Zeitschriftenartikel: „Voltage ratios“

1

Arbutina, Dalibor, Aleksandra Vasić-Milovanović und Uroš Kovačević. „Probabilistic analysis of voltage divider ratios“. FME Transactions 47, Nr. 3 (2019): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fmet1903624a.

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2

Galliana, Flavio, Pier Paolo Capra, Roberto Cerri und Marco Lanzillotti. „Automated precision DC voltage fixed ratios divider“. Measurement 122 (Juli 2018): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.03.045.

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3

Ali, E., A. Helal, H. Desouki, K. Shebl, S. Abdelkader und O. P. Malik. „Power transformer differential protection using current and voltage ratios“. Electric Power Systems Research 154 (Januar 2018): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2017.08.026.

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4

Ragheb, A., und Hyung Kim. „Reference-Free Dynamic Voltage Scaler Based on Swapping Switched-Capacitors“. Energies 12, Nr. 4 (15.02.2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040625.

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This paper introduces a reference-free, scalable, and energy-efficient dynamic voltage scaler (DVS) that can be reconfigured for multiple outputs. The proposed DVS employs a novel swapping switched-capacitor (SSC) technique, which can generate target output voltages with higher resolution and smaller ripple voltages than the conventional voltage scalers based on switched-capacitors. The proposed DVS consists of a cascaded 2:1 converter based on swapping capacitors, which is essential to achieve both very small voltage ripple and fine-grain conversion ratios. One of the serious drawbacks of the conventional voltage scalers is the need for external reference voltages to maintain the target output voltage. The proposed SSC; however, eliminates the needs for any reference voltages. This significant benefit is achieved by the self-charging ability of the SSC, which can recharge all its capacitors to the configured voltage by simply swapping the two capacitors in each stage. The proposed SSC-DVS was designed with a resolution of 16 output levels and implemented using a 130 nm CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide semiconductor) process. We conducted measured results and post-layout simulations with an input voltage of 1.5 V to produce an output voltage range of 0.085–1.4 V, which demonstrated a power efficiency of 85% for a load current of 550 µA with a voltage ripple of as low as 2.656 mV for a 2 KΩ resistor load.

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Jabberi, Henda, und Faouzi Ben Ammar. „New advanced concept of the flying capacitor asymmetric multilevel voltage source inverter“. COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, Nr. 3 (08.05.2018): 1166–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-04-2017-0168.

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Purpose To improve the voltage quality in AC adjustable high-power-speed-drive applications, the purpose of the paper is to provide a large number of output levels without increasing the number of commutation cells in the three-phase, n-cells flying capacitor voltage source asymmetric Multilevel Inverter (MI). The concept is based on the selection of different ratios between the breakdown voltages of two successive power devices. The new mathematical model is developed under various ratios, allows a thorough investigation of the harmonic distortions, flying capacitor energy storage, flying capacitor voltage balancing controllability and blocking voltage insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) capability. Design/methodology/approach The asymmetrical design provides a large number of output levels without increasing the number of commutation cells. The important new analytical expression of capacitors voltage distribution is derived and extended to any ratio between the switch breakdown voltages of two successive power devices. Findings The detailed simulation study of the proposed concept has been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The power switches control of the three-phase three-cell MI is assured by new phase-shifted-multi-carrier pulse width modulation. The space vector representation is used to show the regular and irregular step output voltage in the complex plan (α,β). Originality/value In the paper, the n cells flying capacitor inverter, which typically operates in the (n + 1) levels mode, was extended to (n + 2), (n + 3) … until 2n levels with regular or irregular step output voltage. Consequently, the claimed advantages of the asymmetric MI are to improve power quality by reducing harmonic distortions and to reduce the requirement on capacitive energy storage in the circuit.

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Lv, Caifeng, Xiujie Huang und Shancheng Zhao. „A Nonuniform Reference Voltage Optimization Based on Relative-Precision-Loss Ratios in MLC NAND Flash Memory“. Computer and Information Science 14, Nr. 2 (13.04.2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/cis.v14n2p75.

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In Multi-Level-Cell (MLC) NAND flash memory, cell-to-cell interference (CCI) and retention time have become the main noise that degrades the data storage reliability. To mitigate such noise, a relative precision loss (RPL) nonuniform reference voltage sensing strategy is proposed in this paper. First, based on the NAND flash channel model with CCI and retention noise, we simulate the data storage process of MLC NAND flash by Monte Carlo method, and find that the threshold-voltage of each disturbed storage state shows approximately to be Gaussian distributed. Then, by Gaussian approximation, the distribution of threshold voltage can be estimated easily in mathematics with a little loss. Second, we introduce a concept of log-likelihood ratio (LLR)-based RPL ratio to determine the dominating overlap regions, and then propose a new nonuniform reference voltage sensing strategy. This strategy does not only reduce the memory sensing precision (i.e., the number of reference voltages), but also maintains the reliability of the soft information of NAND flash memory channel output for soft decoding. Third, we implement extensive simulations to verify the performance of the new nonuniform sensing strategy. The BER performances of LDPC codes for different sensing strategies are provided to show that the proposed LLR-based RPL-nonuniform sensing strategy can make a good compromise between memory sensing latency and error-correction performance.

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Di Fazio, Anna, Mario Russo und Michele De Santis. „Zoning Evaluation for Voltage Optimization in Distribution Networks with Distributed Energy Resources“. Energies 12, Nr. 3 (26.01.2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030390.

