in any culture, as significant cultural -specific patterns. In cases when the dysfunctional (from Western culture point of view) characteristics of parenting are correlated with certain cultural norms, they do not have such a negative impact on the psychological well-being of an adolescent, as in Western culture.
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Amrullah, Zen. „GERAKAN ALIGARH DI INDIA (REFLEKSI HISTORIS GERAKAN MODERNISME PENDIDIKAN SAYYID AHMAD KHAN)“. journal TA'LIMUNA 10, Nr. 2 (02.10.2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32478/talimuna.v10i2.772.
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Abstract: The existence of the domination of the western world, especially in the fields of science and technology, has given rise to the awareness of Muslim scientists to escape from this domination. And various efforts were made by Muslim reformers in order to restore the identity of Islam, which then the movement was called modernism, tajdid, ishlah, or renewal. One of the figures who organized this educational modernism movement was Sayyid Akhmad Khan from India with his Aligarh movement called scientific society. The reform made by Sayyid Ahmad Khan is that he puts the ideas of religious thought in the world of education. In addition, he also established educational institutions that can be used by all citizens and operated jointly by Hindus and Muslims. In this educational institution Sayyid Ahmad Khan integrates Islamic education with modern western education, so this has an impact on the western view of Muslims in India getting better
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Zinko, Yuriy. „REAL AND POTENTIAL GEOTOURISM RESOURCES OF WESTERN UKRAINE“. PROBLEMS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE UKRANIAN CARPATHIANS AND ADJACENT AREAS, Nr. 14 (30.12.2022): 203–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/gpc.2022.1.3863.
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The article analyzes real and potential geotourism resources and geotourism sites and products on the example of the region of Western Ukraine (8 administrative regions). From the point of view of theory and methodology, regional analysis of geotourism is based on the scientific and practical aspects of geotourism as a form of activity based on geoheritage exploration. The research algorithm assumed the allocation of geotourism regions taking into account the geological and geomorphological component and the study of their real geotourism resources, presented in the form of geotourism sites and products. Geomorphological taxa at the level of regions and subregions for plain, highland, and mountainous areas are considered as geotourism regions of Western Ukraine. The main geotourism sites in the region are represented by rock and cave formations, residual hills and mountain peaks, unique geological outcrops and morphological landscapes, ancient and modern mine tunnel, specialized museums and educational centers. The paper characterizes the main types of geotourism services and products that are provided on the basis of the main groups of geotourism sites. The main functions performed by geotourism sites for their visitors were highlighted: from scientific-educational and aesthetic-educational to cultural-historical and sports and health functions. The geotourism potential of the main selected geotourism regions was also considered. The conducted research resulted in a developed typification of geotourism sites of Western Ukraine by specialization, level of tourist facilities and service, degree of attendance. According to the nature of specialization, geotourism sites were classified as follows: mainly geotourism, ecotourism-geotourism, cultural geotourism, mountainous geotourism, industrial geotourism. Evaluation of geotourism sites was carried out on the possibility of arranging individual and group tours with the appropriate informational and educational services. Karst caves of Podillia, canyon-like sections of the Dniester and its tributaries, rock complexes of the Carpathians and the Chornohora range with alpine relief have been identified as promising geotourism sites and territories of international importance. The national and regional parks of the region, which are characterized by remarkable geoheritage, have significant potential for the geotourism development. The region of Western Ukraine is favorable for the introduction of innovative forms of geotourism as territorial tourist destinations. The creation of national geoparks and theme parks on the basis of reserves, national and landscape parks and historical and cultural reserves with significant geoheritage is justified. It is essential to further develop geotourism routes of local, regional, national and international importance. Necessary for the prospective development of geotourism in the region is scientific, educational and organizational support for the development and implementation of geotourism projects. Key words: geotourism; resources; sites; attractions; products; geoheritage; region.
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Attfield, Robin, und Andrew Belsey. „Introduction“. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 36 (März 1994): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135824610000641x.
