Dissertationen zum Thema „Waste audit“

In order to answer modern challenges, which come from increasing needs in energy forprivate persons and industries as well as in order to decrease negative environmentalimpacts, caused by the processes of energy generation, it is important to constantly searchfor untapped energy efficiency potential. Moreover, nowadays, energy efficiency hasbecome one of the prerequisites of successful market competitiveness for any type ofindustry on local and global levels.An energy audit is an instrument, which can be used for understanding how the energy isused and identify possible energy-saving opportunities. It can be applied to a facility as awhole, as well as individually to equipment, system(s) or process(es). Moreover, energysaving measures can be both cross-cutting and sector-specific.The purpose of this project was to conduct a detailed energy audit of the Hagby wasterecycling plant and to identify beneficial energy saving opportunities from economic,environmental and social perspectives.In the frames of a preliminary energy audit 10 focus areas for further analysis wereidentified. For every area a baseline assessment of the current energy performance wasconducted, possible energy management opportunities were identified and evaluated aswell as results of each analysis were summarized. According to the results of the study, with the implementation of the suggestions, whichrequire no, low or medium investments it is possible to save 3,2% of the energy per year,which corresponds to 76 846 kWh. Energy consumption can further be decreased byimplementing measures, which need high initial financial investment. In that case totalsavings will be 468 846 kWh or 19,4% of total annual energy consumption. Additionalenergy might be saved just by introducing energy housekeeping measures. Finally,implementation of all the proposed EMO can bring 14,46 tons of 2 CO savings annually.Additional benefits of implementing the energy saving opportunities come from decreasingenvironmental impacts, improving working conditions of the plant employees and higherenergy security at the plant.The results of the energy audit can be a solid base for establishing an energy managementprogram at the plant, which will include performance targets, required resources and aclear procedure of realization of improvements. However, since some of the calculations inthe current study are based on various assumptions, after the company forms the energymanagement program, it is necessary to invite experts from industry in order to giveaccurate calculations for each of the focus areas.

The thesis is devoted to analyze the system of various types of audit in the selected company. It explains the need to perform regular internal audit in large companies. This thesis includes theoretical preconditions for successful functioning of the audit system in the company and the analysis of a particular system in a large company in the automotive industry. Based on the analysis it suggests measures that lead to more effective performance of activities related to audits and its actual implementation. The aim is to explain the differences between the various types of audits, to analyze the existing system in the selected company and propose a new solution.

Lean philosophy is based on the continuous quest to improve the organisation‟s processes by creating a culture and operating principles which eliminate all non value adding activities within organisation„s processes. Manufacturing firms consider the adoption of the Lean tools as basic requirements for achieving World Class operational excellence or Best Practice. For some time, lean has been used by the manufacturing organizations. Most organizations understand that lean will help them survive global competition and stay in business. The objective of this study is to investigate how lean manufacturing tools can be used to improve efficiency and enhance the embedding of a continuous improvement culture in the South African Revenue Service Enforcement Audit Port Elizabeth. The activities that took place in Enforcement Audit Port Elizabeth from September 2010 until 31 October 2011 were observed. During the study, an introductory presentation by the researcher was made to Regional Enforcement Management and staff in general, the presentation was to introduce the study highlighting different Lean tools. Thereafter the Port Elizabeth audit staff members were engaged formally, using surveys to assess their underlying mindset and behaviour as well as informally, using unstructured interviews to solicit more information on activities taking place and the reasoning behind certain actions. The results of the survey and observations are analysed and interpreted.