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This paper deals with the problem of the voltage profile optimization in a distribution system including distributed energy resources. Adopting a centralized approach, the voltage optimization is a non-linear programming problem with large number of variables requiring a continuous remote monitoring and data transmission from/to loads and distributed energy resources. In this study, a recently-proposed Jacobian-based linear method is used to model the steady-state operation of the distribution network and to divide the network into voltage control zones so as to reformulate the centralized optimization as a quadratic programming of reduced dimension. New clustering methods for the voltage control zone definition are proposed to consider the dependence of the nodal voltages on both active and reactive powers. Zoning methodologies are firstly tested on a 24-nodes low voltage network and, then, applied to the voltage optimization problem with the aim of analyzing the impact of the R/X ratios on the zone evaluation and on the voltage optimization solution.

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Norris, Joseph D., und Ndaona Chokani. „Rapid Scanning of Overheat Ratios Using a Constant Voltage Anemometer“. AIAA Journal 41, Nr. 8 (August 2003): 1619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.2122.

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9

Ado, Muhammad, Awang Jusoh, Tole Sutikno, Mohd Hanipah Muda und Zeeshan Ahmad Arfeen. „Dual output DC-DC quasi impedance source converter“. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, Nr. 4 (01.08.2020): 3988. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i4.pp3988-3998.

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A double output port DC-DC quasi impedance source converter (q-ZSC) is proposed. Each of the outputs has a different voltage gain. One of the outputs is capable of bidirectional (four-quadrant) operation by only varying the duty ratio. The second output has the gain of traditional two-switch buck-boost converter. Operation of the converter was verified by simulating its responses for different input voltages and duty ratios using MATLAB SIMULINK software. Its average steady-state output current and voltage values were determined and used to determine the ripples that existed. These ripples are less than 5% of the average steady-state values for all the input voltage and duty ratio ranges considered.

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Akhmetbayev, Dauren S., Abdigali R. Dzhandigulov und Svetlana V. Bystrova. „Topological system method of formation of transformer transformation coefficients“. E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601087.

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A systematic approach to determining the control range of the on-load tap-changer of transformers from the standpoint of the synthesis of the voltage mode is proposed. Transformations of the equation of nodal voltages, formalized on the basis of the topology of a complex electrical network, with respect to the transformation ratios of transformers are given.

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11

BHATTACHARYYA, KAUSHIK, P. V. RATNA KUMAR und PRADIP MANDAL. „IMPROVEMENT OF POWER EFFICIENCY AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE OF EMBEDDED DC–DC CONVERTERS WITH THREE STEP DOWN RATIOS“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, Nr. 01 (Februar 2012): 1250007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612500077.

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In this paper three embedded switched capacitor based DC–DC converters targeting Vdd/2, 2Vdd/3, and Vdd/3 output voltages have been designed with improved power efficiency and output voltage ripple. The performance of each of the converter is improved by nonoverlapped rotational time interleaving (NRTI) switching scheme. Current regulation scheme is included with each of the above NRTI switched capacitor converter to achieve better load and line regulation. The proposed converters are designed and simulated in a 0.18 μm n-well CMOS process with the total flying capacitance of 330 pF and load capacitor of 50 pF. The capacitance values are kept within on-chip implementable range. The maximum power efficiency and the output voltage ripple of the integrated NRTI DC–DC converters targeted for Vdd/2, 2Vdd/3 and Vdd/3 output generation are 71.5% and 5 mV, 69.23% and 13.27 mV and 58.09% and 10.5 mV, respectively.

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Diong, Bill, Hossein Sepahvand und Keith A. Corzine. „Harmonic Distortion Optimization of Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters Considering Device Voltage Drops and Noninteger DC Voltage Ratios“. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 60, Nr. 8 (August 2013): 3106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2012.2202351.

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13

Uno, Masatoshi, Koyo Iwasaki und Koki Hasegawa. „Series-Parallel Reconfiguration Technique with Voltage Equalization Capability for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Modules“. Energies 12, Nr. 14 (17.07.2019): 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142741.

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Voltage variations of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are rather wider than those of traditional rechargeable batteries, and an energy utilization ratio of EDLCs is dependent on cells’ voltage variation ranges. To satisfactorily utilize EDLCs’ energies, voltages of EDLC modules should be within a certain range, while cells need to be charged and discharged over the wide voltage range. To this end, various kinds of series-parallel reconfiguration techniques based on balance- and unbalance-shift circuits have been proposed, but conventional techniques can only be applied to modules consisting of even number cells, impairing the design flexibility and scalability. With the unbalance-shift circuits, cell voltages are unavoidably mismatched due to unequal currents, resulting in reduced energy utilization ratios. This article proposes a novel series-parallel reconfiguration technique with voltage equalization capability for EDLC modules. The proposed technique can be applied to any number of cells, improving design flexibility and scalability. Furthermore, since the proposed circuit behaves as a switched capacitor converter, in which all cells are virtually connected in parallel, cells are equally charged and discharged without causing voltage imbalance, realizing the improved energy utilization ratio. A prototype for an EDLC module comprising four cells, each with a rated charging voltage of 2.5 V, was built and experimentally tested. The module voltage varied in the range of 3.2–5.0 V, while all cells were uniformly discharged down to as low as 0.8 V, achieving the energy utilization ratio of 90%.

