Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Water supply, 1882“
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1
Lyko, Michael. „Managing wastewater: Using membrane bioreactors for water supply“. Filtration & Separation 45 (Januar 2008): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70330-6.
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Bonnet, Johann. „Pharmaceuticals: Ensuring a supply of pyrogen-free water“. Filtration & Separation 47, Nr. 4 (Juli 2010): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(10)70164-6.
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Van der Merwe, J. C. S. „Vanwyksvlei: 'n Streekhistoriese skets“. New Contree 6 (12.07.2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v6i0.830.
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Ever since the days of the pioneers water has played an important part in the founding and development of Vanwyksvlei, situated as it is in the Carnarvon district, one of the most arid parts of the central Karroo. The water scarcity is reflected in the names given to farms by White stockfarmers and Trekboers who, during the mid-nineteenth century, settled themselves in this barren region. A case in point is the township of Vanwyksvlei, which indeed came into being as a direct result of the construction of an irrigation scheme (dam) started in 1882. When it was completed in 1884, the first land below its wall was granted to farmers for irrigation purposes; water canals were also dug. As the township developed, facilities and services such as education, communication and the enforcement of law and order followed. At first farming was hampered by periodical drought and cattle diseases, and the supply of water to the villagers for household use also caused problems. However, the steps which were taken to solve these matters, later proved successful. The management of Vanwyksvlei was consecutively entrusted to the Department of Irrigation, the Department of Lands, and a Settlement Board. A village management board was instituted in 1972 and three years later the town was granted municipal status.
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Shumkin, George. „Energy Supplied per Job in the Steel Industry of Ural in the Late 19th and in the Early 20th Centuries“. Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 21, Nr. 4 (30.12.2020): 497–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2020.21(4).497-528.
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The article contains the analysis of transformation in energy supply at factories of the steel industry in Ural from 1882 to 1911. The analysis was based on the materials of Statistical Compilations on Mining Industry of Russia regarding such indicators as: engine power per worker, fuel supply per worker and correlation between production workers and related workers. The study observes the impact of economic conditions and other factors on energy supply dynamics. Three stages in energy supply development were determined (from the 1880s to mid-1890s, second half of the 1890s and the early 20th century). The paper specifies the period of time of the main changes, which took place during the economic crises and the recession of the early 20th century. The text concluded that development of energy supply was due to the increased productivity of related workers, as well as to replacing water wheels with turbines and steam engines, while the amount of fuel supply per worker remained almost at the same level. As a result, the correlation between production workers and related workers has changed, as well as the structure of power facilities.
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Singh, Baljeet. „Action Plan for Urban Waste Water Recycling in Lucknow“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, Nr. 10 (31.10.2021): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38410.
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Abstract: Urban waste water generation per day in Lucknow city is 84 MLD and the treatment capacity of this urban waste water is 446 MLD and 445 MLD urban waste water flows in Gomti River and 339 MLD urban waste water partially treated. Some waste water is recycled by Water treatment plant which are treating 560 MLD urban waste water and remaining are polluted to ground and as well as gomti river.to achieve 100% recycling and treatment we need a action plan for it. The formation of Lucknow municipal board took place in 1882, while as the water supply demand is fulfilled by tube wells, river Gomti, Sharda Sahayak feeder canal, aquifers, and so on, the maximum source of intake is Gomti which is geographically distinguished as Cis and Trans Gomti. The Cis Gomti side is comparatively lower than the area on Trans Gomti side. Since the city is located on alluvial aquifers of Indo-Gangetic plain, where due to easy accessibility, private tube well construction activity is going on unchecked, especially in residential colonies and multi-storeyed buildings, and this is the reason why the private tube wells/borings have almost mushroomed in this capital city. This has led to heavy pumpage/continuous abstraction of groundwater resources, widespread depletion of aquifers and as a result, going down of groundwater levels drastically to almost unsustainable levels, from where it seems very difficult that the depleted conditions of ground water could ever improve (6). The water supply network depends on sources like tube wells, river Gomti and the Sharda Sahayak feeder canal. The distribution of water supply has a very vast network and it is reported to be 2884 km. The rate of water supply is assumed to be 150 LPCD and water demand is calculated accordingly, The availability of water, as reported by Jawaharlal Nehru national urban and rural mission (JNNURM) on November 2016, was 619 MLD from various sources, however, it keeps fluctuating as the city is more vulnerable to migration from other parts of state. Keywords: urban waste water, waste water recycling, reuse of waste water, sewage treatment plant
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Mikhel, Irina. „Sanitary Reforms in Hong Kong (Second Half of the 19th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century)“. ISTORIYA 13, Nr. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023975-1.
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Sanitary reforms in China began in parts of the country where European influence was strong. The British colony of Hong Kong was at the forefront of sanitary reforms, where the population naturally had to adapt to the difficult conditions of the climate, the burden of infectious diseases and constant overcrowding. By the early 1880s, the colony's growing Chinese population and disorderly housing development raised serious concerns among the European community that the presence of the Chinese posed a tangible threat to the health and well-being of Europeans in this part of East Asia. This sentiment prompted a series of sanitary reforms, catalyzed by the reports of colonial engineer Osbert Chadwick, a staunch advocate of sanitation and equal access to modern sanitary infrastructure. His reports of 1882 and 1902 set the course of sanitary reform in Hong Kong for the long term. They were also a response to the Hong Kong Chinese community's request for universal access to adequate methods of rainwater and domestic sewage disposal, as well as access to a more equitable water supply. Like all fast-growing global cities, Hong Kong's continued development was impossible without an extensive sanitation transformation program. It was advocated not only by the most far-sighted members of the colonial administration, but also by much of the colony's Chinese population.
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Егорова, Ю. А., Т. А. Стрелкова und О. И. Нестеренко. „History of the creation and development of the water supply in Samara“. Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, Nr. 9 (13.09.2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.09.01.