Thesis (MScEng (Chemical Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
304 leaves single sided printed,preliminary pages i-xxii and numberd pages 1-282. Includes bibliography,list of figures and tables, used a Bizhub 250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR) 57pages contain figures in color.Digitized at 300 dpi 24-bit Color to pdf format (OCR),used a Hp Scanjet 8250
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ecosystems and natural water sources are constantly under threat from pollutants and all efforts should be made to minimise polluting factors. In the last decade growing concern has been expressed with regard to the environmental threat posed by wastewater produced by wineries and distilleries. Research into winery wastewater commenced in the early nineties mainly in Australia and France. These investigations characterised winery wastewater, indicating a large diversity in quality and quantity between wastewaters emanating from wineries. Owed to changes in South African legislation, in conjunction with an augmented environmental awareness, the need for an environmental assessment of wineries became apparent. In South Africa, research of this nature had not yet been conducted. Previous research on winery wastewater treatment employed mostly biological technologies, with success but also shortfalls. In South Africa the majority of wineries are located in the Western Cape Province, several within the same water catchment area. Wineries may produce approximately 1 to 10 litres of wastewater per litre of wine produced, which are turbid and acidic and typically contain high levels of organic compounds (thus oxygen deficient), and suspended material. Usually these wastewaters are irrigated onto land, in close proximity to natural water resources. The pollution of water tables and down-stream water sources may occur. The quantification, qualification and treatment of this type of wastewater are addressed in this study. Winery wastewater produced from the predominantly red wine producing Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons, served as case study for a two-year wastewater audit strategy. The most common analyses performed on winery wastewater include the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), pH and turbidity. A thorough analysis in the form of a comprehensive audit was performed on the water and vinification processes. This allowed for an accurate determination of contamination sources and properties. The audit entailed a designed sampling protocol, the format of which was tailored as an initial environmental assessment for the development of an Environmental Management System (EMS) unique to Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons. The EMS includes projected future objectives for wastewater quality (COD, SS, pH, turbidity), as well as an environmental policy. In order to reach the proposed quality objectives, a suitable wastewater treatment system must be installed. The efficiency of the treatment system present at Rupert and Rothschild Vignerons was evaluated and piloted the investigation of physico-chemical treatment technologies. Research into the applicability of induced sedimentation (coagulation) and chemical oxidation (ozone) was the first of its kind for winery wastewater as substrate, and provided an interesting dimension in the sense of pragmatic and economic feasibility. Dissolved and suspended particles present in winery wastewater do not settle by gravity alone, thus requiring sedimentation agents (coagulants). Benchscale experiments were conducted employing four types of pre-polymerised metal salt coagulants (polyaluminium chloride). Successful sedimentation of turbidity inducing compounds (up to 98 %) and suspended solid fractions (up to 92%) was achieved. These coagulants are highly suitable for the treatment of winery wastewater since the investigation showed that they are effective over a broad pH and dosage range. In addition, rapid sedimentation rates were observed, favouring thickener design economy. Ozone is a potent oxidising agent, and has been reported to increase the biodegradability of dissolved organic compounds and result in the decolouring of wastewaters. Ozonation is highly pH dependent, with hydroxyl radical activity dominating at alkaline pH. In the majority of gas-liquid contacting systems, the kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction is not limited by the chemical reaction rate, but by the transport of ozone to the liquid phase. To compensate, the ozone concentration in the gas phase is increased. Coupled to the primary investigation on the applicability of ozone treatment for winery wastewater, thus emerged a secondary investigation into an enhanced mass transfer system, realised by the use of impinging stream technology. The ozone transfer in a conventional bubble-column was compared to that of an impinging-stream jet-reactor. The latter significantly improved the ozone transfer to the winery wastewater, resulting in the rate-limiting step being the chemical reaction rate. Ozonation resulted in the increased biodegradability of the winery wastewater, and complete colour and odour elimination. Concerning jet-reactors, the principal importance lies in the substantial reduction in the initial ozone concentration requirement, thereby rendering the process more economically feasible. Following the investigation of the wastewater dynamics, the determination of eco-toxicology during irrigation should be conducted in future. When considering induced sedimentation, further studies should be directed towards ascertaining the most economic yet efficient dosage of the coagulant. Similarly, a study concerning the economic viability of ozone efficiency should be realised in terms of the energy requirements for both ozone generation and the operation of jet-reactors. Although the jet reactor poses a benefit for enhanced mass transfer, the essential criterion concerning residence time in the reactor must be addressed for positive results. Since no single solution exists for the treatment of winery wastewaters, the application of the considered technology must be carefully selected and incorporated in a treatment design; the two foremost criteria for selection being efficiency and economy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ekologiese stelsels en natuurlike waterbronne word gedurig bedreig deur besoedeling, dus moet ten aile tye gepoog word om besoedeling te minimiseer of te voorkom. Gedurende die laaste dekade is al hoe meer kommer uitgespreek oor die besoedeling van afloop water afkomstig van wyn en spiritualiee-vervaardiging. Navorsing aangaande wynafloopwater het ontstaan in die vroee negentigs, hoofsaaklik in Australie en Frankryk. Hierdie navorsing het gelei tot die karakterisering van wynafloopwater, en die uiteenlopendheid van hierdie water aangaande die kwaliteit en kwantiteit tussen kelders, is aangetoon. As gevolg van veranderinge in die SuidAfrikaanse wetgewing, asook 'n groeiende bewuswording van omgewingsake, het die noodsaaklikheid van omgewings impak-studies vir wynkelders na vore getree. Tot op hede is navorsing van hierdie aard nog nie in Suid Afrika gedoen nie. Vorige navorsing op die behandeling van wynafloopwater het meestal biologiese tegnologiee behels, met 'n mate van sukses maar ook met tekortkominge. Die meederheid wynkelders in Suid Afrika is in die Wes-Kaap gelee, baie binne dieselfde opvanggebied. Wynkelders kan tussen 1 tot 10 liter afloop water produseer per liter wyn geproduseer. Hierdie afloop het tipies 'n hoe konsentrasie organiese stowwe (is dus arm aan suurstof), is troebel en suur, en bevat gesuspendeerde materiaal. Gewoonlik word die wynafloop water besproei in die nabyheid van natuurlike waterbronne. Die besoedeling van watertafels en waterbronne kan dus plaasvind. Die kwantifisering, kwalifisering en behandeling van wynafloopwater word ondersoek in hierdie tesis. Die wynafloopwater van die hoofsaaklik rooiwyn produserende Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons, het gedien as proefstudie tydens 'n twee-jaar wynafloopwateroudit. 'n Deeglike analise in die formaat van 'n veelomvattende oudit is uitgevoer op die wynmaakproses en die waterafvoerstrome. 'n Akkurate bepaling van die oorsprong van waterkontaminasie, asook die eienskappe daarvan is bewerkstellig. Die oudit behels 'n spesifiek ontwerpte monsternemingprotokol, waarvan die formaat geformuleer is om te dien as 'n beginpunt vir die ontwikkeling van 'n Omgewingsbestuurstelsel (08S), uniek vir Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons. Hierdie 08S sluit toekomstige doelstellings vir die kwaliteit (chemiese suurstofbehoefte, gesuspendeerde vaste stowwe, pH, turbiditeit) van wynafloopwater in, asook 'n omgewingsbeleid. Die installering van 'n waterbehandelingsisteem moet geskied om te voldoen aan hierdie voorgestelde doelstellings. Die effektiwiteit van die huidige behandeling sisteem teenwoordig by Rupert en Rothschild Vignerons is geevalueer en het gelei tot navorsing oor fisieschemiese behandelingstegnologiee. Navorsing aangaande die toepassing van geinduseerde sedimentasie (koagulasie) en chemiese oksidasie (osoon), is vir die eerste keer toegepas op wynafloopwater, en het interessante gevolge in 'n pragmatiese en ekonomiese sin. Opgelosde en gesuspendeerde partikels teenwoordig in wynafloopwater sak nie onder normale gravitasie uit nie, en dus word die toediening van sedimentasie-induserende middels benodig. Eksperimente is in die laboratorium uitgevoer met vier verskillende gepolimeriseerde metaalsoutkoagulante (poli-aluminiumchloriedes). Dit het gelei tot die effektiewe sedimentering van stowwe wat troebelheid (turbiditeit) veroorsaak (tot 98 %) en ook gesuspendeerde stowwe (tot 92 %). Dit is gevind dat hierdie tipe koagulante hoogs geskik is vir die behandeling van wynafloop water, aangesien hulle effektief is by 'n wye pH- en doseringsreeks. Die uitsaktempo is vinnig, wat dus die ontwerp van 'n uitsaktenk (verdikker) ekonomies maak. Osoon is 'n sterk oksideermiddel, terwyl talle verslae aandui dat dit die biologiese ontbinding van opgelosde stowwe verhoog en die ontkleuring van afloopwaters tot. gevolg het. Osonering is pH afhanklik; by alkaliese pH oorheers die werking van hidroksielradikale. In die meerderheid gasvloeistofkontaksisteme word die kinetika van die heterogene chemiese reaksie nie beperk deur die intrinsieke reaksietempo nie, maar deur die vervoer van osoon na die vloeistoffase. Om te kompenseer hiervoor, word die osoon konsentrasie in die gasfase verhoog. Gekoppel aan die primere ondersoek aangaande die toepasbaarheid van osoonbehandeling op wynafloopwater, het 'n tweede ondersoek onstaan aangaande verhoogde massa-oordragssisteme deur die gebruik van hoeintensiteit spuitreaktore. Die osoonoordrag in konvensionele borrelkolomme is vergelyk met die van 'n hoe intensiteit spuitreaktor. Laasgenoemde het die osoonoordrag na die wynafloopwater aansienlik verhoog, met die gevolg dat die chemiese reaksie die beperking op die reaksie tempo geplaas het. Osonering het die biodegradasie van die wynafloop water verhoog, asook die kleur en reuk verwyder. By die spuit-reaktor Ie die belangrikheid daarin by die aansienlike veriaging in die aanvanklike behoefte aan osoonkonsentrasie, derhalwe is hierdie oordragsisteem meer ekonomies. Na afloop van die ondersoek op die dinamika van wynafloopwater, moet die ekotoksisiteit gedurende besproeiing bepaal word vir toekomstige doeleindes. Indien ge"induseerde sedimentasie verlang word, kan verdere studie gedoen word om die mees ekonomiese dosis van die koagulant te bepaal. Ooreenstemmend, moet die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die osoon effektiwiteit bepaal word ten opsigte van die energiebehoefte van beide die osoongenerasie en die werking van die hoe-intensiteit spuitreaktor. Alhoewel die spuitreaktor verhoogde massa-oordrag bewerkstellig, moet die effek van die residensietyd in die reaktor inag geneem word word ten einde positiewe resultate te verkry. Geen enkele oplossing bestaan vir die behandeling van wynafloop water nie, derhalwe moet die toepassing van die beoogde sisteem versigtig gekies word en ingesluit word in die ontwerp van 'n behandelingsisteem; die twee vernaamste maatstawwe is ondermeer effektiwiteit en ekonomiese aspekte.