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Shahzad, Shazrah, Dawar Ali, Jawad Asif, Muhammad Zafar Khan, Muhammad Aftab Akram, Sofia Javed, Umair Manzoor und Mohammad Mujahid. „Effect of Ethane-1,2-Diamine on Growth of ZnO Nanorods and Cyclohexane Sensing by Current-Voltage Characteristics Investigations“. Key Engineering Materials 778 (September 2018): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.778.126.

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The growth of vertically aligned ZnO Nanorods arrays using Zinc Nitrate hexahydrate and Hexamethylene Tetramine (HMTA), by Chemical Bath Deposition on Silicon Wafer was investigated. The growth is conducted under influence of Ethane-1,2-diamine, the amine based enhancer was evaluated based on three different ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5) of enhancer to the precursor (Zinc Nitrate and HMTA). The effect different ratios of enhancers on morphology aspect ratio and crystallinity of the as grown Nanorods were studied under Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Electrical Properties such as current–voltage characteristics were investigated, its correlation to the morphology and aspect ratio of the Nanorods in the presence of 100μL-500μL of Aromatic Compound Cyclohexane and at different applied voltages.

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Soomro, Amir M., Shahnawaz F. Khahro und Xiao Zhong Liao. „Simulation for the Control Strategy of Three-Phase Boost-Half-Bridge (BHB) DC-DC Converter with Series Voltage Doubler Rectifiers through Three-Phase High Frequency Transformer“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 325-326 (Juni 2013): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.325-326.533.

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This paper presents simulation for the control strategy of three-phase boost-half-bridge (BHB) DC-DC converter with series voltage doubler rectifiers through three-phase high frequency transformer. The control strategy is consisting of three voltage loops. All the three voltage loops are independent of the input side and controls the input and output power balance from the secondary side of the high frequency transformers only. Moreover, the control strategy has been verified for its appropriate operation by simulating the above said configuration for the same turn ratios as well as for the mismatch turn ratios of high frequency transformers. Finally, the satisfactory simulation results for the proposed control strategy are presented.

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Wah Lai, Hau, Cho Man Tsui und Hing Wah Li. „Computer Aided Verification of Voltage Dips and Short Interruption Generators for Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Test in Accordance with IEC 61000-4-11: 2004 + AMD: 2017“. NCSL International measure 13, Nr. 1 (2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.3.

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This paper describes a procedure and a computer-aided system developed by the Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) for verification of voltage dip and short interruption generators in accordance with the international standard IEC 61000-4-11:2004+AMD1:2017. The verification is done by calibrating the specified parameters and comparing with the requirements stated in the standard. The parameters that should be calibrated are the ratios of the residual voltages to the rated voltage, the accuracy of the phase angle at switching, and the rise time, fall time, overshoot and undershoot of the switching waveform. A specially built adapter is used to convert the high voltage output waveforms of the generators to lower level signals to be acquired by a digital oscilloscope. The other circuits required for the testing are also provided. In addition, the paper discusses the uncertainty evaluations for the measured parameters.

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Kruchinin, A. M. „Nonlinear properties of voltage and current transfer ratios for electric arc furnaces“. Russian Electrical Engineering 87, Nr. 3 (März 2016): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371216030068.

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18

Xu, Shuai, Jianzhong Zhang und Xing Hu. „Model Predictive Control for a Hybrid Multilevel Converter With Different Voltage Ratios“. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 7, Nr. 2 (Juni 2019): 922–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2019.2897355.

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19

Gao, Xiaotong, Wei-Heng Shih und Wan Y. Shih. „Induced voltage of piezoelectric unimorph cantilevers of different nonpiezoelectric/piezoelectric length ratios“. Smart Materials and Structures 18, Nr. 12 (06.10.2009): 125018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/18/12/125018.

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20

Du, Sixing, und Bin Wu. „A Transformerless Bipolar Modular Multilevel DC–DC Converter With Wide Voltage Ratios“. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 32, Nr. 11 (November 2017): 8312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2016.2640662.

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21

Khwan-On, Sudarat, und Sopida Vatcharasukpo. „Analysis and Simulation of a High Step-Up DC-DC Converter for Renewable Energy System Applications“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 775 (Juli 2015): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.775.378.

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This paper proposes a new step-up DC-DC converter topology with a high voltage conversion ratio for renewable system applications. The desired high voltage gain and satisfactory performance can be achieved by employing only a single power switch with simple control technique. The proposed converter can be used to step up the low voltage generated from renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic modules, to the high level of the dc bus voltage, obtaining low-to-high voltage conversion ratios of approximately 30 times without adopting extremely large duty cycle. Employing the proposed converter the low input voltage (20-50Vdc) can be boosted up to the high output voltage level about 600Vdc at the dc-link bus required for the three-phase inverter feeding the three-phase motor drive system. In this paper, the proposed converter configuration with only one active power switch is presented. The operating principleincluding analysis of the steady-state performance characteristics under continuous conduction mode (CCM) operating conditions is described. In addition, the control strategy is developed in order to obtain the satisfactory output voltage regulation. Finally, simulation results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter with its control strategy to achievehigh step-up conversion ratios under different operating conditions.

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Wang, Yao, Haibo Wang und Guangjun Wen. „Design Techniques for Ultra-Low Voltage Comparator Circuits“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, Nr. 01 (10.11.2014): 1550013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615500139.

