Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Voie Gac“

Abstract Currently, pressure sensor technology is developing rapidly and has been integrated into all aspects of human scientific and technological activities. For pressure sensors, device performance is often significantly improved when different force-sensitive layers and microstructures are combined. The material selection of the force-sensitive layer and the structural design of the sensor are the vital factors to determine its performance. In this work, we combine micro-pyramidal polydimethylsilanes (PDMS) with force-sensitive layers of four different materials: Au, rGO (reduced Graphene Oxide), GNWs (Graphene Nano Walls) and CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes). GNWs were combined with the Au force-sensitive layer to form a new structural system, GAC. In this way, five sensors with different force-sensitive layers were prepared from both structural and material dimensions. Through our tests, GAC achieved the best performance among the five systems. Furthermore, it shows excellent advantages in body, voice, and pressure recognition.

TPS5119 Background: Individuals with mHSPC may experience adverse events and decreased quality of life associated with ADT. LIBERTAS, the first degendered and transgender-inclusive PC study, explores the use of APA + intermittent ADT as an ADT-minimizing approach in pts who achieve prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <0.2 ng/mL after 6 mo of APA + ADT. mHSPC has been studied almost exclusively in cisgender men. With inclusion of transgender pts who may be receiving feminizing gender-affirming care (GAC), reducing ADT must be approached with deliberate care. LIBERTAS uses broad eligibility criteria to allow inclusion of pts under-represented in clinical trials, including Black and African American pts, transgender, nonbinary, and gender-diverse pts and pts with disabilities. Methods: A patient voice exercise was conducted to gather feedback from pts and caregivers on their experiences with mHSPC and on the proposed study design. All gender-specific language was removed. SOGI (sexual orientation and gender identity) data are collected and reported in the United States. Study site staff are offered healthcare-specific sexual and gender minority cultural sensitivity training. This prospective, international, open-label, randomized study is enrolling pts with metastatic PC documented by conventional imaging, ≤3 mo ADT before enrollment (except as part of GAC), and ECOG PS 0/1; pts with ECOG PS 2/3 are eligible if their score is related to stable disabilities (eg, spinal cord injury, blindness) and not to PC/PC therapy. Pts with bilateral orchiectomy are excluded (except as part of GAC). Stratification factors: tumor volume and prior treatment for localized PC. Pts with confirmed PSA <0.2 ng/mL after initial 6-mo treatment with APA 240 mg/d + ADT are randomized 1:1 to APA 240 mg/d + intermittent ADT or APA + continuous ADT. ADT can be restarted until radiographic progression (assessed by conventional imaging) for pts in the intermittent ADT group with new/worsening cancer symptoms, PSA increase to >10 ng/mL (or return to baseline when PSA <10 ng/mL before ADT), or PSA doubling time <6 mo. Outcomes of pts undergoing medical or surgical GAC are evaluated descriptively as a separate cohort. Primary end points: radiographic progression-free survival and hot flash frequency and severity score at 18 mo from randomization. Secondary end points include findings from electronic patient-reported outcomes completed on a mobile device, digital health assessments measuring physical activity and sleep (measured from a wrist-worn device), and neurocognitive function measured using touchscreen-based interactive assays. An independent data monitoring committee will review safety data. ~333 pts will be enrolled over 2 yrs at 86 sites in 9 countries. Clinical trial information: NCT05884398 .

As social media platforms have increased their role as content moderators, alternative social media platforms have emerged with fewer rules and policies on moderating content. One such platform is Gab, a social media platform similar to Twitter that champions free speech with minimal standards on content. Early research has linked this platform with alt-right, hate speech, conspiracy theories, and other alternative content that is sometimes marginalized in mainstream social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. In an effort to provide a means for researchers to study this platform, we introduce a database of 37,012,061 posts (with additional edit histories), 24,551,804 comments, and 819,957 user profiles webscraped from Gab between August 2016 and December 2018. In this paper, we outline our data collection process, describe the data, consider the ethics of our data collection process, and provide suggested avenues of inquiry for researchers interested in analyzing our database.

Quel est le poids des facteurs politiques dans l’allocation des financements associatifs ? Dans quelle mesure le soutien apporté ou retiré à certains acteurs associatifs est-il guidé par une rationalité politique plutôt que technique ou gestionnaire ? Ces questions n’ont, à ce jour, suscité que peu de travaux empiriques, les associations étant souvent délaissées par les recherches sur le clientélisme ou les études de l’action publique locale, si ce n’est pour souligner leur contribution à la « participation citoyenne ». À partir d’une étude systématique de l’ensemble des subventions attribuées par la Ville de Roubaix sur une période de dix ans, cet article interroge la carrière financière des associations et leur dépendance éventuelle aux cycles électoraux et aux vicissitudes du jeu politique. Complétées par un matériau qualitatif, ces données donnent à voir la relative inertie de financements détachés de considérations politiques, et ce faisant la relative rareté de pratiques qui pourraient être labellisées comme du « clientélisme associatif ». L’enquête donne néanmoins à voir certains mécanismes de récompenses et de sanctions – notamment financières – qui contribuent à l’entretien du pouvoir local et à la mise à distance du politique par les associations.

The article is a discussion of the unforeseen effects of policies that Florida’s Department of Corrections has enacted over the past thirty years, specifically those concerning inmate movements to, inside, and from the institutional dining areas. It addresses the erosion of social norms among the incarcerated population as external rules have replaced informal social contracts, and the ways that prison administrators have exploited racial tensions to maintain control. The incarcerated author hopes to add an autoethnographic voice to the discussion in the literature of power dynamics in the third-largest prison system in the world.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of liberation of female subalterns in Bapsi Sidhwa’s Cracking India, based on Spivak's article, “Can Subaltern Speak?”. What Spivak is trying to argue is that the female subaltern has lost her voice in another language system that can speak beyond the existing language system of the ruling class. They cannot speak unless the subaltern is defined as a dominated group and possesses a language system of power. Subalterns cannot escape the regime itself, but nevertheless, they can create cracks and change the system by constantly resisting it. The female characters in Cracking India are victims of the colonialist ideology that has been denigrated because of their ethnicity and religion, and at the same time they are victims of the patriarchal ideology. I intend to pay a special attention to the voice of Ayha, a woman who is constrained by the ruling system and the target of oppression due to the political and religious divisions in India. Ayha is in a state of double bondage due to the tragic social environment of religious rifts and the authority of the patriarchal ideology. Nevertheless, Indian women who Lenny sees do not remain victims like Ayha and give in to men. Typically, Lenny's mother, Seti, is portrayed as a woman who has the power to oppose the power of men. Breaking away from the typical female role of the patriarchal ideology, she does not remain silent to help women in need, and tries to change, showing an independent female image to help women in need. In conclusion, through Cracking India, it can be seen that female subalterns are in a state of double bondage due to the tragic social environment of religious rift and patriarchal ideology, but the desire to recognize the self and the possibility of their liberation through the process of evolution goes on

Introduction: Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign expansile osteolytic lesion, characterized by a blood-filled cavity in the bone. Giant ABC (GABC) is an uncommon condition due to the delayed presentation of an ABC that is difficult to handle when it occurs in long weight-bearing bones due to its aggressive nature. The common treatment relies on total resection of tumor with reconstruction of the resultant defect. Case Report: We present the results of 5 cases of GABCs of long bones managed with non-vascularized fibular graft in a cross-beam fashion along with internal fixation. All patients achieved complete consolidation of the lesion by 12 months along with full incorporation of the graft with good-excellent musculoskeletal tumor society scores. None of the patients had recurrence/pathological fracture till 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion: We suggest the method of using a non-vascularized fibula graft in a cross-beam fashion to reconstruct the void from the resection of long-bone GABC as a safe, reliable technique with excellent functional and radiological results. Keywords: Giant Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, Fibular Graft, Resection, Recurrence, Reconstruction

À travers l’étude d’un segment de mise en œuvre d’une réforme foncière au Bénin, cet article discute du changement induit par les activités réformatrices sur les institutions. Il analyse les ambiguïtés, rapports de forces et incertitudes qui émaillent les processus de centralisation du pouvoir étatique au travers de deux grands résultats. Tout d’abord, il apparaît que cette réforme foncière produit de la centralité en dépossédant les échelons locaux de leurs compétences au profit d’une nouvelle agence déconcentrée, suscitant des frustrations de la part des acteurs décentralisés qui tentent de renégocier leur rôle dans cette gouvernance. Ensuite, c’est au niveau national que les changements induits par la réforme se donnent le plus à voir avec la création d’un cadastre mobilisant différentes catégories d’acteurs publics et privés pour son implémentation. Cet instrument constitue un dispositif de mise en lisibilité du territoire pour l’administration centrale étatique et l’analyse de sa fabrique révèle les approximations et blocages qui jalonnent son développement.

In Marokko gab es keine radikale Abkehr vom intellektuellen Erbe der Kolonialzeit. Stattdessen prägte ein kritischer und ambivalenter Annäherungsprozess die postkolonialen Debatten über die «Dekolonisierung» der Soziologie. Das hat auch viel mit dem Selbstbild Marokkos als Land am Knotenpunkt zwischen Afrika und Europa, zwischen Orient und Okzident, zu tun. Au Maroc, il n’y a pas eu d’abandon radical del’héritage intellectuel de la période coloniale. Au lieu de cela, les débats postcoloniaux sur la«décolonisation» de la sociologie ont été marqués par une critique complexe et parfois ambivalente. Cela a aussi beaucoup à voir avec l'image que le Maroc se fait de lui-même en tant que carrefour entre Afrique et Europe, Orient et Occident.

