Thematische Bibliographien / Welfare state – sex differences

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Welfare state – sex differences“

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Veröffentlicht am 26. Juli 2024
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 26. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Welfare state – sex differences"

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Cortès-Franch, Imma, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina, Hernán Vargas-Leguás, M. Marta Arcas und Lucía Artazcoz. „Is Being Employed Always Better for Mental Wellbeing Than Being Unemployed? Exploring the Role of Gender and Welfare State Regimes during the Economic Crisis“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 23 (29.11.2019): 4799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234799.

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The growth of poor jobs related to economic crisis adds to its increase since the mid-1970s as a result of new forms of flexible employment. In Europe, there is no clear evidence on whether working in a poor-quality job is better for mental wellbeing than being unemployed. The objectives of this study were to compare mental wellbeing between the unemployed and those working in jobs with different quality levels and to examine gender and welfare state differences in Europe. We selected 8324 men and 7496 women from the European Social Survey, 2010. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression models were fitted, separated by sex and country group. No significant differences in mental wellbeing were shown between unemployed-non-active, unemployed-active, and those working in low-quality jobs in either sex. Only men from Conservative countries in low-quality jobs had better mental wellbeing than unemployed (non-active) men. Only having a good-quality job reduced the likelihood of poor mental wellbeing compared with being unemployed (non-active) among men in all countries (except Social-Democratic) and among women in Eastern and Southern European countries. No differences were observed among men or women in Social-Democratic countries, while strong gender differences were found in Conservative and Liberal countries. Our study indicates the need to take job quality into account, in addition to creating jobs during economic crises. The main mechanisms to explain the strong gender and welfare state differences identified could be social protection for unemployed, labor market regulations, and family models.
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Singh. „Gender, Intra-Household Discrimination and Cash Transfer Schemes: The Case of Indian Punjab“. Economies 7, Nr. 3 (19.07.2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030075.

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For many years, the Punjab province of India has had the dubious distinction of having the worst sex ratio among all other states of India. In recent years, both the child sex ratio and the overall sex ratio has shown a marked improvement in the state. This paper analyses whether the improvement in sex ratios has narrowed down gender discrimination against the girl child in Punjab. This paper examines the intra-household gender differences in indicators of nutrition and well-being by employing logistic regression analysis on the latest available data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for the year 2015–2016. It also evaluates the cash transfer schemes currently being implemented in Punjab for the welfare of the girl child and analyses their relative efficacy. The key results from the study reveal that gender continues to have a significant impact on indicators of child well-being and nutrition such as the average duration of breastfeeding and intra-household food allocation. The paper also finds that cash transfer schemes do not have a statistically significant impact on indicators of child malnutrition in the state.
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Pederson, JoEllen, und K. Russell Shekha. „Attitudes toward public pensions in Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela: Testing self-interest and political ideology theories in Latin American countries“. International Social Work 61, Nr. 2 (29.01.2016): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815617991.

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The historical strength of Latin American public pension systems and the changes many countries are making in the contemporary period warrant understanding attitudes about public pensions in Latin America. Data were examined for three countries: Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela, to see whether commonly tested welfare state theories explain individual differences in attitudes in these countries. Using basic multilevel modeling techniques, we find both individual- and country-level differences in attitudes toward government responsibility for and spending on public pensions. Understanding what predicts these attitudes in Latin America will help improve approaches to social welfare in this region.
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Rothstein, Henry, David Demeritt, Regine Paul, Anne-Laure Beaussier, Mara Wesseling, Michael Howard, Maarten de Haan, Olivier Borraz, Michael Huber und Frederic Bouder. „Varieties of risk regulation in Europe: coordination, complementarity and occupational safety in capitalist welfare states“. Socio-Economic Review 17, Nr. 4 (08.09.2017): 993–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx029.

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Abstract This article tests the extent to which the organization and stringency of occupational health and safety regulation complements the dominant mode of coordination in the political economy. While the UK explicitly sanctions risk-cost-benefit trade-offs, other European countries mandate ambitious safety goals. That contrast appears to reflect cleavages identified in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, which suggests worker protection regimes are stronger in coordinated market economies than in liberal market economies. Our analysis of Germany, France, UK and the Netherlands, shows that the varied organization of their regulatory regimes is explained through a three-way complementarity with their welfare systems and modes of coordination. However, despite varied headline goals, we find no systematic differences in the stringency of those countries’ regulatory protections insofar as they all make trade-offs on safety. Instead, the explicitness, rationalizations and logics of trade-offs vary according to each country’s legal system, state tradition and coupling between regulation and welfare system.
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Goldsborough, Z., EHM Sterck, FBM de Waal und CE Webb. „Individual variation in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) repertoires of abnormal behaviour“. Animal Welfare 31, Nr. 1 (01.02.2022): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.31.1.011.

