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1
Lemieux, Thomas, W. Bentley MacLeod und Daniel Parent. „Contract Form, Wage Flexibility, and Employment“. American Economic Review 102, Nr. 3 (01.05.2012): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.526.
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We begin with two uncontroversial hypotheses - firm productivity is expensive to measure and employment entails relationship-specific investments. These assumptions imply that firms would optimally choose fixed-wage contracts, and complement these with bonus pay when measuring employee performance is not too costly. These assumptions imply that under an optimal employment contract hours of work is less responsive, while total compensation is more responsive to shocks under bonus-pay contracts compared to fixed wage contracts. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) where shocks are proxied using the local unemployment rate, we find strong support for these two implications.
2
Adams, Zoe. „UNDERSTANDING THE MINIMUM WAGE: POLITICAL ECONOMY AND LEGAL FORM“. Cambridge Law Journal 78, Nr. 1 (März 2019): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197318001009.
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AbstractThis article explores how the legal system has constructed, over time, the concept of the “wage”. Drawing on insights from classical political economy it contrasts a conception of the wage as the cost of social reproduction (a “social wage”), with the neoclassical notion of the wage as the price of a commodity (a “market wage”) that we see embedded in legal and political discourse today. Drawing on historical sources, it explores how these competing ideas of the wage have been reconstructed in juridical language in case law and legislation over time, exploring at the same time the impact of this process on the relationship between minimum wages and tax credits. This analysis is then used to shed light on the conception of the wage embedded in the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, providing a critical re-evaluation of the “National Living Wage” introduced in 2016.
3
Elia, Leandro. „Temporary/Permanent Workers' Wage Gap: A Brand-new Form of Wage Inequality?“ LABOUR 24, Nr. 2 (18.05.2010): 178–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.2010.00478.x.
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4
Baumann, Robert, und David Schap. „Staggered Wage Net Discount Rates:Accounting for Possibly “Sticky” Wages“. Journal of Forensic Economics 27, Nr. 1 (01.01.2018): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5085/jfe-428.1.
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Abstract Schap, Baumann and Guest (Journal of Forensic Economics December 2014) report the time-series properties of wage net discount rates for the period 1981.01-2012.12, formulated on the basis of contemporaneously observed wage growth rates and various discount rates (determined by yields on U.S. Treasury notes of differing maturities). Gerald D. Martin (Determining Economic Damages, various editions) has noted the relatively rapid response of interest rates to economic stimuli compared with that of wages, which, being somewhat institutionally driven, respond with a lag. Of course, Martin was not the first to observe or mention these phenomena, but he does relate the phenomena specifically to the suitability of forensic economic application of wage net discount rates as typically derived (i.e., using contemporaneously observed wage growth rates and discount rates). The present study takes account of wage growth rates influenced by possible institutional factors by lagging the time frame of their observation relative to discount rates when the two are combined to form what we term “staggered” wage net discount rates. The staggered net rates constructed for the post-1980 era are then examined for stationarity and magnitude. The choice of lag structure for the staggering is empirically determined, but in conjunction with lag durations suggested by the macroeconomics literature on “sticky” wages. The reported results should be of interest to forensic economists that use wage net discount rates as well as critics of their use.
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Boitier, Vincent, und Antoine Lepetit. „Reduced form wage equations in the credible bargaining model“. Labour Economics 50 (März 2018): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.04.003.
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SANDEMOSE, JØRGEN. „The "Transformation Problem": Wage Form, Numéraire, and Value Transfer“. International Journal of Political Economy 34, Nr. 3 (November 2004): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2004.11042928.
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7
Krishka, V. I. „COST NATURE OF WAGE“. Economics Profession Business, Nr. 4 (10.12.2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201946.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical study of the wage's nature value. Without touching upon the problem of the substance of value in the article the following questions are considered and the relevant conclusions are drawn.
The value nature of wages has nominal (monetary) and real (natural) values.
The starting and final point of the circuit of nominal (monetary) wages are money, or rather money as capital. Real (natural) wages in this movement is only a moment. The purpose of this circuit is to recover from the cash proceeds of the advanced monetary wage Fund.
On the contrary, the source and end point of reproduction of the labor commodity form is its commodity-natural form. Money, more precisely, money capital is only a passing moment. The purpose of this cycle is the reproduction of the labor force in its natural and commercial form.
The article shows that the purchase and sale of goods labor and its use has two forms of advance funds.
On the part of the employer there is an advance of cash wages (prepayment), that is employees need an advance for the normal reproduction of the labor force before the end of the reproduction cycle of finished goods. On the part of the employee can observe the advance of labor before the end of the work specified in the employment contract.
In General, the two-way advance of funds allows us to say that from the position of property rights, there is both the rent of labor and the rent of capital.
Value as a substantive basis of wage date and wage labor has three forms of existence: 1) cash existence of money; 2) non-cash existence of cash prices and 3) the estimated value of goods.
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LORANGER, JEAN-GUY. „Comments: The "Transformation Problem": Wage Form, Numéraire, and Value Transfer“. International Journal of Political Economy 34, Nr. 3 (November 2004): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08911916.2004.11042926.
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Wijayanti, Asri, und Aniqotun Nafiah. „PAYMENT OF WAGE UNDER MINIMUM WAGE FOR ABDI DALEM SULTAN PALACE (DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA)“. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7, Nr. 3 (02.04.2019): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.738.
