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1
Schlaug, Gottfried. Music, musicians, and brain plasticity. Herausgegeben von Susan Hallam, Ian Cross und Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0018.
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This article reviews studies on the brains of musicians. Making music not only engages primary auditory and motor regions and the connections between them, but also regions that integrate and connect areas involved in both auditory and motor operations, as well as in the integration of other multisensory information. Professional instrumentalists learn and repeatedly practice associating hand/finger movements with meaningful patterns in sound, and sounds and movements with specific visual patterns (notation) while receiving continuous multisensory feedback. Learning to associate actions with particular sounds leads to functional but also structural changes in frontal cortices.
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Heimler, Benedetta, Francesco Pavani und Amir Amedi. Implications of Cross-Modal and Intramodal Plasticity for the Education and Rehabilitation of Deaf Children and Adults. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880545.003.0015.
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Exploring the environment without the auditory modality elicits wholesale reorganizations at both the behavioral and the neural levels throughout life. This chapter reviews changes in brain organization and behavior arising from early deafness. It depicts a multifaceted framework in both domains: the performance of deaf persons has been shown to be comparable to, better than, as well as worse than that of hearing participants. They also show brain modifications ascribable both to intramodal (within the visual system) and cross-modal plasticity (the recruitment of the deprived auditory cortex by intact sensory modalities). The authors discuss the implications of these results for sensory rehabilitation and highlight the benefits of multisensory systematic training programs to boost recovery.
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Poretti, Andrea, und Michael V. Johnston. Genetic Disorders and Stroke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0110.
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A variety of monogenic and polygenic genetic disorders have been linked to stroke, making it important for the clinician to keep up with the new discoveries and the potential to provide new gene-based therapies. Hematologic disorders such as sickle cell disease and thrombophilia due to mutations in prothrombin, factor V Leiden, and homocysteine metabolism are fairly well known, but mutations in mitochondrial metabolism and matrix metalloproteinases are less recognized. In addition, results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in stroke populations are revealing mutations that could predispose to stroke in specific ethnic populations. These studies are also revealing some crossover in mutations between stroke and familial hemiplegic migraine as well as mutations in growth factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that appear to influence the recovery from stroke by altering cortical plasticity.
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Stotz, Karola, und Paul Griffiths. A Developmental Systems Account of Human Nature. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823650.003.0004.
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We argue here that to understand human nature is to understand the plastic process of human development and the diversity it produces. Drawing on the framework of developmental systems theory and the idea of developmental niche construction, we argue that human nature is not embodied in only one input to development, such as the genome, and that it should not be confined to universal or typical human characteristics. Both similarities and certain classes of differences are explained by a human developmental system that reaches well out into the ‘environment’. We point to a significant overlap between our account and the ‘life history trait cluster’ account of Grant Ramsey, and defend the developmental systems account against the accusation that trying to encompass developmental plasticity and human diversity leads to an unmanageably complex account of human nature.
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Markus, Hugh, Anthony Pereira und Geoffrey Cloud. Recovery and rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737889.003.0014.
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Life is never the same after stroke and the processes that can help go into picking up the pieces and returning to a pre-stroke life and lifestyle are outlined in this recovery and rehabilitation chapter. The principles of neuronal plasticity and stroke recovery are discussed as well as the rehabilitation process. Multidisciplinary team care is the cornerstone of treatment and the individual roles of team members are outlined. The common complications that can follow stroke are individually reviewed including immobility, spasticity, communication (aphasia and dysarthria) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), low mood (depression) and psychological sequelae, incontinence, pain syndromes, neglect, inattention, and visual loss (hemianopia). Post-stroke epilepsy is also reviewed in this chapter. The transitioning into life in a community setting including discharge planning and vocational rehabilitation is also included.
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Mazzolai, Barbara. Growth and tropism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0009.
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Plants or plant parts, such as roots or leaves, have the capacity of moving by growing in response to external stimuli with high plasticity and morphological adaptation to the environment. This chapter analyses some plant features and how they have been translated in artificial devices and control. A new generation of ICT hardware and software technologies inspired from plants is described, which includes an artificial root-like prototype that moves in soil imitating the sloughing mechanism of cells at the root apex level; as well as innovative osmotic-based actuators that generate movement imitating turgor variation in the plant cells. As future directions, new technologies expected from the study of plants concern energy-efficient actuation systems, chemical and physical microsensors, sensor fusion techniques, kinematics models, and distributed, adaptive control in networked structures with local information and communication capabilities.
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Baz, Avner. The Alternative Conception of Language. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801887.003.0006.