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Представлена история создания и развития водоснабжения в г. Самаре. Современному жителю большого города сейчас трудно понять, но на протяжении нескольких столетий Самара испытывала серьезные проблемы из-за хронической нехватки воды. В город, стоящий между двумя реками, воду ежедневно доставляли многочисленные водовозы на конных повозках в бочках и прочих емкостях. Самара была беспомощна перед регулярно вспыхивавшими в ней пожарами, от которых периодически город выгорал почти целиком. Такая ситуация продолжалась почти до конца XIX века. Попытки построить водопровод в Самаре были, но оказались неудачными. В 1881 г. в журнале «Зодчий» был объявлен конкурс на составление технического проекта устройства водоснабжения г. Самары, в июне 1883 г. на конкурс было представлено 11 проектов. После их обсуждения первую премию в 3000 руб. получил проект заведующего московскими водопроводами инженера Николая Петровича Зимина. Строительство самарского водопровода началось сразу же после подписания договора с компанией «Торговый дом братьев Бромлей и К°» на выполнение работ. И уже 1 октября 1886 г. началась подача воды на главные улицы города. Благодаря уникальным инженерным решениям Н. П. Зимина в Самаре стал действовать оборудованный по последнему слову техники первый в России противопожарный водопровод. В то время только некоторые города Европы имели это чудо техники. Сейчас история самарского водопровода насчитывает 135 лет. Для сохранения истории создания системы водоснабжения города с 13 июля 2018 г. на площадке Городской водопроводной станции действует музей истории самарского водопровода «На Дне». Современная водопроводная система городского округа Самара снабжает питьевой водой более 1,2 млн жителей. Развитие продолжается. The history of the creation and development of the water supply in Samara is presented. It is difficult for a modern resident of a large city to understand now; however, for several centuries Samara has experienced serious problems due to a persistent deficit of water. Numerous water carriers on horse-drawn carriages in barrels and other containers delivered water to the city located between two rivers. Samara was helpless before the fires that regularly flared up in it that resulted in almost entire city burning out. This situation preserved almost until the end of the 19th century. There were attempts, however unsuccessful, to build a water supply system in Samara. In 1881, the Zodchii magazine announced a competition to draw up a technical project for a water supply system for the city of Samara; in June 1883, 11 projects were submitted for the competition. After appropriate reviewing, the first prize of 3000 rubles was awarded to the project by engineer Nikolai Petrovich Zimin, the head of the Moscow water supply system. The construction of the Samara water supply system started immediately after the signing of an agreement with the company «Trading House of Brothers Bromley and Co.» for the execution of works. And already on October 1, 1886, the water supply to the main streets of the city began. Owing to the unique engineering solutions of N. P. Zimin, the first fire-fighting water supply system in Russia, equipped with a state-of-the-art-infrastructure was commissioned in Samara. At that time, only a few cities in Europe had this marvel of engineering. Now the history of the Samara water supply system goes back 135 years. To preserve the history of the creation of the municipal water supply system, «Na Dne» («At the Bottom») museum of the history of the Samara water supply system has been operating since July 13, 2018 at the premises of the municipal water treatment plant. The modern water supply system of the Samara urban district supplies drinking water to more than 1.2 million residents. Development continues.
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Khilchevskyi, V. K. „THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DNIPRO AND DESNA RIVERS IN THE WATER SUPPLY OF KYIV – TO THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE KYIV CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM (1872-2022)“. Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, Nr. 2(64) (2022): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2022.2.1.
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The article shows the role of the Dnipro and Desna rivers in the water supply of Kyiv. 2022 marks the 150th anniversary of the Kyiv centralized water supply system, which was built in 1872 with a water intake from the Dnipro. For a century and a half, technologies in water supply have changed, the role of the Dnipro as a source of water supply – the role of groundwater, and subsequently the Desna, increased. In 1939, the Dnipro water supply station was built, which is still in operation (design capacity 600 thousand m3/day). In 1961, the Desnyanska water supply station was built (1080 thousand m3/day). The design capacity of the artesian water pipeline is 420 thousand m3/day. The Dnipro River to Kiev (Upper Dnipro) and the Desna River form their waters on the territory of Polesie, which affects the chemical composition and quality of river waters. The water quality of the Dnipro River with an average annual salinity of about 290 mg/dm3 is influenced by the Pripyat River, the chemical composition of the water of which is formed in wetlands and contains a significant amount of humic substances. This leads to the fact that in certain periods during the spring flood, a tense situation arises regarding the purification of water from organic matter at the Dnipro waterworks. There is no such problem with the water of the Desna River with an average annual salinity of about 330 mg/dm3. But the threat to the Desna floodplain, which is easy to spot on the ground, is its development. Often – this is a building unforeseen by the general plan for the development of settlements. In recent years, the average daily rise in water by subdivisions of the private JSC “AK” Kyivvodokanal “is 700-720 thousand m3/day. The share of water supply sources in the city is as follows: Desna – 66%; Dnipro – 25%; artesian waters – 9%. A high specific indicator of drinking water use in Kyiv per one inhabitant was in 1991 – 588 L/day/person. In 2018, it decreased 2.6 times (225 L/day/person) compared to 1991; in 2019 – 2.6 times (223 L/day/person); in 2020 – 2.7 times. (219 L/day/person). This was facilitated by the introduction of market relations in the procedure for payment by the population for water supply and sanitation services. The centralized water supply of the city also provides for the centralized water disposal of wastewater generated in the process of water use. Built in 1965, the Bortnytska aeration station receives 100% of the city’s wastewater with the discharge of treated wastewater into the Dnipro River below Kyiv. The Dnipro together with the Desna River play an extraordinary role in the city’s water supply. The Dnipro remains the hydrographic axis of the Ukrainian capital.
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Margeta, Jure, und Katja Marasović. „The restoration of the Roman water supply system in 1880 for the water supply to Split“. Water Supply 20, Nr. 3 (13.03.2020): 1091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.038.
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Abstract The paper describes the development of the Urban Water Supply System (UWSS) for Split (Croatia) in the second half of the 19th century. The selected concept of the water supply system was entirely based on the system of Emperor Diocletian's Palace from 305 AD, which has not been in operation since the 7th century. The research is based on the analysis of historical data and the actual state of the water supply system of Split. The study provides a clearer insight into the process of choosing the optimum concept of water supply system, the operational characteristics of Diocletian's system and the restored UWSS. The sustainability of both the Roman UWSS and the 1880 system, which has a significant part of the aqueduct still in use today, have been confirmed. It is an example of a zero-carbon water supply system running entirely on renewable energy: gravity.
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Harper, B. C. S. „The 1862 gold fields water supply scheme: Victoria, Australia“. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage 163, Nr. 3 (August 2010): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ehah.2010.163.3.169.
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Mithraratne, Nalanie, und Robert Vale. „Water Supply Infrastructure & Settlement Patterns“. International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 3, Nr. 3 (2007): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v03i03/54362.
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STRELKOV, Alexander K., SvetlanaYu Yur'evna TEPLYKH, Pavel A. GORSHKALEV und Anastasiya A. TEPLYKH. „HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF SAMARA WATER PIPES“. Urban construction and architecture 8, Nr. 4 (15.12.2018): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.04.7.
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The article shows the history of the development of water supply in Samara. The main stages of the development of the Samara water pipeline, starting from 1885 (creation of the fi rst water pipeline project) to 2011 (completion of construction and commissioning of an ultraviolet water treatment plant), are presented. The historical background of the creation of the Samara water pipeline project and the construction of the water supply system is given. It is told about the need for continuous expansion and improvement of the water supply system, as a result of which city water treatment plants, pumping and fi ltering stations, pumping stations of the second and third lifting, as well as new water lines were built. It is concluded that the construction of the Samara water pipeline is due to the rapidly growing number of residents and the developing industry in the city.
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Noyan Dinçkal. „Reluctant Modernization: The Cultural Dynamics of Water Supply in Istanbul, 1885–1950“. Technology and Culture 49, Nr. 3 (2008): 675–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.0.0079.
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Venkata Ramana, G., und V. S. S. Sudheer Chekka. „Validation and Examination of Existing Water Distribution Network for Continuous Supply of Water Using EPANET“. Water Resources Management 32, Nr. 6 (23.02.2018): 1993–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1889-x.
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Borges, Fernanda de Freitas, Luiz Augusto do Amaral und Marta Verardino De Stéfani. „Characterization of effluents from bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus, Shaw, 1802) grow-out ponds“. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 24, Nr. 2 (25.09.2012): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2012005000035.