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Purpose of Study: The compensation for running a job is to get wages. There is one form of wage protection through minimum wage. The fact is, there are still workers who have not earned a minimum wage of minimum wage after they run their jobs. One of them is the court palace of Yogyakarta Palace. This study aims to analyze the validity of the court servants in getting wages below the minimum wage.
Methodology: This legal research uses a socio-legal approach. The result of this research is Abdi Dalem get wages in the form of “kecuca” which amount is less than the minimum wage of Yogyakarta Province. Sultan Hamengkubuana X should be prosecuted for violation of Article 90 paragraph (2) jo. Article 187 of Law Number 13 Year 2003. The right to prosecute of the courtiers has never been implemented because the working relationship between the courtiers and the Sultan is devotion. The sense of service is the soul of the agreement on which the working relationship is based. What has been agreed upon by the parties binding as the law for the party making it (Article 1338 B.W. Burgerlijkwetboek).
Results: The significance of this research is that the principle of local wisdom which is the basis of working relations can be unleashed.
Implications/Applications: The contribution of this research is the emergence of an understanding that the employment relationship is not solely aimed at earning wages. A sense of tranquility after work becomes the choice of the destination of the courtiers to serve the Sultanate of Yogyakarta.
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Healy, Joshua. „The Quest for Fairness in Australian Minimum Wages“. Journal of Industrial Relations 53, Nr. 5 (November 2011): 662–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185611419618.
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The attainment of ‘fairness’ is widely regarded as a worthy goal of setting minimum wages, but opinions differ sharply over how to achieve it. This article examines how interpretations of fairness shaped the minimum wage decisions of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission between 1997 and 2005. It explores the Commission's approaches to three aspects of fairness in minimum wages: first, eligibility for increases; second, the form of increase; and third, the rate of increase over time. The Australian Industrial Relations Commission consistently gave minimum wage increases that were expressed in dollar values and applied to all federal awards. Its decisions delivered real wage increases for the lowest paid, but led to falls in real and relative wages for the majority of award-reliant workers. Fair Work Australia, the authority now responsible for setting minimum wages in the national system, appears apprehensive about parts of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission's legacy and has foreshadowed a different approach, particularly with respect to the form of adjustment.
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Weltmann, Dan. „The efficiency of wages, profit sharing, and stock“. Journal of Participation and Employee Ownership 2, Nr. 3 (09.12.2019): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpeo-09-2019-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine which forms of compensation are more efficient at affecting employee attitudes, thus extending efficiency wage theory from wage-based compensation to profit sharing and stock-based compensation. Design/methodology/approach Three models of efficiency wage theory were tested: shirking, turnover and gift exchange. The effects of those three modes of compensation (wages, profit sharing and stock) were contrasted for the three models of efficiency wage theory. Findings The findings were that raising wages is the most efficient form of compensation in the turnover and shirking models, while in the gift exchange model profit sharing and stock-based compensation may function like efficiency wages. Originality/value This is the first study of this particular issue.
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Ahmed, Md Shoaib, und Danielle Tucker. „Accounting and Construction of Wage Theft: A Form of Organisational Corruption“. Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, Nr. 1 (August 2020): 12857. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.12857abstract.
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van den Berg, Jelle. „A Peasant Form of Production: Wage-Dependent Agriculture in Southern Mozambique“. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 21, Nr. 3 (1987): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485652.
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van den Berg, Jelle. „A Peasant Form of Production: Wage-Dependent Agriculture in Southern Mozambique“. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines 21, Nr. 3 (Januar 1987): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1987.10803837.
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Susanto, Joko, Yuni Siswanti und Windyastuti Windyastuti. „KETEGARAN UPAH NOMINAL UNTUK TURUN: BUKTI EMPIRIS EKSPERIMEN“. KINERJA 18, Nr. 1 (21.02.2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v18i1.515.
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This study aims to analyze the downward nominal wage rigidity and the difference in degree of downward nominal wage rigidity between the economy with unemployment benefits and the economy without unemploymentbenefit. An experimental method in the form of nominal wage bargaining between employees and employers was aplied in this study. The subject of the experiment are the alumni of UPN “Veteran†Yogyakarta who havework experience at least 1 year. Panel data regression and t- test was employed to make conclusions from the experiment. Results show that there is evidence of downward nominal wage rigidity. Nominal wages in theeconomy with unemployment benefits was proved to be more rigid to decrease than the nominal wages in the economy without unemployment benefit.
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Yang, Juan, und Morley Gunderson. „Minimum wage impacts on wages, employment and hours in China“. International Journal of Manpower 41, Nr. 2 (29.10.2019): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2018-0361.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the causal effect of minimum wages (MWs) on the wages, employment and hours of migrant workers in China, and to show their inter-relatedness and how employers can offset some of the costs through subtle adjustments. This paper also illustrates the importance of disaggregating by region and sex. Design/methodology/approach Causal estimates are provided through difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, and robustness checks through propensity score matching. The analysis is based on micro data at the individual level from the household survey on migrant workers by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, combined with macro data regarding municipalities’ population, GDP and employment information based on the China Economic Information Network database. Findings MW increases for those paid by the month increased the earnings of both low-wage males and females. However, males tend not to experience an adverse employment effect because part of the cost increase is offset by employers increasing their monthly hours of work. Hours of work do not increase for females, so they experience an adverse employment effect. This highlights the importance of examining cost offsets such as increases in hours of work, as well as analyzing effects separately for males and females. Research limitations/implications The reason behind why employers offset some of the cost increase for males paid by the month by increasing their hours of work, but this cost-offsetting adjustment does not occur for females is uncertain. Social implications For workers paid by the month, employers can offset some of the cost increase by increasing their hours of work, leading to no reductions in employment. But this adjustment occurs only for males. Hours are not increased for females, but they experience reductions in employment. Clearly, MW increases have adverse effects either in the form of employment reductions (for females) or increases in hours of work for the same monthly pay (for males). Originality/value This paper provides causal estimates through DID analysis and robustness checks through Propensity Score Matching, and also indicates how employers can offset the cost of MW increases by increasing hours for those paid by the month, resulting in no adverse employment effect for such workers, but an adverse employment effect when such an adjustment does not occur.