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Drawing on ideas of Wittgenstein’s and of Merleau-Ponty’s, this chapter presents a conception of language on which the method of cases—even after contextualist amendments—is fundamentally misguided and liable to lead us astray. The alternative conception combines context-sensitivity with pragmatist non-representationalism, or what Huw Price has called “functional pluralism,” while at the same time emphasizing the synchronic and diachronic plasticity of language. Following Wittgenstein and Merleau-Ponty, as well as Austin, it argues that the basic unit of linguistic sense is the speech act, an act wherein a speaker—drawing more or less creatively on the history of her language—positions herself significantly by means of words, in relation to others and in a world shared with others. This sort of positioning is precisely what we do not do—or even so much as simulate—when we give our answers to the theorist’s questions.
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Klimecki, Olga M., und Tania Singer. The Compassionate Brain. Herausgegeben von Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron und James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.9.
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This chapter focuses on the neuroscience of compassion and related social emotions such as empathy, empathic concern, or empathic distress. First, we review neuroscientific literature on empathy and relate empathy to similar social emotions. We then turn to neuroscientific research on caregiving and social connection before describing cross-sectional studies on the neural signatures of compassion. To investigate whether training of compassion can change neural functions, the neural “fingerprints” of compassion expertise were studied in both expert and inexperienced meditators. The latter included the comparison between functional plasticity induced by empathy for suffering as opposed to compassion training. These studies show that compassion training changes neural functions, and that the neural substrates related to empathy for suffering differ experientially as well as neuronally. This is in line with the observation of distinct behavioral patterns related to feelings of empathic distress and compassion, described towards the end of the chapter.
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Buetefisch, Cathrin M., und Leonardo G. Cohen. Use-dependent changes in TMS measures. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0018.
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Adult brains maintain the ability to reorganize throughout life. Cortical reorganization or plasticity includes modification of synaptic efficacy as well as neuronal networks that carry behavioural implications. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for the study of primary motor cortex reorganization in humans. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes change in response to practice. This article gives information about the effect of practice on TMS measures such as motor-evoked potential amplitudes, motor maps, paired-pulse measures, and behavioural measures. These changes may be accompanied by down-regulation of activity in nearby body part representations within the same hemisphere and in homonymous regions of the opposite hemisphere, mediated by interhemispheric interactions. There is evidence pointing towards the influence of practice on a distributed network of cortical representations within regions of cerebral hemispheres. This has lead to the formulation of intervention strategies to enhance the training effects by cortical or somatosensory stimulation in health and disease.
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Zanto, Theodore P., und Adam Gazzaley. Attention and Ageing. Herausgegeben von Anna C. (Kia) Nobre und Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.020.
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This chapter addresses how normal ageing may affect selective attention, sustained attention, divided attention, task-switching, and attentional capture. It is not clear that all aspects of attention are affected by ageing, especially once changes in bottom-up sensory deficits or generalized slowing are taken into account. It also remains to be seen whether deficits in these abilities are evident when task demands are increased. Age-based declines have been reported during many tasks with low cognitive demands on various forms of attention. Fortunately, the older brain retains plasticity and cognitive training and exercise may help reduce negative effects of age on attention. Although no single theory of cognitive ageing may account for the various age-related changes in attention, many aspects have been taken into account, such as generalized slowing, reduced inhibitory processes, the retention of performance abilities via neural compensation, as well as declines in performance with increased task difficulty.
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Pereira, Ivonete. “Os filhos de Eva”: crianças e adolescentes pobres à sombra da delinquência e da desvalia em Florianópolis - 1900/1940. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-278-0.
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“The children of Eve”: poor children and teenagers in the shadow of delinquency and abandonment in Florianópolis – 1900-1940 This book analyzes the discourses of intellectuals, jurists, and public authorities about poor children and teenagers in Florianópolis in the first four decades of the twentieth century. In the country’s pedagogical knowledge in that century, childhood had a “natural plasticity”, therefore susceptible to molding. Thus, shaping the child and adjusting it to the ideals of a “civilized” society became the pivot of passionate discourses in State Chambers and Federal Congress, as well as in the intellectual environment. In those, poor children and adolescents became synonyms of “abandoned” and/or “perverted. The discourses ranged from defending those children and adolescents, to protecting society against them, since they also “represented” a threat to the nation’s “order and progress”. When analyzing the experiences of those children we penetrate in a world of the “pitiful” and the “dangerous”, as well as in a network of intrigues. In it not only the “minors” were subject to a project of exclusion under the aegis of differentiated inclusion, but everyone that represents “the other”, the one that does not fit the normative system which, in that moment, was regarded as “universal and absolute”.
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Dalton, David R. The Chemistry of Wine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687199.001.0001.
