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1
Thurman, R., B. Faulkner, D. Veal, G. Cramer und M. Meiklejohn. „Water quality in rural Australia“. Journal of Applied Microbiology 84, Nr. 4 (Mai 1998): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00390.x.
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Tibby, J., J. Richards, J. J. Tyler, C. Barr, J. Fluin und P. Goonan. „Diatom–water quality thresholds in South Australian streams indicate a need for more stringent water quality guidelines“. Marine and Freshwater Research 71, Nr. 8 (2020): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19065.
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Water quality guidelines are an important tool that guide stream protection. In South Australia, as in other Australian states, guidelines have been set using statistical properties of physical and chemical stressors in reference streams. Given that water quality guidelines are designed to protect ecosystems, biologically based guidelines are more desirable. In this context, we investigated diatom–water quality relationships in South Australian streams. Our analysis focused on electrical conductivity (EC) and total phosphorus (TP), which explained significant variance in diatom assemblages. Threshold indicator taxa analysis was conducted to determine thresholds of diatom community change along EC and TP gradients. There were significant declines in the relative abundance of sensitive species at an EC of ~280μScm–1 and a TP concentration of 30μgL–1. The TP threshold is considerably lower than the trigger value in South Australia’s guidelines (100μgTPL–1). The change in species composition in relation to EC is considerably lower than the upper limit of the water quality guidelines (which range from 100 to 5000μScm–1). Hence, particularly in the case of TP, but also for EC, the current water quality guideline trigger values are too high in South Australia, and indeed in other temperate Australian states.
3
Nadebaum, P., M. Chapman, S. Ortisi und A. Baker. „Application of quality management systems for drinking water quality“. Water Supply 3, Nr. 1-2 (01.03.2003): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0125.
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Over the past few years the water authorities in Australia have been applying the principles of quality management and risk management in their provision of drinking water of a safe and acceptable quality. These principles have been taken up by the regulatory authorities, and the Australian water industry is ensuring that drinking water guidelines, customer contracts, licences and auditing (both statutory and quality systems auditing), and appropriate quality management systems, are in place for drinking water quality management. A particular focus of this work has been the application of AS/NZS 4360 (Risk Management) and the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points developed for the food industry. This paper discusses the important considerations in applying quality management systems to drinking water quality management within water authorities, and the key issues of how best to integrate these risk management systems with the business management systems of the water authority. A generally applicable model for drinking water quality management systems based on ISO 9002 and HACCP is described. The paper also discusses the process of how management systems already in place within a water authority can be assessed and improvements identified. The objective is that the management systems will be consistent with the authority’s existing business management systems, ISO 9001, the principles of HACCP and AS4360, and the expected requirements of the revised Australian Drinking Water Guidelines.
4
Rizak, S., D. Cunliffe, M. Sinclair, R. Vulcano, J. Howard, S. Hrudey und P. Callan. „Drinking water quality management: a holistic approach“. Water Science and Technology 47, Nr. 9 (01.05.2003): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0485.
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A growing list of water contaminants has led to some water suppliers relying primarily on compliance monitoring as a mechanism for managing drinking water quality. While such monitoring is a necessary part of drinking water quality management, experiences with waterborne disease threats and outbreaks have shown that compliance monitoring for numerical limits is not, in itself, sufficient to guarantee the safety and quality of drinking water supplies. To address these issues, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) has developed a Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality (the Framework) for incorporation in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, the primary reference on drinking water quality in Australia. The Framework was developed specifically for drinking water supplies and provides a comprehensive and preventive risk management approach from catchment to consumer. It includes holistic guidance on a range of issues considered good practice for system management. The Framework addresses four key areas:•Commitment to Drinking Water Quality Management,•System Analysis and System Management,•Supporting Requirements, and•Review. The Framework represents a significantly enhanced approach to the management and regulation of drinking water quality and offers a flexible and proactive means of optimising drinking water quality and protecting public health. Rather than the primary reliance on compliance monitoring, the Framework emphasises prevention, the importance of risk assessment, maintaining the integrity of water supply systems and application of multiple barriers to assure protection of public health. Development of the Framework was undertaken in collaboration with the water industry, regulators and other stakeholders, and will promote a common and unified approach to drinking water quality management throughout Australia. The Framework has attracted international interest.
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McKay, Jennifer. „Water institutional reforms in Australia“. Water Policy 7, Nr. 1 (01.02.2005): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0003.
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With a brief description of the physical setting and institutional history of the Australian water sector, this paper reviews the water institutional reforms in Australia focusing especially on the nature and extent of reforms initiated since 1995 and provides a few case studies to highlight the issues and challenges in effecting changes in some key reform components. The reforms initiated in 1995 are notable for their comprehensiveness, fiscal incentives and clear and time-bound targets to be achieved. Although water institutions in Australia have undergone remarkable changes, thanks to the reforms, there are still issues and challenges inherent in reforming maturing water institutions. Regional diversity in legal systems and quality standards as well as conflicts between private interest and public welfare are still serious to constraining market-based water allocation and management. While Australia still needs further reforms, its recent reform experience provides considerable insights into the understanding of both the theory and the practice of water institutional reforms.
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Bycroft, Brian. „BETTER PRACTICE CATCHMENT WATER QUALITY PLANNING FOR AUSTRALIA“. Water e-Journal 2, Nr. 3 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21139/wej.2017.027.
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McKay, Jennifer, und Anthony Moeller. „Statutory Regulation of Water Quality in Modern Australia“. Water International 25, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2000): 595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686875.
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Smith, Phil, Grahame Collier und Hazel Storey. „As Aussie as Vegemite: Building the Capacity of Sustainability Educators in Australia“. Australian Journal of Environmental Education 27, Nr. 1 (2011): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600000161.