La loi « Morin » relative à la reconnaissance et à l’indemnisation des victimes des essais nucléaires français est votée en 2010, après une décennie de mobilisations. Si le ministère de la Défense soutient qu’elle facilite l’accès à la réparation, cette loi porte également la promesse d’adosser la décision aux connaissances épidémiologiques relatives au risque radioinduit. Cet article analyse comment les experts scientifiques chargés d’évaluer les dossiers développent et défendent une vision située de la façon dont les victimes doivent être identifiées. Ces scientifiques, loin de subir les tensions épistémiques qui traversent les politiques d’indemnisation des maladies du travail et de l’environnement, sont des acteurs engagés de ces mouvements. En donnant à voir le rôle d’entrepreneurs que certains d’entre eux endossent pour promouvoir un instrument issu de l’épidémiologie, l’article souligne également les conditions qui contraignent cette mise sur l’agenda. Cette contribution montre ainsi comment l’engagement épistémique des experts, caractérisé par un travail de promotion des savoirs jugés pertinents à l’action publique, s’articule à une réflexion autour de la dimension transgressive de leur situation.

L’omniprésence des enjeux de sécurité dans le champ politique et médiatique donne à voir un processus de sécuritisation des phénomènes sociaux, et de pluralisation des acteurs et des univers impliqués dans leur prise en charge. Le présent numéro entend précisément questionner à nouveaux frais cette double dynamique contemporaine, et en saisir les effets, tant sur l’ordre social et politique, que sur les acteurs et les univers sociaux dont la mise en relation est constitutive de l’action publique de sécurité. Pour ce faire, les articles rassemblés ici sont structurés autour d’une entrée analytique commune, visant à étudier ces groupes d’acteurs et leurs rapports à l’État à l’aune des nouvelles formes de savoirs et de savoir-faire qu’ils déploient et des luttes de juridictions qu’ils entretiennent. En objectivant la complexité des arrangements entre politique et sécurité et en renouvelant l’analyse des liens entre État, sécurité et action publique, ces contributions permettent in fine de distinguer trois grandes configurations idéal-typiques de sécurité (apprentissages conjoints et production d’une sécurité hybride ; dispositifs partenariaux et diffusion d’une logique sécuritaire ; dispositifs d’action conjointe et querelles de juridictions).

Originating in East Africa, coffee was one of the first internationally traded commodities. An Arab monopoly on the bean was broken by the development of tropical European colonies. Coffee was the ideal colonial crop, but its cultivation relied upon widespread slavery and abusive economic relationships between regions. Many of these institutionalized inequities remain embedded in post-colonial coffee trading patterns. Rich coffee-consuming nations and the multinational trading and roasting companies that service their demand enjoy neocolonial dominance of growers around the world, many of whom are small landowners and family farmers in poor countries. At the same time, developed-world governmental interest in producing countries has waned, leaving multinationals free to pursue their own policies in large parts of the world. At present, there is a worldwide slump in coffee prices that is devastating economies throughout the developing world without translating into meaningfully lower prices for coffee consumers. One of the few programs to step into this political void is Fair Trade. By reconfiguring the trading relationship between coffee producers and consumers to emphasize a more direct relationship, Fair Trade appropriates globalized trading networks for the benefit of both coffee growers and coffee drinkers.

Quelles conditions permettent aux associations d’influer sur l’action publique et, en particulier, sur le volet assistanciel de l’État social ? En mobilisant une enquête archivistique et une approche en termes de champ de production d’une politique spécifique, cet article y répond à partir d’un cas : les rapports de force qu’entretiennent, au sujet du vagabondage, les responsables de la Fédération des centres d’hébergement (FCH) et les autorités ministérielles entre les décennies 1950 et 1970. Cette fédération associative veut transformer le traitement public des vagabonds, en le faisant passer de la répression à l’assistance. L’article montre qu’initialement ses membres, recevant le soutien d’individus d’autres champs, rallient à leur cause les représentantes et représentants ministériels dans le cadre d’une commission. Leur stratégie leur permet de faire en sorte que toutes les personnes qui y participent trouvent un intérêt à faire accéder les vagabonds à l’aide sociale. Inversement, l’échec de la dépénalisation du vagabondage – soit le projet le plus ambitieux de la FCH – découle de l’impossibilité à faire s’accorder une nouvelle fois des visions du monde et investissements divers, même de manière équivoque. Ainsi, l’article donne à voir que les associations peuvent être autant motrices que vectrices de politiques publiques. Cela pouvant varier selon les relations d’interdépendance et les interactions entretenues entre agents de divers champs (associatif et administratif, mais pas uniquement) lors de la fabrique de l’action publique.

Dispositif numérique permettant aux Parisiens de signaler aux services de maintenance la présence d’anomalies dans l’espace public, DansMaRue a connu durant de la décennie 2010 une ascension inédite dans le paysage de ces technologies de crowdsourcing urbain. Introduit comme un à-côté des politiques d’entretien, ce système de signalement, par le biais des masses de données qu’il génère, est devenu une architecture informatique centrale pour les activités de maintenance et se voit dans la période récente investi de différentes ambitions réformatrices. Trois facettes de l’édifice administratif parisien sont notamment visées par des logiques de rationalisation : la place octroyée aux « usagers de l’espace public » dans les activités d’entretien, le contrôle politique exercé par les élus parisiens sur les administrations de maintenance, les principes et modalités de production de l’efficacité des tournées de maintenance. Cet article propose une lecture des processus par lesquels s’est opérée cette solide inscription dans l’écosystème administratif de la maintenance urbaine, et analyse les effets sur les bureaucraties municipales que cet ancrage a occasionnés. De manière transversale, l’article met alors au jour une tendance de fond allant dans le sens de la neutralisation des aspirations réformatrices, au profit d’un renforcement ou d’une poursuite par d’autres moyens des formes bureaucratiques existantes. Pour en faire sens, il insiste sur le rôle joué par la dimension discrète et en douceur de l’approche adoptée par l’équipe en charge du système de signalement.

Purpose In Portugal, between 1989 and 2010, capital gains from corporate shares were exempted, while gains from other instruments, like limited liability companies (LLC) equity stakes, were taxed. Inevitably, this non-neutral tax treatment originated a notorious tax arbitrage, consisting in the transformation of the legal status of a LLC into a corporation, the subsequent share sale and tax exemption. In tax litigation, many arbitration rulings were delivered, with widely divergent decisions. The purpose of this paper, using a blend of the legal research method and case analysis, is to discuss three research questions. Should the general anti-abuse clause (GAAC) be applied to this tax planning operation? Why the divergence in arbitration rulings? Is this anomalous arbitration outcome because of the wording the GAAC and its complexity or, contrarily, does it emerge from the disconnection between the set of rules governing capital gains taxation and the legislative intent that is behind such rules? Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in this paper is based on a mix of the legal research method and case analysis. In the case of legal research, a hermeneutic approach – meaning that documents, texts and their interpretation can produce important fruits to the development of the field – is a tested and fruitful approach. Besides being a hermeneutic discipline, it is an argumentative one. By exposing arguments that confirm or deny particular solutions, legal research (e.g. in criminal, business or administrative law) can influence better legislative choices by political actors. Advantages of case analysis include lessons learned from observation. The author discusses if the application of the GAAC to an arrangement that originated a tax exemption can be validated by the usual interpretative lines that doctrine sustains should be observed when a GAAC is used to void legal schemes. The pros and cons of tax arbitration are also highlighted. Findings The conclusion of this paper is that the GAAC is not the crux of the problem. Instead, a contradictory or, at least, disconnected relation between the expressed intent of legislators and the wording of capital gains tax clauses is, in our view, the main reason for such divergent arbitration rulings on the same issue. Practical implications The author believes that the paper is a contribution to the literature, given the global use of anti-abuse clauses and the interpretative complexities they originate. Moreover, the analysis in this paper is carried out in a legal setting where a disconnection is detectable between the expressed legislative intent and the legal drafting of personal income tax rules related to the exemption of capital gains. Studying the complexity added by this feature of the Portuguese legislation serves as a reminder of the importance of careful and well-crafted wording to achieve consistent court outcomes. Originality/value The paper has value to governments, tax authorities and tax managers, given the ever-increasing use of anti-abuse clauses in many countries, and the potential use of arbitration in similar settings.

Despite the accumulating body of research in sociophonetics exploring gay men’s pitch characteristics (i.e., mean vocal pitch and pitch range), previous studies usually investigate a uniform concept of ‘gay men’s speech’ by comparing heterosexual and gay men’s pitch properties. However, results were contesting and inconsistent across various studies regarding the pitch properties (pitch ranges or mean voice pitch) of gay men. Instead of treating gay men’s speech as a unified speaking style, this paper investigates the multiplicity of gay speaking styles by exploring the intra-group pitch variations among 20 pairs of Chinese gay couples in their self-shot videos. Specifically, the present study compares the pitch properties, including the mean vocal pitch, pitch range, and pitch variability, between those Chinese gay men who selfposition as ‘lao gong’ (husband) and those who self-identify as ‘lao po’ (wife) in their love vlogs (video blogs). These videos normally last from 5 to 10 minutes on a Chinese online video sharing platform - ‘Bilibili.’ After dividing these gay couples’ utterances into intonational phrases, I used the speech analysis software named Praat to measure the average pitch, pitch range (the maximum pitch value minus minimum pitch value), and pitch variability (the standard deviation of pitch values) on each intonational phrase. Compared with those ‘gay husbands,’ results showed that those ‘gay wives’ would speak with higherpitched voices (p < 0.05), wider pitch ranges (p < 0.0001), and more variable pitch values (p < 0.0001). When locating the discourse functions of these pitch characteristics in their vlogs, I argue that those ‘gay wives’ frequently utilize the so-called ‘pitch dynamism’ to construct an expressive and cute ‘wife’ persona in intimate discourse.