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AIM: Current analysis characterizes the effluent from bullfrog-rearing ponds during the grow-out phase; METHODS: Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, turbidity, total phosphorus, N-NH3, N-NO3, BOD5 and COD and the number of thermotolerant coliforms (Escherichia coli) of the inlet and outlet water of the ponds were analyzed twice a week. Assay consisted of a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments (inlet and outlet water) and six repetitions in a split-plot, coupled to collection over time as subplot; RESULTS: All variables were significantly different (p < 0.05) between treatments and over time (p < 0.05). Average rates of temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen levels of the supply water were higher when compared to those of the effluent. The other variables such as conductivity, turbidity, total phosphorus, ammonia, nitrate, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and E. coli were higher in the effluent when compared to rates in the supply water; CONCLUSIONS: The management during grow-out phase caused the deterioration of the water quality, with increasing levels of dissolved nutrients and the number of thermotolerant coliform. Ammonia and phosphorus levels in the effluent, caused by waste food, skin and feces, accelerate the eutrophication process of the receiving water body. Further studies on effluent treatment are required.
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Greaves, Peter. „Impact of diet on health and longevity in London 1850–1880“. JRSM Open 11, Nr. 9 (September 2020): 205427042096953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054270420969533.
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This study examines the impact of diet on health in different districts of mid-19th century London. Surveys of London diets and living condition were compared with mortality data between 1851 and 1880. Despite an abundance of fresh foods reaching London, the very poor labouring population living in the inner boroughs between 1850 and 1861 had great difficulty obtaining sufficient nourishment because of its cost. This population showed high death rates from infectious diseases, notably pulmonary tuberculosis, which was endemic and is typically associated with poor nutrition. This high death rate was exacerbated by more deaths from gastrointestinal infections associated with a polluted water supply from the river Thames. By contrast, the poor in the outer suburbs enjoyed both more nutritious diets and cleaner water which was associated with lower death rates comparable to those in rural Britain. Outer suburbs retained a relatively rural life-style associated with cleaner water and an abundance of locally grown food. In the following two decades, there was a significant reduction in the death rates from gastrointestinal infections in the inner boroughs which correlated with the major improvements in London’s water supply. The decline in death rates from tuberculosis and other infectious disease was inconsistent and increased in some boroughs, suggesting patchy economic improvement and a persisting limited ability of many of London’s poor to afford a nutritious diet.
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Rubin, Hillel, Eran Rubin und Holger Schüttrumpf. „Groundwater Quality Monitoring for a Sustainable Supply of Drinking Water“. International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 7, Nr. 4 (2011): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i04/54951.
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MATHER, JOHN D. „NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY, DEBATES BETWEEN GEOLOGISTS AND ENGINEERS AND THE ROLE OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS“. Earth Sciences History 37, Nr. 2 (01.01.2018): 342–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.2.342.
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Responding to the initiative of their President, the Prince of Wales, the Society of Arts organised three meetings on National Water Supply, from 1878 to 1884. Since the early years of the nineteenth century, the issue of water supply had been examined by numerous Commissions and Committees, but they had failed to recommend any course of action leading to a comprehensive scheme. At the first Congress, in May 1878, twenty-four contributions were received in response to a call for views on how a national scheme might be implemented. It was agreed that a lack of information, was holding back action and a resolution was passed asking Government to establish a Commission to collect data on such things as rainfall, underground water and river flows. At a second Conference, in May the following year, the Society offered medals for dividing England and Wales into Water Supply Districts, receiving twelve submissions of which two were awarded silver medals. The submission of Frederick Toplis proposed a structure remarkably similar to that eventually adopted, almost 100 years later, in 1973. There had been no response to the resolution of the previous year, which was again supported without success. A third Conference, in July 1884, went over much of the ground covered previously. The three meetings were successful in that they brought together engineers, scientists and politicians, in a neutral environment, to discuss the ‘water question’, although disagreements between water engineers and geologists over the amount of underground water available were not resolved. They were unsuccessful in initiating Government action; the collection of rainfall data was not taken over by a Government Department until 1919, and it was not until 1935 that the systematic collection of data on both surface and groundwaters finally began.
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Oruonye, E. D., und E. Bange. „Challenges of Water Resource Development and Management in Zing Town, Taraba State, Nigeria“. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 4, Nr. 1 (11.07.2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v4i1.5136.
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This study examined the challenges of water resource development and management in Zing town,Taraba State, Nigeria. The study considered issues of sources of water supply in Zing town, the nature of water challenges, impacts of the water challenges on the socio-economic life of the people, water management strategies and prospect of urban water resource development in the study area. 110 questionnaires were systematically administered in ten streets that were purposively selected in Zing town. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the finding indicates that majority (45.5%) of the respondent have their water source from borehole, 18.2% streams, 18.2% hand dug wells and 9.1% from other sources (mostly water vendors). The study shows that 68.2% of the respondents had their water point located outside their households, while only 31.8% claimed to have their water sources located within their compounds (this is mostly hand dug wells). The nature of water challenge in the area ranges from severe (50%), not severe (27.3%) and normal (22.7%). The results also shows that only 34% of respondents claimed to have access to sufficient water daily, while 66% of the respondents hardly have access to sufficient water on daily basis. The study shows that the water management strategy adopted mostly by the respondent ranges from storing water in large container (48.2%), reduce water use (29.1%), increase amount spent on water (13.6%) and others 9.1% (mainly re-use of water). The prospect of water resource development in the study area is very bright with the proposal of a small earth dam in Monkin settlement by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The Monkin small earth dam which is meant to generate 500KW of electricity can be integrated into an urban water supply project in the area. This will assure more reliable water supply all year round. It will also help to overcome some of the challenges of servicing the hand pumps which rendered them inadequate when they break down. This study recommends the need to replace the old and obsolete borehole equipment with new ones and increase the number of boreholes to meet the increasing water demand in the area.
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Oruonye, E. D., und E. Bange. „Challenges of Water Resource Development and Management in Zing Town, Taraba State, Nigeria“. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES 4, Nr. 1 (29.02.2016): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jah.v4i1.445.
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This study examined the challenges of water resource development and management in Zing town,Taraba State, Nigeria. The study considered issues of sources of water supply in Zing town, the nature of water challenges, impacts of the water challenges on the socio-economic life of the people, water management strategies and prospect of urban water resource development in the study area. 110 questionnaires were systematically administered in ten streets that were purposively selected in Zing town. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of the finding indicates that majority (45.5%) of the respondent have their water source from borehole, 18.2% streams, 18.2% hand dug wells and 9.1% from other sources (mostly water vendors). The study shows that 68.2% of the respondents had their water point located outside their households, while only 31.8% claimed to have their water sources located within their compounds (this is mostly hand dug wells). The nature of water challenge in the area ranges from severe (50%), not severe (27.3%) and normal (22.7%). The results also shows that only 34% of respondents claimed to have access to sufficient water daily, while 66% of the respondents hardly have access to sufficient water on daily basis. The study shows that the water management strategy adopted mostly by the respondent ranges from storing water in large container (48.2%), reduce water use (29.1%), increase amount spent on water (13.6%) and others 9.1% (mainly re-use of water). The prospect of water resource development in the study area is very bright with the proposal of a small earth dam in Monkin settlement by the Federal Government of Nigeria. The Monkin small earth dam which is meant to generate 500KW of electricity can be integrated into an urban water supply project in the area. This will assure more reliable water supply all year round. It will also help to overcome some of the challenges of servicing the hand pumps which rendered them inadequate when they break down. This study recommends the need to replace the old and obsolete borehole equipment with new ones and increase the number of boreholes to meet the increasing water demand in the area.