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Blau, David M. „An Empirical Analysis of Employed and Unemployed Job Search Behavior“. ILR Review 45, Nr. 4 (Juli 1992): 738–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204500409.
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This paper analyzes the job search activities of employed and unemployed job seekers using self-reported data from a 1980 survey. One novel finding from reduced form equations is that many searchers, both employed and unemployed, rejected at least one offer before accepting a job. The reduced form results are used to estimate reservation wages based on a fairly standard model of job search. Most of the job searchers accepted a job offer with a wage below the estimated reservation wage, suggesting that the model does not fit the data well.
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Schultz, T. Paul. „Wage Gains Associated with Height as a Form of Health Human Capital“. American Economic Review 92, Nr. 2 (01.04.2002): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282802320191598.
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Zhu, John Y. „A Foundation for Efficiency Wage Contracts“. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 10, Nr. 4 (01.11.2018): 248–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20160222.
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In many jobs, the worker generates only subjective performance measures privately observed by the employer, and contracts must rely on employer reports about these measures. This setting is a game with private monitoring, and prior work suggests that the optimal contract may be complex and non-recursive. I introduce a novel equilibrium refinement and show that the optimal contract simplifies to an efficiency wage contract: The worker receives a wage above his outside option and reports take a pass-fail form. Each report depends only on performance since the previous report, and effort incentives are provided purely through the threat of termination. (JEL D86, J41)
20
Kneip, Alois, Monika Merz und Lidia Storjohann. „Aggregation and Labor Supply Elasticities“. Journal of the European Economic Association 18, Nr. 5 (11.09.2019): 2315–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz039.
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Abstract We outline a formal procedure for deriving the aggregate wage-elasticity of labor supply for a large group of heterogeneous workers who operate under uncertainty. Heterogeneity relates to preferences, income, wealth, and the labor market status. If each worker faces a small, possibly nonuniform wage change, the implied aggregate wage-elasticity can be represented by a closed-form expression. This expression captures an extensive and an intensive margin. We empirically implement the procedure for a dynamic model of individual labor supply and a micro panel of men in Germany from 2000 to 2013. We find that the extensive margin is less time-varying than the intensive margin, and that its size varies with the measure of reservation wages. Self-reported reservation wages render a larger extensive margin than other proxies. The estimated aggregate Frisch wage-elasticity varies between 0.85 and 1.06, and the two margins matter equally strongly for the unbalanced sample.
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Heathcote, Jonathan, Kjetil Storesletten und Giovanni L. Violante. „Consumption and Labor Supply with Partial Insurance: An Analytical Framework“. American Economic Review 104, Nr. 7 (01.07.2014): 2075–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.7.2075.
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We develop a model with partial insurance against idiosyncratic wage shocks to quantify risk sharing. Closed-form solutions are obtained for equilibrium allocations and for moments of the joint distribution of consumption, hours, and wages. We prove identification and demonstrate how labor supply data are informative about risk sharing. The model, estimated with US data over the period 1967–2006, implies that (i) 39 percent of permanent wage shocks pass through to consumption; (ii ) the share of wage risk insured increased until the early 1980s; and (iii) preference heterogeneity is important in accounting for observed dispersion in consumption and hours. (JEL E21, E23, E31, E52)
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PRAMONO, AGUS. „THE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCIAL WAGE COUNCIL IN DETERMINING REGENCY/CITY MINIMUM WAGES IN 2020“. UNTAG Law Review 4, Nr. 1 (20.05.2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36356/ulrev.v4i1.1526.
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<p>The purpose of the study entitled "The Role of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council in Determining Regency/City Minimum Wages in 2020" is to determine the role of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council and the procedures for setting the minimum wage in 2020 by the Governor of Central Java Province. The research method used is normative juridical, which is an approach aimed at the study of legal issues from the aspect of applicable legal regulations, in this case in the form of the role of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council in seeking regency/city minimum wages in Central Java. Before the Central Java Provincial Wages Council was formed the name of the Central Java Provincial Research, Wages and Welfare Commission. With Presidential Decree No. 107 of 2004 concerning the Wages Board stipulated by the President of the Republic of Indonesia Megawati Sukarno Putri on 18 October 2004. In principle between the Research Commission and the Wage Council there are some differences, among others, regarding the requirements to become a member of the Research Commission and the Wage Board that the requirements to become members of research do not have to bachelor, while to become a member of the Wage Board must be a S1 as well as regarding the composition in the Research Commission the ratio between representatives of workers, government and employers is 1:1:1 and universities. While in the Wage Council the ratio of government, workers, and employers is 2: 1: 1 and universities and experts. In order to follow up on the Presidential Decree on the Wage Council, the Governor of Central Java Province issued Decree No. 560/61/2005 concerning the Establishment of the Central Java Provincial Wage Council. The Governor of Central Java Province also issued Regulation No. 31 of 2005 concerning Procedures for Proposing Members of the Central Java Province Wage Council. Governor's Decree Number 560/58 2019, concerning UMK of 35 Regencies/Cities in 2020 stipulated the highest wage in Semarang City of Rp. 2,715,000,-, while the lowest was found in the Banjarnegara district of Rp. 1,748,000. Determination of wages has been through existing mechanisms and refers to applicable laws and regulations. The minimum wage is calculated based on the formula of Article 44 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation no. 78 of 2015, in accordance with the Minister of Manpower Letter No. BM 305 Year 2019.</p>
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Neuman, Shoshana, und Jacob Weisberg. „Gender wage differentials and discrimination among Israeli managers“. International Journal of Manpower 19, Nr. 3 (01.05.1998): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437729810216676.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate wage differentials and wage discrimination among 9,035 male and female Israeli managers. In our sample, female managers earn on average 64 per cent of their male counterparts. Using a statistical method originally developed by Ronald Oaxaca, we found that out of 36 per cent wage difference, 7.2 per cent were “legitimate”, stemming from differences in human capital characteristics, while 28.8 per cent were “illegitimate”, due to wage discrimination, in the form of different rates of return to the various characteristics. As wage differentials stem mainly from discrimination, affirmative action and comparable worth can serve as a partial remedy.
