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1

Lundin, Emil. „The neural correlates of visual consciousness and no-report paradigms“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20007.

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Traditional ways to examine and investigate the neural correlates of consciousness usually require the participants to actively report their perceptions and conscious contents. Having the participants actively report can confound the neural correlates with co-occurring processes. Instead, no-report paradigms try to remove the active process of reporting by either objectively trying to measure conscious content by tracking eye movements and pupil dilation, or retroactively inquire about the conscious states. The results of an fMRI experiment utilising tracking of optokinetic nystagmus and pupil dilation as an objective measure of conscious content highlight a difference in frontal areas while activation in posterior areas are similar to active report experiments. EEG experiments utilising the sustained inattentional blindness paradigm did not see the late positivity commonly seen when the participants were aware of the stimuli but it was not task relevant. Utilising no-report paradigms can provide unique insights into the discussion of theories of consciousness and further develop our understanding of consciousness.
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Allen, Christopher P. G. „Probing visual consciousness with transcranial magnetic stimulation“. Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/40572/.

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This thesis explores the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on conscious perception and visual processing. Chapter 1 addresses issues of experimental design. Two broad classes of TMS intervention were used and are reported in separate chapters. Chapter 2 involves repetitive ‘off-line’ TMS combined with neuroimaging techniques. Chapter 3 employs ‘on-line’ TMS applied with temporal specificity to track the passage of information through early visual cortex. Chapter 4 is a general discussion primarily concerned with the issues encountered experiments oriented towards consciousness.
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Förster, Jona. „ERP and MEG Correlates of Visual Consciousness : An Update“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17375.

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Two decades of event-related potential (ERP) research have established that the most consistent correlates of the onset of visual consciousness are the early visual awareness negativity (VAN), a negative component in the N2 time range over posterior electrode sites, and the late positivity (LP), a positive component in the P3 time range over fronto-parietal electrode sites. A review by Koivisto & Revonsuo (2010) had looked at 39 studies and concluded that the VAN is the earliest and most reliable correlate of visual phenomenal consciousness, whereas the LP probably reflects later processes associated with reflective/access consciousness. However, an “early” vs. “late” debate still persists. This thesis provides an update to that earlier review. All ERP and MEG studies that have appeared since 2010 and directly compared ERPs of aware and unaware conditions are considered. The result corroborates the view that VAN is the earliest and most consistent signature of visual phenomenal consciousness, and casts further doubt on the LP as an ERP correlate of consciousness. Important new methodological, empirical, and theoretical developments in the field are described, and the empirical results are related to the theoretical background debates.
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Grassini, Simone. „Electrophysiological correlates of subjective visual awareness: an ERP study“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104606.

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Many event-related potential (ERP) studies have tried to find out which brain processes are responsible for the subjective experience of seeing. The contribution of these studies has been crucial in order to identify the temporal and spatial dynamics of visual awareness. The negative difference wave named visual awareness negativity (VAN), observed around 200 ms after the stimulus onset, has been claimed by many as a plausible candidate for reflecting the processes correlating with conscious visual perception. Other studies argue instead that only the P3 wave, a positive wave observed around 300-400 ms, correlates with visual awareness. The aim of the present study was to shed light on the issue of the presence of VAN even when using an experimental procedure that allows to dissociate the ERP correlate of subjective awareness from those of unconscious perception, allowing a separate analysis. Data from 24 participants was collected in the present study. The experimental framework included a forced-choice localization task of a low-contrast stimulus, followed by the subjective rating of awareness. The results of the study support the idea that the VAN is the earliest electrophysiological correlate of subjective visual awareness and that the phenomenon of visual awareness emerges early in the visual area.
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Leite, Juliana Valeria 1977. „Prognostic value of the blinking reflex to visual threat in comatous patients = Valor prognóstico do reflexo de piscar à ameaça visual em pacientes comatosos“. [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313507.

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Orientador: Donizeti Cesar Honorato
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:15:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_JulianaValeria_M.pdf: 641050 bytes, checksum: b62398f140661279efb6ea212dc9afcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: A avaliação do nível de consciência faz parte da rotina da equipe multiprofissional que conduz pacientes em coma. Sinais que possam representar a melhora do nível de consciência destes pacientes são constantemente buscados. Atualmente sabe-se que alguns fatores, como por exemplo, a resposta motora na escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG) e a apresentação do reflexo fotomotor apresentam valor prognóstico, porém nenhum deles é relacionado diretamente ao despertar destes pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de relacionar a presença do reflexo de piscar à ameaça visual (RPAV), com o despertar de pacientes comatosos e evidenciar o seu valor prognóstico. Para tanto foi feito um estudo retrospectivo com os dados obtidos em prontuários do serviço de arquivos médicos do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (HC-UNICAMP) de pacientes internados nas enfermarias de neurologia clinica e neurocirurgia entre os períodos de abril de 2005 a abril de 2010. Foram selecionados 975 prontuários correspondentes ao diagnóstico de traumatismo cranioencefálico e acidente vascular encefálico. Destes, foram selecionados 119 prontuários de pacientes que se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão representados pela resposta motora menor ou igual a quatro na ECG na admissão hospitalar e a descrição do RPAV durante o período de internação sendo excluídos os pacientes com resposta motora na admissão hospitalar superior a quatro, que não apresentassem a descrição da avaliação do RPAV ou que tivessem patologias neurológicas associadas às mencionadas como fator de seleção para os prontuários. Foram analisados os dados relativos ao sexo, diagnóstico clínico, resposta motora isolada e ao Glasgow total na admissão e alta hospitalar, a apresentação do RPAV durante o período de internação e a evolução clínica do paciente que foi representada pelo despertar, traduzido pela resposta motora seis ou cinco na ECG, evolução ao estado vegetativo persistente e óbito. A análise estatística demonstrou através da análise de regressão logística univariada e multivariada com critério Stepwise de seleção de variáveis uma associação entre a apresentação positiva do RPAV durante o período de internação e o despertar dos pacientes estudados (p<0.001). Todos os 51 pacientes que apresentaram o reflexo despertaram enquanto os pacientes que não apresentaram o reflexo não despertaram, evoluindo ao estado vegetativo persistente (24 pacientes) ou ao óbito (44 pacientes). Os pacientes que apresentaram o reflexo positivo durante o período de internação apresentaram uma maior possibilidade de despertar (11.685.00 vezes maior) dos que não o apresentaram adotando-se o nível de significância para os testes estatísticos de 5%, ou seja, p<0.05. O presente estudo demonstrou que o RPAV apresenta valor prognostico, estando sua apresentação positiva diretamente associada ao despertar destes pacientes
Abstract: The level of consciousness assessment is part of the hospital routine in comatose patients. Signs that may indicate cognitive improvement in these patients are constantly searched. Nowadays it is kwon that some features represent prognostic value, however, none relates directly with awakening in coma patients. The main purpose of this study was to associate the presence of the blinking reflex as a response to a visual threat with awakening in coma patients. We reviewed medical records from University of Campinas Clinical Hospital from patients diagnosed with stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) who stayed in the hospital neurological ward from April 2005 to April 2010. We reviewed 975 medical records. 119 patients were included; on admission they presented a score four or less for motor response in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and description RPVA during hospitalization, being excluded patients with diagnoses other than those cited and motor response at admission more than four, which did not present the description of the assessment the blinking reflex or had neurological pathologies associated with those mentioned as selection factor for records. We gathered information from the charts regarding sex, disease, GCS total score, GCS motor score on admission and discharge, the presence or absence of the blinking reflex and level of consciousness on discharge, characterized as awakening, persistent vegetative state or death. Statistical analysis demonstrated through the analysis of univariate and multivariate logistic regression with stepwise selection criterion variables of a direct association between a positive blinking reflex of to visual threat during the period of hospitalization awakening in our cohort (p<0.001) . All the 51 patients with a positive reflex awoke, while patients with a negative reflex don't awakening evolved to persistent vegetative state (24) or death (44). A positive blinking reflex to visual threat during hospitalization increases the chance of awakening by 11.685.00 times when compared with patients with a negative reflex. The blinking reflex as a response to a threat has great prognostic value while its positivity is directly associated with awakening in coma patients
Mestrado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestra em Ciências Médicas
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Achoui, Dalila. „Consciousness and perceptual decision-making: The relationship between first- and second-order processing“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284059.