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Hafian, Asmae, Mohammed Benbrahim und Mohammed Nabil Kabbaj. „A novel algorithm for optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic pumping systems“. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, Nr. 3 (01.09.2022): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1833-1842.
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Pumping water is one of the most popular technologies of solar energy for irrigation or drinking water supply. Its performance depends on the characteristics of the site (sunlight, ambient temperature, geographical obstacles), on the performance of the modules, as well as, on the characteristics of other equipment (converter and pump). The optimal sizing of a photovoltaic water pumping system makes it possible to guarantee the satisfaction of the water demand throughout the irrigation period and to model the electrical energy needs to supply the pump to irrigate the crops and water livestock. This paper proposed a novel algorithm for dimensioning the elements of an autonomous photovoltaic system equipped with irrigation water storage. The proposed algorithm determines the optimal surface area of the photovoltaic modules and the electrical power necessary to satisfy the water requirement for irrigation in the observed time. The results obtained from the proposed algorithm for optimal sizing are compared to calculation scenarios to show better results. A case study from the Fez-Meknes region in Morocco has been selected for applying the optimal sizing algorithm.
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Zadorozhnii, M., und V. Bekh. „First experience of cultivating african catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822) under natural temperature conditions in water bodies of Polissiya of Ukraine“. Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni., Nr. 1(67) (29.03.2024): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.61976/fsu2024.01.074.
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Purpose. Establishing the possibility to cultivate African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in ponds and pools under water temperature conditions typical for the Polissya region of Ukraine during the growing season. In particular, to compare the efficiency of cultivation in concrete pools and earthen ponds. Also, to compare the effectiveness of using floating and sinking feeds in ponds and pools. Methodology. The study, which lasted throughout the growing season, used African catfish seeds of industrial origin. The study was conducted at the educational, scientific, and production laboratory of fisheries of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. The individual weight of the fish seeds, from which four groups were formed, each consisting of 237 specimens, was 6.3 g ± 0.5 g. Experimental groups were formed based on cultivation conditions and feed type. Aller Aqua feeds of two types: floating “Primo Float” and sinking “Master” were used for feeding African catfish. Accordingly, sinking feeds were introduced into the diet of one group stocked in a pool and one stocked in a pond. Floating feeds were introduced into the diet of the other two experimental groups. Water supply was provided by gravity flow from the surface water of the accumulating water body. Findings. The study showed that in terms of survival rate, the pool method using floating feeds was more effective compared to the pond method, where the experimental group fed with sinking feed exhibited better survival. In terms of average individual weight, specimens grown in ponds exceeded those grown in pools. We believe this can be explained by the presence of natural food supply in ponds, which served as an additional source of nutrients for African catfish. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of cultivating African catfish in water temperature conditions typical of the water bodies in the Polissya region of Ukraine, despite wide fluctuations. However, in the case of cultivating African catfish weighing 6.3 g ± 0.5 g under water temperature conditions lower than optimal (24°C), the fish size may not reach marketable levels. In such cases, there is a need to use facilities with closed water supply systems for further rearing of catfish juveniles. Originality. For the first time, a comparison of the efficiency of African catfish (cultivation under the temperature regimes characteristic of water bodies in the Polissya region of Ukraine has been conducted. This comparison was made between concrete pools and earthen ponds, utilizing both floating and sinking feeds. The aim was to determine which cultivation method would result in the highest specific growth rate. Practical value. The results obtained during the study allow expanding technological methods for cultivating African catfish, confirming the possibility of its cultivating under the temperature regime characteristic of water bodies in the Polissiya region of Ukraine. Keywords: African catfish, Ukrainian Polissiya, sinking feeds, floating feeds, growth rate, earthen ponds, concrete pools, industrial aquaculture.
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Urawa, Shigehiko. „Effects of rearing conditions on growth and mortality of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) infected with Ichthyobodo necator“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, S1 (01.08.1995): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-504.
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Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) juveniles, experimentally infected with the bodonid flagellate Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883), were reared in 18-L tanks at three densities (300, 600, and 1200 fish) for 5 weeks. Water inflow rates were adjusted to give five combinations of crowding and flow rate. The parasite density on the fish body surface increased to 2700–4100 parasites-mm−2 over the course of the experiment and did not differ significantly among the groups. Total mortality was 76–90% in infected groups kept under the most unfavorable conditions (crowding or low water supply) but 11–15% in the other infected groups. The former groups also showed apparent growth reductions. In the uninfected controls, mortality was low (0.7–2.6%) and the degree of crowding or water supply had no significant effect on growth or mortality. Infected salmon were also much less resistant to seawater challenge; all fish kept at high stocking density or low inflow rate died in seawater. These results indicate that Ichthyobodo infections have marked effects on both host growth and survival when infections are combined with environmental stress induced by overcrowding and (or) inadequate water supply, although the parasite density is not affected by these factors.
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Papadakis, Antonios, Maria Keramarou, Dimosthenis Chochlakis, Vassilios Sandalakis, Varvara A. Mouchtouri und Anna Psaroulaki. „Legionella spp. Colonization in Water Systems of Hotels Linked with Travel-Associated Legionnaires’ Disease“. Water 13, Nr. 16 (17.08.2021): 2243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162243.
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Hotel water systems colonized with Legionella spp. have been the source of travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease, and cases, clusters and outbreaks continue to be reported worldwide each year. A total of 132 hotels linked with travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease, as reported through the European Legionnaires’ Disease Surveillance Network, were inspected and tested for Legionella spp. during 2000–2019 by the public health authorities of the island of Crete (Greece). A total of 3311 samples were collected: 1885 (56.93%) from cold water supply systems, 1387 (41.89%) from hot water supply systems, 37 (1.12%) were swab samples and two (0.06%) were soil. Of those, 685 (20.69%), were collected from 83 (62.89%) hotels, testing positive (≥50 CFU/L) for Legionella pneumophila) serogroups 1–10, 12–14 and non-pneumophila species (L. anisa, L. erythra, L. tusconensis, L. taurinensis, L. birminghamensis, L. rubrilucens, L. londiniesis, L. oakridgensis, L. santicrusis, L. brunensis, L. maceacherii). The most frequently isolated L. pneumophila serogroups were 1 (27.92%) and 3 (17.08%). Significantly higher isolation rates were obtained from hot water supply systems (25.96%) versus cold water systems (16.98%) and swab samples (13.51%). A Relative Risk (R.R.) > 1 (p < 0.0001) was calculated for hot water temperature <55 °C (R.R.: 4.43), chlorine concentrations <0.2 mg/L (R.R.: 2.69), star ratings <4 (R.R.: 1.73) and absence of Water Safety Plan implementation (R.R.: 1.57).
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Pérez-de-la-Cruz, Francisco-Javier, Arturo Trapote-Jaume, Joaquín Melgarejo-Moreno und Jesús Chazarra-Zapata. „A Century of Water Supply Companies and Their Influence on the Development of Spanish Society (1842–1942)“. Water 12, Nr. 9 (21.09.2020): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092634.