This masters thesis is dealing with energetic evaluation of selected municipal WWTP – WWTP Polička. First chapter, introduction explains basic terms and goals of thesis. Second chapter explains energy audit, energy audit process its scope and contents. Third chapter deals with assesing life cycle using LCA (life cycle assesment). Fourth chapter deal with energy consumption at WWTP in Czech Republic as well as in the world. Fifth chapter describes technology of WWTP Polička and its fundamental objects. Sixth chapter is assesment of WWTP Polička from hydraulic point of view and assesment of selected machinery. Further there is summation of capital and operational costs followed by capital investment return.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The current legislation requires the State Audit Courts to ensure the healthy environment, so one of the mechanisms that the Amazonas State Court of Auditors - ECA/AM can be used is the Environmental Audit. The overall objective of the research is to evaluate the Environmental Audits Indicators of Municipal Solid Waste, applied by the ECA/AM in the years 2010 and 2014 in Manaus, by comparing the structural problems and environmental management identified by examination with the Master Plan indicators solid waste of Manaus and indicators of sustainability for MSW management in environmental / ecological dimension of the scientific literature to see if the audit reports fairly present the problems of environmental management of solid waste in the city of Manaus. As for the procedures it is classified as a documentary and bibliographical research. Made use of public documents published on the Internet by the ECA/AM and Environmental audit reports carried out. It identified the Environmental Audit indicators used by the ECA/AM, by reviewing the scientific literature, audit reports of the ECA/AM. The audit of the ECA found environmental risk. It found the record that the waters of the stream of Matrinxã from its entrance on the outskirts of the ACM and the groundwater in wells closest to the landfill, are compromised. Contamination of water resources surrounding the ACM are from environmental liabilities arising from the unlawful disposal of solid waste in the former "dump" for over 20 years, linked to inadequate implementation. We also found that the acceleration of the effluents of the output process of . slurry ponds because of rainwater and entrained soil from the erosion in the surrounding embankments research proved the reasonableness of audit reports when they reveal the environmental management problems of solid waste from the city of Manaus in the period 2010 and 2014.
A legislação vigente obriga aos Tribunais de Contas Estaduais a garantirem o meio ambiente saudável, assim um dos mecanismos que o Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Amazonas -TCE/AM, pode utilizar-se é a Auditoria Ambiental. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é Avaliar os Indicadores de Auditorias Ambientais de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos, aplicadas pelo TCE/AM nos anos de 2010 a 2014 em Manaus, mediante a comparação dos problemas estruturais ede gestão ambiental identificados pelo exame com os indicadores do Plano Diretor de Resíduos Sólidos de Manaus e Indicadores de sustentabilidade para a gestão de RSU na dimensão ambiental/ecológica da literatura científica para comprovar se os relatóriosde Auditoria apresentam razoavelmente os problemas de gestão ambiental dos resíduos sólidos do Município de Manaus.Quanto aos procedimentos é classificada como uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Fez uso de documentos públicos publicados na internetpelo TCE/AM e relatórios de Auditorias Ambientais realizadas.Identificou-se os indicadores de Auditoria Ambiental utilizados pelo TCE/AM, por meio da revisão da literatura científica, relatórios de auditorias do TCE/AM. A Auditoria do TCE encontrou situações de risco ambiental. Constatou-se o registro de que as águas do igarapé do Matrinxã, a partir de sua entrada nos limites do ACM, bem como às águas subterrâneas nos poços mais próximos ao Aterro, estão comprometidas. A contaminação dos recursos hídricosno entorno do ACM são provenientes do passivo ambiental relativo à deposição irregular de resíduos sólidos no antigo “lixão" por mais de 20 anos, atrelado à operacionalização inadequada. Também constatou-se a aceleração do processo de saída dos efluentes das lagoas de chorume em virtude das águas pluviais e de solo arrastado, proveniente das erosões nos taludes do entorno. A pesquisa comprovou a razoabilidade dos relatórios de Auditoria quando revelam os problemas de gestão ambiental dos resíduos sólidos do Município de Manaus no período 2010 a 2014.