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Chapter 1 starts with providing the theoretical background against which the experimental work in this thesis can be viewed. It provides the main approaches, theories and views on consciousness and the main challenges in the field. Specifically, it does so in relation to first-order and second- order neuronal processing, which will be explained later on. Furthermore, Chapter 1 discusses the conscious brain in its larger context of an embodied mind and the environment in which the agent lives. Lastly, the final section reviews the possibility of consciousness being a social construct. Chapter 2 continues with examining what happens when information-processing is limited to first-order processing, which is the case when information remains subliminal. Subliminal information does get processed up to a certain level, since brain activity in response to the stimulus can be measured. Yet, it is not processed up to the level that renders the stimulus conscious. The study presented in Chapter 2 aims to answer whether perceptual information presented below the conscious threshold can still affect behaviour? The outcome of this and similar studies would tell us more about the possible functions of consciousness. If subliminal stimuli are not able to influence behaviour, it would suggest that consciousness is necessary in order to guide or regulate human behaviour. Chapter 3 discusses how (changes in) perceptual content influences the subjective experience of time, a concept that is highly related to consciousness. Consciousness inevitably needs a reference or content to be conscious of. Similarly, time needs external physical events to occur to have any meaning, since time is generally only defined in terms of changes of state, mass or energy. Atomic clocks measure time by detecting changes in energy levels of electrons in atoms and are the most accurate timekeepers we have with an error rate of only 1 second per 30 million years. Therefore, no matter how small the event is, without any such event like a change in physical state of the electron the concept of time would be meaningless. Thus, the concept of time would be completely irrelevant in a universe without mass or matter. In such a universe the passing of a single nanosecond would be exactly the same as a billion years. This dependence on external events is what makes time perception such an interesting topic to study in the field of consciousness. The critical question here is how subjective experience of time relates to conscious (changes in) perceptual content.Chapter 4 further explores the relationship between perceptual content and consciousness. The study described in this chapter examines the transition of first-order information to second-order processing. Does a gradual increase in first-order perceptual evidence result in similarly gradual judgments of subjective experience? This chapter discusses levels of representation, perceptual evidence and their effect on subjective judgments. The key question here is whether increasing perceptual evidence while maintaining a fixed level of representation will result in higher levels of subjective measures as well or whether such measures only increase with higher levels of representation. In short, can you be more or less conscious in a graded manner or is consciousness an all-or-none type of phenomenon? This answer will have important consequences for distinguishing between the main theories on consciousness since their predictions about graded consciousness differ and therefore could be strongly challenged by the answer to this question. Chapter 5 tests the idea of consciousness being an acquired ability rather than an innate property of the brain by examining the possibility of training or improving second-order processing, which is one of the key assumptions of the Radical Plasticity Theory. The study described in this chapter explores plasticity of consciousness by performing a perceptual learning study of multiple sessions over several days. The effects of this training paradigm on both first- and second order processing will be discussed in this chapter. Chapter 6 looks deeper into such second-order subjective judgments and what kinds of first- order information is used to make such judgments. It has been suggested that such measures of conscious experience not only incorporate sensory information but also includes information from non-sensory brain areas such as the motor cortex. In light of the sensorimotor accounts of consciousness the influence of motor cortex, and thus action, on the subjective experience of visual stimuli would be an important result and would support such accounts wherein perception and action are tightly intertwined. Finally, chapter 7 summarizes the main findings and discusses the results within the larger framework or first- and second order processing. It also addresses the consequences or implications of these findings for some of the most promising theories on consciousness, and Radical Plasticity thesis in particular.
Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kastrati, Granit. „Event-related potential correlates of visual consciousness : a review of theories and empirical studies“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6124.

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Two influential theories of consciousness disagree about if consciousness initially arises along the occipitotemporal cortex to later engage frontoparietal regions and attentional mechanisms, or if it necessarily requires the latter. Consequently, different predictions are made about the temporal emergence of consciousness. The event-related potential (ERP) technique can be used to resolve the issue. It can temporally track neural activity of consciously perceived stimuli relative to stimuli bypassing consciousness. This essay describes the two theories and reviews ERP studies on visual consciousness and its relationship to attention. Three ERP correlates of consciousness have been proposed. The question is if they should be interpreted as supporting the one or the other theory. Most plausibly, visual consciousness arises along occipitotemporal regions and later incorporates frontal areas engaging higher cognitive functions. Importantly it seems that consciousness cannot arise without spatial attention/parietal regions.
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Byers, Kenneth Charles. „Full-body interaction : perception and consciousness in interactive digital 3-dimension audio visual installations“. Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.740180.

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Wienen, Renske. „Gender differences in unconscious visual working memory“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161418.

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Recent research has shown that working memory tasks can be performed with information that hasn’t been consciously perceived. This provides new opportunities in research concerning possible limitations and influential factors on unconscious working memory. Gender has been demonstrated to be a factor affecting conscious visual working memory tasks and could likewise influence unconscious visual working memory. An analysis of behavioral data, obtained in three similar unconscious visual working memory tasks (n = 89), was performed. Three ANCOVAs were conducted to establish whether there was a significant effect of gender on unconscious working memory accuracy, response time (RT) and speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) across the three datasets. The analysis demonstrated a significant advantage in response time for female participants compared to male participants. Implications of this observation, such as male and female response strategies and possible social implications of unconscious processes, are discussed in this thesis.
Nyligen har arbetsminnet bevisats fungera omedvetet. Detta öppnar nya dörrar för forskning om möjliga begränsningar och påverkande faktorer på omedvetet arbetsminne. Kön, som har betydande inflytande på medvetet visuellt arbetsminne, kan på samma sätt också påverka det omedvetna visuella arbetsminnet. En analys av data, insamlad vid tre liknande visuella uppgifter där det omedvetna arbetsminnet användes (n = 91), utfördes. ANCOVAs utfördes för att fastställa huruvida det fanns betydande effekter utifrån kön på det omedvetna arbetsminnets noggrannhet, svarstid samt avvägning mellan snabbhet och noggrannhet, oavsett uppgift. Analysen visade ett signifikant övertag vad gäller kvinnors svarstid i jämförelse med manliga deltagare. Detta övertag gäller generell svarstid och en fördelaktig avvägning mellan snabbhet och noggrannhet. Konsekvensen av dessa observationer, såsom olika svarstaktik för män och kvinnor, möjlig samhällspåverkan av omedvetna processer, diskuteras i denna uppsats.
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Hendrey-Seabrook, Therie. „Unpacking 'Punch' : textual and visual mediation of Victorian discourses into the popular consciousness, 1850 - 1880“. Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407735.