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During a certain period in the history of Spain, in the years of the Second Industrial Revolution, water companies played a very important role in managing a public service as necessary and complex as the supply of drinking water to the population. This article describes the emergence of these companies in the economic framework of the second half of the 19th century, as well as their expansion and territorial distribution, their evolution towards large companies that unified and monopolised the sector and their progressive decline in the 20th century, characterised by an increase in municipal control and influenced by different national and international war conflicts. The data collected in the different statistical yearbooks allows us to study these companies, and identify the characteristics of the modern drinking water system in Spain, together with the importance of foreign investment and the influence of these companies on the economic development of the time.
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Li, Jiuyi. „Evaluation Methods for Water Resource Suitability in Territorial Spatial Planning: A Case Study of Baiyin City in a Semi-Arid Region“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 19 (10.10.2022): 12973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912973.
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Water resources are a major factor in the spatial layout of agricultural production and urban construction, which is an important part of China’s ongoing territorial spatial planning. In order to assess the constraining and guiding effects of water resources on territorial spatial planning, water resources suitability evaluation needs to be carried out at the grid scale. Traditional basin or regional-scale indicators of water resources cannot satisfy the requirements with high spatial accuracy in territorial spatial planning, because the internal differences could not be described. In this study, irrigation water supply cost index (CIA) and urban water supply cost index (CIU) were evaluated to characterize the affordability of potential water supply costs by simulating of optimal water supply path. Further, grid-scale indexes of water resource suitability for agricultural production (WRSA) and for urban construction (WRSU) were constructed. The grades of WRSA and WRSU were classified at a 20 m grid scale in Baiyin City. The areas of water resources that were suitable, relatively suitable, less suitable, and unsuitable for agricultural production were 381.0 km2, 3354.7 km2, 3663.9 km2, and 12,700.7 km2, respectively, accounting for 1.9%, 16.7%, 18.2%, and 63.2% of the total area of Baiyin City. The areas of water resources that were suitable, relatively suitable, less suitable, and unsuitable for urban construction were 1657.7 km2, 4184.5 km2, 1177.7 km2, and 13,075.7 km2, respectively, accounting for 8.2%, 20.8%, 5.9%, and 65.1% of the total area of Baiyin City. Coupling analysis with land use and land resources suitability were carried out in this study, which showed that the grid-scale WRSA and WRSU could well characterize the spatial differences of water resources suitability for agricultural production and urban construction. The results of the Geodetector-based study show that the WRSA and WRSU indicators have better explanatory power for the land-use spatial distribution compared to indicators such as water distance. Therefore, the indexes could provide scientific support to delimit agricultural space and urban space, and are effective means of “determining regional functions by water resources“ in territorial spatial planning. Furthermore, the indexes could be applied to other arid and semi-arid areas, and also hilly areas, where water supply suitability plays a restrictive role in agricultural production and urban construction.
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Trofymchuk, A. M., N. Ye Grynevych, B. A. Romanchuk und M. M. Svitelskyi. „Fish-water substantiation of the recirculation aqua system for the African clary catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)“. Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, Nr. 95 (11.12.2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9502.
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The advantages of Clarias gariepinus over other valuable species of fish raised in closed water supply systems are rapid growth, the ability to obtain marketable products in 6 months, unpretentiousness to the conditions of detention, valuable taste: clary catfish meat contains polyunsaturated fatty acids ( omega-3) and meets the requirements of a balanced healthy diet. The study was conducted on one of the farms for growing clary catfish, which is part of the Union of Aqua Farmers of Ukraine LLC “Aquapromgroup” in the Odesa region. To optimize the work of the farm for growing commercial Claria catfish in ultrasound, the use of polycyclic (8-cyclic) method instead of 2-cyclic, which currently operates, will allow more efficient use of production capacity, technological equipment and sell 127,784 tons of fish, which is 2.4 times more. To implement the technology it is necessary to grow the following number of fish: at the 1st stage – 24000 specimens, at the 2nd stage – 20400 specimens, at the 3rd stage – 17748 specimens, at the 4th stage – 15973 of each of 8 cycles. During the year the farm sells 127.784 copies. clary catfish with an average weight of 1 kg. Farm costs for compound feed: for feed for fry (“Biomar”) – 234432 UAH, for feed for other age groups of clary catfish – 2879860 UAH. The total cost of feed – 3114292 UAH. If all the requirements of the 8-cycle technological process of growing catfish in closed water supply installations (total volume of pools – 131 m3) the cost of 1 kg of fish will be 39 hryvnias, the farm will receive 3960300 hryvnias of gross profit from sales of marketable products, the profitability of production will be 79.5 %. Therefore, during the performance of this work, we proved the advantage of using the polycyclic method of growing clary catfish in closed water supply installations.
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Meng, Fanzhao, Ruiqing Yang, Yonghai Yang und Daifeng Wei. „Research on Detection Technology of Joint Sealing of Large Diameter PVC Water Supply Pipe“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1885, Nr. 2 (01.04.2021): 022005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1885/2/022005.
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Boon, J. H., J. M. Smits, T. Wensing und E. Lo. „Plasma proteins of young African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822).“ Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 35, Nr. 4 (01.11.1987): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v35i4.16710.
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The effect of feeding level and water supply on the total content of plasma protein (TPP) and fractions of these proteins (PPF) of young African catfish was studied. It was found that TPP can be divided into 4 fractions (PPF I-IV), of which PPF I is predominant. Analysis of the results showed a strong effect of feeding level on TPP and PPF I-IV. There was a positive correlation between TPP and the weights of PPF I-IV, and a negative correlation between PPF I and PPF II. The PPF I fraction might be usable as an indicator for the health status of young catfishes. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Wątor, Adam. „Leon Tomasz Reutt (1884–1939). Szkic do portretu prezydenta miasta Drohobycza“. Polish Biographical Studies 1, Nr. 1 (2013): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pbs.2013.05.
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The article presents a profile of Leon Reutt, an engineer whose political and social activity was focused on Drohobych. He came from a Polish patriotic background and was a member of a “breakthrough” generation which had an opportunity to combine tradition and actual work. Active in academic organisations in Lviv, he was also involved in promoting education among Poles in eastern Galicia. After graduating he became a road engineer and took active part in public life in Drohobycz as its mayor. His greatest achievements included creating a water supply system and carrying out works on improving city’s infrastructure, which included installing telephones, conducting road repairs, and developing gas supply system. The advance of his carrier was blocked by an illness. He was not among the most famous people in the Second Polish Republic, but his contribution to the local government’s activity should not be forgotten. The paths of his personal careers also indicate his political entanglements and difficult choices. Active as his was inside the broadly understood national movement; he then made a U-turn and, as many like him, joined the government supporters after the 1926 May Coup.
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Uysal, Gökçen, Dirk Schwanenberg, Rodolfo Alvarado-Montero und Aynur Şensoy. „Short Term Optimal Operation of Water Supply Reservoir under Flood Control Stress using Model Predictive Control“. Water Resources Management 32, Nr. 2 (14.10.2017): 583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1828-x.
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Dmitrieva, Tatiana, Laurence Lestel, Michel Meybeck und Sabine Barles. „Versailles facing the degradation of its water supply from the Seine River: governance, water quality expertise and decision making, 1852–1894“. Water History 10, Nr. 2-3 (12.06.2018): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12685-018-0216-7.
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Mailer, RJ, und PS Cornish. „Effects of water stress on glucosinolate and oil concentrations in the seeds of rape (Brassica napus L.) and turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. silvestris [Lam.] Briggs)“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, Nr. 5 (1987): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870707.