Abstract The effects of catechol, juglone, phloridzin, phloroglucinol, and tannic acid were tested on tobacco callus growth and on axillary shoot proliferation and rooting of blackberry. Juglone (500 μM) promoted tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘McNair 944’) callus growth, whereas catechol and phloroglucinol (500 μM) increased adventitious shoot formation, but not callus growth. Tannic acid increased the frequency of vitreous shoots. No phenolic compounds stimulated axillary shoot proliferation in blackberry (Rubus sp. ‘Dirkson Thornless’), and phloroglucinol (1 mM) inhibited shoot elongation. Auxin increased rooting of blackberry shoots irrespective of the presence or absence of incorporated phenols. On shoots derived from proliferation media void of phenols, root number and percent rooting were greater if they were treated with the phenolic auxin P-ITB compared to IBA. In contrast, shoots originating from proliferation media containing phenols rooted the same with both auxins. Chemical names used: 1,2-benzenediol (catechol); 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalendedione (juglone); 1-[2-(β-D-glycopyranosloxy)-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl-3-[4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone (phloridzin); 1,3,5-benzenetriol (phloroglucinol); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA): phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate (P-ITB); (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-1, 10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-Iactone (GA3).

The eighteenth century witnessed the changed perception of the Highland male as he evolved from an unruly member of a warrior society to the ideal soldier, participating in the military activities of the British empire. This article explores firstly, how this transformation came about, from the celebration of the warrior society the Gàidhealtachd appeared to be, to the personal identification with the Gael's martial self. Secondly, this article establishes how and why the ordinary Highland man embraced this military identity. As the voice of the eighteenth-century Gael is rather difficult to trace, the life and oeuvre of Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir (Duncan Bàn MacIntyre) is used to represent his fellow Highlanders. Donnchadh Bàn spent his entire adult life carrying arms and was a life-long proponent of the military masculinity the Gael displayed. Especially his enlistment in the Breadalbane Fencibles provides a unique insight. When his fervour for the Gael's warrior masculinity is checked against the many letters from the tenants on the Breadalbane estate, it is not a picture of an innately warrior masculinity that emerges, but one of a man choosing a temporary military path to hunt down economic security and independence.

Abstract: Communication stands upon the pillars of verbal and non-verbal conversations, and hence it holds the basis of human social relationships. Along with words, gestures are another component of nonverbal communication that achieves the purpose of conveying the intended sense and bridging the gab of the languages and cultures. People with speech or hearing problems usually read manual or verbal signs that often don't make sense to a hearing-challenged person. Gestures are the first sign of instruction that overcomes the speech gap. A kaleidoscopic patchwork of facial expressions comprising of facial movements and body language! Such variations occurring in linguistic areas overall are not surprising, as community cultures and tongues around the planet typically shape their language. In the United States and Canada, American Sign Language (ASL) is common and is an independent language from what is heard in the surrounding community but is also used as a way of communication between individuals and in groups that are deaf and hearing alike. There are some restrictions. Common language review and adequate practice are of crucial importance here, that is why it is so hard for deaf people to work outside. The accessibility of the translation tools decreases radically, which means it will be difficult to communicate, and it will further be hard to understand and to be understood. By integrating the AI technologies as neural networks and deep learning into the goals, the system will proceed to bridging various communication channels from manual writing to voice operation. The task goes with webcam installation together with gesture capture and then as an input it goes to the system. The proposed model will be divided into several stages namely, data acquisition, pre-training to the neural network, testing and the post-testing phases. This research project will do that through developing digital technology which in turn will enhance accessibility, encourage integration and let people who are film-blind or deaf to associate with the environment.

The first in the series of Azuberths Game Changer publications “Synergy of the Conventional Crude Oil and the FT-GTL Processes for Sustainable Synfuels Production: The Game Changer Approach-Phase One Category” a.k.a. (DOI: 10.23880/ppej16000330) is targeted at reducing 80 per cent CO2 emissions from the internal combustion engines by upgrading from the conventional crude oil refinery products to the synthetic fuels products (ultra-low-carbon fuels). This paper will focus on the complete elimination of the remaining 20 per cent CO2 emissions (i.e. to achieve zero- CO2 emissions) in transportation and power generating internal combustion engines as well as in the other centralized emissions/emitters such as petroleum industry flare lines, industrial process and big technology industries scrubber flue gas, et cetera. This invention stems from similar biblical quote {Isaiah 6:8-New International Version (NIV)} which states, and then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, “Whom shall I send? And who will go for us?” And I (Isaiah) said, “Here am I. Send me!” Laterally, in this case I (Azunna) said, “Here am I. Please use me”. Hence the aftermath, IJN-Universal Emissions Liquefiers is a plug and play units for all categories of pollutants discharge into the atmosphere. The work is motivated by the scientific facts that (i) The release of CO2 from automotive exhaust effluents, industry vents and flue gas emissions into the atmosphere contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) accumulation causing global warming hence climate changes issues such as flooding of coastlines/sea-rising, melting of the glaciers, disrupted weather patterns, bushburning/wildfire, depletion of Ozone layer, smog and air pollution, acidification of water bodies, runaway greenhouse effect, etc. (ii) Every gas stream (e.g., flue gas) can be made liquid by e.g. a series of compression, cooling and expansion steps and once in liquid form, the components of the gas can be separated in a distillation column. (iii) Captured liquefied gases can be put to various uses, especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ), which can be used for the production of renewable energy via Synfuels such as the e-fuel/solar fuel. The natural atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and only about 0.1% natural greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, organic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and many others. Although a small amount, these greenhouse gases make a big difference - they are the gases that allow the greenhouse effect to exist by trapping in some heat that would otherwise escape to space. Carbon dioxide, although not the most potent of the greenhouse gases, is the most important because of the huge volumes emitted into the air by combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, coal, natural gas). In general, the major contributors to the greenhouse effect are: Burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, deforestation, farming processing and manufacturing factories, industrial waste and landfills, increasing animal and human respiration, etc. The increased number of factories, automobiles, and population increases the amount of these gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases never let the radiations to escape from the earth atmosphere and increase the surface temperature of the earth. This then leads to global warming. The petroleum industry well sites vent/flare gases (methane, ethane, propane, butanes, H2 O (g), O2 , N2 , etc.). Internal combustion engines (automobiles-cars, vehicles, ships, trains, planes, etc.) release exhaust effluents (containing H2 O (g), CO2 , O2 , and N2 ); steam generators in large power plants and the process furnaces in large refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, and incinerators burn considerable amounts of fossil fuels and therefore emit large amounts of flue gas to the ambient atmosphere. In general, Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a “flue”, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator. The emitted flue gas contains carbon dioxide CO2 , carbon monoxide CO, sulphur oxide SO2 , nitrous oxide NO and particulates. Furthermore, GTL plants produce CO2 , H2 O and waste heat, while both pyrolysis and gasification plant generate gaseous products consisting of (a mixture of non-condensable gases such as H2 , CO2 , and CO and light hydrocarbons “e.g. CH4 ” at room temperature, as well as H2 O (g), O2 and complex hydrocarbons e.g. C2 H2 , C2 H4 , etc.). In general, all combustion is as a result of air-fuel mixture burning (i.e. air or oxygen mixing directly with biomass/ coal or with liquid/gaseous hydrocarbon inside internal combustion engines), releases carbon dioxide and steam (H2 O) back into the atmosphere as well as producing energy for work. Specifically, during combustion, carbon combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The principal emission from transportation and power generating internal combustion engines is carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The level of CO2 emission is linked to the amount of fuel consumed and the type of fuel used as well as the individual engine’s operating characteristics. For instance, diesel-powered engines have higher emission than petrol/gasoline-powered engines. Although emphasis is places more on CO2 , this investigation is ultimately concerned with the real-time liquefaction of all the components of gaseous release/emissions -related to air pollution/health problem. It is believed that the mortality rate from air pollution is eight times larger than the mortality caused by car accidents each year. Pollutants with the strongest evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO2 ). All the exhaust effluents gases/flue gas and vent/flare gases are captured by liquefying them and then put to various uses, to achieve “Net zero” emissions. Fundamentally, the objective of the present invention is to develop a compact device (Universal Emissions Liquefiers) that can be retro-fitted onto the exhaust tailpipe-end of the internal combustion engines (diesel-powered, gasoline-powered, and hybrid automobiles-cars, vehicles, SUV’s, trucks, motor cycles, tri-cycles, portable electric generators, sea and cargo ships/ boats, trains, planes, rockets, etc.) and outlet of industrial machines that release flue gases through exhaust/scrubber channels, as well as crude oil, refined products storage tanks that vent greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, coal processing units/ plants and turn them into liquid { CO2 (l), N2 (l), O2 (l), etc.} or powdered components or chemically transform them in realtime with selective catalysts to any other specific compound, e.g. treating CO2 with hydrogen gas (H2) can produce methanol (CH3 OH), methane (CH4 ), or formic acid (HCOOH), while reaction of CO2 with alkali (e.g. NaOH) can give carbonates (NaHCO3 ) and bicarbonates (Na2 CO3 ). Nitrogen (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3 ) or Hydrazine (N2 H4 ), and molecular oxygen (O2 ) to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), et cetera. Alternatively, in new automobiles designs, the universal emissions liquefiers’ device can be directly net-worked on the floor alongside the catalytic converters and may eliminate the need for muffler/silencer/resonator. This is achieved by the application of any of the five main gas capture/separation technologies: Liquid absorption, Solid adsorption, Membrane separation (with and without solvent- organic or inorganic), Cryogenic refrigeration/distillation, and Electrochemical pH-swing separation or their combination to selectively trap and liquefy the individual pollutants. According to the fact from CarBuster, almost 0.009 metric tons of carbon dioxide is produced from every gallon of gasoline burned, which means that the average car user makes about 11.7 tons of carbon dioxide each year from their cars alone