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Windey, Bert. „Is consciousness graded or dichotomous? a level of processing account“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209166.

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In this dissertation, we investigate whether consciousness is graded or dichotomous. Based on previous work and a level of processing framework, we hypothesize that consciousness in general, and visual experience specifically, can be conceived of as both graded and dichotomous. We present a series of experimental studies that provide support for this reasoning. We outline a set of future projects which can follow up on this research, and discuss the limitations of the current approach.
Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Carter, Olivia. „Altered states of consciousness : a study of visual perception and cognition incorporating psychophysics, neuropharmacology and meditation /“. [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19153.pdf.

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Liu, Ying. „Visual consciousness and its relation with feature-based attention : behavioral experiments and magnetoencephalographic recordings in humans“. Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066416.

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Les caractéristiques visuelles d’un même objet paraissent unifiées dans le contenu de conscience. Quelles sont les activités cérébrales liées au fait d’être conscient d’une caractéristique, lorsque d'autres peuvent interférer avec sa perception? Cette conscience des caractéristiques visuelles dépend-elle de l’attention qu’on leur porte comme le suggèrent la plupart des théories? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons d'abord réalisé une expérience en magnétoencéphalographie (MEG). Nous confirmons l'existence de corrélats précoces de la perception consciente vers 200-300ms, et localisons les principales sources de cette activité bilatéralement dans le complexe occipital latéral (LO). Quand deux caractéristiques visuelles sont présentes, mais qu’une seule est pertinente pour la tâche, les régions pariétales gauches semblent contribuer à ségréger les caractéristiques indépendamment de conscience. Nous avons ensuite réalisé deux expériences comportementales pour tester si l'attention peut se focaliser sur des caractéristiques visuelles de stimuli non perçus. L'attention des observateurs était dirigée de façon volontaire ou automatique vers une couleur spécifique, permettant de sélectionner, dans un stimulus visible ou non, un indice pertinent pour la tâche réalisée. Nous constatons que seule l’attention automatique parvient à sélectionner une caractéristique visuelle dans un stimulus non consciemment perçu. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que l'attention automatique à une caractéristique visuelle repose sur des mécanismes différents de la conscience perceptive. La question reste ouverte pour ce qui est de l’attention volontaire
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Park, Hyeongdong. „Brain-body interactions in conscious experience : linking subjectivity, neural maps of visceral organs, and visual consciousness“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066055.

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Rapporter 'j'ai vu le stimulus' est la marque de la vision consciente et implique deux caractéristiques fondamentales de l'expérience consciente, à savoir son aspect qualitatif et la subjectivité. L'aspect qualitatif correspond à la perception vive du stimulus, alors que la subjectivité correspond à la conscience implicite que j'ai fait l'expérience du stimulus. Afin de déterminer les bases neurales de la subjectivité, nous introduisons le concept de cadre neural subjectif ('neural subjective frame') qui correspond aux mécanismes biologiques définissant le sujet en tant qu'une entité biologique, un point d'ancrage à partir duquel des expressions relatives à l'expérience consciente à la première personne peuvent être formulées. De plus, je propose que la représentation neurale de l'information viscérale pourrait constituer ce cadre neural subjectif. Afin de tester expérimentalement cette hypothèse, à l'aide de la magnétoencéphalographie, nous avons enregistré les réponses neuronales aux battements cardiaques, pendant que les participants réalisaient une tâche de détection visuelle. Nous avons trouvé que les réponses neuronales aux battements cardiaques avant la présentation du stimulus, dans le cortex cingulaire ventral antérieur et le lobule postérieur intrapariétal droit, pouvaient prédire la détection d'un stimulus visuel de faible contraste. Les réponses neuronales aux battements cardiaques de plus forte amplitude s'accompagnaient d'un taux de détection et d'une sensibilité plus importants, sans changement du critère de décision. Ni les fluctuations des paramètres corporels ni l'excitabilité corticale générale ne semblent contribuer à ces résultats. Par ailleurs, le fait de voir consciemment le stimulus a ralenti le battement cardiaque après la réponse des participants et cet effet de décélération cardiaque pouvait être prédit par la réponse neuronale aux battements cardiaques du cortex cingulaire antérieur ventral, avant la présentation du stimulus. Ainsi, nos résultats sont en faveur de l’hypothèse selon laquelle la cartographie des afférents viscéraux façonne notre expérience subjective perceptive. Au-delà de la vision consciente, ces résultats suggèrent que les signaux internes du corps et leurs représentations neuronales peuvent être la source de fluctuations dans des aires corticales multi-fonctionnelles
Reporting “I saw the stimulus” is the hallmark of conscious vision and implies two fundamental characteristics of conscious experience, namely qualitativeness and subjectivity. Qualitativeness refers to the vivid feeling of the stimulus, whereas subjectivity refers to the implicit awareness that the experience occurred for me. To account for the neural basis of subjectivity, we introduce a concept termed the neural subjective frame which corresponds to the basic biological mechanisms defining the subject as a biological entity, as an anchoring point from which the first-person statements of conscious experience can be expressed. I further propose that neural representation of visceral information could constitute the neural subjective frame. To experimentally test this proposal, using magnetoencephalography, we recorded neural events locked to heartbeats while participants conducted visual detection task. We found that neural responses to heartbeats before stimulus onset in ventral anterior cingulate and right posterior intraparietal lobule could predict the detection of faint visual stimulus. Larger amplitude of neural responses to heartbeats were accompanied by enhanced hit-rate and sensitivity, but without changes in decision criterion. Neither fluctuations in measured bodily parameters nor in overall cortical excitability could account for this finding. In addition, consciously seeing the stimulus decelerated heartbeat after participants responded and the heartbeat slowing effect could be predicted from the prestimulus neural responses to heartbeats in ventral anterior cingulate cortex. Our findings therefore support the hypothesis that neural mapping of visceral afferents shape perceptual subjective experience. Beyond conscious vision, our findings suggest that signals from internal body and their neural representations could be sources of fluctuations in multi-functional cortical areas
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Rausch, Manuel [Verfasser], und Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Zehetleitner. „Content, granularity, and type 2 sensitivity of subjective measures of visual consciousness / Manuel Rausch. Betreuer: Michael Zehetleitner“. München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1099910439/34.

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Francini, Althea Art College of Fine Arts UNSW. „Analyzing oppositions in the concept of visuality between aesthetics and visual culture in art and education using John R. Searle's realist account of consciousness“. Publisher:University of New South Wales. Art, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43669.