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This paper presents a novel low-voltage rail-to-rail comparator circuit and derives optimal transistor size ratios for both conventional latch-based and the proposed comparators which operate in transistor subthreshold region. The obtained analytical results serve well as guidelines for designing low-voltage comparators and the proposed circuit is significantly faster than existing rail-to-rail comparator designs in ultra-low voltage operation.

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Bartsch, Wolfgang, Heinz Mitlehner und S. Gediga. „Bipolar SiC-Diodes – Challenges Arising from Physical and Technological Aspects“. Materials Science Forum 556-557 (September 2007): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.556-557.889.

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In this contribution we summarize measurements on bipolar high voltage SiC-diodes which were fabricated on 4H-SiC wafers preferentially cut 4° off the [0001] basal plane, whereas the p-emitter thickness was varied in predetermined ratios to the n-base thickness. The switching behaviour of optimized 6.5 kV-Diodes at a current level of 25 A is shown at DC link voltages up to 4 kV and at a junction temperature of 125°C. Experimental results are discussed in terms of snappiness.

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Wang, Ya, Hai Wang und Wei Wan. „The Incorporation of Carbon Element into Nanoporous Anodic Alumina by Pulse Anodization“. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, Nr. 6 (01.06.2019): 3621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16126.

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The incorporation of carbon element into nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides from oxalic acid electrolyte was studied. The carbon element content in nanoporous anodic alumina by pulse anodization reaches up to ∼20 at.%, while it remains ∼7 at.% under constant anodization. It was proposed that the ionic dynamics in nanopores governs the carbon-containing anions incorporation into nanoporous anodic oxides. For the same 20 V resting voltage, the content of carbon element remains unchanged in a broad range of working voltages: 40–150 V. X-ray photoelectron analysis further revealed that the sp2/sp3 and C–O/C═O ratios increased significantly as the working voltage increased. The color exhibited by the nanoporous anodic alumina was related to the chemical states of the carbon present in the alumina, and not the carbon content.

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Borchert, James W., Ute Zschieschang, Florian Letzkus, Michele Giorgio, R. Thomas Weitz, Mario Caironi, Joachim N. Burghartz, Sabine Ludwigs und Hagen Klauk. „Flexible low-voltage high-frequency organic thin-film transistors“. Science Advances 6, Nr. 21 (Mai 2020): eaaz5156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5156.

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The primary driver for the development of organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) over the past few decades has been the prospect of electronics applications on unconventional substrates requiring low-temperature processing. A key requirement for many such applications is high-frequency switching or amplification at the low operating voltages provided by lithium-ion batteries (~3 V). To date, however, most organic-TFT technologies show limited dynamic performance unless high operating voltages are applied to mitigate high contact resistances and large parasitic capacitances. Here, we present flexible low-voltage organic TFTs with record static and dynamic performance, including contact resistance as small as 10 Ω·cm, on/off current ratios as large as 1010, subthreshold swing as small as 59 mV/decade, signal delays below 80 ns in inverters and ring oscillators, and transit frequencies as high as 21 MHz, all while using an inverted coplanar TFT structure that can be readily adapted to industry-standard lithographic techniques.

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Lin, Fei Peng, Huang Hui Zhang, Hai Ming Shao, Yan Qiang Li und Wen Feng Li. „High Voltage Ratio Measurement Base on Two-Digital-Meters External Synchronous Trigger Mode“. Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (Juli 2013): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.815.

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This paper researches DC high voltage ratios measurement method, which based on two-digital meters with external synchronous trigger mode. Through experiment, the measurement method can overcome the effect of high voltage power supply ripple and drift. The type A uncertainty of this method could decrease more than 10-100 times.

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Warner, Frank L. „International Intercomparison 75-A12 Voltage Standing Wave Ratios in Waveguide at 10 GHz“. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement IM-34, Nr. 3 (September 1985): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1985.4315371.

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28

Yamacli, Serhan. „Voltage-Dependent Electronic Transport Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide with Various Coverage Ratios“. Nano-Micro Letters 7, Nr. 1 (31.10.2014): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40820-014-0017-1.

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29

Gu, Pei-Yang, Junkuo Gao, Cai-Jian Lu, Wangqiao Chen, Chengyuan Wang, Gang Li, Feng Zhou, Qing-Feng Xu, Jian-Mei Lu und Qichun Zhang. „Synthesis of tetranitro-oxacalix[4]arene with oligoheteroacene groups and its nonvolatile ternary memory performance“. Mater. Horiz. 1, Nr. 4 (2014): 446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4mh00022f.

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Premalatha, R., und P. Murugesan. „Comparison of Filter with Fuzzy Controlled Three Level DC-DC Converter Fed Drive“. International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 14 (März 2015): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.14.63.

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A simple Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) applied to buck converter is presented in this paper. This approach uses FLC which performs better when compared with the conventional PI controllers. In proposed buck converters, high voltage dc supply is switched at very high frequency and inductively transferred to dc load via a high frequency transformer and rectifier. In this converter four power switches are connected in series to primary of high frequency transformer for large load currents. To achieve large step-down voltage ratios the power switches are turned ON and OFF alternatively with a time gap. The voltage step-down ratios, Total Harmonic Distortion and angular velocity of drive are the parameters to be analyzed. The comparison with the original FLC and comparison of three level DC-DC converter with capacitor and pi filter is carried out by MATLAB-Simulink simulation and Model is designed to verify the proposed method performance.