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AbstractVegemite, a thick, rich and salty product made from yeast extract, is a paste commonly spread on bread or toast in Australian households. This iconic product mirrors some of the unique aspects of this country. For example, Vegemite thinly spread is best. The population of this country is sparse across the wide lands, and the Australian environment with its thin soils, water shortages and intense climates, might also be described as spread thin. These aspects of context present challenges because Australia needs quality sustainability educators thick on the ground to deal with the many and diverse environmental issues.This paper describes the development of the Australian National Professional Development Initiative for Sustainability Educators (NPDISE) and how it was infuenced by the Australian context. Multiple challenges existed: the size of the country, its environmental conditions and rich biodiversity, distance and space between major centres, distribution of people and resources, understanding of and support for education, and three tiers of government – each with its own policies, programs and priorities. On top of this, the practice of sustainability education crosses multiple professional sectors and disciplines. All these challenges had to be taken into account.Research conducted by the Waste Management Association Australia in 2009 revealed that the needs of Australia's sustainability educators in overcoming many of these challenges were broadly consistent around Australia. This gave encouragement to the establishment of a national professional development approach for those working in the environmental education feld. This paper shows how four professional associations – Australian Association for Environmental Education, Waste Management Association Australia, Australian Water Association, and the Marine Education Society of Australasia – worked together for the frst time and approached these challenges whilst developing the NPDISE. A 1954 jingle said Vegemite would help children “grow stronger every single week”. The NPDISE represents a similar ethos with an emphasis on building the sector.
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Crockett, J. A., K. J. Hartley und W. D. Williams. „Setting and Achieving Water Quality Criteria for Recreation“. Water Science and Technology 21, Nr. 2 (01.02.1989): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0030.
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Water-based recreation is popular in Australia. On the coast many canal estates and marinas are being constructed. Australia's arid and variable climate introduces unusual problems in the establishment of inland recreational lakes. In setting water quality criteria what is achievable must be balanced with what is desirable and criteria may need to be varied between flood and dry periods. Greater emphasis should be placed on understanding, monitoring and managing the ecology of water-bodies. If a stable ecology is maintained, it will generally follow that water quality and conditions surrounding the water-body will be acceptable for human use. In developing new lakes and canals we must carry out some mathematical modelling in order to provide a rational basis for determining water quality criteria and the necessary management actions.
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Miller, R., B. Whitehill und D. Deere. „A national approach to risk assessment for drinking water catchments in Australia“. Water Supply 5, Nr. 2 (01.09.2005): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0029.
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This paper comments on the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies for risk assessment, appropriate for utilisation by Australian Water Utilities in risk assessment for drinking water source protection areas. It is intended that a suggested methodology be recommended as a national approach to catchment risk assessment. Catchment risk management is a process for setting priorities for protecting drinking water quality in source water areas. It is structured through a series of steps for identifying water quality hazards, assessing the threat posed, and prioritizing actions to address the threat. Water management organisations around Australia are at various stages of developing programs for catchment risk management. While much conceptual work has been done on the individual components of catchment risk management, work on these components has not previously been combined to form a management tool for source water protection. A key driver for this project has been the requirements of the National Health and Medical Research Council Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality (DWQMF) included in the draft 2002 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG). The Framework outlines a quality management system of steps for the Australian water industry to follow with checks and balances to ensure water quality is protected from catchment to tap. Key steps in the Framework that relate to this project are as follows: Element 2 Assessment of the Drinking Water Supply System• Water Supply System analysis• Review of Water Quality Data• Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Element 3 Preventive Measures for Drinking Water Quality Management• Preventive Measures and Multiple Barriers• Critical Control Points This paper provides an evaluation of the following risk assessment techniques: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP); World Health Organisation Water Safety Plans; Australian Standard AS 4360; and The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – Drinking Water Quality Management Framework. These methods were selected for assessment in this report as they provided coverage of the different approaches being used across Australia by water utilities of varying: scale of water management organisation; types of water supply system management; and land use and activity-based risks in the catchment area of the source. Initially, different risk assessment methodologies were identified and reviewed. Then examples of applications of those methods were assessed, based on several key water utilities across Australia and overseas. Strengths and weaknesses of each approach were identified. In general there seems some general grouping of types of approaches into those that: cover the full catchment-to-tap drinking water system; cover just the catchment area of the source and do not recognise downstream barriers or processes; use water quality data or land use risks as a key driving component; and are based primarily on the hazard whilst others are based on a hazardous event. It is considered that an initial process of screening water quality data is very valuable in determining key water quality issues and guiding the risk assessment, and to the overall understanding of the catchment and water source area, allowing consistency with the intentions behind the ADWG DWQM Framework. As such, it is suggested that the recommended national risk assessment approach has two key introductory steps: initial screening of key issues via water quality data, and land use or activity scenario and event-based HACCP-style risk assessment. In addition, the importance of recognising the roles that uncertainty and bias plays in risk assessments was highlighted. As such it was deemed necessary to develop and integrate uncertainty guidelines for information used in the risk assessment process. A hybrid risk assessment methodology was developed, based on the HACCP approach, but with some key additions and modifications to make it applicable to varying catchment risks, water supply operation needs and environmental management processes.
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McKay, J. „Are mandatory regulations required for water quality in Australia?“ Water Policy 4, Nr. 2 (2002): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1366-7017(02)00005-3.
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Hatton MacDonald, Darla, Ali Ardeshiri, John M. Rose, Bayden D. Russell und Sean D. Connell. „Valuing coastal water quality: Adelaide, South Australia metropolitan area“. Marine Policy 52 (Februar 2015): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.11.003.
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Scarsbrook, M. R., und A. R. Melland. „Dairying and water-quality issues in Australia and New Zealand“. Animal Production Science 55, Nr. 7 (2015): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14878.
