Dissertationen zum Thema „Voting cultures“

Cette thèse propose d’étudier le rapport au vote en Espagne des cohortes nées et socialisées en démocratie, pour les comparer avec leurs ainés. En effet, la littérature existante n’a pas interrogé les différences de culture électorale qui existeraient entre ces « nouveaux venus », les générations de la Transition et les plus âgées. Trop rarement, il s’est agi d’une analyse par l’âge et non par les cohortes et l’approche longitudinale. Pourtant, la recherche internationale pointe la responsabilité des nouvelles générations dans le déclin de la participation électorale dans les démocraties occidentales (Blais et al., 2004 ; Blais & Rubenson, 2013). L’Espagne fait pourtant exception, car, contrairement à ces dernières, la participation lors des élections de premier-ordre n’y a presque pas décliné. C’est un paradoxe car on aurait pu postuler que ces « générations critiques » (Lorente & García-Albacete, 2019, 2021), moins croyantes et précarisées durant la crise de 2008, auraient dû encore plus s’abstenir que leurs homologues des autres pays. Cette thèse propose de résoudre cette énigme en utilisant des méthodes mixtes. En premier lieu, nous réalisons une étude longitudinale grâce aux enquêtes post-électorales du Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas de 1979 à 2024. Plusieurs aspects des « cultures du vote » des cohortes sont analysés : 1.) les inégalités inter et intragénérationnelles lors des élections générales et de second-ordre (les européennes et les référendums nationaux) depuis 1979. 2.) la perception du vote comme « un devoir civique » de 1980 à 2019, l’acceptabilité de l’abstention (en 1990 et 2005), et les habitudes de vote déclarées de « manière générale », et en fonction du type d’élection. Plusieurs régressions logistiques et des modèles généraux additionnels mixtes sont utilisés pour distinguer les effets d’âge, de période et de cohorte, « nœud gordien » des méthodes APC (Bell, 2020). Puis, pour approfondir les résultats de l’analyse quantitative, nous avons interrogé les représentations du vote de membres des différentes cohortes, à travers une campagne de 46 entretiens semi-directifs. Ces cohortes nées et socialisées en démocratie développent une culture du vote différente de leurs ainés socialisés durant la Transition, le franquisme et la Guerre Civile. Leur participation reste importante lors des élections générales, et est plus forte que les nouvelles générations d’autres démocraties occidentales. La crise de 2008 a abouti à une forte politisation. Cependant, leur vote est plus irrégulier et fluctue en fonction de l'intensité des campagnes électorales. Leur abstention devient plus répandue lors des élections de second-ordre. De plus, les inégalités intragénérationnelles en fonction du niveau d’études et de la classe sociale sont bien plus fortes en leur sein que dans les générations d’avant. Ces résultats s’expliquent aussi par l’individuation de leur rapport au vote, déjà observé dans d’autres pays. Ces cohortes, en particulier ses membres les plus intéressés par la politique et les plus diplômés, s’inscrivent pleinement dans une citoyenneté du vote de « droit » qui s’éloigne de la citoyenneté du « devoir » des cohortes socialisées sous la Transition et le franquisme. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance du rôle des partis politiques et des médias pour mobiliser ces « nouveaux » citoyens dans les urnes, dont les représentations et les attentes envers le vote sont différentes des autres générations
This thesis proposes to study the relationship to voting in Spain of cohorts born and socialised in a democracy, in order to compare them with their elders. The existing literature has not examined the differences of electoral cultures between these ‘newcomers’, the generations of the Transition and the older generations. All too rarely, the analysis has been based on age rather than cohorts and a longitudinal approach. Yet international research points to the responsibility of the younger generations in the decline of electoral participation in Western democracies (Blais et al., 2004; Blais & Rubenson, 2013). Spain is an exception, however, because unlike the other democracies, voter turnout in first-order elections has hardly declined at all. This is paradoxical, since it could have been postulated that these ‘critical generations’ (Lorente & García-Albacete, 2019, 2021), who were less religious and less secure during the Great Recession, should have abstained even more than their counterparts in other countries. This thesis proposes to solve this conundrum using mixed methods. Firstly, we carry out a longitudinal study using post-election surveys conducted by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas between 1979 and 2024. Several aspects of the cohorts' “voting cultures” are analysed: 1.) inter- and intra-generational inequalities in general and second-order elections (European elections and national referendums) since 1979; 2.) the perception of voting as a “civic duty” from 1980 to 2019, the acceptability of abstention (in 1990 and 2005), and declared voting habits “in general” and according to the type of election. Several logistic regressions and additional general mixed models (GAMMs) are used to distinguish age, period