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Wang, Xiulan, Yanfei Lan und Jiao Wang. „An Uncertain Wage Contract Model with Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard“. Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/282867.
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This paper considers a wage contract design problem faced by an employer (he) who employs an employee (she) to work for him in labor market. Since the employee's ability that affects the productivity is her private information and cannot be observed by the employer, it can be characterized as an uncertain variable. Moreover, the employee's effort is unobservable to the employer, and the employee can select her effort level to maximize her utility. Thus, an uncertain wage contract model with adverse selection and moral hazard is established to maximize the employer's expected profit. And the model analysis mainly focuses on the equivalent form of the proposed wage contract model and the optimal solution to this form. The optimal solution indicates that both the employee's effort level and the wage increase with the employee's ability. Lastly, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
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Greenberg, Jaclyn. „The Limits of Legislation: Katherine Philips Edson, Practical Politics, and the Minimum-Wage Law in California, 1913–1922“. Journal of Policy History 5, Nr. 2 (April 1993): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006710.
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In 1913 the California legislature took a momentous step to improve the wages and working conditions of its women workers by passing a controversial new form of social welfare legislation, a minimum-wage bill, which established the Industrial Welfare Commission. The mandate gave the commission extensive power: not only to establish a minimum wage for each industry employing women, but to regulate hours and working conditions as well. Although reformers had been building an edifice of protective legislation for women for three decades, the creation of a government body with such wide-ranging authority over virtually every aspect of women's wage work was unprecedented. A handful of states passed similar legislation, but few rose above the challenges by opponents to actually implement the law in a meaningful way. The California Industrial Welfare Commission, in contrast, established wage, hour, and sanitary standards in women's occupations from canneries to movie studios. Responsibility for the success of the California law rested on the administrative brilliance of one woman, Katherine Philips Edson, the law's chief sponsor and then leading commission member. Under her guidance the commission slowly and judiciously improved working women's conditions and won public acceptance of the innovative form of state intervention.
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Swidler, Eva. „Invisible Exploitation: How Capital Extracts Value Beyond Wage Labor“. Monthly Review 69, Nr. 10 (02.03.2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-069-10-2018-03_2.
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An expanded Marxist understanding of capitalist exploitation is long overdue. There are many pathways of surplus extraction beyond the wage form, and understanding them is a task with profound implications for anticapitalist movements around the world.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.
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Yakimova, V. A., und V. S. Radomskii. „Using the analytical procedures to form audit sampling in the audit of wage settlements“. International Accounting 20, Nr. 15 (15.08.2017): 897–916. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ia.20.15.897.
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Worby, Eric. „What does agrarian wage‐labour signify? Cotton, commoditisation and social form in Gokwe, Zimbabwe“. Journal of Peasant Studies 23, Nr. 1 (Oktober 1995): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066159508438597.
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White, Rodney F. „Some Issues Involved in Guaranteed Wage and Employment Demands“. Relations industrielles 10, Nr. 3 (20.02.2014): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022699ar.
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One of the most important aspects of this year's negotiations in the automobile and other industries is the demand by the unions for some form of guaranteed employment plan. In this article the author examines the basic features of wage and employment guarantees and how they are viewed by different groups and suggests some of the problems involved in implementing these guarantees.
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Sugiharti, Rr Retno, und Akhmad Syakir Kurnia. „Gender Wage Gap and Education: Case in Indonesia’s Labor Market“. E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 11019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187311019.
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The perspective gender wage gap weakens the labor market and deteriorates women’s life quality. Women not only receive lower salaries than men, but also have lower employment rate in many countries due to discrimination. The aims of this study was to analyze gender wage gap by using the 2008-2016 panel data from 34 province in Indonesia. This study used derivatives canonical model in CES production function form to identify gender wage gap and elasticity substitution to observe the ability of female worker substitution of male labor in two group level education. The result of the regression panel consistently indicate that the gender wage gap exists in Indonesia.
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Jones, J. C. H., und L. Laudadio. „Wage Differentials and Market Imperfections: Some Cross Section Results in Canadian Manufacturing Industries“. Relations industrielles 30, Nr. 3 (12.04.2005): 408–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028632ar.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyse the extent to which factor and product market imperfections are responsible for wage differentials. The conclusion is that without some form of factor market imperfection, the existence of imperfection in the product market cannot explain wage differentials.
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Kolennikova, Olga A. „Job search duration and wage expectations of the unemployed“. POPULATION 23, Nr. 3 (2020): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.15.