Since 1994, there have been sweeping changes made to South African policy and legislation, including environmental rights for all people, environmental protection and the consideration of sustainability in all activities. A national policy for medical waste management is being developed and guidelines for the South African Veterinary Council are currently being revised. By auditing contemporary veterinary waste management in one of South Africa's largest cities, this study sought to provide appropriate input into these initiatives. As a study area, the Durban Unicity provided the opportunity to audit a large population of veterinary clinics within a relatively short distance of each other arid also the opportunity to ascertain whether waste management practices were dependent on the socio-economic status of the clinics catchment area. A pilot study was used to inform the design of a questionnaire, which was then administered to thirty-two clinics sampled to represent a range in size of clinic, predominant type of patient treated and catchment socio-economic status. Another questionnaire was administered to four waste disposal companies and one veterinary diagnostics laboratory that removed waste for disposal from veterinary practices. The main findings suggest that there is a health risk to staff and the public, due to the incorrect separation, storage, handling and disposal of sharps, anatomical, contaminated domestic and infectious material. Staff at 6.3% of clinics sampled are not provided with any safety equipment. Most veterinarians (63%) as well as two of the five waste disposal companies audited were not aware of their responsibilities in terms of waste management policy and legislation. Sixty nine percent of the practices sampled reported that employees have either never been trained or have not received training in waste management in the past five years. Domestic waste contaminated with other potentially hazardous waste forms 12% of the total waste stream reported by practices. Even though the results indicate that a, few veterinary practices are mismanaging their waste this has the potential negative impact on staff, the public and the environment. The findings of the study would suggest a need for well communicated, enforceable guidelines outlining sustainable veterinary waste management for practices and waste disposal companies. The study highlights the similarities between veterinary and medical waste and the need to consider this in planning an effective waste management strategy. It also provides guidelines for a sustainable approach to veterinary waste management.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