and cohort effects, the ‘Gordian knot’ of APC methods (Bell, 2020). Then, to expand on the results of the quantitative analysis, we questioned the voting perceptions of members of the various cohorts, through a campaign of 46 semi-structured interviews. These cohorts, born and socialised in a democracy, have developed a different voting culture to their elders, who were socialised during the Transition, Francoism and the Civil War. Their turnout remains high at general elections, and is higher than that of new generations in other Western democracies. The Great Recession has led to a high degree of politicisation. However, their voting is more irregular and fluctuates according to the intensity of election campaigns and the type of elections. Their abstention becomes more widespread during second-order elections. What's more, intra-generational inequalities based on educational level and social class are much greater among them than in previous generations. These results can also be explained by the individualisation of their voting behaviour, which has already been observed in other countries. These cohorts, particularly those most interested in politics and with the highest levels of education, are fully committed to a citizenship of ‘right’ voting, which is a far cry from the citizenship of ‘duty’ of the cohorts socialised under the Transition and Franco. These results underline the importance of the role of political parties and the media in mobilising these ‘new’ citizens to vote, whose representations and expectations of voting are different from those of other generations
Esta tesis se propone estudiar la relación con el voto en España de las cohortes nacidas y socializadas en democracia, para compararlas con sus mayores. La literatura existente no ha examinado las diferencias de cultura electoral entre estos «recién llegados», las generaciones de la Transición y las generaciones mayores. En muy pocas ocasiones, el análisis se ha basado en el ciclo vital y no en las cohortes y con un enfoque longitudinal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones internacionales apuntan a la responsabilidad de las nuevas generaciones en el declive de la participación electoral en las democracias occidentales (Blais et al., 2004; Blais y Rubenson, 2013). Sin embargo, España es una excepción porque, a diferencia de las demás democracias, la participación electoral en las elecciones de primer orden apenas ha disminuido. Esto resulta paradójico, ya que podría haberse postulado que estas «generaciones críticas» (Lorente & García-Albacete, 2019, 2021), menos religiosas y precarizadas durante la crisis de 2008, deberían haberse abstenido aún más que sus homólogas de otros países. Esta tesis propone resolver este enigma utilizando métodos mixtos. En primer lugar, llevamos a cabo un estudio longitudinal utilizando encuestas postelectorales realizadas por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas entre 1979 y 2024. Se analizan varios aspectos de las «culturas de voto» de las cohortes: 1.) las desigualdades intergeneracionales e intrageneracionales en las elecciones generales y de segundo orden (elecciones europeas y referendos nacionales) desde 1979; 2.) la percepción del voto como un «deber cívico» desde 1980 hasta 2019, la aceptabilidad de la abstención (en 1990 y 2005), y los hábitos de voto declarados «en general» y según el tipo de elección. Se utilizan varias regresiones logísticas y modelos generales mixtos adicionales para distinguir los efectos de edad, periodo y cohorte, el «nudo gordiano» de los métodos APC (Bell, 2020). A continuación, para ahondar los resultados del análisis cuantitativo, interrogamos las percepciones de voto de los miembros de las distintas cohortes, a través de una campaña de 46 entrevistas semiestructuradas. Estas cohortes, que nacieron y se socializaron en democracia, desarrollaron una cultura de voto diferente a la de sus mayores que se socializaron durante la Transición, el franquismo y la Guerra Civil. Su participación sigue siendo alta en las elecciones generales, y es superior a la de las nuevas generaciones en otras democracias occidentales. La crisis de 2008 ha provocado un alto grado de politización entre estas cohortes. Sin embargo, su voto es más irregular y fluctúa en función de la intensidad de las campañas electorales y del tipo de elecciones. Su abstención está cada vez más extendida en las elecciones de segundo orden. Además, las desigualdades intrageneracionales basadas en el nivel educativo y la clase social son mucho mayores entre ellos que en las generaciones anteriores. Estos resultados también pueden explicarse por la individualización de su comportamiento electoral, que ya se ha observado en otros países. Estas cohortes, en particular las más interesadas en la política y con los niveles de educación más elevados, están plenamente comprometidas con una ciudadanía del «derecho» a votar, que dista mucho de la ciudadanía del «deber» de las cohortes socializadas bajo la Transición y el franquismo. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia del papel de los partidos políticos y de los medios de comunicación a la hora de movilizar a votar a estos «nuevos» ciudadanos, cuyas representaciones y expectativas del voto son diferentes de las de otras generaciones

