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1

Stremlin, Boris. „Constructing a multiparadigm world history civilizations, ecumenes and world-systems in the ancient Near East /“. Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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2

Rowe, Paul Stanley. „Ancient crosses and tower-keeps : the politics of Christian minorities in the Middle East“. Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19477.

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The interplay of religion and politics has been a consistent theme in the comparativepolitics of identity, and more specifically with regard to Middle Eastern politics Yetcoverage of religion and politics in the region is generally focused on the Muslimmajority and neglects the existence and impact of non-Muslim religious elements inMiddle Eastern societies. The most prominent of these are the various groups ofChristian Arabs.This work begins with a reassessment of common comparative theoretical approaches tothe study of religion and politics. It introduces a critical and dynamic constructivistapproach to religion, defining it as belief'. Using belief the political environment, andrelative demographics as a guide, it creates four general types of Christian groups as ameans to understand Christian group activation. These types match up with three generalmodes of engagement with the outside political culture in Middle Eastern contexts:competitive-nationalistic systems, neo-millet systems, and secular non-sectarian systems.These analytical tools are applied to the political activity of Christian groups in threeMiddle Eastern polities: Egypt, Lebanon, and Palestine. In Egypt, a stable neo-milletsystem is the result of the dominance of a single deferential organization amongChristians: the Coptic Orthodox Church. In Lebanon, years of competitive nationalisticpolitics have given way to an emergent neo-millet system as a result of the decline inidentity-based nationalistic parties and the increasing prominence of the traditionalChurch hierarchy. Among Palestinians, nominalism, deference, and voluntaristicactivism mix to create a neo-millet system with aspects of other systems of engagement.This study concludes that neo-millet systems are the natural outcome of a stronglyidentity-focused religious belief system among Arab Christians, one the author terms"tower-keep" theology. However, the dynamics of change fostered by new styles ofbelief, the challenges of responding to an eroding population base, and the influence ofdiaspora communities and coreligionists abroad all point to new systems of engagementto come in the future.
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3

Overmann, Karenleigh Anne. „Materiality in numerical cognition : material engagement theory and the counting technologies of the ancient Near East“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1d0e3925-5207-4858-9820-681ba97c6867.

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Using the Material Engagement Theory of Cognitive Archaeologist Lambros Malafouris as its framework, the thesis offers a unique synthesis of data from neuroscience, ethnography, linguistics, and archaeology to outline how number concepts are realized, manipulated, and elaborated. The process is described as an interactivity of psychological processes like numerosity, behaviors that manipulate objects into concept-generating stimuli, and material objects with semiotic qualities distinct from those of language and agency distinct from that of brains and bodies. The counting technologies of the Ancient Near East (ANE) are then analyzed through archaeological and textual evidence spanning the late Upper Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, from the first realization of number concepts in a pristine original condition to their elaboration into one of the ancient world's greatest mathematical traditions, a foundation for mathematical thinking today. Insights from the way numbers are realized through psychological-behavioral-material interactivity are used to challenge three dominant conceptualizations of ANE numbers: first, the idea that the ANE numerical lexicon would have counted only to very low numbers; second, that Neolithic tokens were the first counting technology; and third, that numbers were 'concrete' before they became 'abstract'. Considering archaeological evidence from the Epipaleolithic Levant and drawing on linguistic and ethnographic evidence to characterize the regional prehistory, the thesis suggests that the numerical lexicon would have included relatively high numbers prior to the Neolithic; that finger-counting (linguistically attested) and tallies (archaeologically attested) would have preceded tokens; and that numbers are 'abstract' concepts whose content changes in conjunction with the incorporation and use of different material forms. The evidence provided to support these alternatives implies that numbers may have originated in the late Upper Paleolithic and arithmetic early in the Neolithic, pushing the onset of these capabilities further back than is commonly held. In addition to tallies and tokens, the thesis explores fingers and numerical notations as material artifacts, enabling an analysis of how materiality might structure numerical concepts, influence a number system's capabilities, limitations, and elaboration potential, and affect brains and behavior over cultural spans of time. Insights generated by the case study are then applied to the role of materiality in cognition more generally, including how concepts become distributed across multiple material forms; the reasons why materiality might be transparent (or invisible) in cognition; and the differences between thinking through and thinking about materiality.
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4

Khan, Saira. „Nuclear proliferation in protracted conflict regions : a comparative study of South Asia and the Middle East“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0015/NQ55346.pdf.

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5

Liedeman, Gwendolene Caren. „Magic in the ancient Near East with special reference to ancient Israel“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52924.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this investigation an anthropological and comparative approach was employed in the study of magic in the ancient Near East. Firstly, a survey was presented with regard to anthropological theories throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This forms the background against which evidence on magic with respect to the cultures of the ancient Near East is investigated. Secondly, examples of magic in the Ancient Near East was discussed, with reference to Egypt, Mesopotamia and Hittite Anatolia. Reference was made to categories such as magic spells, objects, rituals and magical experts (magicians) and various examples were discussed. Thirdly, an analysis was made about the phenomenon of magic in ancient Israel. In this context magic plays a somewhat different role in comparison to its other ancient Near Eastern neighbours. It was shown that so-called miraculous actions, miracle workers (prophets) and other religious actions (curses and blessings) in the Hebrew Bible could definitely be associated with magic. The frequent prohibitions against magical practises furthermore suggest that magic was indeed been practiced in ancient Israel.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie ondersoek met betrekking tot magie in die ou Nabye Ooste word gebruik gemaak van 'n antropologiese en vergelykende benadering. Eerstens word 'n oorsig aangebied van antropologiese teorieë met betrekking tot magie in die negentiende en twintigste eeue. Dit vorm die agtergrond waarteen die verskynsel van magie in die ou Nabye Ooste ondersoek word. Tweedens word voorbeelde van magie in die ou Nabye Ooste ondersoek, met verwysing na Egipte, Mesopotamië en die Hetiete. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan kategorieë soos magiese spreuke, magiese objekte, rituele en magiese spesialiste. Dit word toegelig met verskillende toepaslike voorbeelde. Derdens word 'n ondersoek gedoen na die aard van magie in Oud-Israel. In hierdie konteks het magie ietwat van 'n ander rol vervul in vergelyking met die ander ou Nabye Oosterse bure. Daar word aangedui dat sekere wonderdade, wonderwerkers (profete), en ander religieuse aksies (vervloekinge en seënuitsprake) in die Hebreeuse Bybel met magie geassosieer kan word. Die vele verbiedinge teen die beoefening van magie is 'n duidelike aanduiding dat magie inderdaad in Israel gepraktiseer is.
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6

Bruce, Joel C. „The judicial process for suspected adultery in Israel and the ancient Near East“. Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.

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7

Kabuka, Mukhtar 1954. „The origin and development of domestic architecture and urban planning in the pre-Islamic Near East“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558096.

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8

Salsabili, Mansour. „The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) : a comparative study of impediments to implementation in the Middle East“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286537.

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9

Rowan, Yorke M. „Ancient distribution and deposition of prestige objects : basalt vessels during late prehistory in the southern Levant /“. Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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10

Hanna, John Nabil. „The Nuclearization of Iran: Motivations, Intentions and America's Responses“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30894.

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This research investigates the strategic intentions behind the Iranian state's programs for acquiring nuclear weapons. Using Graham Allison's Rational Actor Model of national decision-making, this thesis investigates three questions: 1) Iran's motivations for obtaining nuclear weapons; 2) Iran's strategies for actual use of nuclear weapons; and, 3) alternative political frameworks for the U.S. to use with Iran to minimize the negative effects of a nuclearized Iran. This study asserts that Iran would most likely acquire nuclear weapons for the purposes of self-reliance, a greater international voice, to make up for deficiencies in conventional weapons, and for deterrence. Some scholars argue that since Iran should be designated a "rogue" state, it may become aggressive or hostile once obtaining nuclear weapons. Yet, Iran's political actions actually seem to have become increasingly pragmatic. Hence, it appears that Iran would use this arsenal to induce caution among its rivals to avoid major wars, as well as a tool for deterrence. While current political differences between Iran and America are considerable, this research recommends pursuing greater political engagement with Tehran, focusing on mutual benefits. American policymakers should implement policies which rely on positive inducements for change as well as sanctions for non-compliance. If no rapprochement takes place prior to Iran's nuclearization, however, the U.S. will need to employ tactics for minimizing the significance of Iran having nuclear weapons. This research suggests that Washington could begin by implementing economic, technical and material sanctions, establishing a Middle East missile defense system, and beefing-up U.S. coastal defenses.
Master of Arts
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11

Harootian, Danica P. „Contextualizing the Elimination of Syria's Chemical Weapons: The Nonproliferation Regime, U.S. Policy, and Cultural Assumptions of the Middle East“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/661.