碩士
義守大學
資訊管理學系
105
Due to the human has over-exploited and used the petrochemical energy; it has caused the change of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect makes the air concentration and the temperature increased gradually. The phenomenon of the global warming and energy depletion would cause a crisis which the human has to face it. Therefore, it is imperative to promote energy conservation, reduce energy demand, and improve energy efficiency. Currently, the documents of waste recycling audit and certification operations, the operation of the checking process and reports are used Microsoft Office Word to produce and print out. After manual filled out, these documents would process to be signed and then return to archive. It would be very time consuming and would not be environment-friendly. Information technology has been widely used in the general field of life. The use of handheld device or computer connected to the Internet that can be easily transferred information. Therefore, it could be paperless and energy saving and carbon reduction to achieve the purpose of environmental protection through data processing in the cloud and to electronically sign online documents in order to enhance the quality of audit, certification operations, and efficiency.

Theoretical waste minimisation opportunities and options for electroplating were sought from the literature. Their suitability under the specific site conditions of a chromium electroplating plant were evaluated using the results of a waste minimisation audit (audit). The audit showed that many waste minimisation practices were already in place. These included counter current flowing rinse systems, multiple use of rinses and recycling of the drag-out solution back into the plating solution. Two types of information were collected during the audit, namely new chemical monitoring (concentration levels of sodium, iron, zinc, copper, lead, chromium and nickel and conductivity, total dissolved solids and pH) and flow rate data and existing data (composition of the process solutions, products and waste outputs, and raw materials, workpieces and utility inputs). The data were analysed using four established waste minimisation techniques. The Scoping Audit and the Water Economy Assessment results were determined using empirically derived models while the Mass Balancing and the True Cost of Waste results were obtained through more detailed calculations. The results of the audit showed that the three most important areas for waste minimisation were water usage, effluent from rinse water waste streams and nickel consumption. Water usage has the highest waste minimisation potential followed by nickel. Dragged-out process chemicals and rinse water consumption contribute to ranking the effluent stream the most important waste minimisation opportunity identified by the True Cost of Waste Analysis. Potential financial savings were roughly estimated to be in the order of R 19949 and R 126603 for water and nickel respectively. Intervention using only "low cost-no-cost" waste minimisation measures was recommended as a first step before contemplating further focus areas or technical or economical feasibility.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

The move from hazardous waste management to pollution prevention is viewed as a paradigm shift in American industry. Pollution prevention involves source reduction to reduce the amount of hazardous waste that is generated, and recycling of those wastes that cannot be prevented within the production process. The first piece of federal pollution prevention legislation was enacted in 1990. Subsequently, six states have passed similar laws that require industries producing hazardous waste to shift to less polluting practices. The Oregon Toxics Use Reduction and Hazardous Waste Reduction Act of 1989 requires businesses to develop and implement a hazardous waste reduction plan that reduces not only the amount of hazardous waste generated, but also the type and amount of materials classified as "toxic". Within the geographical region of Oregon, California, Washington, Alaska, and Idaho, only four studies exist that have researched waste reduction opportunities in the automobile industry. The purpose of this study was: 1) to determine the number of Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generators within the Oregon automobile dealership industry, 2) to determine the amount of used radiator coolant and used crankcase oil that is generated by Oregon dealerships (two waste streams that are not being tracked by the regulatory community), 3) to compare the waste disposal practices of urban and rural facilities, and 4) to develop a "Model" Toxics Use Reduction and Hazardous Waste Reduction Plan to be used in regional training sessions. Based on a 74% rate of return (160 out of 215 dealerships), the results indicated that the gross quantities of the materials investigated (solvents, used oil, and used antifreeze) were greater in urban dealerships. These differences were not significant when quantities of material were standardized to the number of repair orders written. Urban dealerships generate 0.462 gallons of used oil per repair order written and rural dealerships generate 0.481 gallons. Urban dealerships also generate 0.209 pounds of hazardous waste for each repair order while rural dealerships generate 0.412 pounds. The data were used to develop a "Model" Toxics Use Reduction and Hazardous Waste Reduction Plan for this industry. The plan, which was published by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), provides dealerships and the entire automobile repair industry with a step by step guideline to comply with Oregon law in reducing the amount of toxic materials used and hazardous waste generated.
Graduation date: 1994