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Yang, Yintang, Yingbo Zhao und Gang Dong. „A Multi-Output on-Chip Switched-Capacitor DC–DC Converter with Unequal Flying Capacitors for Different Power Modes“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, Nr. 04 (04.03.2015): 1550051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615500516.

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This paper presents a multi-output on-chip switched-capacitor (SC) DC–DC converter simultaneously providing two output voltages (2VDD/3 and VDD/3, in addition to the available full VDD) that enables the use of three different power modes for optimizing system power/performance trade-offs: super-threshold (full VDD), near-threshold (2VDD/3) and sub-threshold (VDD/3). Unlike some previously proposed multi-output SC converters, the multiple conversion ratios of the proposed converter are achieved without changing the topology of the circuit, thus fewer components being needed to support multiple voltages. The paper also presents an optimization method by using unequal flying capacitors for different regions of the circuit by taking advantage of the different levels of expected power consumption in the various power modes. Above 84% and 70% efficiencies are obtained in simulation over a range of load currents from 0.4 to 5 mA, and from 0.4 to 1 mA, with conversion ratios of 2/3 and 1/3, respectively. The target application for the proposed converter is for circuits with discrete power modes and for systems that use dithering to emulate a continuous range of voltages such as the panoptic dynamic voltage scaling (PDVS).

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Schirmanns, K., und W. Zeiske. „K+ CHANNEL PERMEATION AND BLOCK IN THE MIDGUT EPITHELIUM OF THE TOBACCO HORNWORM MANDUCA SEXTA“. Journal of Experimental Biology 197, Nr. 1 (01.12.1994): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.197.1.179.

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The K+-secreting larval midgut of Manduca sexta in vitro was voltage- or current-clamped. In contrast to Tl+, NH4+ and Na+, both Rb+ and K+ generated a short-circuit current, although with different saturation kinetics. The dependence of the short-circuit current on Rb+/K+ mole fraction gave no evidence for multi-ion occupation of the basolateral K+ channels. After 'functionally' eliminating the apical membranes using the ionophore amphotericin B and the 'apical K+ pump' blockers trimethyltin chloride or Tl+, the K+ channels could be more closely investigated. By measuring zero-current potentials, permeability ratios PX/PK were estimated using an adapted version of the GoldmanHodgkinKatz voltage equation. Their sequence was K+ (1) = Tl+ > Rb+ (0.38) > NH4+ (~0.3) > Cs+ (0.03) > Na+ (~0). The K+ channels could not be blocked by basally applied Cs+, Na+ or tetraethylammonium. Blockade of K+ current by Ba2+ was typically voltage-dependent, but only at moderate transbasal voltages. The relative electrical distance delta of the Ba2+ binding site from the basal channel opening was determined to be 0.2. At zero transbasal voltage, the apparent inhibition constant for barium KBa* was 1.7 mmol l-1.

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Sundar, Govindasamy, Narashiman Karthick und Sasi Rama Reddy. „High Step-Up DC—DC Converter for AC Photovoltaic Module with MPPT Control“. Journal of Electrical Engineering 65, Nr. 4 (21.08.2014): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2014-0038.

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Abstract This paper presents the high gain step-up BOOST converter which is essential to step up the low output voltage from PV panel to the high voltage according to the requirement of the application. In this paper a high gain BOOST converter with coupled inductor technique is proposed with the MPPT control. Without extreme duty ratios and the numerous turns-ratios of a coupled inductor this converter achieves a high step-up voltage-conversion ratio and the leakage energy of the coupled inductor is efficiently recycled to the load. MPPT control used to extract the maximum power from PV panel by controlling the Duty ratio of the converter. The PV panel, BOOST converter and the MPPT are modeled using Sim Power System blocks in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The prototype model of the proposed converter has been implemented with the maximum measured efficiency is up to 95.4% and full-load efficiency is 93.1%.

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Xayyavong, Mingkhouan, Kittipong Tonmitr, Norrawit Tonmitr und Eiji Kaneko. „The Scrutiny of the Insulation Breakdown Strength for the Nanocomposite Oxide Doped Epoxy Resin Insulator with Different Electrodes by Using Positive Impulse Voltage“. Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.63.

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This research presents the ratio of doping nanocomposite oxides in dielectric materials for increasing the efficiency strength and endurance voltage. Tests were conducted and analyzed the characteristics of epoxy nanozinc oxides. By using positive standard impulse voltage abilities of nanocomposite oxides were used as electrical insulators-epoxy resin doped with zinc oxides nanocomposite in ratios of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% by weight. And the design of electrodes embeds in the specimens with 4 types of electrode, as needle electrode, point electrode, spherical electrode and the partial spherical electrode. When adjusted the impulse voltage level of 75kV to the specimen immersed in transformer oil. The experiment aforementioned to investigate the ratios damages on insulator surfaces and the number of breakdowns. The microscopes with magnification levels of 20-800X were used to view the damages on insulator surfaces. Results, it was found that regarding specimens used for doping an epoxy resin with zinc oxides nanocomposite in a ratio of 5% had high withstand insulator with electrode types. The partial spherical electrode tested with positive impulse standard voltage has destructive distance lower damage than other electrode types.

