Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Vizuální stimul“

Háttér és célkitűzésekA szakkádikus szemmozgási paraméterek biomarkerként történő önálló használata egyes degeneratív neuropszhichiátriai kórképek felismerésében egyelőre kérdéses. Jelen vizsgálatunk célkitűzése egy olyan szakkádikus szemmozgásvizsgálati protokoll megvalósítása, amely a nemzetközi klinikai kutatásoknak megfelelően kialakított vizsgálati paraméterekkel jellemezhető. Továbbá egészséges vizsgált személyek szakkádparamétereinek a nemzetközileg publikált adatokkal való összehasonlítása, illetve a Boston Sütilopás feladatban használt kép vizuális tesztkörnyezetbe történő beépítésének disztraktor-hatásvizsgálata a szakkádikus paraméterekre.MódszerVizsgálatainkat egészséges önkéntes alanyokon végeztük Tobii Pro X3-120 berendezéssel, két eltérő vizuális környezetet tartalmazó, egyéb tekintetben teljesen megegyező felépítésű, proszakkád és antiszakkád tesztek gap és overlap feladataiban. Az egyik csoport vizuális tesztkörnyezete standard szürke háttérből és fekete stimulusokból állt (STD tesztcsoport), a másiké a Boston Afázia Teszt Sütilopás képleírási feladatban használt képet és zöld-piros színű stimulusokat tartalmazott (BSL tesztcsoport).EredményekA proszakkád és antiszakkád overlap latencia mindkét csoportban nagyobb volt, mint a gap feladatban. A vizsgálati alanyok életkora közepes erősségű módon korrelált az STD csoport proszakkád gap latenciájával, illetve a BSL csoport proszakkád overlap latencia, antiszakkád gap/overlap latencia és overlap időtartam értékével. A csoportok közötti életkori eltérés statisztikai kontrollja mellett nem találtunk különbséget a proszakkád és antiszakkád latencia, illetve csúcssebesség tekintetében. A szakkád időtartamok szignifi kánsan rövidebbek voltak a BSL csoportban. Az iránytévesztési ráta a proszakkád tesztben megegyezett; az antiszakkád gap időtartam, az overlap időtartam, illetve a gap iránytévesztési ráta szignifi káns csoportkülönbséget mutatott.KövetkeztetésekA nemzetközi sztenderdeknek megfelelő újszerű vizsgálati protokoll alkalmasnak látszik hagyományos neuropszichológiai tesztekkel és kutatócsoportunk közelmúltban kidolgozott automatikus beszédfelismerő algoritmusokat alkalmazó tesztjeivel kombinálva egészséges és demencia szindrómával élő személyek multimodális klinikai vizsgálatában történő felhasználásra.Background and aimsThe use of saccadic parameters as specifi c biomarkers in the diagnosis of degenerative neuropsychiatric disorders is still problematic. The aim of the current study was to 1) establish a protocol for saccadic eye movement measurements that is concordant with international clinical investigations; 2) compare saccadic parameters of healthy subjects with internationally published data, and 3) integrate the picture from Boston Cookie Theft test into the visual test environment and evaluate its distractor effects on saccadic parameters.MethodsHealthy volunteers were assessed with Tobii Pro X3-120 eye tracker in two distinct visual settings, but otherwise identical test environment evaluating prosaccades and antisaccades in gap and overlap conditions. One group was assessed in a visual test environment based on a traditional uniform grey background with black stimuli (STD test group), while the visual test environment of the other group contained the Cookie Theft picture of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination with green and red stimuli (BSL group).ResultsProsaccade and antisaccade latencies were signifi cantly longer in the overlap condition both in the BSL and STD groups. After controlling for age, the STD and BSL group did not differ in terms of prosaccade latency, antisaccade latency or peak velocity; only saccade durations were shorter in the BSL group. Saccadic direction error rate in the prosaccade task was identical in both groups, while the antisaccade gap duration, overlap duration and gap direction error rates showed signifi cant group differences.The present, newly developed protocol conforms to international standards, and may be useful for multi-modal clinical studies assessing healthy subjects and people suffering from dementia, combined with traditional neuropsychological tasks and the speech recognition task recently developed by our research group.

A playback experiment in which a recording of vocalization is played to the tested subject and its response is observed, is a widely used tool for examining bird song and its functions. Most often only acoustic stimulus is used, but sometimes a visual stimulus is also provided in the form of a dummy. Taxidermic mounts or models made from different materials are used as the dummy. It is discussed among researchers, whether it is or is not necessary to use a dummy in experiments and how does its presence affect behavior of the tested individuals. However, only few studies directly focus on this issue and test the effect of dummies. The best way to test the effects of a dummy on passerines in playback experiments is to test the same individuals in both situations (with a dummy and without a dummy) and compare the reactions. The aim of this theses was to perform such experiments on Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) and Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) males and to find out whether they would behave similarly in both variants of the experiment, or if their reaction would be enhanced in the presence of a dummy. Chiffchaffs reacted significantly more aggressively in the dummy experiment. The biggest difference was time spent by attacking the dummy and staying close to it. In Yellowhammers, the dummy...

Spatial orientation of pigeons on a small scale was intensivelly studied in experiments using various types of arenas or mazes. In these experiments pigeons usually searched for food hidden in the goal area and they based their orientation on available landmarks. The development of new technologies allowed to test spatial cognition of pigeons also in virtual tasks, based exclusively on a schematic representation of an arena or maze on a touch screen. In experiments of this type pigeon marks the goal by pecking and it is rewarded by food from a feeder, located near the monitor. Study presented in this diploma thesis was based on combination of both types of spatial tasks. The information crucial for locating the goal was presented to pigeons on a computer screen in form of graphic stimuli, whereas the goal itself was formed by one of the 4 holes in corners of a transparent rectangular desk, standing in front of the monitor. Experiment with similar design was not yet published in the study of spatial cognition of pigeons. Two types of abstract graphic stimuli were tested. The first stimuli provided a spatial information about the location of a goal and had a form of small rectangular frame with a white spot in one of its corners. The frame represented the space of the response desk and the white spot...

The dissertation focuses on the area of in-store communication, its perception and visual attention within the elements of the point of sale. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the influence of selected visual instruments of the sales point on attention of the consumer from generation Y. To realize this aim were used eye-tracking method (n = 54), in-depth interviews (n = 54) and focus groups (n = 32) with consumers, in-depth interviews with specialist (n = 12) and questionnaire (n = 1456). The result of the work is the evaluation of the importance of these visual elements across the different categories of foods, the comparison of the findings with the theory and practice and the proposal of recommendations applicable in practice

Spatial cognition as a model for study of learning, memory and problem solving has a long history in neurosciences. This cognitive ability is used for several reasons. Firstly, the ability to form the inner representation of a space, to orient in an environment, to perceive positions of prominent objects and of other animals is essential for all mammals and birds. Thus it is natural for animals to perform such behavior even in experimental conditions. Secondly, it is possible to compare spatial cognition of different species in similar tasks. And thirdly, there are strong indices of the possible neuroanatomical substrate and mechanism underlying spatial cognition. There are different strategies of navigation in an environment, which could be distinguished by different criterions. They differ in the frames of reference in which the observer operates, i.e. whether the co-ordinates are centered in a subject (egocentric orientation) or whether the co-ordinates encode only the relations between objects and dominants in the environment and they are not dependent on observer (geocentric orientation). The navigational strategies also differ by the type of cues that are used for navigation. In allothetic orientation the subject employs external landmarks, which may be not only visual stimuli, but also the stimuli of...