This paper discusses the present status of availability of e-services for the visually challenged in India. An analysis of five major Governments to Citizen (G2C) e-service initiatives is done to figure out the level of assistance for the visually challenged users. E-services are judged on a 3-point scale that includes Text to Speech (TTS) support, adherence to W3C accessibility guidelines and provision for voice based e-services. Finally, we discuss the architecture and working of E-Prakash, a voice based e-service delivery system.

AbstractWe describe a case of a pleomorphic adenoma (PA) arising from the para‐tracheal accessory salivary gland in a 44‐year‐old male harboring a novel WWTR1::NCOA2 gene fusion. To our knowledge, this novel gene fusion has not been described previously in salivary gland tumors. The patient presented with hoarseness of voice. The radiological exam revealed a mass in the upper third of the trachea involving the larynx. Histologically, the tumor consisted of bland‐looking monocellular eosinophilic epithelial cells arranged in cords and sheets separated by thin fibrous stroma, focally forming a pseudo‐tubular pattern. In immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells demonstrated positivity for CK7, PS100, SOX10, and HMGA2; and negativity for CK5/6, p40 p63, and PLAG1. In addition, the clustering analysis clearly demonstrates a clustering of tumors within the PA group. In addition to reporting this novel fusion in the PA spectrum, we discuss the relevant differential diagnoses and briefly review of NCOA2 and WWTR1 gene functions in normal and neoplastic contexts.

ABSTRACT During the XXVIII Brazilian Congress of SBFa, 24 specialists met and, from a leading position on scientific research as a tool for connecting laboratory and clinic, five fronts of knowledge of the voice specialty were discussed as following: Perceptual-auditory judgment of vocal quality; 2. Acoustic analysis of the vocal signal; 3. Voice self-assessment; 4. Traditional techniques of therapy; 5. Modern techniques of electrostimulation and photobiomodulation (PBMT) in voice. Part “a” of this publication was associated with the consolidation of the analyses of the first three aspects. The trend in the perceptual-auditory judgment of vocal quality was related to the use of standard protocols. The acoustic evaluation of the vocal signal is accessible and can be done descriptively or by extraction of parameters, thus preferring multiparametric measures. Finally, the analysis of the individual himself closes this triad of voice documentation, which will be the basis for the conclusion of the evaluation, reference for monitoring progress, and evaluation of treatment results.

Abstract Intervocalic /s/ voicing is of much interest recently in Hispanic Linguistics for two principal reasons: this feature has been attested in diverse dialects of Spanish, and it has been shown to correlate in production and perception with social factors (Davidson 2014; Chappell 2016; García 2019; among others). One finding that often surfaces is that male speakers voice more than female speakers, and recent studies consider whether this may be due to physiological differences (File-Muriel, Brown, and Gradoville 2015; Chappell and García 2017). The present study examines the interaction of gender, age, and interspeaker variation in the voicing of intervocalic /s/ in the speech of 31 natives of Loja, Ecuador. While variationist studies overwhelmingly show women leading change in progress, I argue that young men are leading voicing in Lojano Spanish and that this study of a smaller, non-English speaking community further elucidates the intricacies of gender and linguistic change.

Abstract Background/Aims Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare disease. We present a case of DM with both anti-nuclear matrix protein 2 antibody (NXP2) as well as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD) positivity, the combination of which has yet not been documented in the current literature. Methods The case is described below. Results A 48 year old Caucasian male with no co-morbidities presented with a one-month history of sore throat and lethargy, followed 2 weeks later by muscular pain in his upper arms. On examination, there was erythema to the sun-exposed areas of the face and arms, hoarse voice and Gottron’s papules. He had proximal muscle weakness of 4/5 in his shoulder and hips. His creatinine kinase(CK) was elevated at 2914U/L. He was started on methylprednisolone 1 gram od for 3 days with improvement of his CK to 642U/L. His muscle biopsy showed mild chronic neurogenic changes and upregulation of C5b-9 but no evidence of inflammatory myopathy which was attributed to the steroid use prior to the biopsy. His myositis antibody screen was positive for Anti-Nuclear Matrix Protein antibody 2(NXP2). After 4 days he developed rapid onset dysphagia and a sudden drop in his spirometry readings with a fall in his FEV1from 94% to 85% and a fall in his FVC from 88% to 79%. He became acutely unwell, drowsy with difficulty completing sentences and global weakness. His CK had risen to 1567U/L despite the high dose intravenous methylprednisolone. He was diagnosed with Diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA) with a blood glucose of 32mmol/L , pH of 7.0, and transferred to ITU. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was administered with subsequent improvement in all muscle groups. He was then commenced on a subcutaneous insulin regime and pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide (Eurolupus) as his EMG showed a sensorimotor polyneuropathy as well as an inflammatory myopathy. His serology was negative for infectious aetiology. Malignancy screen including PET scan, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were normal however, he was found to be positive for anti-GAD antibody. Conclusion GAD antibodies are known to be associated with many disorders including diabetes and stiff person syndrome and can recognise different epitopes in various diseases. This is the first documented case of GAD occurring in a DM patient, in the presence of NXP2 antibodies. IVIG is used to treat both stiff man syndrome and refractory DM. It is possible that the combination of GAD and NXP2 contributed to the pathogenesis and severity of the clinical presentation in this case. Disclosure K. Beharry: None. G. Barminski: None. D. De Lord: None.

RESUMO No XXVIII Congresso Brasileiro da SBFa, 24 especialistas reuniram-se e, a partir de um posicionamento condutor sobre pesquisa científica como ferramenta de conexão entre laboratório e clínica, cinco frentes de conhecimento da especialidade de voz foram discutidas: 1. Julgamento perceptivo-auditivo da qualidade vocal; 2. Análise acústica do sinal vocal; 3. Autoavaliação em voz; 4. Técnicas tradicionais de terapia; 5. Técnicas modernas de eletroestimulação e fotobiomodulação em voz. A parte “a” desta publicação é a consolidação das análises dos três primeiros aspectos. A tendência no julgamento perceptivo-auditivo da qualidade vocal é o uso de protocolos padrão. A avaliação acústica do sinal vocal é acessível e pode ser feita de modo descritivo ou por extração de parâmetros, preferindo-se medidas multiparamétricas. Finalmente, a análise do próprio indivíduo fecha essa tríade de documentação fonoaudiológica, que será base para a conclusão da avaliação, referência para monitoramento do progresso e avaliação de resultado de tratamento.

ABSTRACT This text is the continuation of the XVIII SBFa Congress publication. In part “A” we presented the analyses on clinical vocal evaluation. Part “B” focuses on vocal rehabilitation: 4. Traditional techniques of vocal therapy; 5. Modern techniques of electrostimulation and photobiomodulation applied to vocal rehabilitation. The numerous studies on the various programs, methods, and techniques of traditional rehabilitation techniques, and many with high quality of evidence, allow us to consider such procedures relatively well described, safe, and with known effects, accounting for the treatment of various vocal disorders. The scientific evidence with traditional techniques is recognized worldwide. New fronts of evolution, with electrostimulation or photobiomodulation used to handle voice problems, seem to be promising as coadjutant approaches. There are more studies on electrostimulation in vocal rehabilitation than with photobiomodulation; however, scientific evidence for these two modern techniques is still limited. Knowledge and caution are required for the application of either technique.