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In art and education, theorists dispute the concept of visuality, or how meaning occurs from what we see. This study examines two opposed and acrimoniously entrenched theoretical perspectives adopted internationally: visual culture and aesthetics. In visual culture, visual experience, including perception is mediated by background cultural discourses. On this approach, subjectivity is explained as conventional, the role of the senses in making meaning is strongly diminished or rejected and from this, accounting for visuality precludes indeterminate and intuitive aspects. Differently, aesthetic perspectives approach visual meaning as obtaining through direct perceptual and felt aspects of aesthetic experience. Here, subjectivity remains discrete from language and the role of cultural discourse in making meaning diminishes or is excluded. Each description is important to the explanation of visuality in art and education, but problematic. To start, the study outlines the central explanatory commitments of both visual culture and aesthetics. The study identifies problems in each with their explanations of subjectivity or self. Both positions maintain from earlier explanations of cognition that separate theoretically and practically the senses, cognitive processes, and context. The study looks at approaches to mind and representation in accounts of visuality and provides some background from the cognitive sciences to understand the problem further. Contemporary explanation from science and philosophy is revising the separation. However, some approaches from science are reductive of mind and both aesthetics and visual culture theorists are understandably reluctant to adopt scientistic or behaviourist approaches for the explanation of visual arts practices. The aim of the study is to provide a non-reductive realist account of visuality in visual arts and education. To accomplish this aim, the study employs philosopher John R. Searle's explanation of consciousness because it explores subjectivity as qualitative, unified, and intrinsically social in experience. By doing this, the study addresses a gap in the theoretical understanding of the two dominant approaches to visuality. The key to relations between subjectivity and the world in reasoning is the capacity for mental representation. From this capacity and the rational agency of a self, practical reasoning is central to the creation, understanding, and appreciation of art and imagery. This account of consciousness, its aspects, and how it works includes description of the Background, as capacities enabling the uptake and structuring of sociocultural influence in mind. Crucially, the study shows how the capacity for reasoned action can be represented without dualism or reduction to the explanatory constraints of behavioural or physical sciences, an important commitment in the arts and education. In this explanation, the study identifies epistemic constraints on the representation of mental states, including unconscious states, in accounting for practices as reasoned activities. Centrally, the study looks at how, from the capacities of consciousness and the self's freedom of will, visuality is unified as qualitative, cognitive, and social. In exploring Searle's explanation of consciousness, some account of current work on cognition extends discussion of a reconciliation of visuality on these terms.
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Palumbo, Meredith. „Alienation, consciousness, and reclaiming the trajectory of the visual arts in Namibian nation building (John Muafangejo, Joseph Madisia) /“. [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3204286.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Art History, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: A, page: 0004. Adviser: Janet Kennedy. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed Dec. 12, 2006)."
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18

Ward, David. „Action-space theory of conscious vision“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5604.

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I argue that conscious visual experience consists in a direct and noninferential grasp of the way one’s current perceptual contact with the environment poises one to pursue various intentional plans, goals and projects. I show that such a view of visual consciousness is supported by current work in cognitive neuroscience, affords a compelling account of colour perception, and suggests a way to bridge the ‘explanatory gap’ between consciousness and the language of the natural sciences. In chapter 1, I examine the reasoning that leads to the appearance of an explanatory gap between the phenomenal and the physical in more detail, and set out the constraints on a solution that our discussion of the problem has imposed. I then sketch the two rival takes on the relationship between perception and action mentioned above – adjudicating between these two theories (and finding in favour of the action-space view) is the task of the next two chapters, and is a recurring theme throughout. Chapter 2 moves on to discuss some recent work in the neuropsychology of vision and what it might suggest about the functional role of conscious vision, and the first half of chapter 3 considers two puzzle cases concerning colour perception. Each of these discussions turns out to constitute a source of support for the actionspace view that visual perception consists in a grasp of the practical consequences of sensation, and the second half of chapter 3 sets out this view and responds to an initial range of questions and objections it might face. Chapter 4 illustrates our view via a discussion of colour perception, and chapter 5 discusses the type of grasp of practical consequences that is necessary for perceptual sensitivity to issue in conscious experience. By chapter 6, we are in a position to see how the action-space approach can help close the explanatory gap for phenomenal consciousness, and our final chapter sets out how I think this should be done. I conclude with a brief discussion of further questions and prospects for the action-space approach.
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19

White, Kelley. „Space: A Discovery of Visual Language“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2487.

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Space is a visual communicator. The act of perceiving space is a neurological soiree that projects and negotiates meaning in our constructed world. The poetry that we observe within space is tied directly to our emotions and to previous experience. Within ourselves, we each have particular feelings, unconscious or not, relating to height, length, and depth, as well as light and shadow. For example, a long, narrow hallway may elicit anxiety, while an open, sunlit nave in a cathedral may bring about feelings of serenity and joy. Our observations and interactions within the perceptual confines of space reveal clues to construction, movement, and play. Additionally, this participation unveils our awareness of space, and thus, reveals that our relationship with space exists in our acknowledgement of it—in our permitting of perception through conscious participation. To explore these ideas further, I will utilize typography to create immersive, sensory experiences that challenge interpretation through the application of human thought, or sensations, to non-living things and material states. This method will assist the observers to rationalize and create meaning within their own world through simplifying an experience in relation to self. Here, spatial language—like light, shadow, dimension, and proximity—will be exposed as a universal and innate part of our perception.
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20

Lodato, Thomas James. „A treatise on the loop as a desired form: visual feedback and relational new media“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33880.

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The visual feedback loop has long-been ignored as a form and an aesthetic within new media. Media theories have largely assumed a medium is defined by the material technology, relegating visual feedback to a circumstance of media rather than a unique and well-defined concept. This thesis sets forth a criteria for characterizing the visual feedback loop as a desired form, that is, a distinct set of formal and phenomenological qualities that are independent of a medium. Grounding the criteria are the cinema theories of Gilles Deleuze and Sean Cubitt; these theories propose that the cinematic image relates visual forms to generate information in decoding rather represents information directly. The thesis elaborates the theoretical concepts in examples of visual feedback loops from video (Nam June Paikâ s TV Buddha, Bruce Naumanâ s Live Taped Video Corridor), new media art (Daniel Rozinâ s physical mirrors), and digital technologies (GPS navigation systems). To reconcile the visual feedback loop within media theories, the thesis calls for a radical change in how theorists define a medium. Moving away from notions of inscription and materiality, media now rely on a collapsed distinction between sender and receiver. Hence, visual feedback loops exist as remediations of a conceptual framework rather than a technological one, and so require a logic within media theory that allow for the rise of other desired forms like the visual feedback loop.
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21

Rozier, Camille. „Behavioral and neural properties of conscious and unconscious expectancy effects“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS458.