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The scale and intensity of dairy farming can place pressure on our freshwater resources. These pressures (e.g. excessive soil nutrient concentrations and nitrogen excretion) can lead to changes in the levels of contaminants in waterways, altering the state and potentially affecting the uses and values society ascribes to water. Resource management involves putting in place appropriate responses to address water-quality issues. In the present paper, we highlight trends in the scale and extent of dairying in Australia and New Zealand and describe water-quality pressures, state, impacts and responses that characterise the two countries. In Australia and New Zealand, dairy farming has become increasingly intensive over the past three decades, although the size of Australia’s dairy herd has remained fairly static, while New Zealand’s herd and associated excreted nitrogen loads have nearly doubled. In contrast, effluent management has been improved, and farm waterways fenced, in part to reduce pressure on freshwater. However, both countries show a range of indicators of degraded water-quality state. Phosphorus and nitrogen are the most common water-quality indicators to exceed levels beyond the expected natural range, although New Zealand also has a significant percentage of waterways with faecal contaminants beyond acceptable levels for contact recreation. In New Zealand, nitrate concentrations in waterways have increased, while phosphorus and suspended sediment concentrations have generally decreased over the past decade. Water quality in some coastal estuaries and embayments is of particular concern in Australia, whereas attention in New Zealand is on maintaining quality of high-value lakes, rivers and groundwater resources, as well as rehabilitating waterbodies where key values have been degraded. In both Australia and New Zealand, water-quality data are increasingly being collated and reported but in Australia long-term trends across waterbodies, and spatially comprehensive groundwater-quality data have not yet been reported at national levels. In New Zealand, coastal marine systems, and particularly harbours and estuaries, are poorly monitored, but there are long-term monitoring systems in place for rivers, groundwater and lakes. To minimise pressures on water quality, there is a high reliance on voluntary and incentivised practice change in Australia. In New Zealand, industry-led practice change has been important over the past decade, but regulated environmental limits for dairy farmers are increasing. Dairy industries in both countries have set targets for reducing pressures through sustainability frameworks and accords. To address future drivers such as climate change and increasing domestic and international market demand for sustainability credentials, definitions of values and appropriate targets for waterbodies draining agricultural landscapes will be required. Environmental limits (both natural and societal) will constrain future growth opportunities for dairying and research into continued growth within limits remains a priority in both countries.
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Shishkina, Natalia, Toni Hannelly und Clemencia Rodriguez. „Water recycling in Western Australia: analysis of 2003–2009 water quality monitoring programme“. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 61, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2012): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2012.046.
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Gourley, C. J. P., und D. M. Weaver. „Nutrient surpluses in Australian grazing systems: management practices, policy approaches, and difficult choices to improve water quality“. Crop and Pasture Science 63, Nr. 9 (2012): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12154.
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Nutrient surpluses, inefficiencies in nutrient use, and inevitable leakage of nutrients from grazed animal production systems are putting growing pressure on Australian inland and coastal water resources. While there are some examples of regulatory policy approaches in Australia which aim to reduce nutrient emissions and improve water quality around important and impaired coastal and inland waters, most policy options involve voluntary schemes, often including financial incentives to both industry organisations and farmers to offset the costs of implementing improved management practices. In contrast, much stronger land management regulations have been implemented in the European Union, USA, and to a lesser extent New Zealand. In the near future, greater societal expectations for water quality, stricter standards from international markets, and increasing costs for purchased nutrients will mean that improving nutrient-use efficiency and reducing nutrient losses will be a necessary part of Australia livestock production systems. This is likely to require somewhat varied and difficult choices to better balance production and environmental goals. Policy responses may include voluntary adoption of appropriate nutrient management practices, caps on nutrient inputs, mandatory nutrient surplus targets, limits to stock numbers per hectare, and re-positioning of higher input farms to more resilient parts of the national landscape. Alternatively, society may have to accept that there are unavoidable trade-offs between water quality standards and livestock productivity, with increasing treatment of polluted water at the community’s expense.
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Griffiths, D. J., und P. D. Farrell. „Turbidity and water quality in tropical reservoirs in Northern Australia“. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 24, Nr. 3 (Juni 1991): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1989.11899003.
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La Point, Thomas W. „Water Quality Management: Freshwater Ecotoxicity in Australia. B. T. Hart“. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 6, Nr. 2 (Juni 1987): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1467228.
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Senevirathna, S. T. M. L. D., Andrea M. Goncher und Aaron Hollier. „Assessment of drinking water quality in regional New South Wales, Australia“. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 68, Nr. 8 (13.11.2019): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2019.103.
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Abstract There is a substantial research gap relating to the quality of drinking water in regional Australia and identifying possible improvements. In particular, the quality of water available in public places (washing and drinking), such as water bubblers installed in regional parks, schools, rest areas and railway stations, is poorly investigated. This paper discusses the primary and secondary water quality of eight water distribution networks in New South Wales (NSW) regional towns. An analysis of a large number of drinking water samples (more than 11,000) identified that maintaining microbial water quality and the required free chlorine level (>0.2 mg/L) are challenging issues for regional water distribution networks. Sixty-three per cent of the samples collected from the water outlets available in public places of a regional town showed free chlorine levels of <0.2 mg/L, and 30% of samples showed positive results for total coliform. All heavy metal levels of the samples were within the safe level. Water temperature was identified as the most problematic secondary water quality parameter in public water bubblers. Stainless steel was the common material used in bubblers where surface temperatures exceeded 50 °C during summer. This study identifies possible design and operational modifications to improve regional drinking water quality and make public water bubblers more usable.
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Bernard, A. G. „The Bacteriological Quality of Tidal Bathing Waters in Sydney (Australia)“. Water Science and Technology 21, Nr. 2 (01.02.1989): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0029.