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Unemployed people have different job opportunities. The article examines how job seekers form their wage expectations. The information base of the article was the data of a questionnaire survey of job seekers who applied for assistance to the Moscow State Employment Service, carried out in 2017. Two types of work remuneration settings of the unemployed were studied: first, the minimum wage offered by the employment service that they are ready to accept, and second, a decent wage. The wage expectations of the unemployed were studied in two ways. Firstly, the trajectory change over the duration of job search was examined. Secondly, the shifts were assessed with the account of the reproductive function of wage. It was found out that 2/3 of the respondents focused on the wages within the range from 1.5 to 3 of the official minimum wage, and as the search was dragging on, their expectations were concentrated in this range. The number of people looking for a well-paid job for more than a year decreased by 3 times in comparison with those who have just started job seeking. The contingent of the unemployed who agreed to low-paying jobs was characterized by a high mobility and changing qualitative composition. The factors affecting the changes in attitudes to wage were assessed. Low social benefits forced job-seekers to agree to unskilled labor or nonoccupational work, which led to depreciation of the wage expectations. Growing awareness of the situation on the labor market, controlled by the state employment service, also contributed to their correction. The unemployed, developing optimal job search strategies in the face of a shortage of vacancies with decent wages and rejections from employers, adjusted their expectations towards lower claims.
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Dahan, Samuel. „The Legal Framework for New Economic Governance and its Implications for Wage Policy Learning“. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 16 (2014): 39–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000000914.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the implications of the new European economic governance framework from a policy-learning point of view. It is argued that a new form of EU learning influence has emerged in the wake of the EMU legal and institutional crisis. The author takes the view that an inherent asymmetry in the EMU, namely the presence of a unified monetary policy without a commensurate coordination of social policy and wage-setting mechanisms, contributed to the development of the crisis. The latent consequences of this flaw—diverging (wage) growth and cost competitiveness—were brought into full view when the global financial crisis struck. In response, new wage governance instruments were established in order to exert learning pressure on wage development and wage-setting systems in the EU. The substantive orientation of this new framework is examined with an eye to determining whether it qualifies as a learning process under which wage and spending cuts supplant the role of currency depreciation as a means of addressing external economic shocks and competitiveness gaps. Finally, drawing on recent findings concerning the workings of the ‘European Semester’, the chapter assesses whether the new economic governance reforms are already generating learning outcomes at the domestic level.
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Kovalev, L., und I. Kovalev. „Issues of rationalization and determination of total costs for technical service of livestock equipment“. Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), Nr. 2 (01.02.2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2002-01.
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The most important main points of an improved methodology for determining the costs of maintenance and repair of livestock equipment using standards are considered, the features of accounting and planning of this type of work (technical service of livestock equipment) are noted. The general provisions of the methodology for calculating the basic wage are given, depending on the choice of the form of remuneration by the technical maintenance and repair of livestock equipment. To simplify these calculations, the rationale for establishing a single common coefficient that takes into account the accrual on the basic wages of workers when performing various types of work by farm specialists (accrual of additional wages for workers, social security contributions and the level of overhead from the main wage), etc.
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Benigno, Pierpaolo, und Luca Antonio Ricci. „The Inflation-Output Trade-Off with Downward Wage Rigidities“. American Economic Review 101, Nr. 4 (01.06.2011): 1436–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.4.1436.
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The macroeconomic implications of downward nominal wage rigidities are analyzed via a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model featuring aggregate and idiosyncratic shocks. A closed-form solution for a long-run Phillips curve relates average output gap to average wage inflation: it is virtually vertical at high inflation and flattens at low inflation. Macroeconomic volatility shifts the curve outwards and reduces output. The results imply that stabilization policies play an important role, and that optimal inflation may be positive and differ across countries with different macroeconomic volatility. Results are robust to relaxing the wage constraint, for example, when large idiosyncratic shocks arise. (JEL E23, E24, E31, E63)
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Gyapong, Adwoa Yeboah. „Land Deals, Wage Labour, and Everyday Politics“. Land 8, Nr. 6 (13.06.2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8060094.
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This article explores the question of political struggles for inclusion on an oil palm land deal in Ghana. It examines the employment dynamics and the everyday politics of rural wage workers on a transnational oil palm plantation which is located in a predominantly migrant and settler society where large-scale agricultural production has only been introduced within the past decade. It shows that, by the nature of labour organization, as well as other structural issues, workers do not benefit equally from their work on plantations. The main form of farmworkers’ political struggles in the studied case has been the ‘everyday forms of resistance’ against exploitation and for better terms of incorporation. Particularly, they express agency through acts such as absenteeism and non-compliance, as well as engaging in other productive activities which enable them to maintain their basic food sovereignty/security. Nonetheless, their multiple and individualized everyday politics are not necessarily changing the structure of social relations associated with capitalist agriculture. Overall, this paper contributes to the land grab literature by providing context specific dynamics of the impacts of, and politics around land deals, and how they are shaped by a multiplicity of factors-beyond class.
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Beilharz, Hans-Jörg, und Hans Gersbach. „VOTING ONESELF INTO A CRISIS“. Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, Nr. 4 (08.01.2016): 954–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000704.