This thesis considers theoretically the institutional nature of culture and its strength as a determinant of political behavior in Southwest Virginia. Beginning with a description of the geography of Southwest Virginia and the demographics of the region's inhabitants, the thesis proceeds to outline the cultural nuances of the region that make it ripe for misunderstanding by the outside world when attempting to explain the cognitive dissonance between voting behavior and regional needs. Then the thesis explores how the culture of the region serves as its own institution that protects itself from outside forces. This phenomenon is explained through an outline of the man-made institutions which have been forged to ensure long-term political power that itself protects the institution of regional culture. Further evidence is presented through voting and demographic data that solidifies the role of culture in determining political behavior.
MA

Cette dissertation est composée de trois articles traitant de sujets divers. Le premier développe une théorie sur la transmission de normes culturelles. Le second article traite de l'évolution des doctrines religieuses dans une économie productive. Enfin, le dernier article de cette dissertation est un travail joint avec Thierry Verdier. L'article propose une nouvelle approche des élections impliquant un nombre arbitraire de candidats. Cette problématique de recherche est importante non seulement quant à sa complexité théorique, mais aussi parce qu'elle permet d'étudier relativement simplement la structure des marchés politiques.Le premier article présente une théorie sur le développement de l'enfant et les pratiques parentales. Dans le modèle, un parent cherche à transmettre des normes comportementales à son enfant en lui envoyant des signaux, que l'enfant observe de manière imparfaite. L'enfant peut cependant augmenter la qualité des signaux qu'il reçoit en investissant dans l'acquisition de compétences cognitives.Nous établissons que les styles parentaux autoritaires ou permissifs décroissent l'accumulation de compétences cognitives. De plus, puisque les interactions entre parents et enfants visent à transmettre des normes comportementales, l'enfant développe un capital d'appréciation pour le développement de compétences cognitives.Notre perspective culturelle sur la question du développement cognitif fournit une grille d'interprétation utile pour divers résultats établis dans la littérature empirique sur le développement de l'enfant.Le second article propose une théorie de la prohibition religieuse contre l'usure et l'innovation et ses conséquences sur les activités et les occupations économiques.Comme une interdiction économique provenant de la religion majoritaire est soutenue par un risque d'exclusion sociale de ce groupe culturel, elle a moins d'effets sur les minorités religieuses. Cela implique que seules les minorités religieuses choisissent des activités qui vont à l'encontre de la prohibition à l'équilibre.Dans le dernier article, nous présentons une théorie micro-fondée de la concurrence politique à plusieurs candidats prenant une perspective ``d'organisation industrielle" de la politique. Nous présentons d'abord un modèle de vote aléatoire qui utilise des distributions introduites par le mathématicien français Maurice Fréchet et qui portent son nom. Ces distributions permettent d'exprimer les parts de vote des différents candidats comme des ``contest functions'', ce qui permet d'établir un théorème d'existence et d'unicité d'un équilibre des stratégies politiques dans des élections impliquant un nombre arbitraire de candidats.Le cadre analytique s'avère suffisamment souple pour traiter plusieurs applications sur des thèmes liés à la structure endogène des marchés politiques. Nous montrons en particulier que le degré d'information des électeurs sur les plateformes ainsi que les campagnes médiatiques impliquent un degré de fragmentation politique plus faible
The first chapter of this dissertation presents a theory of child development and parental rearingpractices. In the model, a benevolent parent seeks to transmit cultural norms to her child, whoacquires cognitive skills and develops a capital of appreciation for adopting behaviors that accordwith these norms. Our cultural perspective on the issue of cognitive development provides aninterpretation grid for various results established in the empirical literature. It also permits to identifythe parental characteristics that are conducive to various parenting styles, to child neglect and tochild maltreatment.The second chapter provides a theory of religious prohibition against usury and innovation and itsconsequences on economic activities and occupations. As an economic prohibition from themajority religion is sustained by a threat of social exclusion from that cultural group, it has lesseffects on religious minorities. It then creates an occupational pattern where only the religiousminorities choose activities that transgress the prohibition. By creating resentment against thereligious minorities, this occupational pattern strengthens the diffusion of the majority religion in thepopulation. An economic prohibition is then instigated by the clerics in the majority religion,because it allows them to consolidate their norms and to increase the scope of their control overpopular masses. This work also demonstrates that an economic prohibition lasts longer whenreligious clerics can legitimize secular rulers and when the competition on the religious market isweaker.In the last chapter, we present a microfounded theory of multi-candidate political competition takingan "industrial organization" perspective of politics. The analytical framework is shown to be exibleenough to address several applications on the topics of special interest politics, coalition formationin the legislature in proportional elections, and redistribution under alternative electoral rules