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The bacteriological quality of Sydney's tidal bathing waters has been regularly monitored during summer months over the past decade. Tests for faecal coliforms have been supplemented in the last 5 years with tests for faecal streptococci, Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results show that higher levels of faecal coliforms are associated with increased concentrations of faecal streptococci and P. aeruginosa and an increase in the incidence of Salmonella. The extent of bacteriological contamination of a bathing water is influenced by distance from the point of pollution discharge and the occurrence of rainfall. The availability of detailed survey data enables more effective recognition of incidents of significant pollution and the likelihood of an increased public health risk.
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Rayment, GE. „Soil analysis: a review“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, Nr. 8 (1993): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9931015.
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This paper reviews most aspects of soil analysis, with particular emphasis on soil chemical testing in Australia. Water quality, sample contamination, and the effects of soil drying, soil storage, and particle size are recognised as important components in the laboratory preparation of soil samples for analysis. The subsequent effects of choice of soil to solution ratio, leaching v. equilibration, soil shaking equipment, and the choice of extracting and digesting solutions are reviewed with examples.The review includes an overview of key chemical soil tests including pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, phosphate, sulfur, exchangeable cations, and cation exchange capacity. There is an examination of field v. laboratory tests and comment on analytical quality assurance. The recent release of the Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil and Water Chemical Methods and the emerging activities of the Australian Soil and Plant Analysis Council should ensure the direction of soil testing in Australia remains positive.
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Campbell, IC, und TJ Doeg. „Impact of timber harvesting and production on streams: A review“. Marine and Freshwater Research 40, Nr. 5 (1989): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890519.
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Timber harvesting operations have significant effects on both water quantity and water quality. The effects on water quantity have been well documented both in Australia and elsewhere. The effects on water quality are less widely appreciated, and include elevated concentrations of dissolved salts, suspended solids and nutrients, especially during peak flow periods. Several Australian studies have failed to measure peak flow transport of suspended solids, or have measured it inadequately, thus severely underestimating transport. The major short-term effects of timber harvesting on the aquatic biota result from increased sediment input into streams or increased light through damage to, or removal of, the riparian vegetation. Sediment which settles on, or penetrates into, the stream bed is of more concern than suspended sediment, and can lead to long-term deleterious changes to fish and invertebrate populations. Increased light causes an increase in stream primary production which may increase invertebrate densities, and alter community composition. These biological consequences have not yet been adequately investigated in Australia. Longer-term effects, as yet not investigated in Australia, include changes to stream structure as the regrowth forest has fewer large logs to fall into the stream. These large logs play a major role as habitat and retention structures in streams. There has been no attempt to evaluate the effects of timber production activities, including pesticide use and fuel reduction burning, on the Australian stream biota. Likewise, although buffer zones are widely advocated as a protection measure for streams in Australia, there have been no studies to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Kracman, B., R. Martin und P. Sztajnbok. „The Virginia Pipeline: Australia's largest water recycling project“. Water Science and Technology 43, Nr. 10 (01.05.2001): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0573.
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The need to conserve, reuse and recycle water is becoming increasingly important for both environmental and economic reasons. The Virginia Pipeline is Australia's largest water recycling project. More than half the output from (the capital of South Australia) Adelaide's largest wastewater treatment plant is further treated to achieve a product water quality fit for irrigation of vegetable crops with minimal public health restrictions. The project partners have a vision to achieve total reuse. To achieve this vision, recycled water will need to be stored during cool weather periods when the demand for water is low. Temporary storage of this water in poor quality aquifers is the subject of a major research project.
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Drikas, M., J. Y. Morran, C. Pelekani, C. Hepplewhite und D. B. Bursill. „Removal of natural organic matter - a fresh approach“. Water Supply 2, Nr. 1 (01.01.2002): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0009.
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Natural organic matter (NOM) has been shown to be one of the major parameters that affects water quality and treatment processes. NOM reduces the effectiveness of water treatment by interfering with the flocculation process, makes treatment with activated carbon and membrane filtration less efficient and is a precursor to the formation of disinfectant by-products (DBP). Furthermore, NOM acts as a food source for micro-organisms resulting in bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. These concerns have resulted in the removal of NOM from raw water being of prime concern for water authorities. The elevated levels of NOM in Australian water supplies have resulted in priority being given to research into methods of removing NOM by the Australian Water Quality Centre (AWQC). Early work showed that some types of anion exchange resins were very effective for NOM removal and that while resin column systems were rapidly fouled by waters with high concentration of suspended matter, a stirred system had no such limitation. This lead to the development of a resin with a high adsorptive capacity for NOM by the Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in collaboration with the AWQC which will be manufactured under licence by Orica Australia Pty Ltd. This resin then formed the basis for a novel process for NOM removal developed by the AWQC in collaboration with Orica Australia Pty Ltd. Both the MIEX® resin and process have been patented internationally. This paper outlines the process, gives examples of some of the benefits and provides recent results from an operating pilot plant with a capacity 160 kL/day.
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Botha, Elizabeth J., Janet M. Anstee, Stephen Sagar, Eric Lehmann und Thais A. G. Medeiros. „Classification of Australian Waterbodies across a Wide Range of Optical Water Types“. Remote Sensing 12, Nr. 18 (16.09.2020): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183018.
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Baseline determination and operational continental scale monitoring of water quality are required for reporting on marine and inland water progress to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This study aims to improve our knowledge of the optical complexity of Australian waters. A workflow was developed to cluster the modelled spectral response of a range of in situ bio-optical observations collected in Australian coastal and continental waters into distinct optical water types (OWTs). Following clustering and merging, most of the modelled spectra and modelled specific inherent optical properties (SIOP) sets were clustered in 11 OWTs, ranging from clear blue coastal waters to very turbid inland lakes. The resulting OWTs were used to classify Sentinel-2 MSI surface reflectance observations extracted over relatively permanent water bodies in three drainage regions in Eastern Australia. The satellite data classification demonstrated clear limnological and seasonal differences in water types within and between the drainage divisions congruent with general limnological, topographical, and climatological factors. Locations of unclassified observations can be used to inform where in situ bio-optical data acquisition may be targeted to capture a more comprehensive characterization of all Australian waters. This can contribute to global initiatives like the SDGs and increases the diversity of natural water in global databases.