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Growing-season conditions influence the concentration of glucosinolates in the meal of rapeseed, but the reasons for this are unknown. We studied the effect of water stress on glucosinolate concentration in the seed meal of Brassica napus cv. Wesbrook and Brassica rapa cv. Bunyip. Plants were either wellwatered or given a reduced supply of water which was managed to produce a desired degree of plant water stress either throughout growth or only after flowering. Glucosinolate concentration in seeds increased (P<0.01) in both cultivars from an average 18.2 �mol/g in unstressed plants to 35.0 �mol/g under the influence of water stress. There was no significant difference between the 2 stressed treatments. Water stress also decreased (P < 0.0 1) seed oil concentrations (from 36.9 to 31.4%), yields (from 5.3 to 0.9 g/plant) and 1000-grain weights (from 4.1 to 3.0 g).
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Ojeda Cabrera, María del Pino. „Expansión urbana y fiscalidad en Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1880-1914)“. Revista de Historia Canaria, Nr. 205 (2023): 249–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.histcan.2023.205.10.
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Around 1850, a fiscal estate was created that made it possible to start providing essential goods and services to Santa Cruz de Tenerife, which had acquired the status of provincial capital in 1833. This was accompanied and favored by an improvement in its economic activities, mainly from commerce, the port, and associated industries, at the same time that favored a process of urban modernization through the installation of public lighting, drinking water supply, housing construction, etc. Although its achievements were mainly due to a neighborhood that accepted the increasing collection pressure of the local treasury to finance those services, including the use of credit by the municipality. But the beginning of the Great War started a turnaround.
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McTominey, Andrew. „A Tale of Two Yorkshire Villages: The Local Environmental Impact of British Reservoir Development, c.1866-1966“. Environment and History 26, Nr. 3 (01.08.2020): 331–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734018x15444572414083.
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The supply of clean, soft water was of great importance to towns and cities in Britain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, helping to maintain a healthy population and the resources for industries. Leeds, West Yorkshire, was no exception to this, with the Leeds Corporation in the 1860s looking north of the town to the Washburn Valley for a new supply of water to replace the polluted waters of the Rivers Aire and Wharfe. The construction of four reservoirs in the valley, three between 1869 and 1879 and a further one between 1961 and 1966, irrevocably altered the natural environment. In order to highlight how the actions of a municipal body impacted on the natural environment and the lives of those residing there, this article will examine two case studies: the village of Fewston, which was severely damaged by land subsidence a year after the completion of the original three reservoirs in 1880; and the construction of Thruscross Reservoir and the flooding of West End village in the 1960s.
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Kuhlberg, Mark. „“An Eden that is practically uninhabited by humans”: Manipulating Wilderness in Managing Vancouver’s Drinking Water, 1880–1930“. Articles 45, Nr. 1 (01.12.2017): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042293ar.
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Vancouver is known internationally as one of the world’s most livable and beautiful cities, and its “natural” attributes are seen as being integral to what makes it so special. Nestled on a small plateau between the alluring beaches and dramatic shoreline of the Pacific Ocean and the Coast Mountain Range, the city has trumpeted its aesthetically stunning environment for over one century. Central to this message has been the fact that Vancouver’s drinking water supply is so clean that it has historically required no chemical or other treatment—besides a basic filtering—before it is fit for human consumption. Those who were initially responsible for administering the city’s water supply demonstrated most curious behaviour in carrying out their duties. To be sure, they exalted their water for its purity and broadcast this message to the world, believing as they did that such a precious resource could originate only in pristine wilderness that was as pleasing to the eye as it was free from human intrusions. As a result, they went to enormous lengths to guard the basins from which this water came from anthropogenic activity. Paradoxically, they were completely comfortable with undertaking a series of measures to re-engineer and manage the watersheds upon which they depended, an approach that included dumping tons of a deadly toxin on the local trees. All these steps were simply part of their efforts to enhance the bounty with which Providence had gifted them, and to them it remained pure and unsullied as a result. The early history of managing Vancouver’s drinking water thus represents an extraordinary instance in which civic boosters viewed their actions through a prism that blurred the line between the human and non-human worlds, and their story highlights how often our attempts to manage “nature” is prone to creating issues that are potentially more dangerous than the ones we are trying to solve.
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Anderson, D. Mark, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Michael McKelligott und Daniel I. Rees. „Estimating the Effects of Milk Inspections on Infant and Child Mortality, 1880–1910“. AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (01.05.2022): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221066.
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In the mid-nineteenth century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who were tasked with collecting and analyzing milk samples with the goal of preventing adulteration and skimming. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we explore the effects of milk inspections on infant mortality and mortality among children under the age of five. Event study estimates are small and statistically insignificant, providing little evidence of post-treatment reductions in either infant or child mortality.
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Kravchenko, Marina, und Lesya Vasylenko. „The problem of pollution of drinking water with nitrate ions and modern methods of its solution“. Problems of Water supply, Sewerage and Hydraulic, Nr. 41 (09.12.2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2524-0021.2022.41.42-51.
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The article discusses various regulatory documents that regulate the content of nitrate ions in drinking water, as well as the impact of nitrates on human health and safety. The results of studies on nitrate ion contamination of sources of drinking water supply in 5 regions of Ukraine are presented. Physico-chemical analysis was carried out for water sources from wells in rural areas, city limits and in the territories adjacent to cities. The relevance of the problem of water pollution with nitrate ions, which requires the search, implementation and improvement of water purification methods from nitrates, has been proven. A comparative analysis of the advantages, disadvantages and features of the use of various methods of removing nitrate ions from drinking water, including water from non-centralized sources of water supply, was carried out. Biological, ion-exchange, adsorption, electrochemical methods, as well as baromembrane methods, in particular the reverse osmosis method, are used to purify water from nitrate ions. The regularities of the reverse osmosis process during the removal of nitrate ions from model solutions and water from wells were studied. Reverse osmosis membranes manufactured in the USA by Filmtec type TW30-1812-50 were used for experimental studies. Model solutions of Mg(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2 and, directly, water from non-centralized sources of water supply were used as the tested water. Membrane selectivity and permeate selection coefficient were determined according to the known method. Parametric curves of the dependence of the selectivity of the membrane in relation to NO3- on the increase of the working pressure from 0.5 MPa to 1.9 MPa for model solutions of different concentrations were constructed. The dependences of the change in the concentration of nitrate ions in well water and the selectivity (φ, %) of the membrane in relation to NO3- on the working pressure were obtained. On the basis of the research results, a conclusion was made about the high efficiency of water purification from nitrates by low-pressure reverse osmosis (in the range from 0.5 MPa to 1.9 MPa) and the parameters of the researched process were determined, which would allow reaching the MPC standards for nitrates in drinking water.
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Notisso, Pedro Francisco, und Klebber Teodomiro Martins Formiga. „Avaliação de Alocação de Água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Inhanombe, Moçambique“. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 13, Nr. 4 (11.06.2020): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.4.p1870-1885.