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Tandis que les psychologues débattent depuis longtemps la question du conscient et de l’inconscient pour savoir lequel a le plus d’influence sur le comportement humain, une approche plus fructueuse serait d’explorer comment ces deux aspects fonctionnent ensemble. En effet, les recherches récentes montrent que les liens entre les processus conscients et inconscients sont si étroits qu’il serait quasi-impossible d’avoir une compréhension générale de l’appareil psychique humain sans comprendre leurs interactions. De plus, la conscience semble être nécessaire pour qu’une représentation mentale puisse être maintenue et accessible à divers processus cognitifs tels que le contrôle stratégique ou la mémoire épisodique. Plusieurs expériences comportementales et d’imagerie fonctionnelle montrent que les représentations inconscientes sont typiquement de très courte durée. Toutefois, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que ces représentations inconscientes éphémères pourraient également provoquer des processus de plus longue durée, comme le suggère l’observation récente de préparations motrices et attentionnelles pouvant être manipulées inconsciemment. Ceci nous a poussé à explorer si l’attente d’un stimulus visuel imminent – qui sollicite des processus moteurs et attentionnels – est modulée par des processus inconscients. Ainsi, nous avons développé une série d’expériences d’amorçage masqué pour explorer la possibilité d’initier inconsciemment un effet d’attente soutenue. A travers quatre expériences complémentaires qui utilisent des mesures comportementales, de l’EEG à haute densité ou des enregistrements intra-crâniaux, nous démontrons qu’un signal perçu inconsciemment peut moduler un composant ERP (la variation contingente négative, CNV) de longue durée (>1 seconde) et que cet effet d’attente neurophysiologique va de pair avec une facilitation comportementale. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de distinguer les représentations inconscientes éphémères de la possibilité d’une influence de plus longue durée sur les processus cognitifs. Les résultats iEEG ont mis en lumière une dissociation entre les effets conscients et inconscients. Nous trouvons des effets précoces comparables dans les régions temporales pour les signaux conscients et inconscients, suivis par des effets frontaux de longue durée uniquement pour les effets conscients. Ces résultats convergent vers un modèle en deux étapes des mécanismes sous-jacents de l’attente
While psychologists have long debated whether it is consciousness or unconsciousness that has a stronger hold on human behavior, a more fruitful endeavor is to explore how they work together. Recent research has shown that the links between conscious and unconscious processing are so extensive that it is almost impossible to get a complete picture of mental life without understanding their interactions. In this work, our main goal was to understand to which extent unconscious processing influences conscious representations, and impacts behavior. Furthermore, consciousness appears to be required for a representation to be actively maintained, and flexibly accessed, to most cognitive processes including strategic control and episodic memory. In several experiments, unconscious representations observed both with behavioral and functional brain-imaging tools are typically very short lived. However, we hypothesized that such vanishing unconscious representations may still elicit long-lasting processes. Indeed, recent research has shown that attention and motor preparation can be manipulated unconsciously. This led us to explore whether expectancy of an upcoming visual stimulus, which engages both attentional and motor processes, can be triggered by unconscious processes. To this aim, we designed a series of masked cueing experiments in which we explored the possibility of initiating unconsciously a sustained expectancy effect. Through four complementary experiments using behavioral measures, high-density EEG and intra-cranial recordings, we demonstrate that an unconsciously perceived visual cue can modulate a long-lasting (>1 second) event related potential (ERP) component (the contingent negative variation, CNV) and that this neurophysiological expectancy effect has a behavioral counterpart. These results underline the importance of distinguishing a fast decaying unconscious representation, from its possible long-lasting influences on cognitive processes. The iEEG results also revealed a dissociation between conscious and unconscious effects. We report early effects in temporal regions similar for conscious and unconscious cues, followed by late and sustained frontal effects for the conscious effects only. Taken together, these results converge towards a two-stage model of the underlying mechanisms of expectancy
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22

Bailey, Trenton. „Kemetic Consciousness: A Study of Ancient Egyptian Themes in the Lyrics and Visual Art of Earth, Wind & Fire, 1973-1983“. DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2017. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/106.

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By the mid-1970s, Earth, Wind & Fire (EWF) became one of the most commercially successful pop music bands in the world. Their dynamic sound thrilled listeners and their elaborate concerts captivated audiences. EWF stood out from other artists with their philosophical messages and their use of ancient Egyptian symbols and imagery in their visual art. The ancient Egyptian themes intrigued fans but drew criticism from others. This study examines the ancient Egyptian themes incorporated into the lyrics of the songs recorded by the band. This study also examines the ancient Egyptian symbols used in the EWF’s visual art, including album covers, music videos, and concerts. A content analysis was conducted to study the lyrics and identify themes related to ancient Egyptian spirituality. A content analysis was also used to study the visual art and decipher what the symbols may signify. This research was based on the premise that Earth, Wind & Fire used their artistry to be a positive influence. When the lyrics and visual art were examined, the researcher found that they both contain themes of ancient wisdom and universal truths. The conclusions drawn from the findings suggest that EWF’s mission was to raise the consciousness of the world, and the way people responded is an indication that the mission was accomplished. The findings also suggest that the negative criticism EWF has received is unjustifiable.
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23

Vermeiren, Astrid. „Underlying mechanisms of conscious perception“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209348.

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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents de la transition entre le traitement visuel conscient et inconscient. Il est maintenant largement accepté dans le domaine de la psychologie cognitive qu'au moins certains processus peuvent se dérouler de manière inconsciente. La perception visuelle est le champ le plus étudié à ce sujet. Bien que nous ayons l'impression d’avoir une vision complète, détaillée et continue du monde extérieur, il a été démontré que certaines parties de ce flux visuel ne sont pas consciemment perçues, par exemple en raison du fait qu'elles ont été présentées très rapidement ou en raison du fait que notre attention avait été détournée par un autre stimulus.

Le problème majeur dans l'étude scientifique de ces perceptions (in)conscientes, est que l'on doit se baser sur des mesures subjectives. En effet, seul l’observateur lui-même est capable de rapporter son expérience visuelle, et ce qu’il perçoit ne peut jamais être vérifié de manière objective par l'expérimentateur. En d'autres termes, il n'y a pas de variable directement mesurable de la conscience perceptuelle, ce qui force les expérimentateurs à utiliser des données observables objectivement (des données « à la troisième personne »). Se baser sur les rapports introspectifs est difficile car il s’agit d’une information qualitative et qui n’est pas fiable en raison de son caractère subjectif. Par conséquent, il a longtemps été considéré comme impossible d'étudier scientifiquement la conscience. Cependant, de nombreux développements, tant dans la pensée que dans les avancées méthodologiques, ont contribué à l'étude de la conscience en psychologie expérimentale.

Descartes [17], en introduisant une distinction entre le corps et l'esprit, a paradoxalement rendu possible l'étude scientifique du cerveau, celui-ci étant considéré comme faisant partie du corps. Cependant, la pensée (consciente) était considérée comme faisant partie de l'esprit, un substrat non-physique dont l’étude scientifique est impossible. C'est la principale raison pour laquelle, pendant longtemps, la conscience a été un sujet réservé exclusivement à la réflexion philosophique. Ce n'est qu’au cours du 19ème siècle que les premiers psychologues expérimentaux ont fait valoir l’idée selon laquelle les processus psychologiques pourraient être mesurés, et que la psychologie est devenue une discipline scientifique. Toutefois, au cours du 20ème siècle, les comportementalistes évitent la «conscience». Le comportement observable était alors considéré comme fournissant des données précieuses et étudier la conscience faisait appel à des méthodes introspectives considérées comme non fiables. Cependant, plus tard, les développements scientifiques ont radicalement changé cette idée. Par exemple, le gestaltisme a montré dans les illusions visuelles, que la conscience subjective est une variable qui peut être manipulée. De plus, la théorie de l'information [20,21] a proposé une métaphore du cerveau humain comme un système de traitement de l'information par analogie à un système informatique. Des expériences sur la "mémoire de travail" étaient alors très semblables à ce que nous appellerions aujourd’hui des études sur la conscience. En outre, certaines expériences ont démontré un traitement inconscient (par exemple, Marcel [3]) et la théorie de Détection du Signal [26] a fourni un moyen de quantifier les rapports de conscience. Enfin, des études de neuro-imagerie ont révélé que le traitement de l'information inconscient est accompagné par des processus cérébraux observables et démontre ainsi que les mécanismes neuronaux sous-jacents de traitement de l'information inconscient dans le cerveau peuvent être comparés à des mécanismes observés dans le traitement conscient. Cette approche à aujourd’hui mis à jour de nombreux candidats pour ce que l’on appelle le « corrélat neuronal de la conscience » (le «Neural Correlate of Consciousness» [6,29]).