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Hoang, TC, AJ Cole, RK Fotedar, MJ O’Leary, MW Lomas und S. Roy. „Seasonal changes in water quality and Sargassum biomass in southwest Australia“. Marine Ecology Progress Series 551 (09.06.2016): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11735.
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CHAPMAN, PETER M. „Bioassay testing for Australia as part of water quality assessment programmes“. Austral Ecology 20, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00517.x.
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Sharp, I. H., und M. A. Schell. „Study of Recreational Use of Sydney Water Board and Fish River Water Supply Storages (Australia)“. Water Science and Technology 21, Nr. 2 (01.02.1989): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0037.
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Existing and potential recreational uses in a number of very different water supply catchments managed by two major N.S.W. authorities were investigated. Community attitudes to recreational use of both land based and water based activities were analysed together with reactions to increased charges to cover costs of ensuring safe water quality. Threats to water quality were studied and additional management and water quality control measures formulated.
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Hart, BT, EM Ottaway und BN Noller. „Magela Creek system, northern Australia. I. 1982-83 wet-season water quality“. Marine and Freshwater Research 38, Nr. 2 (1987): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870261.
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The particularly late wet season in 1982-83 provided a unique opportunity to study the dry-to-wet season transition in Magela Creek, a tropical creek and wetlands system in northern Australia. The first water to flow down and across the floodplain was characteristically quite acidic (pH c. 4-5), with a high conductivity (c. 750 �S cm-1) and high sulfate concentration (c. 200 mg I-1). The source of the sulfate, acidity and dissolved salts is groundwater brought to the surface (mainly in depressions on the floodplain, e.g. pools and channels) by rising watertables, and then flushed from these by the slowly advancing flood waters. The end of the dry season is a time of particular stress for the biota living in these billabongs, and many fish kills have been noted at around the time this 'first flush' water enters. In most years, this poor-quality water would be rapidly flushed out, in a few days at the most, from the billabongs by subsequent flood- flows down Magela Creek. However, in 1983, the next flood event did not occur until almost 1 month after the first flush had occurred. During the main wet season, the water transported by Magela Creek was slightly acidic (mean pH 5,2), with a very low conductivity (c. 5-17 �S cm-1) and low concentrations of suspended solids (c. 4-59 mg I-1), major ions and trace metals (iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, uranium). There was a general decrease in the mean concentration of each determin and with each succeeding flood event. This was most noticeable in the case of suspended solids and conductivity, and was attributed to an 'exhaustion effect' where greater amounts of suspended solids and soluble salts (in the upper soil layers) were available in the early part of the wet season. The composition of the creek water was very similar to that of rainwater falling in the catchment, with two major exceptions. First, the rainwater was considerably more acidic (pH 3.6-4.9), due mainly to the presence of weak organic acids such as formic and acetic acids. This acidic rainwater was partially neutralized by interaction with catchment soils. Second, the concentrations of all nutrients (total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen) were considerably higher in the rainwater. There was a significant removal (over 90%) of phosphorus, ammonia and nitrate from the rainwater, probably due to uptake by the ground vegetation known to proliferate in the catchment during the wet season. Factor analysis indicated that dilution of the base flow, presumably by surface runoff of rainwater, was the dominant component during both the rising and falling stages of each flood event. Radionuclide activity in composite water samples taken over the five flood events revealed that the total activity of both 226Ra and 210Pb was low, with greater than 58% of both radionuclides being in filterable forms.
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Eagles, H. A., Karen Cane, R. F. Eastwood, G. J. Hollamby, Haydn Kuchel, P. J. Martin und G. B. Cornish. „Contributions of glutenin and puroindoline genes to grain quality traits in southern Australian wheat breeding programs“. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, Nr. 2 (2006): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05242.
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Glutenin genes were known to influence maximum dough resistance (Rmax), dough extensibility (extensibility), and dough development time, whereas puroindoline genes were known to influence grain hardness, flour water absorption (water absorption), and milling yield. These are important determinants of grain quality of wheat in Australia. This study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of these genes on Rmax, extensibility, dough development time, water absorption, and milling yield in a large dataset assembled from the breeding programs based at Horsham, Victoria; Roseworthy, South Australia; and Wagga Wagga, New South Wales; for at least 10 seasons. The effect of the glutenin genes on Rmax, extensibility, and dough development time was confirmed, as was the effect of the puroindoline genes on water absorption and milling yield. In addition, puroindoline genes were shown to significantly affect extensibility and dough development time. The Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b genotype increased extensibility, dough development time, and milling yield relative to the Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a genotype. Both of these genotypes are present in cultivars classified as hard-grained in southern Australia. Therefore, the allelic composition of both glutenin and puroindoline genes is required to predict the grain quality of hard wheat in southern Australian breeding programs. The glutenin and puroindoline genes in combination accounted for more than 50% of the genotypic variance for these traits, except for milling yield, but a substantial proportion of the genotypic variation could not be attributed to these genes, indicating that other genes affecting the traits were present in the populations of these wheat-breeding programs.
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Ward, Rachelle, Lorraine Spohr und Peter Snell. „Rice grain quality: an Australian multi-environment study“. Crop and Pasture Science 70, Nr. 11 (2019): 946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19194.
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Rice is a staple for much of the world’s population. Increased production of good-quality rice is a necessity for global food security. Variable water supply and increasingly unpredictable weather is an ongoing challenge to the Australian rice industry, with the impact felt along the supply chain from growers to consumers. This multi-environment trial (MET) is focused on capturing the quality of milled grain produced in new growing regions beyond south-eastern Australia. Data on grain quality from 54 rice-variety trials grown between 2008 and 2017 across 10 locations and two seasons (wet and dry) spanning four Australian states and territories are included. Physical quality traits (yellowness index and whole grain yield), grain composition (apparent amylose and protein content) and eating quality traits (setback and gelatinisation temperature) were analysed. Varietal predictions for each quality trait at a range of sites provide evidence for the industry to develop strategies to deliver a consistent supply of high-quality Australian-grown rice.