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This project examines the elimination of Syria’s chemical weapons during the Syrian civil war in 2013 and places the disarmament process in the context of the international nonproliferation regime and the history of United States weapons of mass destruction (WMD) policy. Additionally, I argue that U.S. policy on WMDs does not operate by a fixed set of standards; rather, cultural assumptions about a state and its weapons (such as the USSR, Iraq, Israel and their WMDs) are used to justify nonproliferation action. I present weapons as a mode of Othering that the U.S. and the nonproliferation regime employ to justify the designation of an enemy state. This analysis also examines the “myth of neutrality” of humanitarian intervention and applies these concepts to nonproliferation intervention.
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12

Garmaise, Michael. „A stylistic comparison of coin issues from the mints of Syria-Phoenicia under Caracalla /“. Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66144.

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13

Whiting, Marlena Elizabeth Stout. „Travel in the Late Antique Levant : a study of networks of communication and travel infrastructure in the 4th - 7th centuries“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711670.

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14

Bernard, Edward Franklin. „Ancient travels on the Via Maris in Iron Age I a geographical study /“. Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1987. http://www.tren.com.

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15

Way, Kenneth C. „Giants in the land a textual and semantic study of giants in the Bible and the ancient Near East /“. Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.

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16

Du, Toit Jaqueline Susann. „The organization and use of documentary deposits in the near east from ancient to medieval times : libraries, archives, book collections and genizas“. Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38480.

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A multidisciplinary approach is utilized to assess the organization and use of ancient and medieval Near Eastern textual deposits. An elaborate survey of the published material in ancient Near Eastern studies and library and archival studies indicates a general and pervasive insensitivity to and misuse of key terminological constructs. The indistinct portrayal of the nature of ancient libraries and archives is identified as of particular concern; as well as a widespread disregard for the recognition of textual collections older than the famed Library of Alexandria. This dissertation endeavours to indicate the presence of distinct textual collective units in the ancient Near Eastern context on equal footing with their much later counterparts and more broadly defined than the traditional library and archive, to include entities such as the geniza, building and foundation deposits, and so forth. Furthermore, the ancient temple library, as a restricted and well-regulated collective entity, is suggested as representative of literary standardization in the Near East, and the canonization process of the Hebrew Bible, in particular. Ancient archives are attested as equally prevalent textual units, clearly distinguishable from adjunct textual deposits, often loosely, but incorrectly, termed "archives" in modern scholarly discourse. In conclusion, this dissertation reconsiders the status of the two traditionally most valued ancient textual entities, the Library of Assurbanipal and the Library of Alexandria, and concludes that these entities are atypical examples of ancient textual collections. As closest claimants to the improbable and often religiously imbued ideal of universal collection of information, these libraries erroneously became the impossible standards by which all ancient collections were measured and found wanting. As alternate, the applicability of the theoretical constructs proposed in the earlier part of this dissertation, such as the introduction of an in
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17

Litwak, Jessica. „My Heart is in the East: Exploring Theater as a Vehicle for Change, Inspired by the Poetic Performances of Ancient Andalucía“. Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1432152428.

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18

Rhodes, Quinn J. „Limited war under the nuclear umbrella an analysis of India's Cold Start doctrine and its implications for stability on the subcontinent /“. Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FRhodes.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Kapur, Paul S. ; Second Reader: Porch, Douglas. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Cold Start, principal-agent problem, compellence, civil-military relations, inter-service rivalry, escalation, deliberate and inadvertent, limited war, nuclear weapons. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-108). Also available in print.
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19

Jedinák, Marek. „Vliv Ruska a Spojených států na soupeření Izraele a Íránu na Blízkém východě: Jak se vypořádat s jaderným Íránem?“ Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193378.

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Main aim of this master's thesis is to answer the following research question: How to deal with nuclear Iran? Author explores this vast topic through lens of a neorealist paradigm in order to analyze the impact of Russia's and US influence over Israeli-Iranian rivalry in the Middle East. Discourse analysis has been chosen as a methodological blueprint to examine strategic dimension of Israeli-Iranian relations with a special emphasis on its nuclear dimension. In addition, a comparison of both possible military and peaceful solutions of Iranian nuclear program is stressed. Main empirical data used are infamous Israeli air-strikes on nuclear reactors of its neighbors; Osirak and Al-Kibar. Deterrence theory, especially its conventional realm, provides a basis for an assessment of strategic balance between State of Israel an Islamic Republic of Iran, in case Iran emerges as a nuclear power.
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20

Cordts, von Loewis of Menar Hannah Louise. „The ancient past in public and private historical consciousness : national identity and middle school history education in Bavaria and East Germany, 1945 to 2000“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445218/.

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This thesis systematically explores how far and in what ways, public (official, state-sanctioned) and private (non-official, individual) views of the "ancient past" inform and or are influenced by prevalent world views, present needs and conditions and, particularly, by notions of national identity. It identifies the mechanisms by which the past is made relevant to the present and investigates to what degree these mechanisms are generic or dependent on particular contexts. The project focuses on post-war West and East Germany (specifically on Bavaria and the (il)R post-unification Saxony) as a case study. The thesis proposes a theoretical framework for the relationship between historical consciousness and national identity, which is used as a basis for the development of methodologies and data-analysis. Two main sets of data are used to explore different aspects of the theoretical model: 1. 'Middle School' educational media as a source for public historical consciousness and national identity: The analysis of history schoolbooks and curricula investigates how public historical narratives about the "ancient past" fit into and are affected by the wider socio-political processes which generate and define public notions of historical consciousness and national identity. 2. Former students as a source for private notions of historical consciousness and national identity: Interviews with individual members of society explore the nature and level of people's knowledge of the past, their views of (and feelings towards) history and investigate how this is may be related to their sense of national identity. The final part of the thesis draws the results together and discusses the relationship between the public and the private sphere.
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21

Miner, Aaron T. „Debt and its solutions : a comparative study of the biblical jubilee year and the edict of Ammisaduqa“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80087.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
The Edict of Ammisaduqa and the Jubilee Year legislation in Leviticus 25 provide the most extensive evidence for the debt relief tradition throughout the ancient Near East. A comparative analysis of these texts points to an indirect relationship between them based upon a common theme, debt-slavery of the head of the household, and terminology, andurārum and drr. However, the substantial differences in content between the two texts suggest that there is no direct relationship between them. In light of this analysis it is possible that the tradition of debt relief entered ancient Israel in some form at an early date and then was later re-emphasized during the late monarchic period under Neo-Assyrian influence. This possibility rests upon the debt relief tradition existing in Syro-Palestine under influence from Mari and the Hittites, as well as later under the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Internal evidence in Leviticus 25 also potentially points to an early rural situation for the origination of the Jubilee tradition.
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22

Ruppelt, Niels. „The development of the notion of libraries in the ancient world with special reference to the Middle East, the Roman Republic and the Royal Alexandrian Library“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13399.

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Bibliography: leaves 252-256.
The Royal Alexandrian Library (RAL) is considered by modern scholarship to represent the epitome of the development of ancient librarianship. Its extensive holdings imply the application of modern organizational procedures such as collection development, information retrieval and promotion of use - terms identifiable as elements embodied in the conceptual framework of librarianship (for the purposes of this study the latter two concepts - information retrieval and promotion of use - are combined into the simplified general concept of "collection accessibility"). The RAL therefore constitutes a key development phase in the evolution of modern librarianship. However, scholars have disputed the origins of the RAL and Mouseion or university it was attached to. The socalled "Greek thesis" emphasizes the purely Greek origins of both the Mouseion and the RAL. Conversely, the "Ptolemaic thesis", while acknowledging the Greek origins of the Mouseion, argues that the RAL (as an independent institution distinguishable from the Mouseion proper) is derived from Middle Eastern institutions. This study traces the origins of the RAL from the textual collections of the early Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations, through the period of Greek and the subsequent Hellenistic cultural dominance - culminating in the legacy of Hellenistic librarianship as inherited by the Roman Republic, since the newly emerging Roman empire was to exert a deciding influence upon the historical development of the RAL. Within these civilizations and regions a brief overview is undertaken to gauge the extent of literacy and literary output prevalent in each as well as a general assessment of librarianship and library practices. The major and most noteworthy archival and book collections are then analysed according to the organizational procedures identified in the outlined conceptual framework of librarianship. For this purpose sufficient information has been obtained from archaeological evidence and primary and secondary sources to allow for the analysis of forty-three libraries throughout the ancient world. In this way predominantly Middle Eastern as well as Greek elements have been identified as contributing to the creation, organization and functioning of the RAL.
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23

Deijl, Aarnoud van der. „Protest or propaganda : war in the Old Testament Book of Kings and in contemporaneous ancient Near Eastern texts /“. Leiden : Brill, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41341528z.

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24

Teerling, Janine C. J. „The 'return' of British-born Cypriots to Cyprus : a narrative ethnography“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6343/.