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Xiang, Lian, und Sang Shik Park. „Effect of the Thickness of Al₂O₃-TiO₂ Composite Oxide Films on the Electrical Properties of Anode Al Foils“. Key Engineering Materials 737 (Juni 2017): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.143.

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High-voltage-etched Al foils with TiO2 coating were fabricated via vacuum infiltration. Specimens subjected to different number of coating cycles (n = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8) were annealed at 550 °C, and subsequently anodized at different voltages (100, 300, and 500 V). The microstructures of the specimens were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and field emission transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that uniform TiO2 films (30 nm per coating cycle) were successfully formed on the high-voltage-etched Al foils. Its tunnels showed a dual-layer structure comprising an Al2O3 outer layer and an Al–Ti composite oxide inner layer after anodizing at 500 V. All the TiO2-coated specimens anodized at different voltages could withstand the corresponding voltage. The thicker is the Al–Ti composite oxide layer, the higher is the specific capacitance of the anode Al foils. Compared to the specimens without the TiO2 coating, the increasing ratios of the specific capacitances of the specimens coated 4 times reached the maximum values, which were 60.2%, 34.0%, and 30.2%, when anodized at 100 V, 300 V, and 500 V, respectively. These results suggest that the Al–Ti composite oxide layer is not only effective in enhancing the specific capacitance but also has a significant effect on the properties of the anode Al foils.

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Peyronnet, O., V. Vachon, J. L. Schwartz und R. Laprade. „Ion channel activity from the midgut brush-border membrane of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae“. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, Nr. 12 (15.06.2000): 1835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.12.1835.

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Ion channels from the midgut apical membrane of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae were studied following mechanical fusion of brush-border membrane vesicles with planar phospholipid bilayer membranes. In symmetrical 300 mmol l(−)(1) KCl (pH 9.0), nine different channels with conductances ranging from 27 to 795 pS and linear current/voltage relationships were resolved. In the presence of a KCl gradient across the bilayer (450 mmol l(−)(1)cis/150 mmol l(−)(1)trans), 11 different conductance levels ranging from 16 to 850 pS were detected. The channels were slightly cationic: the zero-current reversal potential was shifted by −5 mV to −21 mV compared with symmetrical KCl conditions, corresponding to p(K)/p(Cl) permeability ratios of 1.5-8.0. Most channels were neither voltage-dependent nor Ca(2+)-sensitive and displayed complex gating kinetics. Addition of Ba(2+) or Cs(+) to both sides of the bilayer had little effect on channel activity, but fewer distinct channels were observed when KCl was replaced by potassium gluconate, suggesting an effect of Cl(−) on channel activity. A reduced number of channels was also detected when KCl was replaced by N-methyl-d-glucamine-HCl. Under asymmetrical N-methyl-d-glucamine-HCl conditions, only anionic channels were observed. They exhibited current rectification (35 pS at negative voltages and 81 pS at positive voltages) and were strongly voltage-dependent.

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Lin, Jia Horng, Chih Kuang Chen, Chien Lin Huang, Ssu Chieh Huang und Ching Wen Lou. „Manufacturing Techniques and Property Evaluations of PVA/Gelatin Electrospinning Nanofiber Membranes“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 749 (April 2015): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.749.178.

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This study combines polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gelatin with various ratios and administers different voltages to make PVA/gelatin electrospinning nanofiber membranes. The PVA/gelatin mixtures are measured for their viscosity and conductivity, followed by being electrospun into nanofiber membranes. The scanning electron microscope and an FT-IR are used to evaluate the membranes. The test results show that the nanofiber membranes have a complete fiber formation with the voltage being 20 kV and the PVA/gelatin ratio being 8/2. In addition, an increase in the viscosity of the PVA/gelatin mixture leads to the formation of beads.

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Liu, Li Wei, Wei Min Kang, Bo Wen Cheng und Ya Liu. „PLA Nanofibers Electrospun from System of Low Toxicity Solvent“. Advanced Materials Research 221 (März 2011): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.657.

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In this paper polylactide (PLA) nanofibers were successfully prepared via electrospinning using low toxic 1,4-dioxane and acetone as co-solvents. The morphology of nanofibers was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at the different weight ratios of co-solvent, concentrations of spinning solution, electrostatic voltages and collecting distance. Results indicate that the finer and uniform nanofibers were electrospun from the concentration of the spinning solutions at 8 wt.%, 1,4-dioxane and acetone with ratio of 40/60 (w/w), the spinning voltage at 20kV, the collecting distance at 180 mm and the extruding speed at 5 mL/h.

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Li, Chao, Lei Huang und Juntang Yuan. „Effect of sp3 Content on Adhesion and Tribological Properties of Non-Hydrogenated DLC Films“. Materials 13, Nr. 8 (18.04.2020): 1911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081911.

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Non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with various ratios of sp3/sp2 were prepared on cemented carbide YG8 with DC magnetron sputtering technology. A pure graphite target was selected as the carbon source. Before DLC deposition, a surface etching pretreatment was carried out by mid-frequency magnetron sputtering method, using Ti atoms to improve adhesion strength. The ratios of sp3/sp2 were adjusted by bias voltages. In order to investigate the effect of the ratio of sp3/sp2 on adhesion and tribological properties, Raman spectra, XPS spectra, adhesion scratch test and ball-on-disk dry friction tests were applied. The results indicated that the ratio of sp3/sp2 fluctuated with bias voltage, increasing in the range of 0.74 to 0.98. The adhesion strength decreased from 31.5 to 18.4 N with the increasing ratio of sp3/sp2, while the friction coefficient rose in DLC-Si3N4 and dropped in DLC-Ti6Al4V. For DLC-Ti6Al4V, the oxidation of Ti6Al4V had a greater influence than graphitization of DLC. The hard oxides of Ti6Al4V broke the graphite transfer layer leading to a high friction coefficient. The wear rate was approximately linearly related to bias voltage. The coefficients of the linear regression equation were influenced by different friction materials. The adhesion strength and the friction coefficient were fitted as a function of the ratio of sp3/sp2.