Abstract Introduction: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the standard treatment which recommended for resectable locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC), but the safety of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for esophageal cancer has not been reported. We investigated the effect of NAC on the safety and feasibility of MIE for EC.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morbidity, mortality and oncologic outcomes of MIE after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of the patients who underwent MIE after neoadjuvant chemotherapy between August 2018 and May 2020. Patients with clinical stage IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, or IIIC EC, and no active concomitant malignancy were included. The data regarding the intraoperative incident, postoperative morbidity and mortality as well as oncologic examination were collected and analyzed. Results: From August 2018 to May 2020, 68 patients with EC have been included into the study. There were 66 males and 2 females with mean age of 58.1 ± 13.9 (42 – 77). Sixty-two patients had neoadjuvant with DCX, four patients were indicated for EOX therapy, and remained two patients were treated by PAR-CAR. Two patients with stage IB, 23 with stage IIA, 22 with stage IIB, 14 with stage IIIA, one with stage IIIB, and 6 with stage IIIC. Tumor located in middle thoracic esophagus was 34 (50%), lower thoracic esophagus was 32 (47.1%) and upper thoracic esophagus was 2 cases. Median operation time was 420 minutes with minimal blood loss. Median hospitalization duration was 11 days (7 – 31). Median lymph nodes harvested in cervical, mediastinal and abdominal fields was 10, 16 and 7 respectively. Twenty-seven (42.2%) patients had metastatic lymph nodes. Postoperative mortality was 1.5% (1 case). Overall morbidity was 33.8% included 6 cases complicated pneumonia, 9 cases with anastomotic leak (conservative treatment), 1 case was re-operated due to cervical lymph leak, 16 cases with temporary hoarse voice. Conclusion: Results from our study to conclude that MIE is safe and effective for locally advanced EC, even after NAC. Key word: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, minimally invasive esophagectomy, esophageal cancer. Tóm tắt Đặt vấn đề: Hóa trị tân hỗ trợ là điều trị tiêu chuẩn cho ung thư thực quản tiến triển tại chỗ, nhưng đến tính an toàn và khả thi của phẫu thuật nội soi cắt thực quản sau hóa trị tân hỗ trợ vẫn chưa được báo cáo. Chúng tôi đánh giá ảnh hưởng của hóa trị tân hỗ trợ lên tính an toàn và khả thi của phẫu thuật nội soi cắt thực quản sau hóa trị tân hỗ trợ. Nghiên cứu đánh giá tỉ lệ tai biến, biến chứng, tử vong và kết quả ung thư học của phẫu thuật nội soi cắt thực quản sau hóa trị tân hỗ trợ. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu tiến cứu, đánh giá các người bệnh phẫu thuật nội soi cắt thực quản sau hóa trị tân hỗ trợ từ tháng 8 năm 2018 đến tháng 5 năm 2020. Chúng tôi chọn những người bệnh ung thư thực quản giai đoạn IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB và IIIC và không có ung thư khác kèm theo. Tai biến, biến chứng, tử vong và kết quả ung thư học sẽ được đánh giá. Kết quả: Từ tháng 8 năm 2018 đến tháng 5 năm 2020, có 68 người bệnh đạt tiêu chuẩn nghiên cứu. Có 66 nam và 2 nữ, tuổi trung bình là 58,1 ± 13,9 (42 – 77). 62 người bệnh hóa trị với phác đồ DCX, 4 người bệnh hóa trị với phác đồ EOX và 2 người bệnh hóa trị với phác đồ PAR-CAR. Có 2 người bệnh giai đoạn IB, 23 người bệnh giai đoạn IIA, 22 người bệnh giai đoạn IIB, 14 người bệnh giai đoạn IIIA, 1 người bệnh giai đoạn IIIB và 6 người bệnh giai đoạn IIIC. U nằm ở thực quản ngực giữa ở 34 (50%) người bệnh, thực quản ngực dưới ở 32 (47,1%) người bệnh và thực quản ngực trên ở 2 người bệnh. Thời gian mổ trung vị là 420 phút, máu mất không đáng kể. Thời gian nằm viện trung vị là 11 ngày (7 – 31). Số hạch nạo được trung vị ở cổ là 10, trung thất là 16 và bụng là 7. Có 27 (42.2%) người bệnh có di căn hạch. Tử vong chu phẫu là 1,5% (1 người bệnh). Tỉ lệ biến chứng là 33,8% gồm 6 viêm phổi, 9 rò miệng nối (điều trị bảo tồn), 1 ca rò bạch huyết cần mổ lại và 16 ca khàn tiếng tạm thời. Kết luận: Từ những kết quả đạt được, phẫu thuật nội soi cắt thực quản sau hóa trị tân hỗ trợ là phẫu thuật an toàn và khả thi. Từ khóa: Hóa trị tân hỗ trợ, phẫu thuật nội soi cắt thực quản, ung thư thực quản.