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My thesis is the product of an in-depth qualitative study of the ‘return' of British-born Cypriots to Cyprus. By specifically focusing on the second generation, my thesis seeks to rectify the lacuna in research on the second generation's connections to the ethnic homeland, capitalising on these migrants' positionalities with respect to questions of home and belonging. The thesis consists of eight chapters: Chapter 1 introduces the context in which the research was conducted; Chapter 2 provides the historical and geographical background for the Cypriot migration experience; Chapter 3 presents the methodological and ethical context in which my research was conducted; Chapters, 4, 5, 6 are the main empirical chapters, discussing the British-born Greek-Cypriot returnees' experiences, motives and viewpoints, from childhood memories to today's adult experiences; Chapter 7 provides an additional comparative angle through the inclusion of a subsample of British-born Turkish Cypriots; and finally, Chapter 8, my concluding chapter, revisits the research questions, draws comparisons with other empirical studies on second-generation return, and re-evaluates my methodological framework. Through the voices and life-narratives of second-generation British-Cypriot ‘return' migrants – following a biographical timeline – the multifaceted perspectives in which notions of ‘return', ‘home' and ‘belonging' can be viewed and experienced in a migratory context are revealed. My study shows the complexities and ambivalences involved when exploring ideas of ‘identity' and ‘return', views of ‘home', and feelings of ‘belonging' in the ancestral homeland – demonstrating how boundaries of such notions are blurred, eroded and re-established by a new generation of migrants, reflecting their time, experiences, choices and ideologies. My findings deconstruct the meaning of ‘return', move beyond the primordial cultural confines of notions of ‘belonging', and challenge the simple dichotomy of ‘home' versus ‘away', revealing new similarities (and differences) beyond such predefined labels and categories, which form the building blocks for new, contemporary, ways and spaces of belonging.
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Kopsacheili, Maria. „Palaces and elite residences in the Hellenistic East, late fourth to early first century BC : formation and purpose“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bc2f6cca-dde4-4d98-9981-16cc3deb4c8e.

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This thesis investigates the morphology and the purpose of palaces in major and minor kingdoms of the Hellenistic World. Elements of architecture, spatial organisation and decoration are analysed in the attempt to clarify issues of chronology and in order to identify function. The analysis places the material into its social and ideological context by taking into consideration the role of kingship ideologies in the formation of space used by royal courts. Comparison with residences of the elite demonstrates the reception of palaces not only as architectural models, but also as mechanisms of power manifestation. Macedonia is the starting point of the discussion as the homeland of the first Hellenistic kings. In the light of evidence recovered in the last twenty years and not comparatively studied before, the chapter brings together various chronological phases of the buildings. Questions of definition and on sources of inspiration are clarified further in the following chapters. The third chapter uses textual evidence and finds from the royal district of Alexandria to understand the meaning of palace architecture for the Ptolemies, while the seat of a local official in Transjordania reveals mechanisms of emulation. In chapter four the case of Pergamene palaces and their relationship with residences in the city demonstrates that formation of these royal seats corresponded to ideals of Attalid kingship. Seats of officials in the Seleukid Empire and palaces in Bactria and Kommagene, the subject of the fifth chapter, provide an insight into the position of palace architecture in processes of hybridisation in material culture. The last chapter is a synthesis of patterns of form and function and unifies the conclusions for each separate region. It emerges that shifts in power relations and the structure of the royal court, especially towards the end of the third century BC, were a crucial factor in shaping palace forms. The concluding chapter also provides a view from the West: examples from the late Roman Republic indicate that the role of Hellenistic palaces as models for power display went beyond the limits of royal courts.
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Foust, Kristan Ewin. „Exposing the Spectacular Body: The Wheel, Hanging, Impaling, Placarding, and Crucifixion in the Ancient World“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062805/.

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This dissertation brings the Ancient Near Eastern practice of the wheel, hanging, impaling, placarding, and crucifixion (WHIPC) into the scholarship of crucifixion, which has been too dominated by the Greek and Roman practice. WHIPC can be defined as the exposure of a body via affixing, by any means, to a structure, wooden or otherwise, for public display (Chapter 2). Linguistic analysis of relevant sources in several languages (including Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian, Hebrew, Hittite, Old Persian, all phases of ancient Greek, and Latin) shows that because of imprecise terminology, any realistic definition of WHIPC must be broad (Chapter 3). Using methodologies and interdisciplinary approaches drawn from art history, archaeology, linguistic analysis, and digital humanities, this work analyzes scattered but abundant evidence to piece together theories about who was crucified, when, how, where, and why. The dissertation proves that WHIPC records, written and visual, were kept for three primary functions: to advertise power, to punish and deter, and to perform magical rituals or fulfill religious obligations. Manifestations of these three functions come through WHIPC in mythology (see especially Chapter 4), trophies (Chapter 5), spectacles, propaganda, political commentary, executions, corrective torture, behavior modification or prevention, donative sacrifices, scapegoat offerings, curses, and healing rituals. WHIPC also served as a mode of human and animal sacrifice (Chapter 6). Regarding the treatment of the body, several examples reveal cultural contexts for nudity and bone-breaking, which often accompanied WHIPC (Chapter 7). In the frequent instances where burial was forbidden a second penalty, played out in the afterlife, was intended. Contrary to some modern assertions, implementation of crucifixion was not limited by gender or status (Chapter 8). WHIPC often occurred along roads or on hills and mountains, or in in liminal spaces such as doorways, cliffs, city gates, and city walls (Chapter 9). From the Sumerians to the Romans, exposing and displaying the bodies consistently functioned as a display of power, punishment and prevention of undesirable behavior, and held religious and magical significance. Exposure punishments have been pervasive and global since the beginning of recorded time, and indeed, this treatment of the body is still practiced today. It seems no culture has escaped this form of physical abuse.
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Deillon, Jean Pascal. „Nuclear ambitions in southwest Asia : Israel, Pakistan and Iran“. Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1392.

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28

Ghraoui, Nada. „Les petits bronzes des divinités majeures de la Syrie romaine: inventaire systématique et étude iconographique“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210876.

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Les petits bronzes des divinités majeures de la Syrie romaine. Inventaire systématique et étude iconographique

L’étude des petits bronzes des divinités de la Syrie romaine et l’élaboration d’un catalogue les regroupant s’occupe de 381 statuettes qui représentaient, à mon avis, les huit divinités majeures honorées par les Syriens entre le Ier et le IV siècles de notre ère: Aphrodite/Vénus, Tychè/Fortuna, Eros, Zeus/Jupiter, Apollon, Héraclès, Dionysos/Bacchus et Adonis ;le choix des divinités fut basé sur la quantité des figurines retrouvées les représentant, prouvant ainsi leurs dominations religieuse et artistique dans la vie des anciens Syriens qui adoptèrent les divinités greco-romaines proches d’eux, nécessaires à leurs cultes, dieux qui avaient tissé des liens profonds avec les divinités locales agraires et astrales des triades syro-phéniciennes et arabes et qui symbolisaient les forces de l’univers, de la fécondité naturelle humaine et animale, de l’abondance, de la pluie, de la végétation et du renouveau de la Nature ;ces dieux les aidaient à affronter la mort et leurs apportaient le salut dans une période de guerre et d’instabilité en rappelant que « l’assimilation des divers aspects du dieu oriental à un dieu grec était un des trait du culte syrien de l’époque ». L’association des dieux grecs aux divinités syriennes fut établie donc selon le concept religieux syrien de la famille sacrée, les dyades et les triades divines liées au culte des divinités agraires. Ces divinités gréco-romaines avaient trouvé leurs homologues dans les panthéons syro-phéniciens, des fois dans le panthéon arabe, divinités qui se sont prêtées mutuellement les attributs et les aspects. Aphrodite/Vénus et Tychè/Fortuna incarnaient le rôle de la déesse-mère syrienne Astarté / Atargatis ;Zeus/Jupiter et Jupiter Héliopolitain représentaient le dieu-père Baalshamim/Hadad/Bêl; Héraclès étant l’incarnation de Melqart roi/héros légendaire et parèdre de la grande déess ;Dionysos/ Bacchus et Adonis représentaient les dieux-fils des différentes triades ;Apollon fut choisi pour son association millénaire aux dieux phéniciens de Chypre combattants et guérisseurs comme Reshef, il fut l’hypostase et l’émanation du dieu suprême de Hiérapolis et de Héliopolis/Baalbeck dans son rôle de dieu du soleil et Eros qui n’avait point un homologue dans les triades syriennes fut choisi comme étant le compagnon et le fils bébé de la grande déesse.

-L’Introduction propose un aperçu global de la Syrie antique et de sa population avant et pendant l’occupation romaine, le rôle des statuettes dans la vie religieuse et sociale, le problème de la datation des figurines, l’histoire des collections syriennes et des collectionneurs.

-Les Figurines sont réparties en huit chapitres séparés ;chaque chapitre comprend l’étude de l’une des huit divinités gréco-romaines en soulignant son rôle dans les mythologies grecques et romaines, son image iconographique et typologique liée à ses prototypes grecs, son rôle joué en Syrie qui nous est connu d’après les textes anciens, les dédicaces, les évidences archéologiques et les monnaies, son association aux divinités indigènes, les images résultant de cette fusion et enfin un inventaire illustré comprenant les différentes statuettes retrouvées en terre syrienne liées à cette divinité, disposées selon un classement typologique attesté par les savants, chacune des figurines étant accompagnée d’un descriptif suivi d’un petit commentaire si nécessaire.