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Abnormal behaviour in captive animals is both pervasive and ambiguous. Although individual differences are central to the field of animal welfare, studies on abnormal behaviour predominantly employ quantitative, population-level approaches. For example, whereas previous studies on chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) abnormal behaviour have reported significant variation between groups or individuals in the quantity (eg frequency and duration) of abnormal behaviour, much less is known about qualitative differences. Individual abnormal behavioural repertoires may be highly idiosyncratic, where certain behaviours are over-represented (ie individually specific abnormal behavioural 'signatures'). The present study investigated qualitative individual variation in the abnormal behaviour of chimpanzees (n = 15) housed at Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem, The Netherlands. Substantial variation was found between individuals in the diversity (size and evenness) and overall composition of their abnormal behavioural repertoires. Factors including age, sex, and rank did not significantly account for dissimilarity of individuals' abnormal behavioural repertoires, but kin dyads showed more similar abnormal behaviour than non-kin dyads. Further exploratory analyses examined whether individual variation in one abnormal behaviour (coprophagy) predicted variation in stress-related behaviour (self-scratching). This allowed us to tentatively conclude that there were also individual differences in the link between a given abnormal behaviour and the behavioural expression of stress. Qualitative individual variation in abnormal behaviour provides a novel angle to a literature traditionally focused on quantifying abnormal behaviour at the group- or species-level and may thus represent an important yet previously overlooked source of variation in the extent to which abnormal behaviour reflects the state of individual welfare.
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Jensen, Mette, Ingvill Kristiansen, Merete Sandbekk und Jane Kroger. „Ego Identity Status in Cross-Cultural Context: A Comparison of Norwegian and United States University Students“. Psychological Reports 83, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1998): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.2.455.

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To examine patterns of identity development for late adolescents raised in the Norwegian mixed liberal welfare-state economic system compared with late adolescents raised in the free-market economic system of the United States, ego identity status scores and distributions were examined for 56 (37 women, 19 men). Norwegian and 1498 (814 women, 684 men) United States undergraduate university students using the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status–2. The United States sample was drawn from four geographic regions and comprised of those who had participated in prior studies performed by Adams. Significant differences were found between the two nations on all identity status subscales in the ideological and interpersonal domains for each sex. The more moderate identity status scale scores evidenced by the Norwegian sample may reflect a cultural trend toward greater moderation in the exploration and commitment process.
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Silei, Gianni. „La Gerusalemme celeste in terra. Radici ed evoluzione del "welfare socialdemocratico"“. SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, Nr. 3 (Januar 2013): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-003008.

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The chapter aims to introduce some considerations with a historical approach related to the evolution of the cultural stances adopted by the leading forces of the worker and socialist movement - particularly those of reformist orientation - towards the policies of social protection. Moreover, it outlines a general scheme of a time period, which allows to view the evolution of social welfare systems into the welfare-state model. The first result of this research program is that the ongoing exchance of views that led to the Welfare State did not follow a straight line. Moreover, even the definition of socialism and social-democracy requires to be dealt with in a more pluralistic view, taking into account the variety and the differences in both doctrines and practices to be found in the European countries, even if inside a common political family. Examining the cultural ideas of the social-democracies which grow towards social protection policies it helps scholars to debunk several generalizations and see gaps and recurring features if a "path dependence" approach is followed. The idea that history of welfare state can be described as a sort of continuous and mechanical process of enlightened conceptions and reform projects which little by little become modern and advanced, is problematic. Since that it appears to be more as the result of a series, sometimes casual, of choices motivated by necessity and contingent situations.
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Parolin, Zachary, und Linus Siöland. „Support for a universal basic income: A demand–capacity paradox?“ Journal of European Social Policy 30, Nr. 1 (26.11.2019): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719886525.