En résumé, ces développements récents ont stimulé l’investigation expérimentale ainsi que de la pensée théorique sur la conscience. Il existe aujourd’hui de nombreuses théories de la conscience. Certaines sont inspirées de la philosophie et d'autres sont d’avantage basées sur l’analyse des mécanismes neuronaux sous-jacents. Dans l'introduction de cette thèse, nous ne discutons que les théories qui forment la base pour la construction de nos études. Nous empruntons la taxonomie de Block [34] pour organiser la multitude de théories. Nous survolons rapidement les théories biologiques, les théories du type « Espace de travail global » (Global Workspace Theory), et les théories d'ordre supérieur.

Dans la perspective biologique, la conscience est définie par un état biologique du cerveau. Lamme [38], par exemple, suggère que le traitement récurrent dans le cerveau est l'élément déterminant des processus conscients. Si le traitement est limité aux connexions « feedforward », il peut influencer le traitement mais n'est pas considéré comme conscient. Si des connexions récurrentes sont impliquées dans le flux de traitement, le traitement est défini comme une perception consciente. Même si ce traitement récurrent est très local (par exemple limité au cortex visuel), les participants sont considérés comme étant conscients du stimulus. Selon Lamme [38], cette définition de la conscience s'applique même lorsque les sujets nient faire l’expérience consciente du stimulus. Il s’agit d’une théorie très controversée, car elle définit la conscience en fonction d'un mécanisme neuronal et ne laisse aucune place aux rapports subjectifs.

La théorie de l’espace de travail global (GWT), par contre, met l’accent sur l’importance des rapports subjectifs. Dans cette théorie, la conscience est expliquée par la métaphore du théâtre [54]. Une représentation théâtrale combine des événements qui ont lieu sur scène en présence d’un public, tout comme la conscience implique des informations limitées qui rendent possibles l'accès à un grand nombre de sources inconscientes de la connaissance» [358]. Dehaene et ses collègues [55,61,334] ont étendu cette idée et ont proposé que la signature neuronale de cet espace de travail est une ignition brusque d’activation généralisée du cortex pariéto-frontal. En outre, ils distinguent quatre niveaux de conscience, basés sur deux dimensions: la force des stimuli (bottom-up) et l’attention (top-down). Si les deux dimensions sont élevées, un stimulus est consciemment traité. Si une seule de ces dimensions est élevée, le stimulus est traité inconsciemment (subliminal ou préconscient). Si les deux dimensions sont faibles, les stimuli n’ont (presque) aucun effet sur le traitement. Seulement dans le cas du traitement conscient, il y a donc activation qui s’étend à la région pariéto-frontale, c’est-à-dire l'espace de travail.

Dans une troisième théorie, « higher-order thought theory » (HOT) [69,70], inspirée de la philosophie, l'intuition est suivi que la conscience exige une pensée à l'effet que nous sommes dans un état d’avoir une certaine perception. Par exemple, lorsque je dis que j’ai une perception consciente de la couleur rouge, je veux dire que je pense à moi étant dans un état de percevoir rouge. En général, selon cette théorie, les états de conscience sont des états mentaux dont nous sommes conscients. Cette théorie traite donc particulièrement de l'aspect phénoménal de la conscience (c’est-à-dire ce que c'est que d'être dans un état de conscience).

Ces deux derniers types de théories ont considérablement contribué à l’élaboration de la thèse de la plasticité radicale [7,93]. Cette dernière constitue le point de départ des études dans la présente thèse de doctorat. Elle sera donc largement décrite tout au long de ce travail de thèse.

La thèse de la plasticité radicale [7,93] est une vue dynamique sur la conscience, en précisant que le cerveau s'adapte en continu à travers l'apprentissage de ses propres signaux internes en les re-décrivant. Ce processus de rediscription correspond à la formation de méta-représentations de la théorie de la pensée d'ordre supérieur. La combinaison de plusieurs de ces méta-représentations augmente la disponibilité de la conscience et correspond à une diffusion globale dans la théorie de l'espace de travail global.

En outre, la thèse de la plasticité radicale [7,93] stipule que la disponibilité de la conscience dépend de la qualité de la représentation, qui à son tour, dépend de trois dimensions: la force, la distinctivité et la stabilité. Une représentation solide, stable et distincte est plus susceptible d'être disponible pour le traitement conscient. Par exemple, l'augmentation de la durée de la présentation d'un stimulus (la force) augmente la qualité de la représentation de ce stimulus et augmente donc la disponibilité à la conscience.

Enfin, la relation entre la qualité de la représentation et la disponibilité à la conscience n'est pas une relation une-à-une, mais évolue en trois phases: la phase de cognition implicite, la phase de la cognition explicite et la phase d'automaticité.

Tout d'abord, au stade de la cognition implicite, il concerne une expérience phénoménale très vague. Le contrôle intentionnel et la conscience d'accès sont faibles, ce qui implique qu’on ne peut pas contrôler l'effet d'un stimulus sur le comportement et qu’on ne peut pas verbaliser l'identité du stimulus. Il s’agit de l'étape du traitement inconscient. Par exemple, dans les expériences d'apprentissage de grammaires artificielles [94], les participants sont exposés à des chaînes de lettres ou de mots qui suivent des règles complexes. Après une phase d’exposition, les participants doivent indiquer si de nouvelles chaînes obéissent à ces règles ou non, ce qui indique qu'ils ont appris le matériel avec succès. Toutefois, ils ne sont pas capables de verbaliser ces règles. Cela suggère qu'ils ont appris le matériel de manière inconsciente, ou du moins implicite. Dans un paradigme lié, l'apprentissage de séquences [102], il a en outre observé que les participants ne pouvaient pas inhiber l’utilisation d’une séquence difficile qui a été appris au cours du temps. En d'autres termes, ils ne peuvent pas contrôler l'information acquise et en plus de cela, ils ne pouvaient pas le rapporter. Pourtant, l'information a été traitée, comme démontré par des temps de réaction plus rapides lorsque le matériel suit la séquence que lorsqu’il suit une séquence aléatoire. Cela suggère encore une fois que l'apprentissage inconscient est possible. La recherche sur le conditionnement (par exemple, [109,113,118]) révèle également des effets inconscients. Même lorsque les participants ne sont pas conscients de l'association entre deux stimuli ou entre un stimulus et une réponse, leur comportement est influencé par l'association. Cependant, ce domaine de recherche est moins contingent sur les résultats obtenus et d’autres chercheurs critiquent [129] les mesures de conscience utilisées dans ces paradigmes. Un troisième axe de recherche pertinent concerne des paradigmes d'amorçage subliminal. Dans un paradigme d'amorçage subliminal, les stimuli sont présentés pour une très courte durée et ensuite masqués (c’est-à-dire les amorces). Cela les rend invisibles et ils ne sont donc pas traités consciemment. Elles sont cependant traitées inconsciemment, ce qui est démontré par l'effet qu'ils exercent sur le comportement des stimuli ultérieurs (c’est-à-dire les cibles). Beaucoup de ces effets ont été observés, même au niveau des influences sémantiques [135,136,137]. Par exemple, si le mot "médecin" présenté de manière subliminale est suivi par un mot sémantiquement lié tel qu’«infirmière», les participants réagissent plus vite que lorsqu’il est suivi par un mot sans rapport, tel qu’«arbre». En somme, plusieurs paradigmes ont examiné la possibilité que le traitement inconscient (ou implicite) est possible. Dans ces paradigmes, le traitement inconscient est souvent comparé au traitement conscient (ou traitement explicite), qui est la deuxième étape dans notre cadre de la qualité de représentation.