-Le Résumé rappelle les différentes étapes de la recherche en soulignant l’effet du syncrétisme religieux reflété sur les figurines et son importance en Syrie romaine durant cette époque.

N.B. Il me faut signaler l’absurdité et les lacunes des ouvrages traitant des mythes syro-phéniciens ainsi que les interprétations des noms divins syriens de la part des auteurs occidentaux ;ceci nécessite une ré-interprétation modernisée de ces mythes puisque les multitudes noms accordés à ces divinités représentaient en fait les adjectifs et les épithètes que les anciens Syriens attribuaient à une même et unique divinité suprême. La classification des Aphrodites et des Erotes qui manquent d’illustrations m’avait posé des difficultés.

Les statuettes de bronze retrouvées en Syrie étaient destinées à une clientèle riche et aisée, imprégnée par la culture gréco-romaine de l’époque. Ces Syriens hellénisés, qui constituaient la classe dirigeante, commerçante, éduquée, ouverte aux différentes civilisations et religions, pouvaient s’offrir des petits bronzes coûteux et parés de bijoux, une classe qui était souvent liée, par ses convictions religieuses et par les rituels cultuels, aux traditions de ses ancêtres.

Cette catégorie de Syriens avait bien embrassé le culte des divinités grecques et romaines sauf que, dans le choix fait lors de la commande ou de l’achat d’une figurine du panthéon gréco-romain, elle essayait de signaler la présence de leur divinité syrienne qui lui était associée soit dans l’iconographie, soit dans le rajout d’un symbolisme.

L’art grec était donc dominant dans la plastique des figurines des divinités représentées et trouvées en Syrie ;elles étaient liées à des types iconographiques grecs connus par les artisans syriens, connaissance prouvée aussi dans la création de figurines dites « de types hybrides » qui combinaient des attitudes liées à un ou plusieurs types iconographiques connus ;la présence de figurines de types inconnus de l’art grec prouve un individualisme et une grande liberté de la part des artisans syriens. Concernant l’apport syrien dans l’illustration des figurines, il dénote d’une grande connaissance des anciennes traditions artistiques et cultuelles archaïques syriennes, prouvée par un symbolisme typiquement syrien qu’on retrouve sur les statuettes et sur les bases des figurines marquant ainsi une continuité artistique traditionnelle accompagnant une continuité religieuse datant de l’époque protohistorique et qui était pratiquée dès le IIIe Millénaire dans l’art des cités-états syriennes d’Ebla, de Mari, d’Ugarit, de Byblos, d’Alep, d’Amrit, de Sidon, de Beyrouth et de Tyr ;cette connaissance se traduisait dans l’application de fines couches d’or ou d’argent sur la surface des bronzes, l’utilisation de diverses incrustations d’argent ou de pierres précieuses, la création de « pièces détachées » coulées séparément comme les bras, les poignets, la chevelure et les bijoux que les artistes appliquaient ultérieurement aux figurines, le rajout de différents bijoux et de tiares énormes à motifs de palmettes, le style du visage oriental arrondi rehaussé d’un léger sourire, les formes lourdes et épaisses des hanches rappelant la déesse archaïque syrienne de la fertilité, l’utilisation de la coiffure isiaque sur la tête des déesses rappelant le lien Astarté/Hathor/Isis. Les bases des figurines qui symbolisaient toujours le sacré étaient une élaboration contemporaine syrienne liée à l’époque gréco-romaine: travaillées avec soins, elle prirent des formes carrées, hexagonales, rectangulaires ou semi-rondes, étaient munies parfois de marches d’escaliers désignant la cella du temple de la déesse et il faudrait noter que les motifs granulés ou chevronnés dans leurs décorations étaient connus dans l’art de la ville millénaire d’Ebla.

Plusieurs textes d’auteurs anciens avaient mentionné une perpétuité dans les rites et les cultes millénaires archaïques des Syriens anciens pratiqués en Syrie romaine, prouvée par la consécration des rites et des divinités syriennes au IIIe siècle de notre ère bien après l’établissement du Christianisme comme le prouvent la trouvaille de 3 statuettes à l’iconographie grecque, figurant Aphrodite, Zeus et Adonis trouvés ensemble lors d’une fouille à Sidon, prouvant la consécration de la triade agraire divine d’Astarté, du dieu suprême et du dieu -fils ainsi que les nombreuses figurines liées à Zeus/Jupiter Héliopolitain et à la Vénus Héliopolitaine dont l’iconographie fut liée à celle des dieux archaïques orientaux.

Les représentations de la déesse Aphrodite /Vénus qui fut associée, dès son entrée en Syrie, aux grandes déesses locales de la fertilité, représentait aux yeux des Syriens, la déesse-mère, Astarté ou Atargatis, dont le culte dominait toutes les autres divinités, prouvé par le grand nombre de petits bronzes trouvés à son effigie, constituant la majeure partie du catalogue, dont le nombre est égal, jusqu’à présent, à 256 répliques. Son rôle s’étendait sur tous les domaines de la vie et de la mort chez les humains, incluant les domaines privés, publics, religieux, sociaux et surtout économiques, octroyant la fertilité et l’abondance ou la sécheresse et la misère, la paix ou la guerre.

Les statuettes concernant Aphrodite sont toutes plus ou moins fidèles aux prototypes grecs qu’elles représentaient, la présence de la déesse syrienne est constatée par les formes grasses et lourdes du corps comme le montrent les nos. 82, 97, 108,109 ou dans le port de grandes stéphanés/tiares comme le montrent les nos 59, 243, 245, 246, 256, ou dans la présence d‘un temple posé sur des bases munies de pattes de lion, l’animal lié à la déesse, comme le montrent les nos 21, 39, 59, 68, 73, 77, 99, 106, 117, 204, 206, ou dans le port des différents bijoux sur les nos 31, 91, 99, 129, 144, 166, 186, 200, 237, 251.

Dix types iconographiques grecs classiques et hellénistiques étaient liés aux représentations des figurines liées à la déesse Aphrodite :

La déesse nue était représentée sur 196 figurines, suivi de 33 Aphrodite à torse nu, les jambes drapées et 27 Aphrodite portant des tuniques moulantes et une draperie entourant les jambes.

Le type nu des divinités syriennes de la fertilité avait récolté 4 statuettes

Le type pudique de la déesse cachant sa nudité avec les variantes était très apprécié ;il fut représenté sur 58 statuettes dont 45 nues, 6 mi-drapées, 7 vêtues

Le type anadyomène essorant les cheveux avec les variantes est représenté sur 45 statuettes dont 40 nues et 5 mi-vêtues.

Le type de la Vénus d’Arles tenant le miroir et la pomme avec les variantes est représenté sur 28 statuettes dont 19 nues et 9 mi-vêtues

Le type se parant « Psélioumenè », mettant un collier ou un bandeau, parut sur 27 statuettes nues

Le type Cnidien cachant d’une main le sexe avec des variantes parut sur 22 statuettes nues

Le type accroupi parut sur 1 statuette nue

Le type menançant avec la sandale et ses variantes est rapporté sur 16 statuettes nues

Le type déliant la sandale est représenté sur 11 statuettes nues

Le type mettant le ceste parut sur 3 aphrodites nues

Pour les représentations de Tychès/Fortuna, la déesse des villes syriennes, elle s’associait à la grande déesse Astarté dans la maîtrise des villes et de ses habitants, dans la maîtrise de la destinée humaine, devient la parèdre du dieu-père et du dieu fils dans certaines cités; la déesse gréco-syrienne aux traits orientaux paraît sur les nos 25, 27 et 26 comme étant la déesse des villes portuaires de Tyr et de Césarée et sous les traits de la Vénus Héliopolitaine.

Concernant, Eros, il était le dieu-fils préféré de la déesse, figuré sous son aspect enfantin accompagnant la grande déesse sur plusieurs dizaines de représentations dont les nos 59, 68,69, 70,71,72, 73, 86, 91. Il figurait seul dans plusieurs attitudes libres, sans prototype défini selon le plaisir de l’artisan comme le montrent les nos 23, 27, 37,39 .