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Debate around a universal basic income (UBI) tends to focus on the economic and social implications of the policy proposal. Less clear, however, are the factors influencing support for a UBI. Using the 2016 European Social Survey, we investigate how trade union membership and left political ideology (central to power resources theory) and attitudes towards immigrants’ access to welfare benefits (central to welfare state chauvinism) affect individual support for a UBI. We also investigate how country-level differences in levels of social spending moderate individual-level UBI support. Results from multi-level models suggest that a broader coalition of UBI supporters can generally be found in countries where social spending is low. Specifically, we find that welfare state chauvinism is more likely to be associated with negative attitudes towards a UBI in countries with high levels of spending, but has only a weak association with UBI support in low-spending countries. Similarly, political ideology is more consequential in explaining UBI support in countries with higher levels of spending. These tensions form a demand–capacity paradox: the countries which are presumably least equipped to implement a UBI see the most broad-based support for the policy.
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Isaev, Artyom. „Social Efficiency Indicators of Public Investment: The Case of the Far Eastern Regions“. Spatial Economics 16, Nr. 4 (2020): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2020.4.023-043.

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The article provides estimates of the social discount rate and regional welfare weights for the Russian Far East territories. The key parameter for their calculations is the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption, estimated for the Russian Federation as a whole on the basis of the consumer demand function for food products. It’s revealed that for different territories should be applied different social discount rates for to assess the social effects of projects with state participation. The reason is that territories differ in the quality of life, which can be traced through interregional differences in the level and dynamic of the domestic consumer market as well as the size and structure of household income and expenditure. The social discount rate is sensitive to the future annual growth rate of household consumption in the region. If we take the actual average annual rates for 2000–2018 as forecast values, the Sakhalin Oblast has the highest social discount rate (12 per cent), and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug has the lowest rate (7.6 per cent). Regional welfare weights show how the regions of the Far East are ranked according to the degree of impact of public investment on marginal changes in the welfare of their households. Thus, the lowest marginal increase in welfare in the Far Eastern Federal District will be observed in the Sakhalin Region, followed by the Khabarovsk Territory. From the social efficiency point this casts doubt on the choice of these regions as priority locations for large-scale public projects. On the other hand the largest effect of public projects for the improving of welfare will be observed in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Zabaikalsky Krai. These regions are characterized by the highest values of regional welfare weights in the Far East for 2018, and consequently the highest marginal welfare growth for households due to public investment. It is worth noting that in 2010 the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatsky Krai were characterized by the highest values of the regional welfare weights in the Far East. By 2018 these two regions significantly improved their positions. Despite the fact that the regional welfare weights for most of the Far Eastern regions decreased significantly, for the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Zabaikalsky Krai this decrease was minimal (2 per cent and 5 per cent respectively)
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Kılınç, Ramazan, und Carolyn M. Warner. „Micro-Foundations of Religion and Public Goods Provision: Belief, Belonging, and Giving in Catholicism and Islam“. Politics and Religion 8, Nr. 4 (25.11.2015): 718–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048315000747.

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AbstractWhile debates continue about the relationship between state-provided social welfare and religious charities, and whether organized religions are more capable of providing social welfare than is the public sector, less attention has focused on the question of what motivates religious adherents to contribute to the charitable work of their religions. In this article, we examine how adherents of Catholicism and Islam understand their generosity and its relationship to their faith. Through 218 semi-structured interviews with Catholics and Muslims in four cities in France, Ireland, Italy, and Turkey, we find systematic differences between the two religions. Catholics emphasize love of others and Muslims emphasize duty to God. We also find, contrary to expectations of the literature that emphasizes monitoring and sanctioning within groups to obtain cooperation, that Catholics and Muslims see their generosity as also motivated by the positive affect they feel towards their respective communities.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Welfare state – sex differences"

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Kort-Butler, Lisa A. „Boys act bad and girls get sad how gender structures sex differences in adolescent well-being /“. NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11052006-164943/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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Moss, Jessica E. „Boundaries of Law: Jurisdictional Differences Affecting Sex Offender Residential Patterns in the Cincinnati Tri-State Region“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1396454450.

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Augustsson, Hanna. „Ethoexperimental studies of behaviour in wild and laboratory mice : risk assessment, emotional reactivity and animal welfare /“. Uppsala : Dept. of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v174.pdf.

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Broqvist, Hilda. „Differentiating the Nordic Baseline : Differences in state responses to violence against women in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412520.