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A satisfação das necessidades hídricas humanas e ambientais é um tema que tem merecido atenção no âmbito da gestão e planejamento dos recursos hídricos no mundo. As incertezas sobre as possiblidades de atender as necessidades de água futuras na bacia do rio Inhanombe motivaram a realização deste trabalho. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a capacidade de satisfação das necessidades de água, através da aplicação do WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning System). Simularam-se três cenários: o cenário de referência que corresponde a exploração atual dos recursos hídricos; dois cenários de impacto: Médio e Alto crescimento que correspondem à expansão da área irrigada e do crescimento populacional entre 2019 e 2040. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a incapacidade do sistema de satisfazer as necessidades futuras nos cenários de Médio e Alto crescimento com níveis baixos de garantias mensais e muitas falhas no fornecimento. Water Allocation Assessment in the Inhanombe river basin, Mozambique A B S T R A C TMeeting human and environmental water needs is a topic that has deserved attention in the area of water resources management and planning in the world. Uncertainties about the possibilities of meeting future water needs in the Inhanombe river basin motivated this work. This article aims to evaluate the ability to meet water needs through the application of WEAP. Three scenarios were simulated: the reference scenario that corresponds to the current exploitation of water resources; two impact scenarios: Medium and High growth corresponding to the expansion of irrigated area and population growth between 2019 and 2040. The results show the system's inability to meet future needs in medium and high growth scenarios with low monthly guarantee levels and many supply failures.Keywords: Water demand, river basin, Inhanombe river, WEAP.
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Álvarez Gil, Francisco José. „Persuasion and Emphatic Devices in Bartolomé Martínez’s Memoria (1862)“. Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 46, Nr. 1 (17.03.2020): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v46i1.41105.
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The present paper deals with emphatic features occurring in a Spanish report on the state of natural water supply in the Spanish island of Gran Canaria published in 1862. The text reflects the author’s concerns with the irrigation infrastructures in this island. My main interest is related to the way the author expresses his caveats and his use of emphatic devices. This said, my main objective is to explore specific language uses that convey the expression of emphasis in earlier Spanish. The emphatic features used in Bartolomé Martínez’s text published in Boletín de la sociedad económica de amigos del país de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria of March 31, 1862, have been reportedly identified in reports as characteristic features of the scientific report in the XVIII and XIX centuries, and they might therefore be indicative of the authors’ stance concerning both their text and their potential audience. Conclusions will offer major findings dealing with the set of emphatic features deployed in this Spanish report.
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Andrews, Margaret W. „The Best Advertisement a City Can Have: Public Health Services in Vancouver, 1886-1888“. Articles 12, Nr. 3 (21.10.2013): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018939ar.
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Vancouver was unlike many nineteenth centry Canadian cities in that it readily undertook to provide reasonably extensive public health services — a city hospital, waste disposal and drainage, a modern water supply, and health inspection. Provision of those services got fairly under way in the city's first two years, at which time (as later), those interested in the city's growth, who directed public expenditure there as in most cities of the time, encouraged up-to-date public health services as signs of municipal progress likely to attract additional settlers and capital. Public expenditures relating to health were supported as attractants which augmented the city's natural climatic advantages.
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Abdul-Razzaq, Islam K., Mohamed M. Fahim Sakr und Yasir G. Rashid. „Comparison of PV panels MPPT techniques applied to solar water pumping system“. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, Nr. 3 (01.09.2021): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1813-1822.
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<span lang="EN-US">This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.</span>
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Riley, James D. „Public Works and Local Elites: The Politics of Taxation in Tlaxcala, 1780-1810“. Americas 58, Nr. 3 (Januar 2002): 355–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0020.
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In the winter of 1791-1792, meetings were being held in all of the principal towns of the Mexican province of Tlaxcala. Decisions had been reached that something had to be done about the recurring flooding of the Zahuapa river in central Tlaxcala and, independently, about the lack of an adequate water supply for the southeastern provincial town of Huamantla. As a result of these meetings, two independent projects began both of which were locally conceived and, more importantly, locally funded. In a burst of civic pride groups of Spanish vecinos (landowners and merchants who claimed Tlaxcala as their home) and Indian communities collaborated in constructing and financing these improvements. The work on the Zahuapa lasted until 1802, and the work to supply water in Huamantla was ongoing in 1810 when the Hidalgo revolt interrupted it. What is interesting about these decisions is not the success of the projects themselves—the first failed badly and the second was foundering when aborted—but rather what they highlight about the way Spanish and Indian leadership in local communities interacted politically in the late Bourbon period, both with each other and with Bourbon officialdom.
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Jha, Nitish. „Enabling Sustainability in Water Users’ Associations: Or, What Balinese Irrigation Communities Can Tell Us about Village Water Supply Committees in South Africa and India“. International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 3, Nr. 6 (2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v03i06/54446.
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Swyngedouw, E. „Power, Nature, and the City. The Conquest of Water and the Political Ecology of Urbanization in Guayaquil, Ecuador: 1880–1990“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, Nr. 2 (Februar 1997): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a290311.
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In this paper, I seek to explore how the circulation of water is embedded in the political ecology of power, through which the urbanization process unfolds. I attempt to reconstruct the urbanization process as simultaneously a political-economic and ecological process. This will be discussed through the exploration of the history of the urbanization of water in Guayaquil, Ecuador. As approximately 36% of its two million inhabitants has no access to piped potable water, water becomes subject to an intense social struggle for control and/or access. Mechanisms of exclusion from and access to water, particularly in cities which have a problematic water-supply condition, lay bare how both the transformation of nature and the urbanization process are organized in and through mechanisms of social power. In order to unravel the relations of power that are inscribed in the way the urbanization of nature unfolded I document and analyze the historical geography of water control in the context of the political ecology of Guayaquil's urbanization. In short, Guayaquil's urbanization process is written from the perspective of the drive to urbanize and domesticate nature's water and the parallel necessity to push the ecological frontier outward as the city expands. I show how this political ecology of urbanization takes place through deeply exclusive and marginalizing processes that structure relations of access to and exclusion from access to nature's water.
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Weng, B. S., D. H. Yan, H. Wang, J. H. Liu, Z. Y. Yang, T. L. Qin und J. Yin. „Drought assessment in the Dongliao River basin: traditional approaches vs. generalized drought assessment index based on water resources systems“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, Nr. 8 (24.08.2015): 1889–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1889-2015.
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Abstract. Drought is firstly a resource issue, and with its development it evolves into a disaster issue. Drought events usually occur in a determinate but a random manner. Drought has become one of the major factors to affect sustainable socioeconomic development. In this paper, we propose the generalized drought assessment index (GDAI) based on water resources systems for assessing drought events. The GDAI considers water supply and water demand using a distributed hydrological model. We demonstrate the use of the proposed index in the Dongliao River basin in northeastern China. The results simulated by the GDAI are compared to observed drought disaster records in the Dongliao River basin. In addition, the temporal distribution of drought events and the spatial distribution of drought frequency from the GDAI are compared with the traditional approaches in general (i.e., standard precipitation index, Palmer drought severity index and rate of water deficit index). Then, generalized drought times, generalized drought duration, and generalized drought severity were calculated by theory of runs. Application of said runs at various drought levels (i.e., mild drought, moderate drought, severe drought, and extreme drought) during the period 1960–2010 shows that the centers of gravity of them all distribute in the middle reaches of Dongliao River basin, and change with time. The proposed methodology may help water managers in water-stressed regions to quantify the impact of drought, and consequently, to make decisions for coping with drought.
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Archer, D. R., N. Forsythe, H. J. Fowler und S. M. Shah. „Sustainability of water resources management in the Indus Basin under changing climatic and socio economic conditions“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, Nr. 2 (15.03.2010): 1883–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-1883-2010.