A solid waste audit is designed to determine the quantity and composition of the waste generated in a specific area. The information provided by an audit can help in evaluating waste management practices; such as the efficiency of recycling programs or the feasibility of composting. The literature revealed that many factors complicate a waste audit; the most significant being that waste varies in space and over time. Methodology was developed to address spatial and temporal variation in waste generated at the University of British Columbia for the 1998 year. This methodology was applied to the campus, and resulting data was analyzed to provide recommendations for achieving campus waste reduction goals. To study spatial variability, the campus was partitioned into sixteen different activity areas. Representative samples of waste were collected a minimum of three times from each activity area. Wherever possible, the number of users of the activity area was enumerated during the sample period. Statistically significant differences were found between the waste-per-user values for the sampled activity areas. Existing data on the number of people frequenting activity areas was employed to estimate total waste loads, as the majority of the activity areas (70%) had smaller variations associated with the calculated waste-per-user data sets than with the original waste data sets. The total waste estimated from the experimental design was compared to documented waste values for the year and was found to vary by -18%. Expected differences were attributed to special events, construction waste, and the omission of some activity areas. Other possibilities included spurious events as found in the sampled waste stream, and the under/overestimation of the amount of users for extrapolation. The University has several options available for waste reduction or diversion targets, including enhancing the current recycling program, source reduction of plastic materials, and diverting organic material to composting. The greatest diversion by weight would be accomplished through the diversion of organic material, as it is estimated to make up a substantial 70% of the calculated annual waste stream.

As Australia enters the 21st century, there is increasing discussion around waste and circular economies. The mindset of landfilling waste is becoming more difficult to justify and as natural resources are depleting is it increasingly necessary to move toward a circular economy. An existing option to improve sustainability is the recycling of waste materials, a process that has a long history in Australia. However, we are now seeing Australian Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and certain material recycling rates plateauing below their full capacity. To continue recycling momentum, it is necessary to identify barriers preventing improvement in recycling rates. Existing research on recycling has commonly concentrated upon a part of the recycling system, but ignored the whole. This thesis uses System Dynamics (SD) to address the MSW recycling plateau problem and to resolve the following issues: (a) how do MSW recycling plateaus relate to material recycling plateaus, (b) what role do recycling influences play with MSW recycling plateaus and bin contamination, and (c) are the forces driving MSW recycling rates exogenous or endogenous to the waste control system? A case study on Old Newspaper (ONP) recycling plateaus addressed the link between a material experiencing plateauing recycling rates and its relationship to MSW plateauing recycling rates. The intention of this study was to determine whether the barrier to higher ONP recycling rates was the capture of ONP in the MSW recycling system (supply) or the demand for ONP as a raw material for remanufacture. The key limiting factor in ONP recycling rates was found to be supply, predominantly from MSW, thus emphasising the importance of MSW recycling systems in material recovery and leading to the analysis of MSW to better understand recycling plateaus. The role of recycling influences on MSW recycling plateaus and bin contamination was investigated via a local government case study. Recycling influences refers to the ten variables found via the literature review that could possibly act as barriers to recycling rates; demographics, policy, disposal knowledge, waste collection service quality, dwelling type, attitude toward recycling, time devoted to recycling, recycling social norms, MRF sorting quality and household consumption trends. These variables were investigated using Australian census data, a household survey and a waste audit. It was determined that the level of plateau was primarily caused by consumption trends. If a higher proportion of recyclables was in the waste stream, then the recycling plateaus would also rise. MSW bin contamination was also an important factor in determining recycling rate levels, with incorrectly disposed waste showing potential to inflate or deflate recycling rates. Household disposal knowledge and biases when making uncertain decisions were found to be the key influences on bin contamination levels. When using System Dynamics to model the municipal waste system, a purely endogenous explanation for plateauing recycling rates could not be found. Recycling rate plateau level was largely determined by exogenous waste stream proportions, which could also be described as residential consumption trends. The only endogenous feedback was in the form of council education campaigns, responding to increased recycling bin contamination. When this feedback loop was active it resulted in significant decreases in bin contamination and a small increase in the recycling rate plateau. From this research, two potential endogenous pathways for increasing MSW recycling rates were identified and recommended for further research; (a) councils influencing consumption habits, and (b) council influencing retail packaging types. Both feedback loops represented a means for Australian local government to influence their recycling rates through behaviour change.