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In international humanitarian discourse, gender-based violence against women have long been recognised as a human rights violation and described as the most extreme expression of unequal power relations between men and women (UN 1993). Using a qualitative content analysis to examine the GREVIO reports of Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, the aim of this thesis is to outline the differences between and within these states regarding their response to violence against women. Drawing on insights from feminist political theory, and especially Nordic feminist theorists, these differences are made visible using the three concepts: hegemonic discourse, contradictory effects, and boundaries (Kantola and Dahl 2005). The theoretical background is complemented by theoretical contributions from feminist understandings of violence against women. In analysing the main differences between the states, many of these differences can be derived from the fact that the three states frame the violence differently, with Sweden adopting a gender-based frame while Denmark and Finland adopt gender-neutral frames of the violence. In analysing differences within states, there are two distinct forms of differences: differences due to a gap between principle and practice, and differences between various parts of the country. The findings of this thesis may provide a base for future in-depth studies of the Nordic, women-friendly, welfare states.
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Aldcroft, Julie. „Irreconcilable differences : the unhappy marriage of Federal and State policy in the Welfare-to-Work programmes of the United States“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494072.

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In 1996, the United States Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) changed Aid for Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) from a program which gave single mothers on welfare some possibility of staying at home to raise small children, into TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), which established 60 month lifetime limit on financial support. Whilst continuing further the trend to devolve control to the states, this new approach mandated self-sufficiency via work, or work via welfare to work programmes, as the ultimate goal for everyone physically and mentally able to be self-sufficient. This thesis explores the possibility for welfare reform and its related programmes to create successes for the most disaffected.
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Morgan, Katherine L. „Gender and child protection work : voices from the front-lines“. Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83158.

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Child protection work largely relies on mothers in fulfilling its aim to protect children and support families. Mothers are expected to shield children from abuse and neglect regardless of circumstance. Fathers evade such expectations, and are rather treated as unimportant or as aggressors. In either case, they are distanced from the child protection process. These divergent expectations of mothers and fathers often go unnoticed in child protection practice, as social workers are consumed with the urgent need of assessing risk to children. Workers' reliance on mothers becomes a habit that is not easily countered because there is neither the time nor the tools to engage in such a battle. The present study seeks to illuminate gender constructions and their reproduction in front-line child protection work through the voices of social workers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight former and current front-line workers for this study.
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Gillis, Myra Bryant. „Gender-based education the pilot year of single-gender classes at a public elementary school /“. Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07012005-160312.

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Terry, Bryan J. Padavil George. „Relationships between race, sex, and academic performance of federal work-study employees“. Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9960427.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1999.
Title from title page screen, viewed July 31, 2006. Dissertation Committee: George Padavil (chair), Ramesh B. Chaudhari, William J. Pearch, Victor J. Boschini. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-110) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Morrison, Kathryn A. „The examination of state sport self-confidence of secondary school boys and girls participating in coeducational and gender separated physical education classes /“. Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30193.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of single-sex and coeducational physical education classes on secondary school students' self-confidence levels. A dependent sample of Grade 10 students completed Vealey's State Sport-Confidence Inventory at the completion of their single-sex class and then again at the completion of their coeducational class. They also completed a sport specific self-confidence measure, in order to factor out their confidence in basketball and volleyball from their overall State Sport-Confidence. Some students also participated in focus group interviews at the completion of each class type. Vealey's State Sport-Confidence Inventory showed no significant differences between classes or between genders. However, qualitative results contradicted these findings as females indicated obvious differences between the two class types that would in turn affect their self-confidence levels. The results indicate that more research is needed into how class type affects the self-confidence of students in single-sex and coeducational physical education classes.
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Glatte, Sarah. „Sex and the party : gender policy, gender culture, and political participation in unified Germany“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:117e7b70-e1ba-402e-acb2-59cf1b916d2b.

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This thesis explores the relationship between gender policy, gender culture, and political participation in unified Germany. It investigates the extent to which political regimes shape citizens' attitudes towards gender roles and examines the effect of such attitudes on women's participation in politics. The thesis is divided into three parts: The first part explores the differences in gender regime types between the former German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany during the Cold War period. Building on existing studies, the analysis considers how generations that were socialised in the divided Germany differ in their attitudes toward gender roles. It finds that citizens from West Germany are more socially conservative than citizens from the East. The second part of the thesis tests the effects of these traditional gender attitudes on citizens' participation, focusing on party membership. The analysis highlights that gender gaps in formal political participation in unified Germany still exist, but that these gaps are smaller in the new federal states. The investigation further shows that traditional gender attitudes exert a negative effect on women’s political engagement beyond the predictive power of socio-economic and demographic factors. The final part of this thesis casts a critical look at the political controversy in Germany over the introduction of a cash-for-care subsidy (the so-called Betreuungsgeld). It explores the normative assumptions and ideas about gender roles that have been promoted by Germany's main political parties throughout the policy negotiation process. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, the research presented in this thesis draws on, and contributes to, studies on gender, welfare states, political socialisation, and political participation.
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Bücher zum Thema "Welfare state – sex differences"

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Stryker, Robin. The welfare state, gendered labor markets and political orientations in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Denmark and Britain 1977-1994. Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico (FI): European University Institute, 2003.