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We suggest that voters' lack of recognition of complex economic links may give rise to economic policies that eventually lead to a crisis. We consider a two-sector economy in which a majoritarian political process determines governmental regulation in one sector: a minimum nominal wage. If voters recognize general equilibrium feedbacks, workers favoring market-clearing wages will form a majority across sectors. If voters take into account only direct effects in the regulated sector, not only workers that enjoy minimum wages but also workers in the other sector are willing to vote for wage rises in each period. The reason is that they expect higher real wages for themselves, too. The political process leads to constantly rising unemployment and tax rates. The resulting crisis may trigger new insights into economic relationships on the part of the voters and may reverse bad times.
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Gomez, Rafael, und Danielle Lamb. „Unions and Non-Standard Work: Union Representation and Wage Premiums across Non-Standard Work Arrangements in Canada, 1997–2014“. ILR Review 72, Nr. 4 (03.06.2019): 1009–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919852926.
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The authors examine the association between unionization and non-standard work in terms of coverage and wages. They use data from the master files of Canada’s Labour Force Survey (LFS) between 1997–98 and 2013–14 to define and measure non-standard work and to provide a continuum of vulnerability across work arrangements. The estimated probability of being employed in some form of non-permanent job increased 2.9 percentage points from 1997 to 2014. During that same period, the estimated probability of being in a non-full-time, non-permanent job—another way of capturing non-standard work—increased 2.5 percentage points. Although estimated union wage premiums declined rather precipitously for all groups, the union wage advantage remained highest among non-standard workers. Further, the authors find the union wage premium is largest for the most vulnerable of non-standard workers. In terms of estimates that look across the earnings distribution, the union wage premium among non-standard workers is larger for workers higher up the earnings profile.
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Asnudin, Andi. „FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEKERJA KONSTRUKSI MEMILIH SISTEM PEMBAYARAN UPAH KERJA (KASUS PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH)“. Inersia: Jurnal Teknik Sipil 13, Nr. 1 (28.04.2021): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/ijts.13.1.48-54.
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In general, there are two types of payment systems for work wages in construction work, the first is the daily wage system based on the number of working days / hours, and the second is the wholesale system based on the volume or type of work. Some information that is often heard in the construction project environment is about problems that arise as a result of the wage system for construction workers. Therefore, this study aims to determine the factors that influence the construction workers in choosing a work wage payment system. Non-parametric approachment is used in the form of descriptive analysis consisting of data reduction carried out by reading interview transcripts, questionnaires responses, and making notes according to the data. Then a summary of the data is made which provides an overview in the form of narrative text and tables. The results showed that the most workers that used the payment of work wages based on the volume of work of 58.84% and those who used working hours or of daily wages were 41.16%. Factors that influence the two payment systems are: First, based on Work Volume, are (1) Additional working hours, (2) Special jobs (Specialists, (3) Remote work locations, (4) High worker productivity, (5) Employee Competence Fulfilled, (6) Experienced more than 2 years, (7) Low risk of material damage. Second, the payment system based on Working Hours are (1) Work experience less than 2 years, (2) Weather conditions, extreme (3) Availability of materials, (4) High wages for workers, (5) Working hours less than 7 hours per day , (6) Difficult mastery of tools, (7) Low labor productivity.
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Mahasin, Zahra Zara, Firqotun Naziah und Ridwan Arifin. „Wage Problems in Indonesia in the Human Rights Perspective (Case of Inappropriate Wages for Pot Workers in Tangerang)“. Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 2, Nr. 1 (31.03.2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v2i1.37326.
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This paper analyzes the fulfillment of rights for workers in the case in Tangerang (fulfillment of a decent salary). Whereas, one form of the implementation of the mandate of the 1945 Constitution in realizing decent livelihoods, especially for workers, is the minimum wage policy based on Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower which aims to provide protection for workers and their families, this is stated by clear in consideration of letter (d) of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, namely that the protection of labor is intended to guarantee the basic rights of workers and guarantee equal opportunity and treatment without discrimination on any basis to realize the welfare of workers and their families with still pay attention to the development progress of the business world. The disharmony in employment relations or labor turmoil is mostly caused by wage problems that are felt to be still very low. The low level of wages in Indonesia is caused by the abundant supply of labor, the level of labor skills is very low, and the government has an interest and seeks to create and expand employment opportunities.
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Sreekanth, Soma, Mr G. Subbareddy und DR Venkata Rangaiah. „Payroll System At ICICI Bank Ltd“. Think India 22, Nr. 2 (19.06.2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.7981.
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The pay structure of a company depends on several factors such as labor market Conditions Company’s paying capacity and legal provisions. In India, different acts include different items under wages though all the Acts include basic wage and dearness allowance under the term wages. Under the workmen’s Pay Roll act, 1923 wages for leave period holiday pay, overtime pay, bonus, and good conduct bonus form part of wages. Under the payments of wages act, 1936, section 2(vi) anyawards of settlement and production bonus, if paid constitute wages.
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Zulfa N, Eva. „Pengupahan Berkeadi lan Menurut Hukum Islam, Kajian terhadap UMP Jakarta“. JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA 5, Nr. 2 (08.07.2019): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/idi.v5i2.11752.