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Poets extol the burst of aroma when the bottle is opened, the wine poured, the flavor on the palate as it combines with the olfactory expression detected and the resulting glow realized. But what is the chemistry behind it? What are the compounds involved and how do they work their wonder? What do we know? Distinct and measurable differences in terroir, coupled with the plasticity of the grape berry genome and the metabolic products, as well as the work of the vintner, are critical to the production of the symphony of flavors found in the final bottled product. Analytical chemistry can inform us about the chemical differences and similarities in the grape berry constituents with which we start and what is happening to those and other constituents as the grape matures. The details of the grape and its treatment produce substantive detectable differences in each wine. While there are clear generalities - all wine is mostly water, ethanol is usually between 10% - 20% of the volume, etc - it is the details, shown to us by Analytical Chemistry and structural analysis accompanying it, that clearly allow one wine to be distinguished from another.
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Wilton, Niall, Brian J. Anderson und Bruno Marciniak. Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology in paediatric anaesthesia. Herausgegeben von Jonathan G. Hardman und Neil S. Morton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0069.
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Anaesthesia for children is tempered by changes that occur during both growth and development. Drug dose is affected by size and clearance maturation processes as well as the changing body composition that occurs with age. All organ systems undergo these maturation changes and most are complete within the first few years of life. Normal physiological variables in infancy and childhood are quite different from adults. The central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems are particularly important. Cerebral immaturity and plasticity impacts sensitivity to drugs, pain responses, and behaviour and increases potential harm from apoptosis with anaesthesia. The heart undergoes a transition from fetal to adult circulation during the first few weeks of life. Undiagnosed congenital defects are not uncommon. The neonate is very susceptible to conditions that trigger an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, with reversion to fetal circulatory patterns. Respiratory anatomy and mechanics affect the propensity to apnoea, airway maintenance, artificial ventilation modalities, uptake of inhalational agents, and tracheal tube sizes. Metabolic rate and oxygen requirements increase with decreasing age. This physiology influences diverse aspects that include the rate of desaturation during apnoea, hypoglycaemia during starvation, cardiac output, drug metabolism, fluid requirements, and heat production or loss.
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Mate, C. Mathew, und Robert W. Carpick. Tribology on the Small Scale. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609802.001.0001.
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Friction, lubrication, adhesion, and wear are prevalent physical phenomena in everyday life and in many key technologies. The goal of this book is to incorporate a bottom up approach to friction, lubrication, and wear into a versatile textbook on tribology. This is done by focusing on how these tribological phenomena occur on the small scale—the atomic to the micrometer scale—a field often called nanotribology. The book covers the microscopic origins of the common tribological concepts: roughness, elasticity, plasticity, friction coefficients, and wear coefficients. Some macroscale concepts (like elasticity) scale down well to the micro- and atomic scale, while other macroscale concepts (like hydrodynamic lubrication) do not. In addition, this book also has chapters on topics not typically found in tribology texts: surface energy, surface forces, lubrication in confined spaces, and the atomistic origins of friction and wear. These chapters covered tribological concepts that become increasingly important at the small scale: capillary condensation, disjoining pressure, contact electrification, molecular slippage at interfaces, atomic scale stick-slip, and bond breaking. Numerous examples are provided throughout the book on how a nanoscale understanding of tribological phenomena is essential to the proper engineering of important new technologies such as MEMS, disk drives, and nanoimprinting. For the second edition, all the chapters have been revised and updated, with many new sections added to incorporate the most recent advancements in nanoscale tribology. Another important enhancement to the second edition is the addition of problem sets at the end of each chapter.
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Cox, Fiona, und Elena Theodorakopoulos, Hrsg. Homer's Daughters. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802587.001.0001.
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This collection of essays examines the various ways in which the Homeric epics have been responded to, reworked, and rewritten by women writers of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Beginning in 1914 with the First World War, it charts this understudied strand of the history of Homeric reception over the subsequent century up to the present day, analysing the extraordinary responses to both the Odyssey and the Iliad by women from around the world. The backgrounds of these authors and the genres they employ—memoir, poetry, children’s literature, rap, novels—testify not only to the plasticity of Homeric epic, but also to the widening social classes to whom Homer appeals, and it is unsurprising to see the myriad ways in which women writers across the globe have played their part in the story of Homer’s afterlife. From surrealism to successive waves of feminism to creative futures, Homer’s footprint can be seen in a multitude of different literary and political movements, and the essays in this volume bring an array of critical approaches to bear on the work of authors ranging from H.D. and Simone Weil to Christa Wolf, Margaret Atwood, and Kate Tempest. Students and scholars of classics—as well as those in the fields of translation studies, comparative literature, and women’s writing—will find much to interest them, while the volume’s concluding reflections by Emily Wilson on her new translation of the Odyssey are an apt reminder to all of just how open a text can be, and of how great a difference can be made by a woman’s voice.