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Québec (Province). Commission de l'enseignement primaire. und Québec (Province). Conseil supérieur de l'éducation., Hrsg. Pour une meilleure réussite scolaire des garçons et des filles. [Sainte-Foy, Québec]: Conseil supérieur de l'éducation, 1999.

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Dale, Jennifer. Feminists and state welfare. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.

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Malmi, Pasi. Discrimination against men: Appearance and causes in the context of a modern welfare state. Rovaniemi: Lapland University Press, 2009.

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Malmi, Pasi. Discrimination against men: Appearance and causes in the context of a modern welfare state. Rovaniemi: Lapland University Press, 2009.

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Brid, Featherstone, Hrsg. Gender and child welfare in society. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Nicita, Alessandro. Who benefits and how much?: How gender affects welfare impacts of a booming textile industry. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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1959-, Harrington Meyer Madonna, Hrsg. Care work: Gender, class, and the welfare state. New York: Routledge, 2000.

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Carol, Baines, Evans Patricia M. 1944- und Neysmith Sheila M. 1943-, Hrsg. Women's caring: Feminist perspectives on social welfare. Toronto, Ont: McClelland & Stewart, 1991.

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Aleksandrova, Nadezhda. Gender relations in education: Policy and practice in the Danube region : experiences, analyses, and impulses. Herausgegeben von Engels, Dagmar, writer of supplementary textual content und Europäische Donau-Akademie (Ulm Germany). [Münster]: Klemm+Oelschläger, 2013.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Welfare state – sex differences"

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Hall, Lesley A. „War and the Welfare State“. In Sex, Gender and Social Change in Britain since 1880, 117–31. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29268-1_9.

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Ruginski, Ian T., Jeanine K. Stefanucci und Sarah H. Creem-Regehr. „State Anxiety Influences Sex Differences in Spatial Learning“. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 244–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96385-3_17.

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Ray, Ranjan. „Spatial Differences in Prices in India, State Rankings and Inequality“. In Household Behaviour, Prices, and Welfare, 119–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1930-3_6.

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Hank, Karsten, und Julie M. Korbmacher. „Reproductive History and Retirement: Gender Differences and Variations Across Welfare States“. In The Individual and the Welfare State, 161–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17472-8_14.

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Merrild, Camilla Hoffmann. „Social Differences in Health as a Challenge to the Danish Welfare State“. In Egalitarianism in Scandinavia, 181–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59791-1_8.

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Bönker, Frank. „Changing Ideas on Pensions: Accounting for Differences in the Spread of the Multipillar Paradigm in Five EU Social Insurance Countries“. In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 81–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_5.

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Pingali, Prabhu. „Are the Lessons from the Green Revolution Relevant for Agricultural Growth and Food Security in the Twenty-First Century?“ In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 21–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_2.

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AbstractThe Green Revolution had profound positive impacts on human welfare and economic development across the developing world. However, its global reach was limited by agroclimatic, infrastructural, social, and political constraints. Regional disparities in poverty reduction, intra-societal inequities, and gender differences in the distribution of benefits persist even in countries that witnessed positive Green Revolution outcomes. This essay synthesizes the lessons learned and the policy redirections needed for a ‘redux’ version of the Green Revolution that enhances food and nutrition security and economic development while minimizing social, environmental, and health tradeoffs.
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Siemieńska, Renata. „Attitudes Towards Older People in the Labour Market and in Politics: A Cross-National Comparison“. In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 99–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_6.

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AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to compare attitudes towards people over 70 as potential workers in the labour force in countries with different social welfare regimes, cultures, demographic and economic situations. Life course theory/perspective suggests a multidisciplinary paradigm. It suggests to examine how people live in different structural contexts and how economic, social and cultural changes influence attitudes towards older people and their presence in public life. The social context is defined in micro and macro scales (e.g. individual and family situations of persons in different stages of their life, their economic situation, occupational experience, social activities) within different societies. The basic assumption is that a particular life course stage of a person influences subsequent experiences and also attitudes towards seniors. As predicted age, gender, education, and life satisfaction are factors that differentiate attitudes. The differences found in 1990 are still observed to some extent in 2012. A significant proportion of respondents expect older people to withdraw to the private sphere. Some of them expect older people to be active in non-governmental organizations, informal assistance relationships, institutions established for older people which allow the needs of older people to be satisfied. In reality older people are kept on the margins of mainstream public life.The data of World Values Survey conducted in 2012 have been used in the analyses shown in the chapter. Eleven countries have been selected to show the situation in different countries with different history and welfare systems. The data are unique. The set of questions asked internationally in the wave of the study has not been included in the next waves of WVS. However, we may consider that the findings presented in the chapter are important for understanding the actual situation of older people, the perception of their social and cultural capital, the respondents’ willingness to see them as part of labour force and to be included in public life. The recent statistical data and reports show that older people are still poorly represented on decision-making positions in politics and economic institutions.
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Kudłak, Robert. „Models of Capitalism, Institutions and Corporate Social Responsibility“. In Corporate Responsibility, Sustainability and Markets, 233–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79660-0_12.