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Abstract. Pakistan is highly dependent on water resources originating in the mountain sources of the upper Indus for irrigated agriculture which is the mainstay of its economy. Hence any change in available resources through climate change or socio-economic factors could have a serious impact on food security and the environment. In terms of both ratio of withdrawals to runoff and per-capita water availability, Pakistan's water resources are already highly stressed and will become increasingly so with projected population changes. Potential changes to supply through declining reservoir storage, the impact of waterlogging and salinity or over-abstraction of groundwater, or reallocations for environmental remediation of the Indus Delta or to meet domestic demands, will reduce water availability for irrigation. The impact of climate change on resources in the Upper Indus is considered in terms of three hydrological regimes – a nival regime dependent on melting of winter snow, a glacial regime, and a rainfall regime dependent on concurrent rainfall. On the basis of historic trends in climate, most notably the decline in summer temperatures, there is no strong evidence in favour of marked reductions in water resources from any of the three regimes. Evidence for changes in trans-Himalayan glacier mass balance is mixed. Sustainability of water resources appears more threatened by socio-economic changes than by climatic trends. Nevertheless, analysis and the understanding of the linkage of climate, glaciology and runoff is still far from complete; recent past climate experience may not provide a reliable guide to the future.
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Huch, Ronald K. „The National Association for the Promotion of Social Science: Its Contribution to Victorian Health Reform, 1857–1886“. Albion 17, Nr. 3 (1985): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4048958.
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The campaign for better public health was a major social issue in England during the second half of the nineteenth century. As in the case of Poor Law and factory reform, Edwin Chadwick stands as the person who directed public interest toward the need for sanitary reform. He did this through his association with the Poor Law Commission in the late 1830s, then through his seminal and widely read 1842 Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population. Chadwick's report captured the minds of many in the British upper middle class. The Health of Towns Association, founded in 1844, helped to diffuse information on the “physical and moral evils that result from the present defective sewerage, drainage, supply of water, air, and light. …” Although the sanitary reformers had made some minor gains by 1847, they had failed to produce a satisfactory bill that would allow government some role in coordinating sanitary improvement. At this point, neither Chadwick, nor any other leading proponent of sanitary legislation wanted to put full authority in the hands of the central government, but they did desire a more efficient combination of local and national control.The sanitary reformers, and particularly Chadwick, achieved a measure of success in 1848 when the Public Health Bill received parliamentary approval. It was hoped the Act would bring about a useful consolidation of responsibility for drainage, sewerage, water supply, and road maintenance. Instead, the legislation spurred a furious debate over how much national government interference was acceptable. It did little to improve public health because the argument over government interference for a time took attention away from critical issues of sanitation reform. Although never completely overcome, the argument over principles faded in the 1850s in the face of an urgent need for reform.
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Gu, Yanjie, Qiuyun Xu, Weidi Zhou, Chenglong Han und Kadambot H. M. Siddique. „Enhancing Faba Bean Yields in Alpine Agricultural Regions: The Impact of Plastic Film Mulching and Phosphorus Fertilization on Soil Dynamics“. Agronomy 14, Nr. 3 (24.02.2024): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030447.
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Plastic film mulching is widely used in water and temperature-limited regions to enhance crop yields. Phosphorus (P) fertilization can address deficiencies in soil P availability. In this four-year field experiment conducted in an alpine agricultural area, we explored the effects of nitrogen (N) and P supply imbalance on faba bean cultivation, particularly examining intensified N competition between soil microbes and plants. The randomized block design comprised three film mulching treatments—no film mulching with flat planting (NMF), double ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (DRM), and three ridges and furrows mulched with one plastic film (TRM)—and three P levels—P0 (0 kg P ha−1), P1 (9.10 kg P ha−1), and P2 (18.2 kg P ha−1). The results indicated that NMF enhanced soil available N and microbial biomass N (MBN) during early growth stages, consequently improving faba bean yield, nodule weight, total N, and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) compared to DRM and TRM. DRM and TRM exhibited higher soil available N and MBN during later growth stages and higher soil temperature and water content, soil water storage (SWS), soil organic C (SOC), and soil C/N ratio than NMF. In NMF and DRM, P fertilization increased grain yield, nodule weight, SOC, total N, soil C/N ratio, soil available N, and MBC but decreased MBN during early growth stages, and decreased soil water content and SWS. TRM exhibited the opposite trend. P fertilization increased soil total P and available P. Overall, NMF combined with P fertilization (~18.2 kg P ha−1) significantly improved faba bean yield. However, it may also accelerate SOC decomposition, highlighting the need to consider N fertilizer application in this alpine agricultural region.
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Valões, Débora Cristina Pereira, Jaime Joaquim Cabral, Suyanne Monteiro De Almeida, Aléssia De Albuquerque Pedrosa, Simone Rosa Da Silva und Carlos Fernando Gomes Do Nascimento. „Análise do zoneamento explotável de água subterrânea como instrumento de gestão na Bacia Sedimentar de São José do Belmonte-PE“. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, Nr. 4 (19.07.2022): 1863. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.4.p1863-1880.
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O sertão pernambucano possui características peculiares no que tange a sua relação hidrológica, tendo em vista que, o abastecimento de água nessa região é dificultoso principalmente para a realização das atividades socioeconômicas. Outrora, é identificada a necessidade de uma gestão eficiente dos recursos hídricos nesse local. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivo analisar a efetividade do zoneamento explotável de água subterrânea como instrumento de gestão na Bacia Sedimentar de São José de Belmonte-PE, que atualmente passa por problemas ligados ao excesso de captação de águas do aquífero. A metodologia utilizada nessa pesquisa foi composta pela avaliação do número de poços na região, mediante as informações disponíveis no Estudo Hidrogeológico fornecido pela Agência Pernambucana de Águas e Clima - APAC, bem como através dos dados obtidos em consulta ao Sistema de Informações de Águas Subterrâneas – SIAGAS/CPRM, juntamente com entrevistas realizadas com os proprietários de máquinas de perfuração de poços do município. Os resultados obtidos foram aferidos com o material disponibilizado pela APAC, a respeito do número de poços outorgados em São José do Belmonte, demonstrando uma gestão ineficiente do uso de águas subterrâneas.Palavras-chave: Água Subterrânea; Gestão de Recursos Hídricos; São José do Belmonte. Exploitable groundwater zoning analysis as a management tool in the São José do Belmonte-PE Sedimentary BasinA B S T R A C TThe hinterland represents the largest region of the state of Pernambuco, but has hydrological characteristics that make water supply difficult. From this perspective, the need for efficient management of water resources at this location is identified. Thus, the present work aims to analyze the effectiveness of the exploitable groundwater zoning as a management tool in the São José de Belmonte-PE basin, which currently faces problems related to the excessive water abstraction from its aquifers. The methodology used in this research consisted of the number of wells in the region, through the information available in the hydrogeological study provided by APAC – Pernambuco Agency for Water and Climate as well as data obtained in consultation with the Groundwater Information System. - SIAGAS / CPRM, along with interviews with owners of well drilling rigs in the municipality. The results obtained were measured with the material provided by the Pernambuco Water and Climate Agency - APAC, regarding the number of wells granted in São José de Belmonte, demonstrating an inefficient management of groundwater use.Keywords: Groundwater; Water Resources Management; São José do Belmonte.