Zeus/Jupiter, en reprenant en Syrie le contrôle du monde cosmique, astral et humain sous les Séleucides et les empereurs romains, s’identifia sans peine aux grands dieux suprêmes et cosmiques, les Baals syro-phéniciens Hadad, Baalshamim ou Bêl, pour devenir Jupiter Héliopolitain, le dieu astral et cosmique qui, en reprenant son aspect archaïque ancestral, conquit le monde gréco-romain. Le dieu-père syro-phénicien fut à certain moment dépassé par la déesse astrale, qui régnait seule sur tout le monde humain sauf que son rôle avait pris un nouvel essor à l’époque romaine devenant le maître suprême du monde cosmique et humain, le grand régulateur du monde comme le fut Zeus/Jupiter héliopolitain. Les figurations de Jupiter Héliopolitain sont syriennes à cent pour cent, sans aucune influence grecque comme le montrent les nos 6 ,7, 8, 9 10, 11, 12 et 13

Apollon dieu archer et dieu oraculaire, associé aux dieux guerriers syro-phéniciens locaux de Chypre Nergal et Reshef dès la colonisation de l’île par les Phéniciens au IX-VIIIe siècle av.J.C. devient sous l’empire romain, le dieu du soleil, vénéré en Syrie, devenant ainsi l’hypostase des grands Baals syro-phéniciens Baalshamim et Hadad et figurait sous un aspect engainé auprès des dieux Hiérapolitains et Hélopolitains. Les figurines le représentant étaient travaillées selon le concept et le style grec comme le montre la figurine d’Isriyé, portant le no 1

Héraclès, dont les diverses légendes et mythes le rapprochaient de Melqart de Tyr, le dieu-fils et le parèdre d’Astarté, fut honoré en Syrie pour sa force physique et son héroïsme incarnant le dieu mourant et renaissant, le dieu qui procurait la victoire et le salut contre la mort ;il figurait sur les statuettes selon les types iconographiques classiques sans aucune influence syrienne sauf pour le no 1 qui rappelle les figurations des dieux sémitiques, brandissant de la main droite la massue levée près de la tête.

Dionysos figuraient sous les traits grecs, selon les types classiques déjà connus, ces représentations étaient peu nombreuses bien qu’il était un des grands dieux de l’histoire des religions .

Les représentations d’Adonis n’étant pas liées à un type iconographique connu du dieu, il me semble que le type fut élaboré à Sidon selon des critères syriens comme la présence d’un phallus sur la base qui rappelle son rôle de dieu de la fertilité et de la semence, la chevelure frisée et le visage rond de la figurine no 1 rappelant son origine orientale, le modèle du manteau porté en biais sur le torse ne se trouvant sur aucun des documents iconographiques connus.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
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29

Benson, Derrick. „Josephus' reasons for the Jewish War“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52313.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis I will examine and discuss the reasons given for the Jewish War of AD 66 - 70. Reasons put forward by modern scholars specializing in the study of the works of Flavius Josephus are examined and discussed. However, the bulk of my study centres on the reasons that Flavius Josephus supplies for the war as found in his major work Bellum Judaicum. One is lead to the conclusion that he firmly believes that reasons on the human and transcendent planes contributed to the catastrophic events that lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. The worldview of this Jewish priest, general and accomplished historiographer was strongly influenced by the religious tenets of the Torah and the past history of the Jewish nation. He cannot countenance the wicked and evil deeds committed shamefacedly by his people against the clear standards that God had given to the nation, and believes that retribution by God will follow. He cannot forget occasions on the past when God intervened in the affairs of his nation by using a pagan world power to accomplish the purposes of God. He sees a similar recurrence of the events that lead to the destruction of the Jerusalem and the Temple in 587/6 BC being manifested in the Jewish War of AD 66 - 70.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die redes wat vir die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70 aangebied word, ondersoek en bespreek. Veral die redes wat moderne geleerdes wat in die bestudering van Flavius Josephus se werk spesialiseer, word nagespeur en bespreek. Die grootste deel van die studie fokus egter op die redes wat Flavius Josephus self vir die gebeurtenis voorhou, soos wat hy dit in sy belangrike werk, Bellum Judaicum, uiteensit. 'n Mens kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat hy met groot oortuiging glo dat die redes wat tot die katastrofiese gebeure rondom die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die Tempel 'n bydrae gelewer het, op die vlak van sowel die menslike as bomenslike te vinde is. Die wêreldbeskouing van hierdie bedrewe geskiedskrywer en Joodse priester is deur beide die Torah se godsdienstige voorskrifte en volksgeskiedenis sterk beïnvloed. Hy kan nie sy steun aan die blatante en bose dade van sy volksgenote teen die duidelike standaarde wat God gegee het, toesê nie. Volgens hom moes God se vergelding volg. Hy kan ook nie vergeet hoe God in sy volk se verlede ingegryp het deur om goddelose wêreldmagte aan te wend om sy Goddelike doelwitte te bereik nie. Hy gewaar 'n soortgelyke herhaling van gebeurtenisse wat tot die vernietiging van Jerusalem en die tempel in 587/6 vC gelei het, in die aanloop tot die Joodse Oorlog van AD 66-70.
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Molyneaux, M. E. „The impact of a change in political constitution on early Palestinian Judaism during the period 175-161 B.C.E“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53121.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study looks at a watershed period in the history of Judaism. In 175 B.C.E. a group of Jews sought to break Judaea out of the isolation in which it had stood since the Persian period. They wished to develop closer ties with their neighbours in Coele-Syria and Phoenicia and the Greek world in general. Since the Persian period the people of Judaea had been governed by high priests according to the 'ancestral laws' i.e. the Torah and its interpretation by Ezra. This 'ancestral law' had been confirmed as binding on all Jews by Antiochus III in his decree of 198 B.C.E. In order to move beyond the restrictions placed on contact between Jews and other peoples, it would be necessary to have the political status of Judaea changed. A change of political status could only be brought about by the king or one of his successors. In 175 B.C.E. a group of Jews requested Antiochus IV to permit them to transform Judaea from an ethnos into a polis. He agreed and the transformation was begun. It is these events of 175 B.C.E. that form the base of this study. The writer uses the model of Cultural Anthropology to form a framework in which these and subsequent events can be analysed. In this way we can get a better understanding of how events progressed. How a political reform ended in a religious suppression and persecution and finally a successful revolt against the Seleucid kingdom. The Torah and its interpretation stood at the center of Jewish life. Each group interpreted the law in their own way and understood events in relation to this interpretation. Therefore no analysis of this period can be undertaken without taking the law and its various interpretations into account. The law is the thread that holds all facets of this work together.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie handeloor 'n tydperk van waterskeiding in die geskiedenis van die Judaïsme. In 175 ve. wou 'n groep Jode in Palestina wegbreek uit die isolasie waarin hulle hulleself bevind het sedert die oorname deur die Persiese ryk. Hulle wou graag nouer bande met hulle buurstate en die Griekse wêreld aanknoop. Sedert die Persiese tydperk is die mense van Juda deur hëepriesters regeer, volgens die 'voorvaderlike wette', dws die Torah en sy vertolking volgens Esra. Alle Jode was gebind deur hierdie 'voorvaderlike wette' deur Antiogus III se dekreet van 198 ve. Indien die mense die beperkings teen kontak met ander volke sou wou ophef, sou dit nodig wees om die politieke status van Juda te verander. Net die koning of een van sy opvolgers kon die politieke status van Juda verander. In 175 ve. word Antiogus IV deur 'n groep Jode gevra om verlof om Jerusalem in 'n Griekse polis te omskep. Hy het ingestem en die omskepping het begin. Hierdie gebeurtenisse van 175 ve. vorm die basis van hierdie studie. Die skrywer gebruik die kutuur-antropologiese teoretiese model as raamwerk vir die ontleding van hierdie en opvolgende gebeurtenisse. Hierdie model stelons in staat om die ontwikkelinge in Juda beter te verstaan en meer spesifiek 'n antwoord op die volgende vraag te kry: "Hoekom het politieke hervorming tot godsdienstige verdrukking en vervolging aanleiding gegee en in die finale instansie tot 'n suksesvolle opstand teen die Seleukied koninkryk gelei?" Die Torah en sy vertolking het die sentrum van die Joodse lewe gevorm. Elke groep in Juda het die 'wet' op sy eie manier vertolk en ontwikkelinge in verband daarmee probeer verstaan. Daarom is dit nie moontlik om hierdie tydperk te bestudeer sonder 'n erkenning van die waarde van die 'wet' en sy verskillende vertolkings nie. Die 'wet' is die goue draad wat hierdie studie byeen hou.
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31