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AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to show that the differences in the level of CSR involvement between countries result from the distinct institutional environments characteristic for the different models of welfare capitalism. These models vary in terms of how the institutional arrangements determine the form and level of public provision of social services such as health care, pensions, education and social assistance. It is argued that companies operating under stronger institutional pressure occurring in countries with an extensive welfare state model are less likely to engage in voluntary provision of social services. In contrast, when companies operate in countries with a relatively minor role of the state in creating and redistributing well-being and a relatively low institutional pressure in this regard, their chances of involvement in socially responsible activities are greater.
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Nair, Ashwin, und Burak Eskici. „Digital Public Services: The Development of Biometric Authentication in India“. In Introduction to Development Engineering, 533–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_20.

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AbstractLow state capacity makes it difficult for governments in developing countries to deliver resources to the poor. In this chapter, we highlight the role that biometric authentication can play in delivering payments and subsidized food to the poor. We describe the implementation and evaluation of two different biometric authentication systems in Andhra Pradesh (“AP Smartcards”) and Jharkhand (“Aadhaar”), India. Results from two large-scale RCTs (Muralidharan et al., 2016 and Muralidharan et al., 2020b) showed that more accurate biometric ID systems, coupled with payments and policy reforms, reduced leakages in welfare schemes in both Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand. However, there were varying results on beneficiary welfare. In Jharkhand, reduced fiscal leakage came at the expense of excluding genuine beneficiaries who were unable to meet new standards for identification. Exclusion of beneficiaries was low in Andhra Pradesh, where the government was more focused on improving beneficiary experience with welfare programs. The studies discussed in this chapter highlight how differences in policy priorities and the details of solution design influence the extent to which beneficiaries benefit from biometric authentication and accompanying reforms.
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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Welfare state – sex differences"

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Dіulherova, Anastasiia, und Olha Baidarova. „Features of the volunteer organizations management in the direction of assisting the military in conditions of war“. In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.122.

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Background: The volunteer movement in Ukraine, which has always intensified in times of greatest threat, has since February 24, 2022, accumulated the efforts of volunteers, directing all their efforts to help the army. This has led to an increase in the number of volunteer organizations helping the military. The social demand and the needs they respond to set high expectations for volunteers. In such circumstances, volunteer organizations must pay special attention to the organization of volunteer activities. The question arises: how do volunteer organizations working to help the military cope with the risks and challenges that have arisen in connection with a full-scale war? The lack of qualitative knowledge about how they organize activities, engage volunteers, and keep them motivated, what are the peculiarities of communication and evaluation of their work, etc. determines the applied significance of the study, the results of which are reflected in the abstracts. Objective: To find out the peculiarities of management of volunteer organizations in the field of assistance to the military in war and to identify ways to strengthen their organizational capacity. Methods: The research was qualitative in nature. The theoretical method of the study was to analyze documents on the topic of volunteer management. The main method of empirical research was a structured interview with representatives of volunteer organizations working to help the military, aimed at studying: the content of volunteers' work, the risks of working in war, the difficulties of conducting activities, the peculiarities of volunteer management, assessment of the organization's capacity and ways to strengthen it. To process the results, we analyzed and compared the content of the respondents' answers. Results: Volunteer organizations working to help the military are different from others and have their own special internal organization. During the war, they faced a number of challenges, the answer to which is determined by the specifics of volunteer management of different types of organizations. The article reveals differences in the work of old (those that functioned before the full- scale invasion) and newly created volunteer organizations. The key factors that weaken the capacity of a volunteer organization include internal (misconceptions about management, in particular, about engaging volunteers in work, organizing their activities and motivation, ignoring the risks of burnout, insufficient communication with former volunteers, etc.) and external (decline in active involvement of volunteers, people's distrust of the organization and the organization – of the state authorities, legal insecurity of volunteers, funding risks, chronic stress). Conclusion: Since the outbreak of full-scale war, the activities of organizations that help the military have changed dramatically, and these changes can be recorded in a certain sequence: 1) a new stage of development; 2) a decline in activity (a decrease in the number of contributions and people); 3) transformation of approaches to volunteer management, including resource mobilization. Volunteer organizations, regardless of their type, need to strengthen their capacity in such areas as developing internal policies, facilitating strategic planning, developing an organizational structure, and maintaining staff motivation and development. Older and younger organizations have different needs for strengthening their advocacy and communication capacities. One of the ways to strengthen the organizational capacity of volunteer organizations can be training aimed at overcoming false stereotypes about volunteer management. Keywords: volunteer activity, volunteer management, war, volunteering to help the military.
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Wang, Yuqing, und Huafu Chen. „Sex Differences in Hierarchical Clustering of the Spontaneous Fluctuations in Brain Resting State“. In 2008 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2008.851.