Our culture abhors the world.Yet Quicksand is swallowing the duellists; the river is threatening the fighter: earth, waters and climate, the mute world, the voiceless things once placed as a decor surrounding the usual spectacles, all those things that never interested anyone, from now on thrust themselves brutally and without warning into our schemes and manoeuvres (Michel Serres, The Natural Contract, p 3). When Michel Serres describes culture's abhorrence of the world in the opening pages of The Natural Contract he draws our attention to the sidelining of nature in histories and theories that have sought to describe Western culture. As Serres argues, cultural histories are quite often built on the debates and struggles of humanity, which are largely held apart from their natural surroundings, as if on a stage, "purified of things" (3). But, as he is at pains to point out, human activity and conflict always take place within a natural milieu, a space of quicksand, swelling rivers, shifting earth, and atmospheric turbulence. Recently, via the potential for vast environmental change, what was once thought of as a staid “nature” has reasserted itself within culture. In this paper I explore how Serres’s positioning of nature can be understood amid new communication systems, which, via the apparent dematerialization of messages, seems to have further removed culture from nature. From here, I focus on a set of artworks that work against this division, reformulating the connection between information, a topic usually considered in relation to media and anthropic communication (and something about which Serres too has a great deal to say), and nature, an entity commonly considered beyond human contrivance. In particular, I explore how information visualisation and sonification has been used to give a new sense of materiality to the atmosphere, repotentialising the air as a natural and informational entity. The Natural Contract argues for the legal legitimacy of nature, a natural contract similar in standing to Rousseau’s social contract. Serres’ss book explores the history and notion of a “legal person”, arguing for a linking of the scientific view of the world and the legal visions of social life, where inert objects and living beings are considered within the same legal framework. As such The Natural Contract does not deal with ecology per-se, but instead focuses on an argument for the inclusion of nature within law (Serres, “A Return” 131). In a drastic reconfiguring of the subject/object relationship, Serres explains how the space that once existed as a backdrop for human endeavour now seems to thrust itself directly into history. "They (natural events) burst in on our culture, which had never formed anything but a local, vague, and cosmetic idea of them: nature" (Serres, The Natural Contract 3). In this movement, nature does not simply take on the role of a new object to be included within a world still dominated by human subjects. Instead, human beings are understood as intertwined with a global system of turbulence that is both manipulated by them and manipulates them. Taking my lead from Serres’s book, in this paper I begin to explore the disconnections and reconnections that have been established between information and the natural environment. While I acknowledge that there is nothing natural about the term “nature” (Harman 251), I use the term to designate an environment constituted by the systematic processes of the collection of entities that are neither human beings nor human crafted artefacts. As the formation of cultural systems becomes demarcated from these natural objects, the scene is set for the development of culturally mediated concepts such as “nature” and “wilderness,” as entities untouched and unspoilt by cultural process (Morton). On one side of the divide the complex of communication systems is situated, on the other is situated “nature”. The restructuring of information flows due to developments in electronic communication has ostensibly removed messages from the medium of nature. Media is now considered within its own ecology (see Fuller; Strate) quite separate from nature, except when it is developed as media content (see Cubitt; Murray; Heumann). A separation between the structures of media ecologies and the structures of natural ecologies has emerged over the history of electronic communication. For instance, since the synoptic media theory of McLuhan it has been generally acknowledged that the shift from script to print, from stone to parchment, and from the printing press to more recent developments such as the radio, telephone, television, and Web2.0, have fundamentally altered the structure and effects of human relationships. However, these developments – “the extensions of man” (McLuhan)— also changed the relationship between society and nature. Changes in communications technology have allowed people to remain dispersed, as ideas, in the form of electric currents or pulses of light travel vast distances and in diverse directions, with communication no longer requiring human movement across geographic space. Technologies such as the telegraph and the radio, with their ability to seemingly dematerialize the media of messages, reformulated the concept of communication into a “quasi-physical connection” across the obstacles of time and space (Clarke, “Communication” 132). Prior to this, the natural world itself was the medium through which information was passed. Rather than messages transmitted via wires, communication was associated with the transport of messages through the world via human movement, with the materiality of the medium measured in the time it took to cover geographic space. The flow of messages followed trade flows (Briggs and Burke 20). Messages moved along trails, on rail, over bridges, down canals, and along shipping channels, arriving at their destination as information. More recently however, information, due to its instantaneous distribution and multiplication across space, seems to have no need for nature as a medium. Nature has become merely a topic for information, as media content, rather than as something that takes part within the information system itself. The above example illustrates a separation between information exchange and the natural environment brought about by a set of technological developments. As Serres points out, the word “media” is etymologically related to the word “milieu”. Hence, a theory of media should be always related to an understanding of the environment (Crocker). But humans no longer need to physically move through the natural world to communicate, ideas can move freely from region to region, from air-conditioned room to air-conditioned room, relatively unimpeded by natural forces or geographic distance. For a long time now, information exchange has not necessitated human movement through the natural environment and this has consequences for how the formation of culture and its location in (or dislocation from) the natural world is viewed. A number of artists have begun questioning the separation between media and nature, particularly concerning the materiality of air, and using information to provide new points of contact between media and the atmosphere (for a discussion of the history of ecoart see Wallen). In Eclipse (2009) (fig. 1) for instance, an internet based work undertaken by the collective EcoArtTech, environmental sensing technology and online media is used experimentally to visualize air pollution. EcoArtTech is made up of the artist duo Cary Peppermint and Leila Nadir and since 2005 they have been inquiring into the relationship between digital technology and the natural environment, particularly regarding concepts such as “wilderness”. In Eclipse, EcoArtTech garner photographs of American national parks from social media and photo sharing sites. Air quality data gathered from the nearest capital city is then inputted into an algorithm that visibly distorts the image based on the levels of particle pollution detected in the atmosphere. The photographs that circulate on photo sharing sites such as Flickr—photographs that are usually rather banal in their adherence to a history of wilderness photography—are augmented by the environmental pollution circulating in nearby capital cities. Figure 1: EcoArtTech, Eclipse (detail of screenshot), 2009 (Internet-based work available at:http://turbulence.org/Works/eclipse/) The digital is often associated with the clean transmission of information, as packets of data move from a server, over fibre optic cables, to be unpacked and re-presented on a computer's screen. Likewise, the photographs displayed in Eclipse are quite often of an unspoilt nature, containing no errors in their exposure or focus (most probably because these wilderness photographs were taken with digital cameras). As the photographs are overlaid with information garnered from air quality levels, the “unspoilt” photograph is directly related to pollution in the natural environment. In Eclipse the background noise of “wilderness,” the pollution in the air, is reframed as foreground. “We breathe background noise…Background noise is the ground of our perception, absolutely uninterrupted, it is our perennial sustenance, the element of the software of all our logic” (Serres, Genesis 7). Noise is activated in Eclipse in a similar way to Serres’s description, as an indication of the wider milieu in which communication takes place (Crocker). Noise links the photograph and its transmission not only to the medium of the internet and the glitches that arise as information is circulated, but also to the air in the originally photographed location. In addition to noise, there are parallels between the original photographs of nature gleaned from photo sharing sites and Serres’s concept of a history that somehow stands itself apart from the effects of ongoing environmental processes. By compartmentalising the natural and cultural worlds, both the historiography that Serres argues against and the wilderness photograph produces a concept of nature that is somehow outside, behind, or above human activities and the associated matter of noise. Eclipse, by altering photographs using real-time data, puts the still image into contact with the processes and informational outputs of nature. Air quality sensors detect pollution in the atmosphere and code these atmospheric processes into computer readable information. The photograph is no longer static but is now open to continual recreation and degeneration, dependent on the coded value of the atmosphere in a given location. A similar materiality is given to air in a public work undertaken by Preemptive Media, titled Areas Immediate Reading (AIR) (fig. 2). In this project, Preemptive Media, made up of Beatriz da Costa, Jamie Schulte and Brooke Singer, equip participants with instruments for measuring air quality as they walked around New York City. The devices monitor the carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) or ground level ozone (O3) levels that are being breathed in by the carrier. As Michael Dieter has pointed out in his reading of the work, the application of sensing technology by Preemptive Media is in distinct contrast to the conventional application of air quality monitoring, which usually takes the form of extremely high resolution located devices spread over great distances. These larger air monitoring networks tend to present the value garnered from a large expanse of the atmosphere that covers individual cities or states. The AIR project, in contrast, by using small mobile sensors, attempts to put people in informational contact with the air that they