The aim of this thesis is to study political opinions and party voting in relation to class. The range of opinions studied consists of a socioeconomic dimension, dealing with issues of economic equality, and a socio-cultural dimension, dealing with questions of culture and morality. Following Pierre Bourdieu, the object of the study is conceptualised as a field of consumption of political opinions consisting of a space of political opinions or stances, a space of political party preferences, and a space of social positions or opinion holders defined by (among other things) their cultural and economic capital. The field of consumption is examined through multiple correspondence analysis and Euclidean classification. Overall, the field of consumption of political opinions is found to be relatively homologous to the social space. The field of consumption is found to be a two-dimensional space, with one dimension separating left-wing from rightwing opinions and the second distinguishing between socio economic and socio- cultural opinions. The tendency to vote left wing and to have left-leaning socio-economic opinions corresponds to a low total volume of capital and possessions dominated by cultural capital, whereas the tendency to vote right wing and to have right-leaning socio-economic opinions corresponds to a high total volume of capital. Liberal socio-cultural opinions correspond to a high level of possession cultural capital (and its relative weight in the structure of the total possession of capital), whereas the opposite is true for conservative opinions. Furthermore, the socio-cultural dimension is found to harbour two different aspects: liberalism or conservatism with regard to traditional morality and liberalism or conservatism with regard to the idea of a national culture. This thesis also studies how individuals tend to combine opinions from the two dimensions into tangible constellations of opinions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 139 p.; also includes graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Herbert F. Weisberg, Dept. of Political Science. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-139).

Cette thèse est le résultat de trois années d’études sur le site archéologique de Sangtarashan situé à l’ouest de l’Iran au cœur de la chaîne montagneuse du Zagros, dans la province du Luristan. Le site, découvert en 2002 et fouillé pendant six campagnes de 2005 à 2011 a révélé une situation très particulière aux archéologues. Au sein d’une structure architecturale circulaire, en pierre, chevauchée par plusieurs autres structures, plus de deux milles objets et notamment plusieurs centaines d’objets métalliques connus sous le nom de Bronzes du Luristan ont été mis au jour. Certains étaient en lot et d’autres étaient isolés parmi les blocs de pierres des constructions ou éparpillés sur toute la surface du site. L’enjeu de cette étude était en premier lieu de proposer une fonction et une datation pour ce site et de là, le contextualiser dans son milieu géographique et historique. L’étude architecturale et l’étude spatiale des objets nous ont conduit à suggérer que Sangtarashan ait été un lieu cultuel où le dépôt d’objets métalliques constituait une coutume réalisée par des fidèles, potentiellement des voyageurs ou des nomades. L’étude typo-chronologique de plus d’un millier d’objets, en grande partie métalliques, nous a permis de situer l’occupation du site à l’âge du Fer avec deux phases consécutives différentes : l’âge du Fer I-II pour la première phase et l’âge du Fer II-III (même IV ?) pour la seconde phase. Il semble que la coutume du don de la première phase prenant la forme de dépôts en lots d’armes et de vases se soit transformée, à la seconde phase, en un don d’objets isolés, de taille plus petite et de nature plus variée. L’hypothèse d’une fonction non cultuelle (domestique) pendant la seconde phase n’est pas totalement écartée au regard de la prolongation des structures architecturales vers l’ouest. De futures fouilles archéologiques pourront confirmer ou infirmer cette hypothèse. La richesse du mobilier de Sangtarashan fait de ce site une base de référence pour les prochaines études des Bronzes du Luristan. Elle nous a permis également de proposer des datations pour certains types d’objets jusqu’à présent uniquement attestés parmi les objets de collections. Le fin mot de l’histoire, Sangtarashan semble être, en parallèle à Sorkhdom-é Lori, le deuxième sanctuaire de l’âge du Fer de la région du Zagros central où les fidèles avaient une prédilection pour le don d’objets métalliques. Même si cette étude a permis d’éclaircir plusieurs points concernant la région du Luristan à l’âge du Fer et ses Bronzes énigmatiques, de nouvelles questions ont parallèlement été soulevées méritant d’être étudiées par de nouvelles recherches
This dissertation is focused on the archaeological site of Sangtarashan located on the western Iran, in Luristan. Discovered in 2002 and excavated during six campaigns from 2005 to 2011, the site had revealed, more than two thousand objects particularly several hundreds of "Bronzes of Luristan", in a circular architectural structure, in stone, overlapped by several other structures. Some of them were deposit as packages and others were isolated between stone blocks of walls or scattered over the entire surface of the site. The aim of this study was to propose a function and a dating for the site and then, to contextualize it in its geographical and historical environment. The architectural study and the analysis of spatial organization of objects led us to suggest that Sangtarashan was a ritual place where the act of deposition of metal objects was a custom by prayers, potentially travelers or nomads. The typo-chronological study of the objects allowed us to date the occupation of the site to the Iron Age with two consecutive phases: the Iron age 1-Il for the first phase and the Iron age Il-III (even IV?) for the second phase. lt seems that the form of dedication change from the first phase to the second one. In the first phase objects are dedicated as deposits in packages of arms and vessels. While in the second phase, they take the form of deposit of isolated objects of smaller size and of a more varied nature. The richness of the Sangtarashan's finds makes this site as a reference base for the next studies on the Bronzes of Luristan. It also allowed us to propose some dating for several types of objects till todays only attested among the objects provide from the illegal diggings