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Galliana, Flavio, Roberto Cerri und Davide Corona. „Automatic DC voltage precision resistive divider with ratios between 10:1 and 107:1“. Measurement 183 (Oktober 2021): 109865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109865.

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Wagoner, P. K., und G. S. Oxford. „Cation permeation through the voltage-dependent potassium channel in the squid axon. Characteristics and mechanisms.“ Journal of General Physiology 90, Nr. 2 (01.08.1987): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.90.2.261.

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Characteristics of cation permeation through voltage-dependent delayed rectifier K channels in squid giant axons were examined. Axial wire voltage-clamp measurements and internal perfusion were used to determine conductance and permeability properties. These K channels exhibit conductance saturation and decline with increases in symmetrical K+ concentrations to 3 M. They also produce ion- and concentration-dependent current-voltage shapes. K channel permeability ratios obtained with substitutions of internal Rb+ or NH+4 for K+ are higher than for external substitution of these ions. Furthermore, conductance and permeability ratios of NH+4 or Rb+ to K+ are functions of ion concentration. Conductance measurements also reveal the presence of an anomalous mole fraction effect for NH+4, Rb+, or Tl+ to K+. Finally, internal Cs+ blocks these K channels in a voltage-dependent manner, with relief of block by elevations in external K+ but not external NH+4 or Cs+. Energy profiles for K+, NH+4, Rb+, Tl+, and Cs+ incorporating three barriers and two ion-binding sites are fitted to the data. The profiles are asymmetric with respect to the center of the electric field, have different binding energies and electrical positions for each ion, and (for K+) exhibit concentration-dependent barrier positions.

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Chang, Li-Chun, Ming-Ching Sung, Li-Heng Chu und Yung-I. Chen. „Effects of the Nitrogen Flow Ratio and Substrate Bias on the Mechanical Properties of W–N and W–Si–N Films“. Coatings 10, Nr. 12 (18.12.2020): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121252.

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The reactive gas flow ratio and substrate bias voltage are crucial sputtering parameters for fabricating transition metal nitride films. In this study, W–N films were prepared using sputtering with nitrogen flow ratios (f) of 0.1–0.5. W–N and W–Si–N films were then prepared using an f level of 0.4 and substrate bias varying from 0 to −150 V by using sputtering and co-sputtering, respectively. The variations in phase structures, bonding characteristics, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of the W–N and W–Si–N films were investigated. The W–N films prepared with nitrogen flow ratios of 0.1–0.2, 0.3, and 0.4–0.5 displayed crystalline W, amorphous W–N, and crystalline W2N, respectively. The W–N films prepared using a nitrogen flow ratio of 0.4 and substrate bias voltages of −50 and −100 V exhibited favorable mechanical properties and high wear resistance. The mechanical properties of the amorphous W–Si–N films were not related to the magnitude of the substrate bias.

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Tao, Jin Liang, Jian Ling Zhao, Rong Qing Xu, Ying Juan Mi, Ying Ru Kang und Yang Xian Li. „Self-Organized High Aspect Ratios Titanium Oxide Nanotube Arrays Prepared by Anodization“. Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (Februar 2008): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.529.

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The self-organized nanotube arrays were fabricated in glycerol electrolyte containing different additives, such as deionized water or ethylene glycol. The effects of anodization conditions, including anodic voltage, electrolyte viscosity, additives and ion concentration on the pores size and morphology were studied. Combined with preoxidation process, high aspect ratio titania nanotube arrays were formed rapidly in glycerol and saturated NaF solutions at 60 V for 1 h. SEM observation showed that a film with the thickness of about 10μm was obtained. A possible mechanism of the nanotubes growth was presented.

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Bin Yahya, Muhammad, und Alan Jaynoe Caeser anak Tening. „Determining Electrical Properties of Different Type of Mineral Oil Mixtures“. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, Nr. 3 (01.06.2017): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i3.pp544-552.

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<p>This paper is written to show comparison between the naphthenic mineral oil with namely olive oil and sunflower oil in the context of voltage breakdown as insulating transformer oil. Olive oil is known to have been tested as alternative oil for transformer insulation and sunflower oil is a new oil being tested in this paper. The oils are mixed within certain ratios in order to determine the withstand breakdown voltages. The relationship of the breakdown voltages are also tied with the viscosity of the mixtures, and the mixture of oils are also exposed to ageing test and of tan-delta balancing test. All test follow IEC60156 standard test procedure for liquid insulation test. The mixtures were compared to the existing mineral oils and the findings will be discussed.</p>

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Uno, Masatoshi, Masahiko Inoue, Yusuke Sato und Hikaru Nagata. „Bidirectional Interleaved PWM Converter with High Voltage-Conversion Ratio and Automatic Current Balancing Capability for Single-Cell Battery Power System in Small Scientific Satellites“. Energies 11, Nr. 10 (11.10.2018): 2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102702.