Dans la deuxième étape, les représentations ont accumulé une qualité suffisante pour être à la disposition de l'accès conscient. Ce sont ces contenus, dont nous sommes conscients, par exemple lorsque nous effectuons une multiplication difficile. Elle concerne principalement l'attention lors de tâches exigeantes et le stade est caractérisé par un contrôle flexible. Parce que la conscience est généralement considérée comme le mode par défaut dans lequel nous nous trouvons, les études décrivent souvent cette étape par opposition avec la précédente, le stade inconscient [2]. En effet, de nombreuses différences ont été observées entre le traitement conscient et inconscient. Ces différences indiquent que la conscience est nécessaire pour le control adaptative [1], pour tenir compte du contexte [176], pour enchaîner les opérations mentales [173], pour l’inhibition [167], Au contraire, d'autres expériences démontrent que certains de ces processus ne se limitent pas au traitement conscient. Par exemple, des indices no-go présentés de manière subliminale pourraient induire de l’inhibition [181]. Il est donc loin d'être clair si on peut dire que la fonction de la conscience est d'offrir un contrôle souple et du comportement adaptatif. Ces incohérences nous amènent à supposer que le flux entre les étapes est graduel. Pour cette raison, dans nos études, nous avons manipulé graduellement les variables indépendantes .

Enfin, la troisième étape de l'automaticité est caractérisée par un comportement bien formé, par exemple comme jouer du piano chez les pianistes experts. La recherche sur les effets de l'expertise démontre que le traitement est en effet très différent pour les experts que pour les novices. Par exemple, la catégorisation au niveau sous-ordonné (par exemple, Bulldog, Schnauzer, ) est plus difficile que la catégorisation à un niveau de base (par exemple, chien contre chat). Chez les experts en races de chiens, ces performances de catégorisation peuvent atteindre le même niveau [191,192]. Nous défendons l’idée selon laquelle la fonction de l'expertise est de rendre automatique le traitement des objets d ‘expertise. Dans l'exemple, l'expert en races de chiens peut catégoriser automatiquement les différentes sortes de chiens. Au stade de l'automaticité, les représentations sont très disponibles pour l'action, ce qui se traduit par de bonnes performances. D'autre part, le contrôle est faible, en raison du caractère balistique de ces processus [224]. Une fois lancés, ils ne peuvent pas – ou difficilement - être arrêtés. En outre, ces processus peuvent éventuellement être disponibles à la conscience phénoménale. En effet, la fonction de ces processus automatiques est l’efficacité. Ils ne nécessitent pas d'attention, et peuvent ainsi se concentrer ailleurs. Normalement, ces processus ne sont donc pas conscients à mesure qu'ils progressent, mais attirer l'attention sur ces processus peut les rendre disponibles. Par exemple, lorsque vous conduisez une voiture, on n'est généralement pas conscient des mouvements d’embrayage, mais on pourrait se concentrer sur ces derniers en cas de besoin. Ainsi, les processus automatiques ne sont pas nécessairement des processus inconscients. Au contraire, la conscience y est facultative.

La transition entre les trois stades qui ont été décrits doit être considérée comme une transition progressive. Surtout, cette transition dépend de la qualité des représentations. Dans les études dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous avons manipulé la qualité de la représentation afin d'explorer la transition entre la phase inconsciente (implicite) et le stade conscient (explicite). Ces manipulations sont supposés influencer la qualité de la représentation en deux directions: bottom-up et top-down.

Nous avons défini les facteurs bottom-up comme des facteurs propres à la stimulation externe, tandis que les facteurs top-down sont propres au cerveau des sujets. Ceci est cohérent avec la définition de l' « input » et « priors » (des connaissances à priori), dans le cadre de l'inférence bayésienne [228,229]. Les dimensions de la qualité de la représentation (la force, la stabilité et le caractère distinctif) peuvent ainsi être manipulés par des facteurs bottom-up et top-down.

Nous présentons cinq études dans cette thèse qui étudient l'influence de ces facteurs bottom-up et top-down dans un paradigme de la perception subliminale. De nombreuses études ont porté sur un facteur particulier bottom-up: la force du stimulus. Par exemple, dans l’étude de Del Cul et al. [231], l'augmentation de l'intervalle de temps entre un stimulus et le masque subséquent, provoquait une augmentation de l’accès à la conscience, qui suivait une fonction sigmoïde. Cependant, la forme exacte de la courbe est un sujet de débat: certains la considèrent comme un phénomène de tout-ou-rien [60,231], tandis que d'autres la considèrent plutôt comme un continuum [7,233].

Dans l'étude 1, nous avons exploré la forme de ces courbes en faisant varier la durée des amorces dans un paradigme d'amorçage subliminal. Tout d'abord, plusieurs blocs d'amorçage ont été présentés aux participants dans lesquels la durée de l’amorce a augmenté dans chaque bloc. Au cours de cette tâche, les participants devaient classer les cibles et n'ont pas été informés de la présence des amorces. Ensuite, nous avons mesuré la conscience de l’amorce au moyen de la même quantité de blocs avec les mêmes durées premiers croissants. Cette fois-ci, les participants ont été informés de la présence des amorces et ont été invités à les classer. Ceci est un test de conscience objectif typique, basée sur la mesure « d prime » (d’) de Signal théorie de détection [26]. Cette étude nous a permis d'explorer la dynamique de la perception inconsciente et consciente en fonction de la durée de l’amorce.

Comme prévu, nous avons observé une augmentation des effets d'amorçage et de conscience en fonction de la durée d’amorce. Les formes des courbes étaient plutôt concave pour les effets d'amorçage et sigmoïde pour la conscience. Cela indique que les mécanismes sous-jacents de l'amorçage et de la conscience sont au moins en partie dissociables. En outre, les courbes des effets d'amorçage différaient significativement de zéro pendant une durée de l ‘amorce plus courte que les courbes de conscience. Cela confirme l'existence d'effets d'amorçage inconscients, qui ont déjà été démontrés dans la littérature [3,133,148]. Cependant, nous avons observé que ces effets d'amorçage inconscients ne se sont produites qu’à des durées cruciales de l’amorce, ce qui indique que ces effets inconscients sont difficiles à observer si la durée l’amorce n'est pas manipulée avec soin. Enfin, le test de conscience a indiqué que les réponses à ce dernier étaient influencées par l'identité de la cible, en dépit de l'instruction de l’ignorer. Cela amène à s'interroger sur la validité de ces tests de conscience objectives dans l'étude 2.

Dans l'étude 2, nous avons à nouveau utilisé un paradigme d'amorçage subliminal et exploré les effets d'amorçage et de conscience. Cependant, cette fois le but de l'étude était d'examiner plusieurs facteurs qui pourraient influer la mesure de la conscience, afin de tester la validité de cette mesure. Par conséquent, nous avons présenté plusieurs tests de conscience légèrement différents aux participants. Nous avons manipulé trois facteurs. Tout d'abord, nous avons examiné s’il y avait une influence de la présentation de la cible sur la conscience des amorces. Lors de ce mesure de conscience, nous avons présenté une cible qui pouvait être soit directionnelle, soit neutre. Nous avons supposé que la cible directionnelle nuirait à la visibilité des amorces par rapport à la présentation d'une cible neutre, puisque la cible directionnelle pourrait interférer avec le traitement de l’amorce. Afin de tester autre facteur susceptible d’influer sur la mesure de la conscience, nous avons introduit un retard entre la cible et la réponse. Nous avons supposé que cela augmenterait la conscience, car il faut du temps pour prendre conscience d'un stimulus. Enfin, un troisième facteur a été testé en manipulant l’attention top-down. Ici, dans une condition, l'attention pouvait être entièrement attribuée à l'amorce, alors que dans une autre condition, l’attention était partagée entre l’amorce et la cible. Nous avons supposé qu'une attention accrue devrait conduire à une conscience accrue des amorces.