Yes
Ceramic containers, intentionally deposited into wetlands, offer detailed insights into Early Neolithic culinary practices. Additionally, they are key for ascertaining the Neolithisation process in Denmark since they appear to form a typo-chronological sequence. Here, we use a combination of organic residue analysis (ORA) of pottery alongside Bayesian chronological modelling of the radiocarbon dates obtained on these vessels to explore the initial stages of votive deposition in wetlands, a practice that stretches from the Mesolithic to the onset of Christianity in Northern Europe. We consider 34 Early-Middle Neolithic (c. 3900–2350 cal BC) ‘bog pots’ from Denmark, of which 20 have ORA data, and 26 have been dated directly. Carbonised surface residues and absorbed lipids from powdered sherds were analysed using a combination of bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC-combustion-isotope ratio MS (GC-C-IRMS). The molecular and isotopic compositions of the analysed samples revealed the presence of aquatic, ruminant carcass and dairy fats as well as plant waxes with the majority containing mixtures thereof. Dairy fats were present from the onset of the Funnel Beaker culture, whilst aquatic foods, prevalent at the close of the preceding Mesolithic period, continued to be processed in pottery for the following thousand years.
UK Arts and Humanities Research Board Grant B/RG/AN1717/APN14658 (to O.E.C.) and the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council Grant AH/E008232/1 (to C.P.H and O.E.C.) for funding this research. H.K.R. acknowledges the British Academy for funding during the preparation of the manuscript.
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 17 Feb 2022.

Les gardiennes des nappes d'offrande en Iran (de la préhistoire à nos jours) :

Cette recherche a été intitulée "les femmes iraniennes héritières des nappes d'offrande". L'objectif de cette recherche est la mise en évidence des bases des nappes d'offrande votive féminines de la préhistoire à nos jours en tant qu‘explication, analyse et interprétation des nappes ;pour cette recherche, nous avons choisi la société actuelle de Téhéran constituée d'ethnies iraniennes variées, notamment les Zoroastriennes et les Shi‘ites. Le fil conducteur de cette recherche est le cadre théorique combiné basé sur la transmission culturelle, l'interprétation religieuse symbolique de Geertz, la réaction symbolique de Parsons et la théorie d'échange de Peter Blau, interprétant les différents aspects des signes et des symboles des nappes avec la présence, la participation des femmes, la réalisation de leurs désirs et la mise en place des nappes. Les théories d'Henri Corbin ont permis de répondre à certaines questions sur la transmission culturelle religieuse et les changements et transformations du monde symbolique iranien, mazdéen zoroastrien aux nouveaux symboles de l'Iran musulman shi‘ite ;nous avons également fait appel aux rapports de Sadegh Hedayat, Henri Massé, Shakouri, Faghiri ,K. et F. Mazdapour. Le commentaire et l'interprétation d'autres sujets des nappes tels que les récits, la lamentation et l'allégresse, les Adjil-é Moshkel Gosha étaient des mystères non élucidés jusqu'alors par les chercheurs ;ils l'ont été dans cette thèse. Il a été essayé de répondre aux questions posées par des réponses basées sur l'anthropologie religieuse symbolique. L'enquête statistique de la recherche porte sur des étudiantes, mariées ou non, de l'Université Azad, Unité Centre de Téhéran. Les questions principales intéressent la féminité des nappes d'offrande et le recours aux saints religieux iraniens shi‘ites. Les souhaits sont relatifs à la vie quotidienne, comme l'obtention d'un travail, la guérison d'un malade, l'achat d'un appartement, la résolution de problèmes financiers, le mariage, l'accouchement, etc. les résultats ont été rassemblés dans les tableaux de l'enquête statistique. Cependant, certaines questions sont restées sans réponses ;elles seront élucidées par de futurs chercheurs.

