Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Waterconsumption“

Currently, the mining industry faces the problem of intensifying extraction and processing of mineral raw materials with minimal costs forthe development of mineral deposits. It should be noted that the greatest degree of technological processes mechanization in the development of deposits is achieved by means of hydromechanization. For example, in the development of placer deposits by the open pit method, the application of hydromechanization, with the appropriate parameters, ensures the necessary disintegration of clay inclusions at minimal cost. It allows solving the issues of the most complete extraction of a useful component. Increasing the effectiveness of the use of a hydromechanized method is favored by the use of bulldozers, excavators and other open pit mining machinery for loosening the rocks. With a rational design of the circulating water supply systems, hydromechanization means using the methods of limited waterconsumption. The hydraulic method for mining mineral deposits is taken to the leading place from the point of view of environmental protection. At thesame time, the greatest environmental effect is achieved under the condition of an accurate calculation of the main parameters of hydro-dumps.

The paper is based on the researches carried out in the long term trial placed on the preluvosoil from Oradea in 1976, for establishingthe soil water balance. In the irrigated variant the soil moisture was determined 10 to 10 days for maintaining the soil water reserve onirrigation depth (0 – 50 cm for wheat and bean, 0 – 75cm for maize, sunflower, soybean, sugarbeet, potato and alfalfa 1st year and 0 – 100cm for alfalfa 2nd year) between easily available water content and field capacity. Thus, an average irrigation rate of 2560 m³/ha was usedin the 9 experimental crops. The average of the annual rainfall for the 1976 – 2008 period was of 625.0 mm. The technologies used werecorrelated with the needes of the crops, such as melioration crop rotation, chemical fertilizers in accordance with the chemical export on theyield, manure (40 t/ha) was used in potato and sugarbeet. After 33 years of the irrigation use the soil structure degree (38.62%) did notdecrease when compared to the unirrigated maize – wheat crop rotation (37.01%). Bulk density, total porosity, penetration resistance andhydraulic conductivity have worse values than the ones in the unirrigated variant. The humus content is very close to the humus contentdetermined in 1976, the phosphorus and the potassium content increased very much in comparison with the initial content (117 ppm vs 22.0ppm); (180.0 ppm vs 102 ppm). The use of the adequate fertilization system and of the irrigation water with a good qaulity did not determinea decrease of the pH value of the soil. The irrigation determined the improve of the microclimate conditions, the increase of the plant waterconsumption, yield gains very significant statistically and higher protein content of the maize grains.

Abstract: The acute toxicity of ethanol extracts from Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M.King & H. Rob) leaves to white mice males has been done. Parameters toxicity observed were LD50and delayed toxic effects for 14 days of observation including changes in weight, volume of waterconsumption, and relative weight of the organs like heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and lungs. Theethanol extract of Chromolaena odorata (L) R.M King & H. Rob leaves orally at a dose of 4 g/kgBB,8 g/kgBB and 16 g/kgBB, showed that was categorized practically non-toxic (LD50> 15 g/kgBB).Delayed toxic effects are seen from the significant differences in body weight, the volume of water,relative organ weight of lung and stomach (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in therelative organ weight of the heart, liver and kidneys (P<0.05).

Water quantity and quality are important aspects of water management concerning to thepollution control as economic and environmental safety of any countries, Due to intensiveexploitation and inadequate pollution control Ukraine faces with degradation of natural waterresources. The Kharkiv region is an industrially developed region of Ukraine with highpopulation density and water resources scarcity, The disproportion in economical and waterresource potentials of the region and significant anthropogenic loadings on the water sourceslead to depletion and pollution of ones, and, as a consequence, to the water deficiency,Dwelling sector and office buildings are one of the most powerful water consumers onurbanized territories, Every day the big Ukrainian city, like Kharkiv, consumes no less than200 million of cub,m water per year and 80 % of that for households water supplying, Thepowerful water consumption leads to the degradation of water resource, especially, in the bigcities with water scarcity,The aim of the work is to find a new optimal level of water resource consumption forhouseholds and office buildings on urbanized territory to base on environmental, economicand social aspects of water use, An environmental engineering modelling, risk assessment andeconomic methods of analysis have been used for the research work,The balanced model of quality of water environment and public water demand weredeveloped by real data, The regression parameters were determined for such indicators ofwater quality as suspended solids, mineralization, ammonium, nitrites, chlorides,Using the model it is possible to analyze environmental impacts of municipal waterconsumption and find the optimal level of public water supply,Also the environmental, economic and social criteria of water saving were developed,