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Russell, Shaina, Emilie Ens und Ngukurr Yangbala Rangers. „‘We don’t want to drink that water’: cross-cultural indicators of billabong water quality in remote Indigenous Australia“. Marine and Freshwater Research 71, Nr. 10 (2020): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19305.
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Globally, many Indigenous people rely on surface waters for drinking due to limited access to safe or palatable water, cultural and spiritual reasons and belief in its healing properties. In northern Australia, Indigenous people from the remote community Ngukurr have raised concerns about drinking water from freshwater billabongs due to potential microbial contamination from feral ungulates (buffalo, pig, horse and cattle). In response to these concerns, a cross-cultural assessment of water quality and drinking water safety was undertaken. Indigenous biocultural indicators of water quality and perceptions of drinking water safety at billabongs were documented. In addition, Western scientific methods were used to assess billabong waters surrounding the Ngukurr community for the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The results revealed that local Indigenous people make decisions about water quality and drinking water safety through visual indicators, seasonal knowledge and intuition. Giardia was only detected in the late dry season and Cryptosporidium was not detected during either the wet or dry season. The commonly held Indigenous perspective aligned with the pathogen results, whereby billabongs were safer to drink from in the early dry season then the late dry season. Boiling water when drinking from billabongs during all seasons is considered best practice to avoid ingestion of infective enteric pathogens.
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Tillman, Pei, Jonathan Dixon, Yue-Cong Wang und Merran Griffith. „HYDRODYNAMIC AND WATER QUALITY MODELLING IN SYDNEY HARBOUR“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 36v (31.12.2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.papers.58.
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The Sydney Harbour waterway modelling suite examines the changes in water quality in the harbour estuary and its tributaries associated with stormwater runoff and wet weather sewage overflows from the upstream catchments, in Sydney Australia. This paper discusses the development and performance of the numerical models. The models have been used to investigate the spatial variability of catchment pollutant loads and the impacts of sewer overflows on the water quality in the Sydney Harbour estuary. The scenario modelling results demonstrate that sewer overflows have a minimal impact on the Sydney Harbour estuary water quality, with stormwater dominating most changes in water quality.
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Jupp, DLB, JTO Kirk und GP Harris. „Detection, identification and mapping of cyanobacteria — Using remote sensing to measure the optical quality of turbid inland waters“. Marine and Freshwater Research 45, Nr. 5 (1994): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9940801.
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The advantages of airborne scanning for the detection, identification and mapping of algal species, cyanobacteria and associated water parameters (such as turbidity) can be realized if current research outcomes are developed into operational methods based on images with high spectral resolution. Evidence for this has become available through data obtained recently in Australia from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager. This paper shows how pigments associated with cyanobacteria are detectable, even in the very turbid waters typical of eastern Australia. It demonstrates how, if the waterbodies and their constituents can be characterized by a programme of field and laboratory measurement, current processing techniques and models allow the concentrations of different constituents (algae and particles) in the photic zone to be estimated and mapped. The challenge for operational remote sensing of optical water quality in Australia (and throughout the world) is seen to have two components. One is to provide an effective characterization of the target inland and adjacent coastal waters and the other is to streamline the data analysis to provide maps of water properties in the time and cost frameworks required for operational use.
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Law, Ian B., Jurgen Menge und David Cunliffe. „Validation of the Goreangab Reclamation Plant in Windhoek, Namibia against the 2008 Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling“. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, Nr. 1 (19.08.2014): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.138.
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Australia has had Guidelines in place for water recycling (for all uses other than the augmentation of drinking water supplies) since 2006. These Guidelines were extended to cover potable reuse in May 2008 and have been applied to two potable reuse projects in Australia – one a trial plant in Perth, Western Australia and the second for a large AUD$2.6 × 109 scheme in Brisbane, Queensland. All reclamation plants in Australia must be ‘validated’ against the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling prior to being put into operation. The majority of advanced reuse schemes incorporate the dual membrane process – microfiltration or ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis (RO) – in the treatment trains and while this membrane based treatment has been shown to produce a very high quality of product water, it does come at a cost and there is renewed interest in alternative treatment technologies that offer cost savings and are more sustainable. This paper uses data gathered in Australia from a range of advanced reclamation plants, as well as design and actual performance criteria from the Goreangab Plant, to ‘validate’ the latter and, given the longevity of the Windhoek direct potable reuse experience, lend support to more serious consideration of non-RO based plants for potable reuse applications.
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Kuruppu, Upeka, und Ataur Rahman. „Trends in water quality data in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River System, Australia“. Journal of Water and Climate Change 6, Nr. 4 (07.05.2015): 816–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.120.
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The Hawkesbury–Nepean River System (HNRS) is one of the most important inland river systems in Australia, which supplies over 90% of Sydney's potable water. In this paper, 25 water quality parameters from nine sampling stations in the HNRS covering a period of 12 years are used to examine the trends in the water quality data in the HNRS. It has been found that there is an overall increasing trend of turbidity, chlorophyll-a, alkalinity, total iron, total aluminium, total manganese and reactive silicate, indicating an overall water quality deterioration in the HNRS during the last decade. The parameters such as phosphorus, suspended solids and ammonical nitrogen do not show any marked change over the period of study. Although an improvement in water quality can be seen at some stations downstream of the undisturbed parts of the catchment, there is a clear trend of increased chemical and physical water quality deterioration at many locations in the HNRS. Better land use planning is recommended to achieve an overall improvement in the water quality of the HNRS in future.