Mots-clés :nappes d'offrande votive, les femmes gardiennes, la transmission culturelle, Adjil, Moshkel Gosha
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans cette thèse, j’explore les modèles de prise de décision basés sur des préférences multiples. Dans la première partie de la thèse, j’analyse certaines des implications de l’adoption des préférences multiples en économie et de différentes façons dont elles peuvent être conceptualisées et utilisées dans ce domaine. En particulier, je révise certaines des conséquences positives et normatives des préférences sur des préférences (chapitre 1), la distinction comportementale entre des modèles de préférences uniques et des modèles de préférences multiples (chapitre 2), et j’introduis un nouveau cadre de choix avec le temps dans lequel les modèles de préférences multiples peuvent être plus facilement caractérisés (chapitre 3). La deuxième partie de la thèse est con- sacrée à l’analyse théorique et empirique du comportement économique qui peut être représenté comme s’il résulte de la prise de décision avec des préférences multiples. En particulier, je construis un modèle pour étudier les effets des préférences multiples sur le comportement politique (chapitre 4) et je mène une étude expérimentale pour distinguer les différentes motivations derrière une potentielle valeur intrinsèque du droit de décision (chapitre 5)
In this thesis I explore decision making models based on multiple preferences. In the first part of the thesis, I analyze some of the implications of adopting multiple preferences in economics and different ways in which they can be conceptualized and used within this field. In particular, I review some of the positive and normative consequences of preferences over preferences (Chapter 1), the behavioral (in)distinguishability of the single and multiple preferences models (Chapter 2), and introduce a new framework of choice with time in which models of changing preferences can be more easily characterized (Chapter 3). The second part of the thesis is devoted to the theoretical and empirical analysis of economic meaningful behavior that can be represented as if it is the result of decision making with multiple preferences. In particular, I build a model to study the effects of multiple preferences to political behavior (Chapter 4), and run an experimental study to distinguish different motivations behind a potential intrinsic value of holding a decision right (Chapter 5)

This thesis analyzes the ideologies present the campaign rhetoric surrounding the 2008 California legislative initiative Proposition·8. Using Foss' method of ideological criticism the campaign is read prior after the opposition response to determine if an ideological shift occurs. The study is framed to identify this shift as a potential product of oppositional interaction, a characteristic of rhetoric defined by Smith and Windes. The study concludes that the shift in ideology during the campaign by the supporters of Proposition 8 was a significant development. The response from the Proposition 8 campaign reframed the debate, making the electorate vulnerable to a different ideology. This new ideology places the state education apparatus, not the courts, in the spotlight as the state mechanism that is in dispute in the marriage controversy. When placed in .this context, theories of political economy are employed to explain how the electorate may have interpreted these arguments. One. explanation offered is that the response ideology of the Proposition 8 campaign allowed voters to vote to outlaw gay marriages as a proactive response to a mistrust of education. The discussion section indicates that this could be an adjustment to existing ideologies, or development of an issues specific ideology that is only relevant for one issue in the mind of the individual. Ultimately, this study demonstrated the utility of ideology as a method to analyze political rhetoric and examines the role that oppositional interaction plays in the long-term development of public dialectic.

碩士
輔仁大學
國際創業與經營管理學程碩士在職專班
105
In this paper, significant advances will be made to address and track the history and cultural differences of women in politics. As a corrective, I will research to promote and create awareness of the necessary changes needed to overcome these gender stigmas. Emphasis will be specifically placed on the different practices rather than directly on statistics of voters. Primarily, the study is of descriptive in nature and qualitative research was used in data gathering. Data used in this paper is mainly primary but to some extent secondary data as well, quantitative and qualitative types was incorporated. To date, most women in leadership research has been Western- or US- based, and little rigorous empirical, multi-level research has been done across countries. The importance of cross-cultural studies on women in leadership stems from the potential to better understand why some countries have more women in positions of both business and political leadership; and the factors that affect women is involvement in such positions in different countries. Results indicate that the factors that affect women’s participation in leadership in countries with fewer women leaders are different from the factors that affect women’s participation in countries with high levels of participation. This thesis proposes that initiatives to increase participation of women in leadership need to considered and relevant factors that significantly affect countries at certain levels of women’s participation in politics and the characteristics seen within those leaders.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2009.
Thesis directed by Rory McVeigh and William Carbonaro for the Department of Sociology. "October 2009." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-210).