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The disertation is to prove that there was a wrong government policy of establishing the Provincial Minimum Wage reffering to the living cost for single. Because of such reason, the wage paid to labour is always insufficient to meet the living cost for labour and his family. The minimum wage should cover the operational cost of labour, so they can work fully during one month. The data of the minimum wage applied in in Pulau Gadung Estate, Jakarta (JIEP) showed that the wage paid to workers were only able to survive. If the policy is continued to be kept, the labour can not improve their living quality, and event the labour will be poor forever.This disertation is an alternative solution to overcome low wage happened in Indonesia. The system found will result the optimalization of labour income as their right must be gained from the company, and further effect to the company, the company will gain more profit, and event the company will develop its business optimally. Wage labour system will combine shirkah-inanwaal-ijarah so it will have a form of sharing any profit among labour, management power and stake holder. Besides, the labour will get wage proper basic wages including basic salary and benefit.The disertation refuses the views: firstly, employers and the Indonesia government bureaucracy have created the labour as a part of production, effientcy and attractor for investation with low wages. Secondly, Jack Stiber says that workers are human resource belong to companies like other resources such as machine, material, money and method. As a result, workers must be ready for ending their works anytime. For management, the workers can be conside, as things like other sources. This ways resulted outsourcing method of employing labour. Thirdly, a view of Abdurahman al-Maliki, said that the policy of wage is based on estimation of experts in manpower market stock exchange.This dissertation has supported related to the Naqvi’s opinion about the distribution of income should be separated from the concentration of the economic power dominated by certain people, but the economic power must orientate to maximize the total welfare. The dissertation also improve the opinion of Joseph Qardawi starting that wages of labour is given on basis of value of his work and it is not just enough to eat and drink as a replacement for the lost power, but the wage must also consider the workers’ participation as a profit generator. Mustajir must pay full wages ajir event though the workers are willing to accept under proper wage. According to the opinion of Banisadr, Islam rejects all concepts related to the application where the human beings or some of the people receive and get a bigger wage than the others who out of their responsibility. Abdul Jalil combine the wage system between the principal wage with the incentive (gainsharing) with the term combination called as shirkah inanwa al-ijarah which is still normative. Thus, the three opinions above cannot be applied in the waging system in increasingly complex companies.This dissertation is a case study observing labour wage system in Jakarta Industrial Estate Pulogadung in view of business men, labour and goverment. The primary data was randomly gained through quesionares and deep interview comparing with constitution nomor 13, 2003 and Islamic wage concept. The Interpretation of Islamic wage concept uses fenomenology method which is a research method that mixed a subjective interpretation in observation object. The involvement of researcher in the field observing the object becomes standard pattern.
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Mathias, Regine. „Japan in the Seventeenth Century: Labour Relations and Work Ethics“. International Review of Social History 56, S19 (20.09.2011): 217–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859011000502.
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SummaryIn Japan, the transformation of labour relations from medieval forms of serfdom, lifelong service, and corvée labour to short-term contracts and wage labour was already under way by the seventeenth century. In the second half of the seventeenth century short-term employment based on contracts became common. Indentured labour gradually changed into wage labour. Government policies included enabling greater mobility for the workers, while also trying to set limits to migration flow to the cities. Some Confucian scholars welcomed this new form of labour relations; others condemned them. The few sources about the work ethics of waged workers imply mockery about their loose morals and work attitudes, but also complaints about workloads and exploitation.
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Lyon, Vaughan. „Swedish Wage Earner Funds: A Glimpse of Our Future?“ Canadian Journal of Political Science 19, Nr. 3 (September 1986): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900054597.
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AbstractAt the end of 1983, after a long and bitter political struggle, the Swedes adopted a system of wage earner funds. The five regionally-based funds are directed by boards dominated by employees. Using funds transferred to them by government, they invest in Swedish companies, primarily by buying shares on the stock market. The fund scheme will enable employees collectively to own about 10 per cent of Swedish business by 1990. They could control far more. Only experience can determine the impact of this new form of social ownership. But possibly the Swedes have found a socially and democratically appealing means of retaining the advantages of a market system while integrating social and economic forces.
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Jannah, Eka Nur, Sunarru Samsi Hariadi und Subejo Subejo. „STUDY OF LARUNGAN TRADITION IN BENDAR VILLAGE, JUWANA DISTRICT, PATI DISTRICT, CENTRAL JAVA“. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 5, Nr. 1 (17.06.2021): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/agrisocionomics.v5i1.8004.
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This research was arranged to analyze the Larungan traditional ceremony conducted by the community in Bendar Village, Juwana District, Pati Regency. The research method uses descriptive analytic method. Larungan is a traditional ceremony performed by fishermen as a form of gratitude to God Almighty. The Larungan traditional ceremony is held every year on Shawwal on the seventh day, but if on the seventh day coincides with the Sunday Wage, the implementation is carried out on the day before or after the Sunday Wage, because on Sunday the Wage had an accident during the Larungan traditional ceremony. So, the Larungan traditional ceremony is a tradition carried out by the coastal community in Bendar Village, Juwana District, Pati Regency, the majority of whom work as fishermen as a form of gratitude to God Almighty for the fortune that has been given in the form of abundance fish catched from the sea.
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Saayman, Lehanri, und Sanlie L. Middelberg. „The Effect Of Higher Wages On Production Cost And Mechanization: A South African Maize Sector Study“. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, Nr. 2 (27.02.2014): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i2.8402.
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The South African labor market was recently characterized by violent and hostile labor strikes by workers demanding exorbitant wage increases. These demands and violent protests overflowed to the agricultural sector, followed by an announcement of a 51% increase in the agricultural minimum wage. Labor costs form an integral part of a producers production costs and labor increases will therefore directly affect the profitability of producers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect higher wages have on the South African maize sector. Furthermore, to determine whether there is a relationship between higher labor cost and increased mechanization in the maize sector. Quantitative and qualitative research techniques were utilized to address the research problem. The findings of the study include that the higher wages do not have a significant effect on the maize sector as it is less dependent on manual labor and therefore more tolerant to wage increases. Furthermore, it was determined that there is a relationship between the maize sectors level of mechanization and the impact of higher wages. It was found that the maize sector is more developed and mechanized than other agricultural sectors. Notwithstanding, it is recommended that the sector should maintain the investment in mechanization to increase global competitiveness.