ant national legislation on the disposal of waste and waste disposal sites has been promulgated to regulate the dumping of unwanted materials. This development poses major legal compliance problems for the South African National Defence Force (S.A.N.D.F.) deployments in rural areas. The absence of municipal services to these areas and the unavailability of municipal dumpsites do not facilitate adherence to legislation. The development of an integrated waste management system for Defence represents an attempt to ensure compliance with national legislation. An overview and assessment of current waste management practices in the S.A.N.D.F. is provided in this document. The literature review focussed on the theory of waste management, the current situation with regard to sanitation in rural areas and a review of pertinent legislation, and provided the foundation for the development of questionnaires. The study then explored aspects of waste management and sanitation that were taken into consideration in preparing for operations . Data collection entailed interviews with senior members of the S.A.N.D.F. who are responsible for the planning of such projects. Thereafter an investigation was conducted into the waste management practices employed during deployments to rural areas. Data collection in this respect involved the administration of questionnaires to soldiers at temporary bases and during patrols, as well as an audit of the waste generated at the temporary bases, noting how refuse was managed under these conditions. These methods of primary data collection included interviews with various government and non-government officials. Interviews with senior members of the S.A.N.D.F. revealed that the planning and preparation for operations are core-function focused and that the integration of waste management and sanitation in the planning process is minimal and inadequate . The data obtained from questionnaires administered to the soldiers revealed that current waste management practices at the temporary bases and during patrols are considered to be satisfactory to the soldiers, as they are of the opinion that "we are doing the best we can under such circumstances". The waste audit revealed that ninety-eight percent of the waste generated in the study area is recyclable. Consequently, this study recommends that waste management methods be integrated into the planning process. Furthermore it is recommended that environmental education be included as a compulsory module during basic training and re-training for all members of the S.A.N.D.F., i.e. from senior management down to the most junior level. A long-term solution to improve on the current waste management practices is recycling. With regard to sanitation, the Director of Sanitation of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (D.W.A.F.) suggested that relevant members of the S.A.N.D.F. meet with members of D.W.A.F. and the Umkhanyakude Regional District Council, to discuss the inclusion of the S.A.N.D.F. in the current sanitation-provision projects in the study area. Short-term solutions were that the S.A.N.D.F. liaise with the G.I.S. section at D.W.A.F. This section will be able to provide the S.A.N.D.F. with information on the location of boreholes and hand-pumps (the only source of drinking water for the local population). The S.A.N.D.F. must ensure that waste disposal sites and field toilets, commonly referred to as go-karts, are located away from these water sources and, whenever possible, on higher ground.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal,Durban, 2004.

Marine debris is an ever growing environmental and human health concern. Beach litter is a major contributor to the issue of marine debris, especially in the Global South where lack of awareness and successful policy are factors in the continuous accumulation of debris on beaches and in coastal communities. Under the community-based, participatory action framework, this study will explore beach users’ and other key stakeholders in the local government and non-governmental organization sectors’ knowledge of waste in their environment and potential solutions to the issue of plastic marine pollution. It will also examine the waste composition on a local beach in São Sebastião, Brazil by collecting, quantifying and characterizing the waste to determine the major polluters. The study will explore ways of improving awareness and environmental education of beach users, as well as investigating ways to reduce littering of waste on beaches. Results from this research will help to provide suggestions for local decision makers to improve policy that addresses marine debris and beach littering.
Graduate
2022-04-15

Магистерская диссертация: 121 с., 20 рис., 18 табл., 53 источника, 2 приложения. Тема исследования является актуальной, так как с 2014 года законодательная база государственного регулирования деятельности по обращению с отходами в РФ претерпевает серьезные изменения, которые в значительной степени коснулись области обращения с ТКО. Целью работы является разработка программы аудита соответствия деятельности МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис» требованиям природоохранного законодательства в области обращения с отходами. Объект исследования – предприятие МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис». Предмет исследования – Система обращения с отходами МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис». В рамках диссертационной работы была разработана универсальная Программа-схема аудита соответствия требованиям природоохранного законодательства в области обращения с отходами производства и потребления, путем деления деятельности на составляющие ее процессы. Применение предложенной программы-схемы является универсальным инструментом для проведения аудитов деятельности в области обращения с отходами производства и потребления на любом предприятии. Кроме того, позволяет детализировать, проверить и обновить всю необходимую информацию для разработки Проекта нормативов обращения с отходами и лимитов на их размещение. Экономическая эффективность проведения аудита деятельности по обращению с отходами МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» «ПервоуральскРемСервис» составляет 178%, на основании чего можно сделать вывод о необходимости проведения экологического аудита деятельности по обращению с отходами.
Master's thesis: 121 pp., 20 images, 18 tables, 53 sources, 2 applications. The research topic is relevant, since since 2014 the legislative reform in the field of human rights protection. The purpose of the work is the development of audit compliance programs for the Municipal Unitary Enterprise "City of Pervouralsk" PervouralskRemServis "requires environmental protection legislation in the field of waste management. The object of the research is the enterprise of MUP MO "Pervouralsk City" PervouralskRemServis. " The subject of the study is the Waste Management System of Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Pervouralsk City" PervouralskRemServis ". As part of the thesis, a universal program was developed to audit the compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation in the field of handling waste production and consumption, by dividing activities into its constituent processes. The application of the proposed program scheme is a universal tool for conducting audits of activities in the field of waste management of production and consumption in any enterprise. In addition, it allows to detail, check and update all the necessary information for the development of the Draft Waste Management Standards and limits on their placement. The economic efficiency of the audit of the waste management activities of Municipal Unitary Enterprise "City of Pervouralsk" PervouralskRemServis is 178%, which leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to conduct an environmental audit of waste management activities.