are breathing in their local and immediate time and place, and allows them to monitor the small parcels of atmosphere that surround other users in other locations (Dieter). It thus presents many small and mobile spheres of atmosphere, inhabited by individuals as they move through the city. In AIR we see the experimental application of an already developed technology in order to put people on the street in contact with the atmospheres that they are moving through. It gives a new informational form to the “vast but invisible ocean of air that surrounds us and permeates us” (Ihde 3), which in this case is given voice by a technological apparatus that converts the air into information. The atmosphere as information becomes less of a vague background and more of a measurable entity that ingresses into the lives and movements of human users. The air is conditioned by information; the turbulent and noisy atmosphere has been converted via technology into readable information (Connor 186-88). Figure 2: Preemptive Media, Areas Immediate Reading (AIR) (close up of device), 2011 Throughout his career Serres has developed a philosophy of information and communication that may help us to reframe the relationship between the natural and cultural worlds (see Brown). Conventionally, the natural world is understood as made up of energy and matter, with exchanges of energy and the flows of biomass through food webs binding ecosystems together (DeLanda 120-1). However, the tendencies and structures of natural systems, like cultural systems, are also dependent on the communication of information. It is here that Serres provides us with a way to view natural and cultural systems as connected by a flow of energy and information. He points out that in the wake of Claude Shannon’s famous Mathematical Theory of Communication it has been possible to consider the relationship between information and thermodynamics, at least in Shannon’s explanation of noise as entropy (Serres, Hermes74). For Serres, an ecosystem can be conceptualised as an informational and energetic system: “it receives, stores, exchanges, and gives off both energy and information in all forms, from the light of the sun to the flow of matter which passes through it (food, oxygen, heat, signals)” (Serres, Hermes 74). Just as we are related to the natural world based on flows of energy— as sunlight is converted into energy by plants, which we in turn convert into food— we are also bound together by flows of information. The task is to find new ways to sense this information, to actualise the information, and imagine nature as more than a welter of data and the air as more than background. If we think of information in broad ranging terms as “coded values of the output of a process” (Losee 254), then we see that information and the environment—as a setting that is produced by continual and energetic processes—are in constant contact. After all, humans sense information from the environment all the time; we constantly decode the coded values of environmental processes transmitted via the atmosphere. I smell a flower, I hear bird songs, and I see the red glow of a sunset. The process of the singing bird is coded as vibrations of air particles that knock against my ear drum. The flower is coded as molecules in the atmosphere enter my nose and bind to cilia. The red glow is coded as wavelengths from the sun are dispersed in the Earth’s atmosphere and arrive at my eye. Information, of course, does not actually exist as information until some observing system constructs it (Clarke, “Information” 157-159). This observing system as we see the sunset, hear the birds, or smell the flower involves the atmosphere as a medium, along with our sense organs and cognitive and non-cognitive processes. The molecules in the atmosphere exist independently of our sense of them, but they do not actualise as information until they are operationalised by the observational system. Prior to this, information can be thought of as noise circulating within the atmosphere. Heinz Von Foester, one of the key figures of cybernetics, states “The environment contains no information. The environment is as it is” (Von Foester in Clarke, “Information” 157). Information, in this model, actualises only when something in the world causes a change to the observational system, as a difference that makes a difference (Bateson 448-466). Air expelled from a bird’s lungs and out its beak causes air molecules to vibrate, introducing difference into the atmosphere, which is then picked up by my ear and registered as sound, informing me that a bird is nearby. One bird song is picked up as information amid the swirling noise of nature and a difference in the air makes a difference to the observational system. It may be useful to think of the purpose of information as to control action and that this is necessary “whenever the people concerned, controllers as well as controlled, belong to an organised social group whose collective purpose is to survive and prosper” (Scarrott 262). Information in this sense operates the organisation of groups. Using this definition rooted in cybernetics, we see that information allows groups, which are dependent on certain control structures based on the sending and receiving of messages through media, to thrive and defines the boundaries of these groups. We see this in a flock of birds, for instance, which forms based on the information that one bird garners from the movements of the other birds in proximity. Extrapolating from this, if we are to live included in an ecological system capable of survival, the transmission of information is vital. But the form of the information is also important. To communicate, for example, one entity first needs to recognise that the other is speaking and differentiate this information from the noise in the air. Following Clarke and Von Foester, an observing system needs to be operational. An art project that gives aesthetic form to environmental processes in this vein—and one that is particularly concerned with the co-agentive relation between humans and nature—is Reiko Goto and Tim Collin’s Plein Air (2010) (fig. 3), an element in their ongoing Eden 3 project. In this work a technological apparatus is wired to a tree. This apparatus, which references the box easels most famously used by the Impressionists to paint ‘en plein air’, uses sensing technology to detect the tree’s responses to the varying CO2 levels in the atmosphere. An algorithm then translates this into real time piano compositions. The tree’s biological processes are coded into the voice of a piano and sensed by listeners as aesthetic information. What is at stake in this work is a new understanding of atmospheres as a site for the exchange of information, and an attempt to resituate the interdependence of human and non-human entities within an experimental aesthetic system. As we breathe out carbon dioxide—both through our physiological process of breathing and our cultural processes of polluting—trees breath it in. By translating these biological processes into a musical form, Collins and Gotto’s work signals a movement from a process of atmospheric exchange to a digital process of sensing and coding, the output of which is then transmitted through the atmosphere as sound. It must be mentioned that within this movement from atmospheric gas to atmospheric music we are not listening to the tree alone. We are listening to a much more complex polyphony involving the components of the digital sensing technology, the tree, the gases in the atmosphere, and the biological (breathing) and cultural processes (cars, factories and coal fired power stations) that produce these gases. Figure 3: Reiko Goto and Tim Collins, Plein Air, 2010 As both Don Ihde and Steven Connor have pointed out, the air that we breathe is not neutral. It is, on the contrary, given its significance in technology, sound, and voice. Taking this further, we might understand sensing technology as conditioning the air with information. This type of air conditioning—as information alters the condition of air—occurs as technology picks up, detects, and makes sensible phenomena in the atmosphere. While communication media such as the telegraph and other electronic information distribution systems may have distanced information from nature, the sensing technology experimentally applied by EcoArtTech, Preeemptive Media, and Goto and Collins, may remind us of the materiality of air. These technologies allow us to connect to the atmosphere; they reformulate it, converting it to information, giving new form to the coded processes in nature.AcknowledgmentAll images reproduced with the kind permission of the artists. References Bateson, Gregory. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972. Briggs, Asa, and Peter Burke. A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Maden: Polity Press, 2009. Brown, Steve. “Michel Serres: Science, Translation and the Logic of the Parasite.” Theory, Culture and Society 19.1 (2002): 1-27. Clarke, Bruce. “Communication.” Critical Terms for Media Studies. Eds. Mark B. N. Hansen and W. J. T. Mitchell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. 131-45 -----. “Information.” Critical Terms for Media Studies. Eds. Mark B. N. Hansen and W. J. T. Mitchell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. 157-71 Crocker, Stephen. “Noise and Exceptions: Pure Mediality in Serres and Agamben.” CTheory: 1000 Days of Theory. (2007). 7 June 2012 ‹http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=574› Connor, Stephen. The Matter of Air: Science and the Art of the Etheral. London: Reaktion, 2010. Cubitt, Sean. EcoMedia. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2005 Deiter, Michael. “Processes, Issues, AIR: Toward Reticular Politics.” Australian Humanities Review 46 (2009). 9 June 2012 ‹http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-May-2009/dieter.htm› DeLanda, Manuel. Intensive Science and Virtual Philosophy. London and New York: Continuum, 2002. Fuller, Matthew. Media Ecologies: Materialist Energies in Art and Technoculture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005 Harman, Graham. Guerilla Metaphysics. Illinois: Open Court, 2005. Ihde, Don. Listening and Voice: Phenomenologies of Sound. Albany: State University of New York, 2007. Innis, Harold. Empire and Communication. Toronto: Voyageur Classics, 1950/2007. Losee, Robert M. “A Discipline Independent Definition of Information.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 48.3 (1997): 254–69. McLuhan, Marshall. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. London: Sphere Books, 1964/1967. Morton, Timothy. Ecology Without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. Murray, Robin, and Heumann, Joseph. Ecology and Popular Film: Cinema on the Edge. Albany: State University of New York, 2009 Scarrott, G.C. “The Nature of Information.” The Computer Journal 32.3 (1989): 261-66 Serres, Michel. Hermes: Literature, Science Philosophy. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1982. -----. The Natural Contract. Trans. Elizabeth MacArthur and William Paulson. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992/1995. -----. Genesis. Trans. Genevieve James and James Nielson. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1982/1995. -----. “A Return to the Natural Contract.” Making Peace with the Earth. Ed. Jerome Binde. Oxford: UNESCO and Berghahn Books, 2007. Strate, Lance. Echoes and Reflections: On Media Ecology as a Field of Study. New York: Hampton Press, 2006 Wallen, Ruth. “Ecological Art: A Call for Intervention in a Time of Crisis.” Leonardo 45.3 (2012): 234-42.