博士
臺北市立教育大學
教育學系博士班
99
The main purposes of this research was to examine the current situations of principals' leadership styles, organizational culture, and voting behavior in elementary schools, and to analyze the differences among principals' leadership styles, organizational culture, and voting behavior in personal variables, and school environmental variables in elementary schools. Furthermore, it assessed the fitness of the structural equation model among principals' leadership styles, organizational culture, and voting behavior in elementary schools. Finally, it explored the relationships between principals' leadership styles and voting behavior in elementary schools: organizational culture as the mediation and moderation variable. The research method this study adopted was survey research. “The Investigative Questionnaire of Relationships among Principals' Leadership Styles, Organizational Culture, and Voting Behavior in Elementary Schools” was the main tool in use. The samples were 1,295 teachers randomly selected from 131 elementary schools in Taiwan, and 789 of the distributed copies were returned as valid. The collected data were analyzed by using the statistical methods of descriptive statistics, chi-square test, multivariate analysis of variance, regression analysis, and structural equation model. The conclusions of this research are as follows: 1.Among all of the dimensions of principals' leadership styles, hierarchy management style was the dominance in the elementary schools. 2.Among all of the dimensions of school organizational culture, clan and hierarchy were the dominance in the elementary schools. 3.Among all of the dimensions of voting behavior, image evaluation, capability evaluation and interpersonal network could positively affect teachers' voting choice in the elementary schools. 4.There were no significant differences in the general performance of principals' leadership styles and school organizational culture in terms of teachers' gender, age, and academic degrees; school teachers with various years of experience, and positions had significant and different perceptions on principals' leadership styles and school organizational culture. 5.There were no significant differences in the general performance of voting behavior in elementary schools in terms of teachers' age; school teachers’ gender, academic degrees, various years of experience, and positions had significant and different perceptions on voting behavior in elementary schools. 6.There were no significant differences in the general performance of principals' leadership styles, school organizational culture, and voting behavior in terms of principals' gender, age, academic degrees, and years of experience. 7.There were significant differences in the general performance of principals' leadership styles, school organizational culture, and voting behavior in terms of school history; school teachers from various school sizes, and school locations had different perceptions on principals' leadership styles, school organizational culture, and voting behavior in elementary schools. 8.The principals' leadership styles could positively affect voting behavior in elementary schools through the partial mediation of school organizational culture. 9.The relationships between principals' leadership styles and voting behavior in elementary schools could be moderated by school organizational culture. Based on the conclusions mentioned above, some suggestions are proposed for education authorities, elementary schools, and future research.

O estágio realizou-se no Centro de Arqueologia Caetano de Mello Beirão (CACMB) a partir do dia 21 de outubro de 2014 e teve a duração de 6 meses. O programa aprovado para o estágio compreendia o levantamento e o estudo da decoração estampilhada do espólio cerâmico exumado do Depósito Votivo de Garvão em reserva no CACMB. Quase metade das cerâmicas inventariadas apresenta alguma forma de decoração e o estudo por mim efetuado incidiu sobre uma de entre as várias técnicas decorativas – a decoração impressa ou estampilha – visando ampliar os conhecimentos sobre esta técnica, bem como contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o DVG. O CACMB foi criado em setembro de 2009, por protocolo assinado entre o Município de Ourique, a Direção Regional de Cultura do Alentejo e a Universidade de Évora / Centro HERCULES, com o objetivo inicial de acolher, tratar e estudar o espólio do Depósito Votivo de Garvão. Posteriormente, o CACMB tem vindo a prestar apoio e serviços técnicos a outras entidades da região que são proprietárias ou responsáveis por acervos de bens arqueológicos e museológicos.
The internship was held at the Centro de Arqueologia Caetano de Mello Beirão (CACMB) from the day October 21, 2014 and lasted for six months. The program adopted for the internship included the survey and study the stamped decoration of ceramic assets exhumed the Votive Deposit of Garvão in reserve in CACMB. Nearly half of inventoried ceramics has some form of decoration and the study made by me focused on a between the various decorative techniques – printed decoration or stamp – aimed at increasing the knowledge about this technique, as well as contribute to the knowledge of the Votive Deposit. The CACMB was created in September 2009 by the protocol signed between the municipality of Ourique, the Direção Regional de Cultura do Alentejo and the University of Évora / HERCULES Center, with the initial objective of receiving, treating and studying the collection of the Votive Deposit of Garvão. Subsequently, the CACMB has provided support and technical services to other entities in the region that own or are responsible for collections of archaeological and museum assets.

This dissertation is a multi-layered examination of the practice of voting, with a focus on the electoral turnout of immigrants. Chapter Two’s statistical analyses show that pre-migration cultural familiarity with democracy, formalized as levels of democratization in source countries, strongly shapes the likelihood of post-migration voting among Canadian immigrants. These origin effects, comparable in size to the best predictors of turnout that we have, exert a persistent influence – affecting turnout not only among the foreign-born, but also among the native-born second generation. Multilevel models demonstrate that the shifting source country composition of immigrant period-of-arrival cohorts provides an alternate explanation for what have previously been identified as generational, racial, and length of residence or ‘exposure’ effects among immigrant voters. This provides further evidence that voting is in most cases habitual, and raises questions about the acquisition, transmission, and reproduction of a voting practice. Chapter Three’s narratives of political development, gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, confirm the importance of parental influence, and suggest that the ‘stickiness’ of practical capacities like voting may be the result of powerful processes of observational social learning. Providing a new twist on dominant models of political socialization, observation of parental voting appears to be the pivotal event in a path-dependent process of political learning, with acquisition of values and beliefs playing a supporting, rather than a leading role. Chapter Four reviews recent efforts among sociologists to amend action theory to make more room for habit, and these efforts are discussed in reference to contemporary research on turnout. I argue that these theoretical revisions still retain too sharp a focus on the cognitive aspects of practice. There is a lack of appreciation for the ways that action itself – our own previous actions and the actions of those close to us – can directly structure outcomes. Evidence from cognitive neuroscience is used to more precisely delineate habitual behaviour and thought. Where the intergenerational transmission of voting behaviour is concerned, culture is often coded directly into embodied practice. Efforts to encourage electoral participation should be built on a better understanding of voting’s substantial behavioural aspects.