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Agarwalla, Astha, und Errol D’Souza. „The Economic Imperative: Cities Need Migrants“. Indian Economic Journal 69, Nr. 3 (10.05.2021): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211013233.
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The policy responses to Covid-19 have triggered large-scale reverse migration from cities to rural areas in developing countries, exposing the vulnerability of migrants living precarious lives in cities, giving rise to debates asserting to migration as undesirable and favouring policy options to discourage the process. However, the very basis of spatial concentration and formation of cities is presence of agglomeration economies, benefits accruing to economic agents operating in cities. Presence of these agglomeration benefits in local labour markets manifests themselves in the form of an upward sloping wage curve in urban areas. We estimate the upward sloping wage curve for various size classes of cities in Indian economy and establish the presence of positive returns to occupation and industry concentration at urban locations. Controlling for worker-specific characteristics influencing wages, we establish that higher the share of an industry or an occupation in local employment as compared to national economy, the desirability of firms to pay higher wages increases. For casual labourers, occupational concentration results in higher wages. However, impact of industry concentration varies across sectors. Results supporting presence of upward sloping urban wage curve, therefore, endorse policies to correct the market failure in cities and promote migration as a desirable process. JEL Classification Codes: J2, R2
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Lombardozzi, Lorena, und Frederick Harry Pitts. „Social form, social reproduction and social policy: Basic income, basic services, basic infrastructure“. Capital & Class 44, Nr. 4 (18.09.2019): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816819873323.
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Proponents recommend Universal Basic Income as a solution to a trifold crisis of work, wage and social democracy. Synthesising Marxian form analysis with Marxist-feminist social reproduction theory, this article suggests that these crises relate to historically specific capitalist social forms: labour, money and the state. These separate but interlocking crises of social form are temporary and contingent expressions of an underlying, permanent crisis of social reproduction. Mistaking the pervasive crisis of social reproduction in its totality for a temporary or contingent trifold crisis of work, wage or social democracy, Universal Basic Income proposals seek to solve it by moving through the same social forms through which they take effect, rather than confronting the social relations that constitute their antagonistic undertow and generate the crisis of social reproduction. The article considers two other solutions proposed to handle the deeper-rooted crisis with which Universal Basic Income grapples: Universal Basic Services and Universal Basic Infrastructure. Both propose non-monetary ways past the impasses of the Universal Basic Income, addressing much more directly the constrained basis of individual and collective reproduction that characterises capitalist social relations. But they retain a link with capitalist social forms of money and state that may serve to close rather than open the path to real alternatives. The article concludes that the contradictions these ‘abstract universals’ touch upon are best mediated through more bottom-up and struggle-based ‘concrete universals’ that address the manifold crises of work, wage and social democracy that undergird them. Such alternatives would leave open dynamic tensions around work and welfare in contemporary capitalism without promise of their incomplete resolution in the name of a false universality unattainable in a world characterised by antagonism, domination and crisis.
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PETKOV, VLADIMIR P. „DELEGATED MANAGEMENT IN DYNAMIC DUOPOLIES“. International Game Theory Review 12, Nr. 02 (Juni 2010): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198910002544.
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This paper studies the commitment value of delegation in a model of dynamic competition. We argue that separating ownership and control delivers an instantaneous first-mover advantage. Thus, delegation would enable an oligopolistic firm to increase its equilibrium profit relative to direct management. We focus on remuneration strategies that provide managers with intertemporal production incentives: future wages depend on current effort. Their composition and functional form are endogenously determined by the requirement for Markov perfection. For the case of linear-quadratic payoffs, we obtain a closed-form solution for the equilibrium wage strategies which is independent of industry structure.
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BOLT, JUTTA, und ERIK GREEN. „WAS THE WAGE BURDEN TOO HEAVY? SETTLER FARMING, PROFITABILITY, AND WAGE SHARES OF SETTLER AGRICULTURE IN NYASALAND, c. 1900–60“. Journal of African History 56, Nr. 2 (12.06.2015): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853715000213.
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AbstractThe historical role of European farming in Southern and Central Africa has received a great deal of attention among scholars over the years. A striking consensus exists in the Scholarly literature, namely that the success or failure of European farming in Southern Africa was to a large extent dependent upon the colonizers' access to and control over cheap labour, which they in turn could only access through strong support of the colonial state. Yet, these propositions have so far not been systematically and empirically tested. This article is a first attempt to do that by analysing the ‘wage-burden’ European settler farmers faced. The wage-burden is identified by measuring wage shares (total amount paid in the form of wages as a share of total profits) on European farms in colonial Africa. Based on archival documents, we construct time-series for value of output, transportation costs, investments in agriculture, and wages paid for the European tobacco and tea sector in colonial Malawi. Our results contradict both previous research on settler colonialism in Africa and the historiography of Nyasaland. Our estimates show that settler farming did not collapse in the 1930s as commonly assumed. On the contrary, the value of production on both tobacco and tea farms increased significantly. And so did the settler farmers' capacity to capture the profits, which was manifested in a declining wage share over time. In contrast with previous research, we argue that the declining wage share cannot be explained by domestic colonial policies but rather through changes in regional migration patterns, and global commodity markets. Migration patterns had a significant impact on the supply of farm labour and global commodity markets influenced value of production. Market forces rather than colonial policies shaped the development trajectory of settler farming in Nyasaland.