Wax, Kevin P. „Political ideology : perspectives from the Bible“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53004.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Modern society is plagued by an intense conflict of political ideologies. These conflicts in many instances reflect very serious religious overtones. Each person or group claims the right to react to socio-political issues on the basis of their own worldviews that are shaped by their cultural backgrounds, religious belief systems and political ideals. Human diversity serve to complicate matters even more and has in many instances found expression in political and religious intolerance, a fact testified to by the large-scale abuse of human rights that took place with increased intensity in the 20th century. Many Christians have failed to challenge the injustices that have resulted from these political ideologies and have instead opted to become 'apolitical' or simply hiding behind the argument that politics and religion does not mix. The author through a careful study of biblical political structures in the ancient Near East attempts to demonstrate the extent to which political ideologies of communities were influenced by the cultural milieu within which they existed. The feelings of ambivalence we experience in our faith are a direct result of these influences. An understanding of political ideology from a biblical perspective is essential to understand current world conflicts especially those that relate to the Middle East region. The author also argues for a reconciliation of politics and religion in the collective psyche of Christians. This would enhance a sense of sociopolitical responsibility in terms of the biblical mandate. The responsibility of government structures in terms of this mandate is also important and needs to be emphasised. The primary responsibility of any government is the welfare of its citizens and the management of public resources in an orderly, moral and efficient manner. A large percentage of government officials find it extremely difficult to face up to the challenge. The perspectives presented not only gives one insight into the historical development of biblical political worldviews. but presents us with challenges to pursue opportunities for peace and justice that would recognise and advance human dignity, human equality and human responsibility.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moderne samelewing is oorweldig deur konflikte van politieke ideologies. Hierdie konflikte is in baie gevalle 'n weerspieëling van baie ernstige godsdienstige motiewe. Elke persoon of groep behou hom die reg voor om te reageer op socio-politiese aangeleenthede op grond van 'n eie wêreldsiening wat geskep word deur kulturele agtergronde, godsdienstige geloofsstelsels en politieke ideale. Menslike verskeidenheid maak hierdie aangeleenthede meer ingewikkeld en het in baie gevalle gelei na politieke en godsdienstige onverdraagsaamheid. Dit het verder aanleiding gegee tot die grootskaalse menseregte skendings wat plaasgevind het met groter intensiteit gedurende die 20ste eeu. Vele Christene het nie daarin geslaag om die uitdagings van ongeregtighede, wat voortspruit uit hierdie politieke ideologieë, die hoof te bied nie en het verkies om of hulself as 'apolities' te verklaar of om te argumenteer dat politiek en die godsdiens nie bymekaar hoort nie. Die skrywer, deur 'n indringende studie van bybelse politieke strukture van die ou Nabye Ooste te onderneem, poog om te demonstreer dat politiek ideologies gekleur was deur die kulturele samestelling van die gemeenskap. Gevoelens van ambivalensie wat ons ervaar in ons geloof is regstreeks as gevolg van hierdie omstandighede. Politieke ideologie vanuit 'n bybelse perspektief gee vir ons die geleentheid om huidige wêreldkonflikte beter te verstaan veral dit wat betrekking het op die Midde Ooste streek. Die skrywer stel ook voor die versoening van politiek en die godsdiens in die kollektiewe psige van Christene. As gevolg hiervan word die socio-politiese verantwoordelikheid van die Christen verhef in lyn met die bybelse mandaat. Die verantwoordelikheid van regerings strukture in terme van hierdie mandaat is ook belangrik en behoort beklemtoon word. Die primêre doel van enige regering is die welvaart van sy burgers sowel as die bestuur van sy openbare hulpbronne op 'n ordelike, sedelike en doeltreffende manier. 'n Groot aantal regeringsbeamptes vind dit moeilik om hierdie uitdaging die hoof te bied. Hierdie perspektiewe, wat hier aangebied word, gee nie net vir ons insig tot die historiese ontwikkeling van bybelse politieke wêreldsieninge nie, maar daag ons uit om geleenthede vir vrede en geregtigheid wat menslike waardigheid, menslike gelykheid en menslike verantwoordelikheid erken, na te jag.
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32

Reusch, Kathryn. „"That which was missing" : the archaeology of castration“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b8118fe7-67cb-4610-9823-b0242dfe900a.

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Castration has a long temporal and geographical span. Its origins are unclear, but likely lie in the Ancient Near East around the time of the Secondary Products Revolution and the increase in social complexity of proto-urban societies. Due to the unique social and gender roles created by castrates’ ambiguous sexual state, human castrates were used heavily in strongly hierarchical social structures such as imperial and religious institutions, and were often close to the ruler of an imperial society. This privileged position, though often occupied by slaves, gave castrates enormous power to affect governmental decisions. This often aroused the jealousy and hatred of intact elite males, who were not afforded as open access to the ruler and virulently condemned castrates in historical documents. These attitudes were passed down to the scholars and doctors who began to study castration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, affecting the manner in which castration was studied. Osteometric and anthropometric examinations of castrates were carried out during this period, but the two World Wars and a shift in focus meant that castrate bodies were not studied for nearly eighty years. Recent interest in gender and sexuality in the past has revived interest in castration as a topic, but few studies of castrate remains have occurred. As large numbers of castrates are referenced in historical documents, the lack of castrate skeletons may be due to a lack of recognition of the physical effects of castration on the skeleton. The synthesis and generation of methods for more accurate identification of castrate skeletons was undertaken and the results are presented here to improve the ability to identify castrate skeletons within the archaeological record.
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33

Bonfiglio, Emilio. „John Chrysostom's discourses on his first exile : Prolegomena to a Critical Edition of the Sermo antequam iret in exsilium and of the Sermo cum iret in exsilium“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:df828fcd-dc2a-47b9-8bb1-c957c9199fb1.

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The Sermo antequam iret in exilium and the Sermo cum iret in exsilium are two homilies allegedly pronounced by John Chrysostom in Constantinople at the end of summer 403, some time between the verdict of the Synod of the Oak and the day he left the city for his first exile. The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate that a new critical edition of these texts is needed before any study of their literary and historical value can be conducted. Chapter one sketches the historical background to which the text of the homilies refers and a concise survey about previous scholarship on the homilies on the first exile, from the time of Montfaucon’s edition until our days. The problem of the authenticity occupies the last part of the chapter. Chapter two investigates the history of the texts and takes into account both the direct and indirect traditions. It discusses the existence of double recensions hitherto unknown and provides the prefatory material for the new critical edition of recensio α of Sermo antequam iret in exilium and of the Sermo cum iret in exsilium. Chapter three comprises the Greek editions of the two homilies, as well as a provisional edition of the Latin version of the Sermo antequam iret in exilium. Chapter four is divided into two parts, each presenting a philological commentary on the text of the new editions. Systematic analysis of all the most important variant readings is offered. The final chapter summarizes the new findings and assesses the validity of previous criteria used for discerning the authenticity of the homilies on the exile.
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34

Pretorius, Johan. „Weapons, warfare and skeleton injuries during the Iron Age in the Ancient Near East“. Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27556.

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Due to the nature of war, persons are killed with various types of weapons. Throughout the history of humanity, weapons were used in this regard and these weapons left injuries on the victims that are distinguishable. The type of force conveyed by the ancient weapons effected injuries that enable modern-day bioarchaeologists to extrapolate which weapons caused which injuries. The Assyrians depicted their wars and battles on reliefs. An analysis of these depictions, with an extrapolation of the lesions expected in skeletal remains, could contribute to better understanding of the strategies of war in ancient times. This dissertation will discuss how the evaluation of human remains in comparison to Assyrian reliefs may contribute to the chronological knowledge of war and warfare in the Iron Age Ancient Near East – especially at Lachish. A discourse of the approaches available to researchers regarding access to data in the forensic bioarchaeological field will be presented.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)
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35

Palmer, Martin J. 1953. „Expressions of sacred space: temple architecture in the Ancient Near East“. Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/7875.

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The objective of this thesis is to identify, isolate, and expound the concepts of sacred space and its ancillary doctrines and to show how they were expressed in ancient temple architecture and ritual. The fundamental concept of sacred space defined the nature of the holiness that pervaded the temple. The idea of sacred space included the ancient view of the temple as a mountain. Other subsets of the basic notion of sacred space include the role of the creation story in temple ritual, its status as an image of a heavenly temple and its location on the axis mundi, the temple as the site of the hieros gamos, the substantial role of the temple regarding kingship and coronation rites, the temple as a symbol of the Tree of Life, and the role played by water as a symbol of physical and spiritual blessings streaming forth from the temple. Temple ritual, architecture, and construction techniques expressed these concepts in various ways. These expressions, identified in the literary and archaeological records, were surprisingly consistent throughout the ancient Near East across large expanses of space and time. Under the general heading of Techniques of Construction and Decoration, this thesis examines the concept of the primordial mound and its application in temple architecture, the practice of foundation deposits, the purposes and functions of enclosure walls, principles of orientation, alignment, and measurement, and interior decorations. Under the rubric of General Temple Arrangement are explored the issues of the tripartite and other temple floor plans, the curious institution of the ziggurat, the meaning of temple pillars, the presence of sacred groves and the idea of the Tree of Life, and temple/palace symbiosis. The category Arrangement of Cultic Areas and Ritual Paraphernalia deals with areas such as elevated statues of the deity in the innermost sanctuary, sources of water for ablutions, the temple as a site for a cult of the dead, and altars and animal sacrifice. The concept of sacred space and its ancillary ideologies provided underlying justification and support for all the peculiar distinctions that characterised temple architecture in the ancient Near East.
Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)
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36

Gregg, Michael William. „Organic Residue Analysis and the Earliest Uses of Pottery in the Ancient Middle East“. Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/19039.