The Bagmati River, which is of great cultural and religious importance to the Nepalese people, is also a major water resource. Its degradation, as a result of urbanization and industrialization, affects water quality and poses a threat to the environment and to human health - as well as resulting in water scarcity. In particular, the discharge of sewage directly into the river without prior treatment contributes significantly to river water pollution, whereas municipal solid waste dumping onto the river bank and development activities are major contributors to the deteriorating situation of the river basin overall. This study addresses this problem from a number of perspectives including an examination of two appropriate community-based technologies that may contribute to the sustainable management of domestic waste and sewage and that will also minimize the impact on the surrounding environment, especially the Bagmati River. Thus an existing composting method, the Takakura Composting Method (TCM), for municipal solid waste management was scientifically investigated with a view to optimizing its current performance. Vermifiltration (VF), which exploits earthworm metabolism to remove contaminants from sewage effluent, was also scientifically investigated in order to develop its potential for treating domestic sewage at the community level. Also investigated is the potential for both of these technologies to be integrated into the community for resource recovery.

A imersão tecnológica no nosso quotidiano tem vindo a aumentar significativamente e com o surgimento da internet cada vez mais opta-se por plataformas digitais e aplicações com informação distribuída e acessível a vários utilizadores em simultâneo. Este documento detalha o trabalho realizado no âmbito do projeto de controlo de movimentos de resíduos sólidos e urbanos da Estação de Transferência e Triagem de Resíduos Sólidos do Funchal. O projeto surge da necessidade da Estação de Transferência e Triagem obter uma plataforma Web interna ao serviço que interligada com a aplicação de registo de entradas/saídas de viaturas, consiga gerir, consultar e analisar dados estatísticos sobre os registos da estação. O objetivo do estágio curricular visa a implementação de uma plataforma web interna, que cumpra com as necessidades da Estação de Transferência e Triagem de Resíduos Sólidos do Funchal tal como a importação de informação sensível existente (como por exemplo, informação dos fornecedores). Além das funcionalidades desejadas, foi também adicionado um mecanismo de registo de alterações aos dados existentes na plataforma de modo a detetar possíveis alterações indesejadas, tal como manter um registo histórico dos dados. Para além dos testes efetuados ao longo do desenvolvimento, realizou-se também na fase final testes à plataforma por parte dos utilizadores da estação, de forma a detetar possíveis erros de usabilidade assim como possíveis anomalias com a plataforma. No término do estágio, a plataforma foi distribuída aos utilizadores da estação cumprido com as funcionalidades desejadas, tendo esta sido aceite pelo Departamento de Ambiente da CMF.
Technological presence in our daily lives has increased significantly and with the emergence of the internet the need for digital platforms and applications with distributed information and accessible to multiple users simultaneously has increased. This document details the process of deploying the project about the control of solid and urban waste in Estação de Transferência e Triagem de Resíduos Sólidos of Funchal. This project arises of the necessity from the Estação de Transferência e Triagem de Resíduos Sólidos of Funchal acquiring an internal Web platform that connected with the software responsible of registering vehicles movements, can manage, query and analyze statistical data associated with the station flow. The goal of the curricular internship aims to develop an internal web platform that meets the needs from the Estação de Transferência e Triagem de Resíduos Sólidos do Funchal as well as importing existing sensitive data (such as suppliers). In addition to the desired functionalities, an audit trail mechanism was also implemented in the platform to detect possible unwanted changes on the data and to keep an historical record of all the changes made. Besides the tests conducted during the development stage, in the final phase of the project tests were conducted in the platform by the users of the station in order to detect possible usability problems as well as possible anomalies in the platform. By the end of the internship, the web platform was deployed to the users of the stations fulfilling therefore their required needs.