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The philosophy of nature is at least as old as the presocratics, but has undergone comparative neglect in philosophical circles this century until recently, at least in English-speaking lands. The philosophy of science concentrates on scientific concepts and methods and the interpretation of scientific theories, rather than on the concept of nature itself, while, with significant exceptions (e.g., Hepburn, 1984), aesthetics focuses on the experience of art rather than on that of nature. Meanwhile moral, political and social philosophy has focused on the social environment, but the natural environment has often been lost to view. Indeed it has been argued, with some cogency, that mainstream Western metaphysics, epistemology and ethics have historically been inhospitable to conservation, to environmentalism and to their values (see Hargrove, 1989; Attfield, 1994a).
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Kurzman, Charles. „Scholarly attention and the limited internationalization of US social science“. International Sociology 32, Nr. 6 (10.10.2017): 775–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917729991.
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What parts of the world does American social science consider worthy of scholarly attention? Analyzing the geographic focus of more than 2 million bibliographic records of journal articles, books, and dissertations, the study finds a weak trend toward internationalization of US social-scientific attention over the past half-century. Moreover, the share of scholarly attention devoted to particular regions has remained surprisingly stable over this period, with Western Europe remaining the primary focus of internationally-oriented work. Shifts in US national security priorities, international trade, student demand, and demographic characteristics account for only a small portion of the variation in the rate of social-scientific publications on world regions, lending credibility to the view that scholarly attention is shaped in large part by inertia that is built into academic institutions and cultures.
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Seitakhmetova, Natalya L., Ayazhan Sagikyzy und Zhanara Zh Turganbayeva. „Islamic Scientific Tradition and European Thought“. Voprosy Filosofii, Nr. 7 (2021): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-7-72-82.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the Islamic intellectual tradition from the point of view of the possibility of correlating it with the social and humanitarian aspects of science, formed in the traditions of European culture. The reason for this study was postmodernist interpretations of the processes of the Islamization of knowledge as ways to overcome the dichotomy of science and religion. These interpretations are based on the social, in fact, idea of the civilizational identity of Muslims living and working today in European countries (including those working in the field of science) and Muslims of the traditional Islamic East. The authors, however, associate the prospects of a renewed interpretation of the Islamic scientific tradition with the possibility of its rethinking in the context of the post-nonclassical concept of scientific rationality. This concept makes it possible to overcome the interpretation of “western” and “eastern” knowledge, which reaches the point of opposition. Such a rethinking is unfolding today, in particular, in the course of the reinterpretation of historically established Islamized intellectual trends. The authors come to the conclusion: the Islamization of education in the East, begun by 9th century intellectuals (primarily from among the Muslim Ummah) on the didactic foundations laid down in the Qur’an and Sunnah, implied a rethinking of the cultural status of various fields of knowledge from the standpoint of the corresponding value orientations, which, in principle does not contradict the modern understanding of science as an axiologically oriented system. The very possibility of this kind of correlation of the value aspects of knowledge opposes the “scientific marginalization” of Islam and presupposes the delineation of the semantic content of Islam as a cultural regulator that also orientates science and Islam as a system of rigid religious ideas.
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Fylypovych, Liudmyla O. „Religious Studies as a Science and Educational Discipline in Ukraine“. Ukrainian Religious Studies, Nr. 36 (25.10.2005): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2005.36.1631.
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Ukrainian religious studies has recently entered the world scientific community and the educational process. Along the way, many difficulties awaited him. First, it was necessary to determine the content, structure, representation of Ukrainian religious studies, to navigate the world of foreign science of religion, in the existing teaching methods. Secondly, to outline the forms of entry of Ukrainian religious studies into the international scientific and teaching community. Acquaintance with Western science, which proved to be heterogeneous, based on various methodological approaches and methodological means, coincided with difficult internal transformations that underwent all humanitarian knowledge in Ukraine after world-view and political changes in society. In pursuit of its identity, domestic religious studies went, on the one hand, by contrasting itself with theology, and on the other, by actively distinguishing itself from so-called scientific atheism. As a result of these processes, domestic religious studies was eventually constituted as a coherent, structured science of religion, seeking to develop its own models of teaching religious studies.