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In this dissertation, I discuss the role of organic residue analysis in identifying economic activities and subsistence practices associated with the first uses of pottery in the Middle East, and present the results of my analyses of 280 potsherds recovered from 22 Neolithic and early Chalcolithic settlements dating between 7300 and 4300 cal BC. The adoption of pottery vessels in the early agricultural villages and pastoral encampments of the Middle East was not a uniform phenomenon, with this new technology not immediately of benefit, apparently, to all human groups. Results of my analyses have demonstrated that ‘conventional’ solvent extraction and alkaline hydrolysis techniques have limited utility in the recovery of diagnostic organic compounds from pottery from early ceramic horizons in the Middle East (Gregg et al. 2007), and that increased yields can be achieved through the use of a microwave-assisted liquid chromatography protocol (Gregg et al. 2009; Gregg and Slater in press). My research has established that there is greater diversity in the fractionation of stable carbon isotopes associated with the synthesis of fatty acids in domesticated animals than has previously been reported. In many instances, the ranges of modern isotopic values that have been used to categorize animal fats in archaeological potsherds in northern Europe cannot distinguish between the ∂13C ratios of ancient dairy residues and carcass fats of ruminant and non-ruminant species in central Europe or the Middle East (Gregg et al. 2009; Gregg and Slater in press). In light of these results, I evaluate the diagnostic potential and limitations of different methodological approaches in the recovery and characterization of organic residues, and propose a series of measures that will allow more confident categorization of the substances in early pottery vessels from the Middle East. I also make a number of recommendations for archaeologists considering the use of organic residue analysis, and suggest some practical ideas on how to develop the degree of confidence necessary to assess the methods used in acquisition of molecular and isotopic data, and ultimately, to evaluate the adequacy of the analytical criteria used to address specific archaeological research questions.
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37

Golding, Wendy Rebecca Jennifer. „Perceptions of the serpent in the Ancient Near East : its Bronze Age role in apotropaic magic, healing and protection“. Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13353.

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In this dissertation I examine the role played by the ancient Near Eastern serpent in apotropaic and prophylactic magic. Within this realm the serpent appears in roles in healing and protection where magic is often employed. The possibility of positive and negative roles is investigated. The study is confined to the Bronze Age in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Syria-Palestine. The serpents, serpent deities and deities with ophidian aspects and associations are described. By examining these serpents and deities and their roles it is possible to incorporate a comparative element into his study on an intra- and inter-regional basis. In order to accumulate information for this study I have utilised textual and pictorial evidence, as well as artefacts (such as jewellery, pottery and other amulets) bearing serpent motifs.
Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)
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38

Poltoratskaia, Tatiana. „Russia’s role in the Middle East : Russian weapons sales to the Syrian Arab Republic, 1950-2010“. Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2508.

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In this paper I look at the evolving role of Russia in the Middle East, analyzing transfers of Russian military equipment to its main ally in the region, the Syrian Arab Republic. By using Syria as a case study, I provide insight as to the evolution of Russia’s Middle Eastern policy, examine the motivations that play a role in Moscow’s decision-making process and the discuss the changes that have taken place in the Middle East military landscape. My research illustrates that Russia is a prestige seeking state that is motivated my domestic issues. Furthermore, sixty years of arms transfers indicate that Russia has never sold game-changing weapons to Syria as this would be counterproductive to Moscow’s main goal in the region: the brokering of a new Middle East peace deal.
text
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39

Van, Dijk Evert. „Socio-economic relations between the Ancient Near East and East Africa during the Old Testament era“. Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1536.

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This dissertation deals with a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to the socio-economic relations between the Ancient Near East and East Africa during the Old Testament period. In my opinion this multidisciplinary approach by using inter alia Biblical Archaeology, History and Economics has the potential to offer various comprehensive opportunities for the analysis and discussion of such socio-economic relationships. For example, the relationship between the United Monarchy of Israel and Phoenicia involves the geopolitical, economic and other situations. In the last chapter attempts are made to integrate all the relevant dimensions in a wellfounded conclusion.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)
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40

Conradie, Dirk Philippus. „Unknown provenance : the forgery, illicit trade and looting of ancient near eastern artifacts and antiquities“. Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21707.

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The archaeology of the region, referred to in scholarly lexicon as the Ancient Near East, is richly endowed with artefacts and monumental architecture of ancient cultures. Such artefacts, as a non-renewable resource are, therefore considered to be a scarce commodity. So also is the context and the provenance of these objects. Once an object’s provenance has been disturbed, it is of no further significant use for academic research, except for aesthetic value. Historically, as well as in the present, we see that humans have exploited this resource for various reasons, with very little regard given to provenance. The impact of forgery, illicit trade and looting are the greatest threat to the value of provenance. Contrary to some arguments, collectors, curators, buyers, looters and certain scholars play a significant role in its destruction. This research reveals to what extent unknown provenance has become a disturbing problem in the study of archaeological artefacts.
Biblical and Ancient Studies
M.Th. (Biblical Archaeology)
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41

Van, Dijk Renate Marian. „The motif of a bull in the ancient near East : an iconographic study“. Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/5088.

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The bull was a potent symbol of power, strength, and, to a lesser degree, fertility to the peoples of the ancient Near East from the twelfth century until 330 BCE. This symbolism was manifested in several iconographic motifs. These motifs reveal the bull as a manifestation of divine characteristics and as an expression of the power of man, and particularly the authority of the king. The use of these iconographic motifs was not consistent across the entire area of the ancient Near East; some differed in appearance and use in the different areas of the region, and many changed over time even in the same area. In all areas and during all periods the basic core symbolism stayed the same, and the bull was always held in a special respect.
Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)
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42

Adair, Jennette. „Certain aspects of the Goddess in the Ancient Near East, 10,000-330 BCE“. Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2227.

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In the historical tapestry of the development of the Goddess, from 10,000 - 330 BCE one golden thread shines through. Despite the vicissitudes of differing status, she remained essentially the same, namely divine. She was continuously sought in the many mysteries, mystic ideologies and through the manifestations that she inspired. In all the countries of the Ancient Near East, the mother goddess was the life giving creatrix and regenerator of the world and the essence of the generating force that seeds new life. While her name may have altered in the various areas, along with that of her consort/lover/child, the myths and rituals which formed a major force in forming the ancient cultures would become manifest in a consciousness and a spiritual awareness.
Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
M.A. (Language and Culture)
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43

Fischer, Abilenia Rodrigues Simões. „The experience of landlessness in the ancient near east as expressed in the book of lamentation“. Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2636.

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The dissertation examines the experience of the landless in the ancient Near East as expressed in the book of Lamentations. Land theology has focused on land loss but not on the people who lost it. Similarly, the interpretation of Lamentations has focused on human suffering or on God’s absence not on land loss neither on the landless. This study investigates the phenomenon of landlessness in the Near Eastern world (over the span of 6th and 7th centuries BCE) and how people reacted to such experiences. They lamented over the destruction of shrines, homes, towns and land. Land loss is a prominent feature in city laments. Lamentations relied on these kinds of lament to express the Judeans’ land loss experience. The Zion theology which had granted an unconditional blessing of protection and stability to Jerusalem and to its people, completely failed on the Babylonian invasion in 587 BCE. The ‘landless genesis’ of the nation from the period of the ancestors (Cain and Jacob) remains in the memory of Daughter of Zion and of the deported man as they lament over the loss of Jerusalem.
Theology
M. Th. (Old Testament)
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44

Croucher, Karina T. „Keeping the dead close: grief and bereavement in the treatment of skulls from the Neolithic Middle East“. 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17077.

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Yes
Theories of Continuing Bonds, and more recently, the Dual Process of Grieving, have provided new ways of understanding the bereavement process, and have influenced current practice for counsellors, end-oflife care practitioners and other professionals. This paper uses these theories in a new way, exploring their relevance to archaeological interpretation, with particular reference to the phenomenon of the plastering of skulls of the deceased in the Neolithic of Southwest Asia (the Middle East/Near East), suggesting that traditional archaeological interpretations, which focus on concepts of status and social organisation, may be missing a more basic reaction to grief and a desire to keep the dead close for longer.
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45

Schneider, Catharina Elizabeth Johanna. „The warrior ethos within the context of the Ancient Near East : an archaeological and historical comparison between the world-views of warriors of the Fertile Crescent“. Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2778.

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Thesis (D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies))
The Fertile Crescent, due to its geographical characteristics, has always been an area troubled with conflict and warfare. The men who participated in these wars, from ca 2000 BCE to 1000 BCE operated from an ethos which was governed by a system of rules, all which were conceived to be the creation of divine will, to which kings and their warriors (keymen) were subject. The cuneiform texts from Mari, Ugarit, Ebla, Amarna and others, have not only thrown light on the political, social, religious and military aspects of those turbulent times, but have also given insight into the formation of armies as well as the commanders who led those armies and the royal officials who governed cities and provinces, all appointed by the monarch in order to effect the smooth running of his kingdom. They also shed light on the formation of coalitions and alliances in order to promote peace, arrange marriages to the daughters of other ruling powers and to promote trade relations. These were no easy tasks, considering the diversity of peoples, the birth and fall of kingdoms and empires, and the ever shifting and changes of loyalties of greedy kings and their men, to attain power and conquest for themselves.. However, these texts also give glimpses of the human side of the king and the close relationships between himself and his men of authority, whilst the women of the court also played their role in some areas of the social field. The responses, of these people towards matters and events, whether they were confrontations, marriage alliances, trade ventures or hunting expeditions, occurred within an ever changing world yet, it was also a world with an ethos of ancient traditions, which did not disappear but instead remained, albeit in adapted or altered form, to be a part of their contextual reality.
Biblical Studies
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46

Ritchie, Nick, und Paul F. Rogers. „The Political Road to War with Iraq: Bush, 9/11 and the drive to overthrow Saddam“. 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3000.