I denna rapport undersöks vattenförbrukningen i svenska flerbostadshus. Sveriges medvetenhet är generellt sett låg när det kommer till vattenförbrukning. Dessutom har vi en ökad problematik med vattenbrist på grund av klimatförändringar. Studien fokuserar på de tre boendeformerna; bostadsrätter, hyresrätter och studentboenden. Vattenförbrukning i dessa typer av lägenheter analyseras och även privatpersoners tankar kring sin egen förbrukning undersöks. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har flera olika metoder, såsom en litteraturstudie, digitalenkätundersökning och datainsamling kring vattenförbrukningen från de tre olika boendeformerna, använts. En analys av den insamlade data har genomförts, och till sist har även intervjuer med två relevanta företag utförts, för att få en uppfattning om ämnet ur ett företagsperspektiv. Resultaten som framkommit under projektet innefattar bland annat att det finns olika faktorer som påverkar vattenförbrukning i de olika boendeformerna, exempelvis lägenhetsstorlek, betalningssätt och medvetenhet. Det visade sig att den största drivkraften hos privatpersoner till att vilja minska sin vattenförbrukning är en kombination av att vilja uppnå låga kostnader och samtidigt ta hänsyn till miljön. Enligt enkäten som utformats under arbetets gång framkom det att endast 8 % av respondenterna hade insikt i sin vattenförbrukning. En anledning till Sveriges låga medvetenhet när det kommer till vattenförbrukning, kan vara att fyra av tio svenskar inte vet hur de betalar för sitt vatten. Utifrån vår dataanalys har det identifierats att studentlägenheter är den boendeform med lägst vattenförbrukning, samt att hyresrätterna är den boendeform med högst vattenförbrukning. Detta kan bero på att studentlägenheterna generellt sett är de lägenheter med lägst boarea. Utöver detta är oftast dessa lägenheter belägna centralt och närheten av campus. Anledningen till att hyresrätterna har högst vattenförbrukning kan bero på att betalningen för vattnet ingår i hyran och att man då är mindre medveten om sin vattenförbrukning. I fallet för bostadsrätter visade våra resultat att vattenförbrukningen för dessa oftast är högre än hos studentbostäder men lägre än hos hyresrätter. Det finns ett stort intresse när det kommer till smarta-hem funktioner kopplat till vatten. Det största fokuset för en sådan applikation bör vara ekonomin samt perspektiven om vattenbrist. Ett effektivtsätt för att kunna öka medvetenheten hos privatpersoner är genom att använda sig av gamification i en smarta-hem app.
This report examines the water consumption in Swedish apartment buildings. Sweden generally has a low level of awareness when it comes to water consumption. In addition, we have an increased problem with water shortages due to climate change. This study focuses on three forms of housing, condominiums, tenancies and student housing. The water consumption in these types of apartments is analyzed and the thoughts of individuals’ water consumption are examined. To answer the study's questions, several different methods have been used such as literature study, a digital survey and a collection of data on water consumption from the three different forms of housing. An analysis of the collected data has been carried out, and finally, to get an insight of the subject from a company's perspective, interviews were conducted with two relevant companies. The results in this study shows that there are various factors that affect water consumption in the various forms of housing, such as size of apartment, payment method and awareness. The biggest driving force for reducing the water consumption among private individuals is a combination of achieving low costs and environmental considerations. According to the survey designed during the course of work, it emerged that only 8 % of the respondents had insight into their water consumption. One reason behind Sweden's low awareness when it comes to water consumption may be that four outof ten Swedes do not know how they pay for their water.Based on our data analysis, it has been identified that student apartments are the form of housing withthe lowest water consumption, and that rental apartments are the form of housing with the highest water consumption. This may be because the student apartments are generally the apartments with the lowest living area. In addition to this, these apartments are often located centrally and close to the campus. The reason why the tenancies have the highest water consumption may be due to the fact that the payment for the water is included in the rent and that you are then less aware of your water consumption. In the case of condominiums, our results showed that the water consumption for these is often higher than in student housing but lower than in rental apartments. There is a great interest in smart-home features connected to water. The biggest focus for such an application should be the economy and how to minimize the risk of water shortages. An effective way to increase the awareness among private individuals is by using gamification in a smart-home app.