In The Threshold of the Visible World, Kaja Silverman advances a subtle, ethical, post-Lacanian account of what constitutes “the active gift of love” and how this might be expressed on the screen. She argues for an orientation of subject to love object which is not merely an alternative to romantic passion, but an account of how identification of the loving subject and love object “might function in a way that results in neither the triumph of self-sameness, nor craven submission to an exteriorised but essentialized ideal”. In a move particularly relevant to our focus in this paper, she goes on to suggest that a gift of love so constituted entails an escape from conformity with culturally dictated ideals and thence a capacity “to put ourselves in a positive identificatory relation to bodies which we have been taught to abhor and repudiate” (79). Two lesbian/gay teen films of the late 1990s – Lukas Moodysson’s Fucking Åmål (1998; also known as Show Me Love) and Simon Shore’s Get Real (1999) – offer an illuminating contrast in the ways they deal with the possibility of the gift of love in the conflictual contexts both of teenage gay and lesbian love and sexuality, and of small-town spaces. Space solicits desire, but the sexual frisson that is evoked through encounters in various spaces in film depicted as offering excitement, risk, and bodily pleasures seems limited in three ways. First, the progression from desire to love is severely circumscribed by cultural presuppositions about the physical and social attributes of appropriate love objects. This is particularly evident in the Hollywood teen film, with its recurrent male and female Cinderella roles. Second, the desire represented is predominantly heterosexual, so the appropriate love object is further specified by the assumption of heteronormativity. Finally, there is a persistent attribution of space to woman and time to man – as early as the late eighteenth century William Blake had written, “Space is a woman” (in Bal 169) – and although this has been questioned by feminist thinkers (see Irigaray 1987) it still pervades filmic imagery. As Sue Best notes, the bounded spaces that people inhabit – “the nation, regions, cities and the home” – often rely on feminine metaphors to describe their attributes, contours, architecture; in the case of the romantic ‘home’, its enclosures suggest a warm, uterine space and maternal care. In a related sense, the open spaces of the countryside, the city streets and solitary travel have connoted a masculine space and prerogative (182-3). Traditionally, man moves through these spaces with a sense of temporal purpose, while woman bides her time in bounded domestic space. In Fucking Åmål, the film’s preoccupation with enclosed spaces, and especially the domestic spaces of home and school, on one hand generates an intense mood of claustrophobia while, on the other, communicates the terrifying aloneness of the young person abjected by the “in”-crowd. A measure of the inanity of the teenage boys of this small Swedish community is the unexamined misogyny of their spatial thinking, as when, for example, Jessica’s boyfriend Markus asserts that boys are interested in and understand technology, like cell phones, and that girls are instead good at things like "make-up and looking good". Get Real expresses the contrast more as that of outside and inside: the male domain of the sports field set against the interior space of the room where girls and boys like Steven (“I don’t smoke or play football and have an IQ over 25”) produce the school magazine. While these binaristic notions of gender and space serve as useful means for considering the restrictive nature of masculine and feminine constructions which still exist in various contemporary societies, they are also limited and limiting when it comes to thinking beyond a heterosexual framework. The imbrication of space and woman could account for the ongoing censure, disruption, and violation of feminised movement in so-called masculinised spaces. The notion of transgressing across spaces is the underlying theme of both Get Real and Fucking Åmål. Both films, with their “coming out” narratives, move away from conventional cinematic representations of teen love. Moreover, they provide a cinematic space in which the female or male body is a source of same-sex pleasure and desire, and offer viewers a space not defined by the other gender or by a narrative progress towards heterosexual romance and fulfilment. Consequently, the characters’ sensual/sexual encounters privilege bodily pleasure, response, and the ability to go beyond “the blind spot” of patriarchal sexuality (Irigaray 1985). Where they differ is that Fucking Åmål depicts Elin (the “love object”) progressing so far in her love for Agnes that her triumphant coming out is simultaneously an affirmation of a body universally abhorred and repudiated within the dominant youth community. There is no suggestion, for example, that Agnes will need to abandon her loose, oversized clothes and her trousers in favour of Elin’s short skirts and low-cut tops (although there is a hint that Elin may find Agnes’s intellectual interests more engrossing than the belated and etiolated versions of popular culture she has up until now inhabited). In contrast to Fucking Åmål, Get Real depicts the ultimate failure of John Dixon (the love object) to acknowledge love for Steven Carter, abhorred and repudiated by male peers for his suspected (and actual) homosexuality. Space is a shifting signifier which points to, but does not anchor, meaning across social, cultural, and territorial dimensions. In a Foucauldian sense, space is often linked to concepts of power. Furthermore, space, particularly queer space, becomes both a visual and metaphorical entity which needs to be interrogated in terms of its relationship to, and representation through, the eye of the beholder. In Get Real and Fucking Åmål “looking” becomes a complex play between characters and viewers. The specular logic that operates within the conventional notions of the gaze, with its underlying structure of a dominant subject and submissive object, is thus both interrogated and undercut (Mulvey). In Get Real a hole in a public toilet wall provides a spatial site for spying on illicit gay sexual encounters as well as a means for checking out a potential sexual partner. Such voyeurism is perverse as it disrupts the visual pleasure which has become intimately tied to patriarchal ideology with its structures of looking (male) and being looked at (female). This is one instance (and there are others in both films) when looking occupies a queer space, demonstrating complicity with voyeurism, desire, and visual pleasure, and disrupting the association of the gaze with rigid gender roles. The act of looking that the characters undertake also helps to make the viewer aware of the particular quality of their own gaze. The films contrive to position the viewer in ways that focus attention on the specific nature of his/her gaze as we become witness/voyeur to the characters’ spatial trajectories across private and public spaces - bedroom, toilet, home, school. Early in Fucking Åmål the gaze is invited and dismantled when Elin goes half undressed to try on clothes in front of the mirror in the apartment block’s lift, only to find that her sister Jessica has forgotten to bring the clothes. By overtly and comically replacing the narcissistic gaze with the gaze of the camera (and hence audience) the film problematizes looking, and begins to establish the situation whereby to look at Elin is to share the looking with Agnes, effectively queering the look. Further deconstructions of the look, or gaze, occur in the contrasting femme/butch representations of Elin and Agnes. The erotic pleasure of looking (at Elin) provides a counterpoint of gazes and highlights the vicissitudes of desire. While Elin’s sexy body and conventional beauty conform to an image of female desirability and make her the object of male fantasy, she is also the love object of Agnes. However, Elin’s feisty, restless character refuses any image of passive femininity. Rather, she embodies an active, desiring female subjectivity. Thus, the space of both female and male spectatorship is open to erotic imaginings. By contrast, the film undoes the tradition of fetishisation associated with the male gaze through the character of Agnes: she wears no makeup, hides her body in oversized clothing, and her hair is unadorned and simply styled. Thus, the camera’s attention to Agnes’s silent watching of Elin undermines the male gaze, creating a female gaze and a space of female desire. A comparable effect is achieved in Get Real when Steven uses his membership of the school magazine committee to suggest that a queer community exists within the school. First, and more subtly, the photographs he takes of John Dixon as school sporting hero queer the act of looking: Steven’s father, a professional photographer, sees them as examples of photographic art; John’s father views them as a celebration of a finely tuned athletic body; girls look at them heterosexually; but from Steven’s perspective they are gay pin-ups. The ground of a love relationship, as Silverman argues, is to posit the other rather than the self as the cause of desire, and hence to perceive perfection in the features of another and to celebrate that perceived perfection. This is the work performed by Steven’s photographs of John, and the irony inherent in the fact that the significance of the photographs depends on the interpretation of the beholder exemplifies how irony operates in these films to change how people interpret the “cultural screen”, the mental picture of society which they have naturalised. In Fucking Åmål, a class photograph of Elin in a school magazine also serves to queer the act of looking as it represents the love object of both Johan and Agnes. Whereas Johan cuts out Elin’s image, effectively excising her from the others in the photograph, and stores it in his wallet, Agnes is content to contemplate the image in the privacy of her bedroom, leaving it intact. Elin’s image has a strong erotic and visual impact on both Johan and Agnes, connoting “a to-be-looked-at-ness”, and the actions by Johan and Agnes to look and to possess can be understood in psychoanalytic terms as their attempt to turn the represented image into a fetish object (Mulvey). In a related way to Steven’s photograph of John Dixon as a gay pin-up, Agnes is able to reinvest erotically in the body of another woman. Steven’s second intervention by means of the magazine is to write the “Get Real” article about youth homosexuality. Once this is banned by the school Principal, it functions as a space of absence which defines and publicises the lack at the heart of the community. Further, in so far as it is lack which makes desire possible, Steven’s manifesto on a more individual level legitimises that lack for homosexual subjects. Get Real quite explicitly seeks to overturn the heterosexist stereotype of gays as lonely and unhappy figures, and to offer a different perspective on gay subjectivity and sexuality. Fucking Åmål performs the same work for the subjectivity and sexuality of young lesbians, as Agnes works through the trauma of her initial rejection by Elin and her “outing” at home, and Elin works through the identity crisis prompted by her emerging desire for Agnes. For each, the journey from abjection to joy ends triumphantly as, with no apparent threat of retribution, they redefine the significance of key spaces, of school and home. Both films use space to articulate the characters’ joys and anguish as they struggle with the conflicting effects of love and desire for another, the taunts they suffer from others because of their sexuality, and the eventual amelioration of the restrictions of their spatial location. While the gaze offers a metaphorical space for looking in Get Real and Fucking Åmål, space is also defined in regional and sexual terms. Elin and Agnes are space-bound characters, living within the claustrophobic confines of small town Åmål (Sweden). The original title of the film (Fucking Åmål), rather than the more bland, international release title (Show Me Love), captures teenage boredom with the stifling confines of their environment. Elin’s howls of exasperation give voice to her feelings of entrapment: “Why do we have to live in fucking Åmål? When something’s ‘in’ in the rest of the world, it’s already ‘out’ by the time it gets here.” When Elin and Agnes attempt an escape by hitching a ride out of town, their make-out session in the backseat of their lift’s car is accompanied by Foreigner’s “I want to know what love is”; the interplay of song lyrics, the young lovers’ sexual play, and their eventual eviction from the car offering an ironic performance that rehearses the double meaning of the film’s title and the story’s vexed themes of subjection and subjectivity. The visual style of Fucking Åmål also adds to the pervading sense of containment that the young protagonists experience. Interior domestic scenes dominate and appear spatially constrained. Often a low-key colour scheme serves as an iconic sign indicating the metaphorical nature of the drabness of Åmål. Agnes, as a relative newcomer to Åmål, occupies the spatial fringe both in terms of her strangeness to the place and her perceived queerness. She is the subject of ridicule, innuendo, and ostracism by her peers. Agnes’s marginalisation and abjection are metaphorically expressed through camera framing and tracking – close-ups capture her feelings of rejection and aloneness, and her movements in public spaces, such as the school canteen and corridors, are often confined to the perimeters or the background. By contrast, Elin appears to be in the spatial centre as she is a popular and sexually desirable young woman. It is when she falls in love with Agnes that she too finds herself dislocated, both within her self and within her home town. The stifling confines of Åmål offer limited recreational spaces for its youth, with the urban shopping centre and park are places for congregation and social contact. Ironically, communal spaces, such as the school and the park, effect a spatial intimacy through proximity; yet, the heterosexual imperative that operates in these public and populated spaces compels Elin and Agnes to effect a spatial distance with its necessary emotional and physical separation. When Elin and Agnes finally ‘come out’, it is part of a broader teen rebellion against continuing ennui and oppressive strictures that limit their lives. Steven (Get Real) lives a privileged middle class life in Basingstoke (Hampshire, UK) although this is unsettled by a pervasive sense of homophobic surveillance, locally and immediately embodied in the school’s masculinist bullies, but networked more widely through fathers, school principals, and the police. As Foucault argued, surveillance has a disciplinary function because individuals are made conscious that they are being watched and judged from a normalising perspective. This being so, even open spaces in Get Real have a claustrophobic effect. The park where Steven goes in quest of sexual contact thus signifies ambiguously: messages are passed from within the smallest space (a cubicle within the toilet) but once outside an individual’s presence can be registered by any neighbour, and the concealed spaces of the woodland are subjected to police raids. The film neatly ties this physical surveillance to mental surveillance when Steven’s father confronts him about being seen in the park when he was supposed to have been working on his essay project about youth in the contemporary world. For Steven, the project is a sham because he is only enabled to write from within the normalised perspective which excludes himself. Communication at the highest level available to him – a prize-winning essay in a public competition – thus denies him any subjective agency. The film’s ironic chain thus entails first the winning of the prize (but only because his father secretly submitted Steven’s discarded essay) and then Steven’s subsequent use of the award ceremony to present his other, suppressed essay and to declare his sexual orientation. In both films, gay and lesbian sexualities are constructed as paradoxical spaces. On the one hand, gay and lesbian desires and identities are distanced from the heterosexual paradigm, yet firmly embedded within it and (therefore subject to) homophobic discourses. Difference is not tolerated. In Fucking Åmål, characters are marginalised because of physical and sexual difference; in Get Real, difference is defined in terms of class, sexuality, and hegemonic masculinity. Both films offer positive outcomes which affirm a resignification of the “cultural screen”. By depicting the dystopic effect of heteronormative society on the principal gay and lesbian characters, each film functions to highlight issues of access to and place within the spatial public sphere. From Fucking Åmål, indeed, we might infer that such strategies as the ironic transformation of the gaze have the potential to produce utopian visions. Despite the strategy of allowing Steven one further transformation of public space, when he seizes a public forum to deliver his coming-out speech, Get Real offers a less utopian vision, but still a firm sense that social space has undergone significant disruption. While Elin comes to accept and realise the value of Agnes’s original “gift of love” to her, John Dixon is unable to move beyond the restrictive confines of heteronormative space and therefore rejects Steven’s public and personal gift of love. Nevertheless, in both films, it is through the agential actions of Elin, Agnes, and Steven in publicly declaring their love for the other that serves as an active signifier, openly challenging the sexualised space of their school and community: a space that passively accepts the kind of orthodoxy that naturalises heterosexualised ways of looking and loving, and abhors and repudiates homosexual/lesbian desire. In this sense, there is an opening up of a queer space of desire which exerts its own form of resistance and defiance to patriarchal discourse. Works Cited Bal, Mieke. Death and Dissymmetry: The Politics of Coherence in the Book of Judges. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Best, Sue. “Sexualising space”. Eds. Elizabeth. Grosz & Elspeth Probyn Sexy Bodies: The strange Carnalities of Feminism. London & New York: Routledge, 1995. 181-194. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison. London: A. Lane (Penguin Books), 1977. Irigaray, Luce. Speculum of the Other Woman, trans. G.C. Gill. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. Irigaray, Luce. “Sexual difference”. Ed. Toril Moi, French Feminist Thought: A Reader. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987. 118-130. Mulvey, Laura. “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” (1975) reprinted in Visual and Other Pleasures. London: Macmillan, 1989. 29-37. Silverman, Kaja. The Threshold of the Visible World. New York: Routledge, 1996. Filmography Fucking Åmål (Show Me Love). Dir./writer Lukas Moodysson. WN Danubius/ITA Slovakia, 1998. Get Real. Dir. Simon Shore. Paramount, 1999. Links linenoise.co.uk (Accessed 31/10/02) cinephiles.net (Accessed 31/10/02) brightlightsfilm.com (Accessed 31/10.02) hollywood.com (Accessed 31/10/02) movie-reviews.colossus.net (Accessed 31/10/02) culturevulture.net (Accessed 31/10/02) english.lsu.edu (Accessed 3/11/02) Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Mallan, Kerry and Stephens, John. "Love’s Coming (Out)" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.6 (2002). Dn Month Year < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0211/lovescomingout.php>. APA Style Mallan, K. & Stephens, J., (2002, Nov 20). Love’s Coming (Out). M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 5,(6). Retrieved Month Dn, Year, from http://www.media-culture.org.au/0211/lovescomingout.html