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No
This volume explores in close detail the events and factors leading up to the second Gulf War in 2003 and considers whether war with Iraq was inevitable. Nick Ritchie and Paul Rogers argue that after the election of George W. Bush, conflict between Iraq and the United States was probable, and that after 9/11 it became virtually inevitable. They begin by setting the story of Iraq, Bush and 9/11 within the broader context of the importance of the Persian Gulf to enduring US national security interests and go on to examine the intense politicking that surrounded the conflict and still reverberates today. The authors examine US policy towards Iraq at the end of the Clinton administration, the opposition in Congress and Washington's conservative think tanks to Clinton's strategy of containment, and the evolution of Iraq policy during the first eight months of the Bush presidency and the growing pressure for regime change. They also explore the immediate focus on Iraq after the attacks of September 11 that marked a watershed in US national security policy and chart the construction of the case against Iraq through 2002 and the administration's determination to end Saddam Hussein's regime at all costs. The Political Road to War with Iraq will be of great interest to all students and scholars of US foreign policy, war and peace studies and international relations.
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47

Grobler, Estelle Cornelia. „Ikonografiese studie van Ou Nabye-Oosterse ivoor gedurende die Ystertydperk, 1200 v.C. - 538 v. C“. Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18931.

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Die Bybel is die boek wat die meeste gelees word en tog is dit moeilik om die leefwêreld van daardie era te verstaan. My doel is om ’n nuwe blik te gee op ’n paar Ou-Testamentiese simbole. Die ontdekking van ivoorobjekte in die middel negentiende eeu in Nimrud se paleise het tot groot opwinding gelei, aangesien dit met die literatuur ooreenstem. Die ivoorstukke het ’n “verhaal” kom vertel. Deur die streke se kuns te bestudeer kan ons ’n prentjie vorm van die kuns wat in die Ystertydperk in Mesopotamië en Palestina se paleise en welaf huise voorgekom het. Die ikonografie word ontrafel deur ’n paar ivoorstukke te “lees.” Ikonografie is die beskrywing en verklaring van beelde wat op bepaalde onderwerpe betrekking het. Sekere beelde kom herhaaldelik voor in Mesopotamië. In dié studie word hoofsaaklik die Gevleuelde Wesens, die Boom van Lewe, die Gevleuelde Sonskyf asook Rosette beskryf.
The Bible is widely read but it is difficult to understand the world and culture of the era that it is set in. It is my aim to provide new insight into a few Old Testament verses with their symbolic meaning. When ivory was discovered at Nimrud the discovery elicited huge excitement. The ivory pieces came to tell a story. Through studying the art of the different cultures a picture begins to appear of the palaces and homes of the wealthy in the Levant. The iconography could be “read.” Iconography is the science of interpreting the message the art wants to convey to the viewer. A few images are repeatedly showing up in the Levant during the Iron Age. In this study I am focusing mainly on The Tree of Life, the Winged Disc, the Rosette and Winged Spiritual Beings. I am attempting to discern the meaning behind these images.
Biblical & Ancient Studies
M.A. (Ou Nabye-Oosterse Studies)
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48

Depew, Patricia Ruth. „The archaeological sources which elucidate the history of the northern kingdom and neighboring lands: from Omri (876 BCE) to the exile (721 BCE)“. Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2065.

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This dissertation provides a survey of the available archaeological sources that have been discovered that help illuminate the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel from King Omri (876 BCE) into the Assyrian Exile (721 BCE) of the Iron II a and b periods. This history is given in the Hebrew Scriptures as found in 1 Kings 16:16 to 2 Kings 17:6. To accomplish this research, several resources have been organized in a systematic approach. The artifacts and physical remains are examined in categories including: pottery, town planning, architecture, literacy and inscriptions, temples, gods, cult objects, metallurgy, weapons and warfare, weights and measures, farming, food preparation, music, jewelry, art, and burial. Photographs of several artifacts are included. With the background developed on the material culture, the next topic of importance to be considered is the archaeological sites and their relationship to this historic period. The relevant archaeological excavations and in-situ artifacts surveyed were found in areas of the former cultures including: Israel, Judah, Sinai, Edom, Moab, Amman, Lebanon, Syria, Aram, Assyria, Babylon and Persia. A vast number of these sited reveal information regarding the time period from King Omri, his son King Ahab and Ahab's wife, Queen Jezebel. There was interaction between Israel and Judah, and the kingdoms in Moab, Ammon, Lebanon, Aram, and Assyria. Eventually in 721 BCE many people were taken from the Israel into Exile and captivity by the Assyrians. The conclusion of this dissertation ties together the findings of the material sources with the historic events. The material sources have given considerable light on the history of the Northern kingdom as was given in the Hebrew Scriptures as is presented in this final section of the dissertation.
Religious Studies and Arabic
D.Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies)
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49

Hulvejová, Jana. „Analýza vyjednávání : jaderná jednání s Íránem“. Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-334424.

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This thesis deals with the topic of the conflict between the US and Iran over Iranian nuclear program and the possibility of resolving it by negotiating a mutually acceptable comprehensive agreement. The aim of this thesis is to analyze whether a zone of possible agreement between the US and Iran on the nuclear issue exists; and if it does, what range of possible agreements falls within it. In order to determine whether a ZOPA exists, the thesis utilizes the negotiation analytic approach, which establishes the elements of the analysis - the parties' underlying interests, their alternatives to a negotiated agreement, barriers to agreement and deal design. By putting the setup elements into a graphical framework representing the negotiation, the analysis finds that a zone of possible agreement between the US and Iran over Iran's nuclear program exists and therefore, a comprehensive deal is possible. However, the existence of major potential barriers to agreement, such as powerful domestic opponents to an agreement on both sides, complicates the negotiating process. The findings of the analysis indicate that to overcome these barriers and reach a mutually acceptable deal, both sides have to retreat from their fixation on maximalist bargaining positions and instead focus on their core underlying...
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50

Marinho, Joana Almeida. „A administração George W. Bush e a promoção da democracia no Médio Oriente“. Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/15441.

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Após os atentados terroristas em Setembro de 2001, a administração de G.W. Bush delineou um ambicioso projecto para a política externa. A agenda implicava a formulação de uma nova estratégia de segurança nacional e alguns princípios que ficariam conhecidos como Doutrina Bush. Esta doutrina incluía a democratização do Médio Oriente através da mudança de regime, o princípio da guerra preventiva, a preferência pelo poder unilateral e coligações flutuantes e a preponderância do poder militar. Nesta dissertação propomos compreender quais as razões que ditaram que a administração G.W. Bush alterasse uma agenda externa, que antes dos atentados privilegiava o pragmatismo e a modéstia, para uma que defendia um papel interventivo para os Estados Unidos no palco mundial como promotor dos valores democráticos e liberais. Tomaremos como referências os dois governos de G.W. Bush – 2001-2008 – e analisaremos em detalhe as posições do Presidente e dos “Vulcanos”, atentando às correntes doutrinais em política externa e à sua influência na formulação da Doutrina Bush. Tentaremos provar o impacto dos atentados terroristas, do neoconservadorismo e do nacionalismo americano, bem como do excepcionalismo americano no papel atribuído aos Estados Unidos de instrumento de mudança liberal no mundo.
After the terrorist attacks took place in September 2001, George W. Bush administration came along with an assertive foreign policy project. This new agenda entailed the sketching of a new national security strategy and a number of principles which together were later known as “The Bush Doctrine”. It included the democratization of the Middle East through regime change, the principle of preventive war, the preference for the unilateral power and the “coalitions of the willing” and the use of the military power as the first option. Throughout this thesis we endeavour to understand the motives which made possible the leap from a foreign policy which was based on practicability and modesty to a post-9/11 foreign policy agenda in which the promotion of democracy in the Great Middle East is the touch stone. Our reference will be the two terms of G.W. Bush administration – 2001-08 – and we will analyze both the President and the Vulcans’ positions and ideas. In order to accomplish that goal we will take into account the schools in foreign policy and measure their influence on the “Bush Doctrine” conception. We will attempt to prove that the terrorist attacks, the neoconservatism, the American nationalism, as well as the concept of American exceptionalism were all heavy reasons for the role of the United States as a tool for liberal change in the world.
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