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Single-cell battery power systems are a promising bus architecture for small scientific satellites. However, to bridge the huge voltage gap between a single-cell battery and power bus, bidirectional converters with a high voltage conversion ratio and a large current capability for the low-voltage side are necessary. This article proposes a bidirectional interleaved pulse width modulation (PWM) converter with a high voltage conversion ratio and an automatic current balancing capability. By adding capacitors to conventional interleaved PWM converters, not only are inductor currents automatically balanced without feedback control or current sensors, but also voltage conversion ratios at a given duty cycle can be enhanced. Furthermore, the added capacitors can reduce voltage stresses of switches and charged-discharged energies of inductors, realizing more efficient power conversion and reduced circuit volume in comparison with conventional converters. A 100-W prototype was built for experimental verification, and results demonstrated the fundamental characteristics and efficacy of the proposed converter.

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Mostaghimi, Omid, Nicholas G. Wright und Alton B. Horsfall. „Silicon Carbide Multilevel Converters for Grid-Connected PV Applications“. Materials Science Forum 740-742 (Januar 2013): 1073–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.1073.

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To fulfill the space and weight requirements of the photovoltaic systems, an all-SiC transformer less dc-dc multilevel converter based on the Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier capable of providing high voltage conversion ratios without an extremely high duty cycle has been realised. The evaluation of converter performance utilising SiC devices have been detailed and presented. The converter offers self-balancing which maintains the same output at all output levels, reducing the complexity of the control strategy. SiC Schottky diodes were used to achive lowest reverse recovery and fast switching while evaluating the high voltage and high frequency performance of the SiC MOSFET in the multilevel boost converter.

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More, Dikeledi S., Makwena J. Moloto, Nosipho Moloto und Kgabo P. Matabola. „Silver/Copper Nanoparticle-Modified Polymer Chitosan/PVA Blend Fibers“. International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (30.06.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6217609.

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In this study, chitosan (CS)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (CS/PVA) blend nanofibers with varying weight ratios and silver (Ag)/copper (Cu)/CS/PVA composite fibers have been prepared successfully by the electrospinning process. The tip-to-collector distance was kept at 15 cm, and the applied voltage was varied from 15 to 25 kV. The effects of the weight ratios and applied voltage on the morphology and diameter of the fibers were investigated. The resultant fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SEM results showed that increasing the amount of chitosan in the CS/PVA blend resulted in a decrease in the fiber diameter from 162 to 89 nm while an increase in the voltage from 15 to 25 kV led to a decrease in the fiber diameters. Furthermore, the SEM results indicated that an increase in the fiber diameter from 161 to 257 nm was observed while morphological changes were also observed upon the Ag/Cu addition. The latter changes are perceived to be a result of increased conductivity and higher charge density.

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Himmelstoss, Felix A., und Helmut L. Votzi. „Feedforward Control of Quadratic Converters“. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 20 (02.07.2021): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23201.2021.20.18.

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DC/DC converters, which have a quadratic term of the duty cycle, are useful, when wide voltage transformation ratios have to be obtained. Taking a d-square step-down converter as an example, the function of the converter, the generation of the large and small signal models is explained. From the voltage transformation ratio, a control law is derived and the behavior of the feed-forward converter is shown by simulations. Results of two other quadratic converters are also shown.

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Kim, Hogyoung, Seok Choi und Byung Joon Choi. „Influence of AlN and GaN Pulse Ratios in Thermal Atomic Layer Deposited AlGaN on the Electrical Properties of AlGaN/GaN Schottky Diodes“. Coatings 10, Nr. 5 (19.05.2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050489.

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Atomic layer deposited AlGaN with different AlN and GaN pulse ratios (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) was used to prepare AlGaN/GaN Schottky diodes, and their current transport mechanisms were investigated using current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) measurements. Under low reverse bias condition, the sample with the pulse ratio of 2:1 was explained by Poole–Frenkel emission and the negative temperature dependence for the sample with the pulse ratio of 1:2 was associated with the acceptor levels in the AlGaN layer. Fast interface traps at 0.24–0.29 eV were observed for the samples with the pulse ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, whereas bulk traps at ~0.34 eV were observed for the sample with the pulse ratio of 2:1. Higher trap densities were obtained from the C–V hysteresis measurements when the pulse ratios were 1:1 and 1:2, indicating the presence of a charge trapping interfacial layer. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra, the pulse ratio of 2:1 was found to have less oxygen-related defects in the AlGaN layer.

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Kim, Jae Min, Jong Jae Lee, Sang Sup Ahn und Jun Seong Choi. „A Vibration Exciter for Evaluating Cable Damping of a Cable-Stayed Bridge“. Advances in Science and Technology 56 (September 2008): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.206.

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It is necessary to accurately estimate the dynamic characteristics of stay cables, especially damping ratios, to design cable damper for appropriate vibration mitigation of a cable-stayed bridge in service. In this study, a vibration exciter has been developed to evaluate the cable damping of a cable-stayed bridge. The feasibility of the developed system was verified through field tests on a 100m long stay cable. The damping ratios of the stay cable were estimated based on acceleration data as well as displacement data measured by digital image processing technique. The performance of the passively operated MR dampers with the different voltage inputs were investigated by comparing the estimated damping ratios.

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