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Cai, Biao, Julia M. Stephen, Tony W. Wilson, Vince D. Calhoun und Yu-Ping Wang. „A GICA-TVGL framework to study sex differences in resting state fMRI dynamic connectivity“. In Image Processing, herausgegeben von Bennett A. Landman und Ivana Išgum. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2549282.

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Rokham, Hooman, Haleh Falakshahi und Vince Calhoun. „Relationship of Hemodynamic Delay and Sex Differences Among Adolescents Using Resting-state fMRI Data“. In 2022 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bhi56158.2022.9926933.

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Dong, Hong-huan, Ming-xia Guo, Yun-ting Zhang, Yue Fu und Hui-lan Shi. „Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults: Correlations with resting state ALFF“. In 2010 3rd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2010.5639999.

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Moctezuma, Luis Alfredo, und Marta Molinas. „Sex differences observed in a study of EEG of linguistic activity and resting-state: Exploring optimal EEG channel configurations“. In 2019 7th International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iww-bci.2019.8737312.

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Barros, Vinícius Lúcio de, Larissa Gomes Peres Bomfim, Melyssa Alves Souza, Danielle Ginsicke, Mileny Esbravatti Stephano Colovati und Angelina Zanesco. „Cognitive function and risk factors in the older population: differences between the sexes“. In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.387.

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Background: Studies have shown a sex difference in the cognitive dysfunction in the elderly where women are more susceptible to Alzheimer’s disease than men. Physical activity (PA) is an important strategy for brain health, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Santos has the largest proportion of the elderly population in São Paulo State (22%), but no studies have whether there are differences between the sexes in cognitive function. Objective: To evaluate the differences between the sexes in the cognitive function of the elderly and which factors are associated with this difference. Methods: Ninety-seven women and sixty-nine men were eligible for the study. Inclusion criteria were >65 years old, no severe cognitive impairment, preserved activities of daily living. Cognitive function and PA were assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Baecke questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 75±7 and 73±7, for women and men, respectively. Both sexes showed a similar MMSE score (26, varying between 14 and 30) that was inversely associated with age. The influence of the schooling status on MMSE was greater in women (r=0.49, p=0.0001) compared to men (r= 0.30, p9. Conclusions: The MMSE score is affected by the aging process similarly between the sexes. The years of schooling have an influence on cognitive function in women that is attenuated by higher PA. Ethical Committee: CAAE 20938619.4.0000.5509. Financial Support: São Paulo Research Foundation.
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Stanciu, Ionutdorin. „AGE DIFFERENCES AND PREFERENCES IN ONLINE BEHAVIOR. HOW AGEING AND DIGITAL CONNECTEDNESS ARE REFLECTED IN CURRENT RESEARCH REGARDING THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA.“ In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-173.

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The people’s need for social connectedness was thoroughly documented and established in research literature. Currently, we experience rapidly increasing technological developments which not only allow for new ways of ‘digital’ connections, but, arguably so, require people to use digital channels of socializing. The use of Internet, in general, and social media, is not limited to searching for information but it includes also knowledge construction. However, not all of us react the same when faced with change in our lives, and even more so, with respect to the use of new technologies. Ageing is increasingly important because of the role of the elderlies in the modern society. Increasingly more elderly citizens live active and connected lives. The advances in medicine and the increase in welfare lead to an increase in life expectancy and to an unprecedented diversity in terms of age with respect to the use of social media. With a current 2.34 billion users of social media, and with a projected increase of 200 million new users in 2017, more than a few elderly users are expected to join social media. As such, the question arises, is there such a thing as a “generational gap/divide”, with respect to the use of social media, in general, and social networking, in particular? Current research provide some conflicting evidence, with most studies refraining from tacking age directly and resorting to considering age as a moderator of other pathways of influence between various predictors and outcomes of interest. We present a synthetic but thorough and updated review of the state of the art with respect to the past and current approaches to investigating the role of age in interindividual differences with respect to the adoption of social media, with a specific focus on social networking media.
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Markovic, Marija, und Marija Vujovic. „ONLINE TEACHING AS A RESPONSE OF A HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION TO THE CRISIS CAUSED BY COVID19“. In eLSE 2021. ADL Romania, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-21-029.