Dissertação de mestrado em Arqueologia
Em um mundo que vive uma intensificação do processo de ‘globalização’ e um aumento nos fenômenos de intolerância religiosa, um estudo sobre interações culturais parece imperativo. Nesta dissertação de mestrado, nos voltamos para o período romano, quando um processo chamado ‘romanização’, uma transformação econômica, social e cultural, comparada muitas vezes ao termo ‘globalização’, produziu novas e diferentes identidades, que mesclavam as diversas culturas que viveram sob o domínio romano. Este é um dos conceitos principais que regem uma pesquisa que analisa um aspeto da interação e tolerância religiosa, a ‘interpretatio’, uma prática comum na religião romana que consistia em um complexo fenómeno de assimilação de um deus romano a outro indígena, visível, principalmente em sua teoníma. Os resultados desta prática podem ser vistos na fachada ocidental do conuentus Bracaraugustanus, através dos monumentos epigráficos, o objeto e a área de estudo aqui analisados. Este trabalho faz uma discussão sobre os conceitos de ‘romanização’ e ‘interpretatio’, apresentando não só a historiografia associada a estes, mas também os termos alternativos que vêm sendo utilizados pelos autores que trabalham esta temática e os diferentes estudos que utilizaram a epigrafia desta região. E ainda, observa e analisa os elementos apresentados pelos monumentos epigráficos escolhidos, como: a identificação de cada deidade, o estatuto dos cultores, a fórmula votiva utilizada, seus suportes e sua eventual decoração, comparando resultados dos deuses romano-indígenas com aqueles de seus equivalentes romanos. Além de também, relacionar estes tituli a rede de povoamento da região, tentando perceber se estes deuses poderiam ser associados a espaços rurais ou urbanos e com regiões de maior ou menor ocupação romana e pré-romana, também fazendo aqui comparações entre as informações acerca das manifestações a divindades romanas e romano-indígenas. Neste estudo mostramos, então, que apesar das sutis diferenças entre ambas as manifestações, é possível ver algumas divergências, principalmente ao se olhar para a formação dos nomes divinos e possivelmente, para o estatuto dos dedicantes e para o período em que as epígrafes foram erigidas. Sendo possível perceber também que quase todos os vestígios consagrados aquelas deidades romano-indígenas estão relacionados a povoados de raiz romana, concentrados em áreas como: a região do vale do Lima; as áreas de montanha ao longo da via XVIII, na bacia do Cávado; nas bacias dos cursos médios do Ave e do Vizela; e nas bacias do curso médio e final dos rios Sousa e Tâmega.
In a world of intensified globalization and of increasing religious intolerance, the study about cultural interactions seems imperative. In this master’s dissertation, we turn our eyes to the roman era, when a process called ‘romanization’ produced new and different identities throughout the empire, as an economic, social and cultural transformation, much compared to the term ‘globalization’. This is, in fact, one of our main concepts for this research that analyses an aspect of the religious interaction and tolerance, the interpretatio, a complex process of assimilation between roman and pre-roman deities, seen especially in their theonomy, a practice common in the roman religion. The results produced by these practices, in the western part of the conuentus Bracaraugustanus, can only be seen through inscriptions, the archaeological data that is used in this work. The concepts of ‘romanization’ and ‘interpretatio’ are discussed, presenting their respective alternative terms and the historiography associated with them, also exhibiting the diversity of the studies that are related with the epigraphies of this area. This study also observes and discusses, the elements of texts inscribed in the chosen tituli, like: the divine identification, the status of the cultores, the votive formula and their material supports and decoration, comparing results for the assimilated god with those for their roman equivalents. Then these tituli were linked to the settlement patterns of this area, in order to trace if these gods could be associated with urban or rural spaces and with regions more or less occupied by roman or pre-roman dwellings. Also comparing the results of those manifestations to gods with roman theonomys and indigenous epithets and those to the roman ones. That way, this study showed that even though the differences between the two types of manifestations were subtle, we could see them possibly by looking at the formation of their divine names, and perhaps by the status of those who worshipped them and the period when they were erected. And also, by looking at their possible associated settlements, that even though both cults would appear at their majority in roman settlements, almost all of the monuments to gods that possibly resulted from interpretatio, could be associated with these. Dwellings that were concentrated in areas like the valley region along the Lima river, the Cávado basin, at its mountain areas along de uia XVIII, the Ave and Vizela basin, at the middle course of these rivers and at the middle and final basins of the Sousa and Tâmega rivers.