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Kus, B., Jaya Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran und H. K. Shon. „Water quality characterisation of rainwater in tanks at different times and locations“. Water Science and Technology 61, Nr. 2 (01.01.2010): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.824.
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Rainwater collected from ten domestic roofs in Sydney and from one in Wollongong, a town south of Sydney, Australia was analysed to determine the water quality and to compare against the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) to determine its suitability as a potable water supply. The pollutants analysed were 13 heavy metals, 8 salts & minerals, pH, ammonia, orthophosphate, conductivity, water hardness, turbidity, total suspended solids, Total dissolved salts & Bicarbonate. The results indicate that the rainwater tested complied to most of the parameters specified in the ADWG. Molecular weight distribution of organic matter from one of the domestic rainwater tanks was analysed in terms of the effects of aging and roof contact. Molecular weight distribution of organic matter in rainwater showed prominent peaks at 37,500 daltons may be due to biopolymers, 850 Da to humic substances, 500 Da to building blocks, 220 Da to low MW acids, and less than 220 Da to amphiphilics. The findings also indicate that the first flush volumes that by-passed the tank can have a significant influence on the water quality in the rainwater tank.
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Edwards, Louise, und Helen Crabb. „Water quality and management in the Australian pig industry“. Animal Production Science 61, Nr. 7 (2021): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20484.
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Context Water is the first nutrient and an essential component of all agricultural production systems. Despite its importance there has been limited research on water, and in particular, the impact of its availability, management and quality on production systems. Aims This research sought to describe the management and quality of water used within the Australian pig industry. Specifically, the water sources utilised, how water was managed and to evaluate water quality at both the source and the point of delivery to the pig. Methods Fifty-seven commercial piggeries across Australia participated in this study by completing a written survey on water management. In addition, survey participants undertook physical farm parameter measurements including collecting water samples. Each water sample was tested for standard quality parameters including pH, hardness, heavy metals and microbiological status. Key results Responses were received from 57 farms, estimated to represent at least 22% of ‘large’ pig herds. Bore water was the most common water source being utilised within the farms surveyed. Management practices and infrastructure delivering water from the source to the point of consumption were found to differ across the farms surveyed. Furthermore, water was regularly used as a delivery mechanism for soluble additives such as antibiotics. The quality of water at the source and point of consumption was found to be highly variable with many parameters, particularly pH, hardness, salinity, iron, manganese and microbiological levels, exceeding the acceptable standard. Conclusions In general, water quality did not appear to be routinely monitored or managed. As a result, farm managers had poor visibility of the potential negative impacts that inferior water quality or management may be having on pig production and in turn the economics of their business. Indeed, inferior water quality may impact the delivery of antibiotics and in turn undermine the industry’s antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Implications The study findings suggest that water quality represents a significant challenge to the Australian pig industry. Access to drinking water of an acceptable quality is essential for optimal pig performance, health and welfare but also to ensure farm to fork supply chain integrity, traceability and food safety.
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Maher, M., J. Nevill und P. Nichols. „Achieving river integrity through natural resource management and integrated catchment management legislative frameworks“. Water Science and Technology 45, Nr. 11 (01.06.2002): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0387.
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This paper reports on a project which further refines a model legislative framework first identified in a Land and Water Australia project in 1999. This framework is benchmarked against legislative excerpts from within Australian jurisdictions, as well as the major policy initiatives of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) water reform agenda, the Commonwealth's National Action Plan on Salinity and Water Quality, and others. The model framework has been heavily influenced by current thinking on ecological systems, good governance, and organisational management. Another important product of the report is a statement of model statutory objectives and principles, suitable for use in water resource legislation.
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Shea, A., J. Poon und S. Williamson. „Microbial risk assessment of drinking water to set health-based performance targets to improve water quality and treatment plant operations“. Water Practice and Technology 11, Nr. 2 (01.06.2016): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.006.
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Western Water (WW) provides water, recycled water and wastewater services to almost 150,000 people whilst continuously striving to improve processes to provide its customers with safe, cost effective and reliable drinking water, recycled water and treatment services. Under this framework of continuous improvement, WW has reviewed the effectiveness of its drinking water treatment systems using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) techniques described by the World Health Organization (WHO). The microbial-related water quality targets in the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Paper 6 National Water Quality Management Strategy (2011) National Health and Medical Research Council, National Resource Management Ministerial Council, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra are simply ‘to ensure that drinking water is free of microorganisms that can cause disease’. Whereas, the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling adopted the WHO QMRA approach for setting health-based microbial targets to manage health risk to customers. WW has investigated adopting the AGWR methodology for drinking water risk management, and invested in the development of a convenient and practical QMRA tool for rapid assessment and reporting of the microbial safety of its drinking water systems. This action resulted in the identification of several drinking water system performance deficiencies, and recommendations for system improvements and optimization to improve health risk management to customers.
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Holmes, M., und D. Oemcke. „Optimisation of conventional water treatment processes in Adelaide, South Australia“. Water Supply 2, Nr. 5-6 (01.12.2002): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0164.
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Supplying drinking water in metropolitan Adelaide to meet contractual and Australian Drinking Water Guidelines is a challenge as source waters contain high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) that often exceed 10 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The US EPA indicates that enhanced coagulation is the best available technology to control DOC in drinking water treatment plants. United Water has used enhanced coagulation at Metropolitan Adelaide WTPs since 1997 to improve water quality in the distribution system. NOM reduction has led to treated water with a lower chlorine demand allowing a greater residual penetration enabling improved bacteriological compliance. Disinfection by-product formation has also been controlled within the distribution system. Pathogen treatment barriers to remove Cryptosporidium and Giardia have been strengthened by adopting improved filter pre-treatment, enhanced coagulation and filter pre-chlorination to reduce particle breakthrough at all suitable WTPs.