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Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, in Serbian universities, as well as in various colleges and universities around the world there was a transition to online teaching. Such an extreme reorientation forced teachers to adjust their instruction to the new circumstances in a very short time, regardless of their previous experience and readiness. The research aimed to establish students? attitudes towards online teaching introduced by the Faculty of Philosophy in Ni? upon the outbreak of the Covid19 pandemic in Serbia and the state of emergency declared thereupon. The research included 207 Faculty students. Students? attitudes have been analysed with respect to their year of birth, average grade during the studies, sex and study programme to identify the tendencies which occur with changes in the structure of the research sample. The research data were processed in the SPSS programme, by using the parametric statistics and the F-test and t-test in the statistical analysis to establish statistically significant differences in students? attitudes in relation to independent variables. The qualitative approach was applied in the analysis of survey results obtained by means of an assessment scale, while the data were presented in tables and graphs. Research results indicate that students are satisfied with the realised online teaching and that online teaching introduced under the given circumstances was the best possible alternative to traditional teaching. They believe that teachers were successful in their response to the set requirements, as well as that the quality of realised instruction was good. In terms of statistically significant differences concerning students? attitudes in relation to independent variables, research results show that the considered variables do not represent statistically significant determinants of respondents? attitudes. The conducted research can constitute a solid base for further research.
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Göktepe, Hülya. „Globalization, Competition and Competition Law“. In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00479.

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The growth of competition law in recent years has been enormous throughout the world. This development of competition law is certainly influenced by globalization. Also, with the impact of privatization and liberalization in the last decade competition law has turned out to be a major concept in developing economies. Competition law provides the formation and protection of free competition. Modern market economy is the basis of the principle of free competition. Free competition provides an effective utilization of resources, price goes down, saving to reduce costs, find new technologies and their use in production. Desired markets, although a perfect competition market, because of market failures rather than the ideal situation monopolies, cartels can occur. At this stage, competition policies become important because they provide an efficient resource allocation, and constitutes an important element in raising the level of social welfare. Competition in the market without any intervention from inside or outside freely determine in the liberal economic systems is important. Competition law, at this stage, stepped in for the formation and protection of free competition and plays an important role. Competition law is state intervention tool in order to establish and maintain free competition in the economy. Competition laws is seen as the constitution of the economy The aim of this study is to analyze competition law rules is implemented in Turkey and Kazakhstan and to determine differences and similarities. Also Examples of decisions issued by the Turkish competition authority will be presented.
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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Welfare state – sex differences"

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Douglas-Hall, Ayana, Naomi Li und Megan L. Kavanaugh. State-Level Estimates of Contraceptive Use in the United States, 2019. Guttmacher Institute, Dezember 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2020.32465.

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Nearly all women in the United States who have ever had sexual intercourse have used a contraceptive method at some point during their reproductive years. Estimates presented in this report, which come from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), highlight differences in the most effective contraceptive method used at last sex among U.S. women aged 18–49 who are at risk of pregnancy (i.e., those who are sexually active with one or more male partners, are not pregnant or postpartum, and have not had a hysterectomy). In every state, the majority of women of reproductive age are using some form of contraception. Use estimates for primary methods show wide variability across the states, especially for female sterilization, IUDs, oral contraceptive pills and condoms. Among states with available data, Oregon and Utah have the highest levels of contraceptive use among women at risk of pregnancy, with more than half of women at risk of pregnancy in these two states reporting use of a highly or moderately effective method at last sex. The BRFSS offers an opportunity to explore basic indicators of reproductive health among resident women in each U.S. state. A previous report examining contraceptive use prevalence with BRFSS data from 2017 represented the most comprehensive documentation of contraceptive use at the state level since 2004.2 This analysis builds from that report to provide updated state-level estimates of contraceptive use prevalence among women of reproductive age across the United States.
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