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Abal, EG, und WC Dennison. „Seagrass depth range and water quality in southern Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia“. Marine and Freshwater Research 47, Nr. 6 (1996): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960763.
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Correlations between water quality parameters and seagrass depth penetration were developed for use as a biological indicator of integrated light availability and long-term trends in water quality. A year-long water quality monitoring programme in Moreton Bay was coupled with a series of seagrass depth transects. A strong gradient between the western (landward) and eastern (seaward) portions of Moreton Bay was observed in both water quality and seagrass depth range. Higher concentrations of chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, dissolved and total nutrients, and light attenuation coefficients in the water column and correspondingly shallower depth limits of the seagrass Zostera capricorni were observed in the western portions of the bay. Relatively high correlation coefficient values (r2 > 0.8) were observed between light attenuation coefficient, total suspended solids, chlorophyll a, total Kjeldahl nitrogen and Zostera capricorni depth range. Low correlation coefficient values (r2 < 0.8) between seagrass depth range and dissolved inorganic nutrients were observed. Seagrasses had disappeared over a five-year period near the mouth of the Logan River, a turbid river with increased land use in its watershed. At a site 9 km from the river mouth, a significant decrease in seagrass depth range corresponded to higher light attenuation, chlorophyll a, total suspended solids and total nitrogen content relative to a site 21 km from the river mouth. Seagrass depth penetration thus appears to be a sensitive bio-indicator of some water quality parameters, with application for water quality management.
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Keipert, N., D. Weaver, R. Summers, M. Clarke und S. Neville. „Guiding BMP adoption to improve water quality in various estuarine ecosystems in Western Australia“. Water Science and Technology 57, Nr. 11 (01.06.2008): 1749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.276.
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The Australian Government's Coastal Catchment Initiative (CCI) seeks to achieve targeted reductions in nutrient pollution to key coastal water quality hotspots, reducing algal blooms and fish kills. Under the CCI a Water Quality Improvement Plan (WQIP) is being prepared for targeted estuaries (Swan–Canning, near Perth, and the Vasse–Geographe, 140 km south of Perth) to address nutrient pollution issues. A range of projects are developing, testing and implementing agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) to reduce excessive loads of nutrients reaching the receiving waters. This work builds on progress-to-date achieved in a similar project in the Peel–Harvey Catchment (70 km south of Perth). It deals with the necessary steps of identifying the applicability of BMPs for nutrient attenuation, developing and promoting BMPs in the context of nutrient use and attenuation on farm and through catchments and estimating the degree to which BMP implementation can protect receiving waters. With a range of BMPs available with varying costs and effectiveness, a Decision Support System (DSS) to guide development of the WQIP and implementation of BMPs to protect receiving waters, is under development. As new information becomes available the DSS will be updated to ensure relevance and accuracy for decision-making and planning purposes. The DSS, calibrated for application in the catchments, will play a critical role in adaptive implementation of the WQIP by assessing the effect of land use change and management interventions on pollutant load generation and by providing a tool to guide priority setting and investment planning to achieve agreed WQIP load targets.
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Hostetler, Stephen, und Tom Loutit. „The Deep Australian Water Resource Information System (DAWRIS) and the petroleum“. APPEA Journal 49, Nr. 2 (2009): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08072.
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The total sustainable yield of groundwater in Australia is not known even though many regions of Australia rely on groundwater for urban and rural water supply. Knowledge of deep groundwater resources is particularly poor, with little known about reservoirs below about 100 metres depth. The resource industries often discover and produce large volumes of groundwater that is subsequently evaporated, reinjected, cleaned and discharged into the ocean or streams, or supplied to urban and rural users. In addition, geothermal power and carbon capture and storage projects are also reliant on understanding groundwater processes at depth. Despite this need, Australia as a nation does not have an information system that provides data and interpretation on all groundwater reservoirs from the basement to the surface. The Deep Australian Water Resource Information System (DAWRIS) is designed to integrate existing groundwater knowledge with previously under-utilised datasets (such as basin analysis, petroleum wells, seismic sections and geophysics) to place deep groundwater within existing government water frameworks. In addition, DAWRIS will also use technologies developed and applied within the petroleum industry to assess groundwater resources. The challenge for DAWRIS is to build a consistent tectonostratigraphic framework (geofabric) in which to place observations on reservoir properties, groundwater sustainability and water quality. The geofabric will then act as a basis in which to predict these properties away from control points. The petroleum industry will be able to use DAWRIS to predict the volume and quality of groundwater co-production, plan remediation and reuse strategies, and to help shape Australia’s water agenda.
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Johnson, T. C., und S. H. Williams. „From Canals to Lakes in South-East Queensland (Australia); Water Quality Aspects“. Water Science and Technology 21, Nr. 2 (01.02.1989): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0061.
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BUNN, STUART E. „Biological monitoring of water quality in Australia: Workshop summary and future directions“. Austral Ecology 20, Nr. 1 (März 1995): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00533.x.
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Emmett, A. J., und A. L. Telfer. „Influence of karst hydrology on water quality management in southeast South Australia“. Environmental Geology 23, Nr. 2 (März 1994): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00766988.
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Hembrow, Sarah C., und Kathryn H. Taffs. „Water quality changes in Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island, Australia: a Palaeolimnological approach“. Australian Geographer 43, Nr. 3 (September 2012): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2012.706207.
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Murphy, T., C. Dougall, P. Burger und C. Carroll. „Runoff water quality from dryland cropping on Vertisols in Central Queensland, Australia“. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 180 (November 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.023.
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Oliver, Danielle P., und Rai S. Kookana. „Minimising agricultural pollution to enhance water quality in the Philippines and Australia“. Agricultural Water Management 106 (April 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.12.009.
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Tibby, J., und D. Tiller. „Climate–water quality relationships in three Western Victorian (Australia) lakes 1984–2000“. Hydrobiologia 591, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2007): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0804-5.
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