Les trois hypothèses ont été confirmées: une cible neutre, l’attention focalisée et un retard entre la cible et la réponse ont tous trois eu pour effet d’augmenter la conscience. Cela implique que l’utilisation du d’entant mesure, souvent utilisée dans la recherche de la conscience, peut être une sous- ou une surestimation de la prise de conscience réelle. Cette situation est problématique, surtout dans le cas de sous-estimation, parce que les effets inconscients sur le comportement pourraient être attribués à un traitement conscient minime. Par conséquent, nous avons utilisé une mesure subjective de la conscience dans les études suivantes. Nous avons choisi d'utiliser une échelle PAS (Perceptual Awareness Scale) [246], ce qui remet en question la visibilité phénoménale de stimuli. Les participants devaient évaluer cette visibilité sur une échelle de 4 points, notamment: 1) aucune expérience, 2) bref aperçu, 3) une expérience presque clair et 4) expérience claire du stimulus. Toutefois, d'autres questions peuvent être posées sur des mesures subjectives. Tout d'abord, la validité des mesures subjectives pourrait souffrir du syndrome du « underconfidence" [160], à savoir le fait que les participants ont tendance à sous-estimer leur conscience. Deuxièmement, il est difficile de savoir comment mettre en évidence les effets inconscients à l'aide de ces mesures, car il n’est pas clair qu’une réponse telle que "bref aperçu » indique un traitement conscient ou inconscient. Par conséquent au lieu de remplacer la mesure objective par la mesure subjective, nous avons utilisé les deux en même temps. Une telle approche à plusieurs volets est, à notre avis, la meilleure solution que nous avons pour le moment.

Dans l'étude 3, suivant le même ordre d’idées que dans l'étude 1, nous avons manipulé le nombre de répétitions d'un stimulus masqué afin d'explorer l'effet de la stabilité du stimulus. Nous avons de nouveau supposé que l'augmentation de la stabilité des stimuli augmenterait la disponibilité à la conscience. Ceci est en contraste avec d'autres études réalisées par Marcel et par Wentura et Frings [3,262]. Ces auteurs ont observé que la répétition d'une amorce masquée augmentait les effets d'amorçage, mais pas la conscience. Cependant, nous pensons que l'amélioration de la méthodologie pourrait apporter un nouvel éclairage sur ce point. Nous avons testé les effets d’amorçage et la conscience dans un design mixte, où les participants devaient classer la cible sur la moitié des essais et effectuer un test de conscience objective et subjective sur l'autre moitié des essais. Surtout, nous avons observé que les effets d’amorçage et la conscience augmentaient en fonction de la stabilité de l’amorce. Nous interprétons ces résultats dans une perspective de qualité de la représentation et défendons l’idée selon laquelle la répétition d'un stimulus augmente la qualité de sa représentation et a donc une plus grande probabilité d'être accessible à la conscience. De plus, nous n'avons pas observé des effets d'amorçage inconscients dans cette étude. Une conscience significative a été observée pour moins de répétitions de l’amorce que des effets d'amorçage significatifs. Ainsi, les effets d'amorçage ont été trouvés uniquement lorsque les participants étaient conscients des stimuli. Cela confirme notre idée première, selon laquelle les effets inconscients sont difficiles à trouver et dépendent de paramètres spécifiques de la tâche à accomplir. Enfin, les participants ont utilisé toutes les réponses de l’échelle PAS (bien que les réponses «expérience claire» étaient rares), ce qui suggère que l'expérience de ces stimuli n'était pas un phénomène de tout-ou-rien, et soutient ainsi notre point de vue de la conscience comme étant progressive.

Dans l'étude 4, nous avons étudié l'effet top-down de l'expertise sur la conscience. L’une des principales prédictions de la thèse de la plasticité radicale est que la conscience dépend de l'apprentissage. Un apprentissage approfondi aboutît à l’expertise et, par conséquent, l'expertise devrait accroître la conscience, au moins lorsque les participants sont invités à rapporter cette prise de conscience. Conformément à nos autres études, nous avons utilisé un paradigme de perception subliminale, mais cette fois sans amorçage. Nous avons comparé des participants chinois et européens dans leur reconnaissance (test de conscience objectif) et visibilité (test de conscience subjectif) de caractères chinois et de symboles mayas. L'hypothèse était que les participants chinois auraient une meilleure performance lors de la reconnaissance et une visibilité accrue pour les caractères chinois. C'est exactement ce que nous avons observé, confirmant ainsi l'idée selon laquelle l'expertise augmente la disponibilité de conscience pour les objets d'expertise.

L’étude 5 est étroitement liée à l'étude 4 et a été construite dans le but de contrôler la situation d'apprentissage. Des participants non-experts ont été formés sur un ensemble de stimuli et nous avons comparé leur performance en reconnaissance ainsi que les rapports de conscience avant et après la formation. Dans trois expériences, l'intensité de l'apprentissage a été augmentée, en raison de l’absence des effets d'entraînement. Dans la troisième expérience, un effet d'entraînement général pouvait être démontré, après neuf jours de formation consécutifs. Cependant, l'effet ne se limitait pas aux stimuli sur lesquels les participants ont été formés, mais était généralisé aux stimuli de contrôle également. Nous avons observé cet effet général uniquement sur la performance au test de reconnaissance (test de conscience objective). En revanche, les rapports de conscience subjectifs ont montré un effet d'apprentissage spécifique, avec une visibilité accrue limitée à l'ensemble de stimuli appris. Nous supposons que ce dernier est un artefact induit par les choix de réponse qui ont été présentés lors du test de reconnaissance précédent. Cela signifie que la conscience plus élevée a été signalée lorsque les options de réponse ont fait partie de l’ensemble des stimuli appris que lorsque les options de réponse ont fait partie de l'ensemble non apprise. En somme, les expériences dans l'étude 5 suggèrent que l'apprentissage doit être suffisamment étendu pour induire des effets sur la conscience. Peut-être seulement une réelle expertise, et non un simple apprentissage associatif, peut avoir un impact sur la disponibilité à la conscience.

En somme, les manipulations bottom-up ont démontré des effets clairs sur la disponibilité à la conscience, tandis que les manipulations top-down de l'apprentissage et de l'expertise sont moins claires. On pourrait imaginer qu’un certain degré d'apprentissage est nécessaire afin d'augmenter la disponibilité à la conscience, et que ce dernier coïncide avec le degré d'apprentissage nécessaire pour que les effets de l'expertise se produisent.

Dans la discussion générale, nous avons formulé ces résultats non seulement dans la thèse de plasticité radicale, mais également par rapport à d’autres théories existantes de la conscience. Nous reprenons les trois sortes de théories qui ont été proposées par le Block [34] et ont mis en évidence la façon dont nos études s'insèrent dans les prédictions faites par ces théories.

Dans le cadre biologique, et plus particulièrement selon la théorie de Lamme [38], les facteurs bottom-up que nous avons manipulé sont supposés influencer la probabilité de la survenance d'un traitement récurrent dans le cerveau. En ce sens, nos résultats n’infirment pas cette théorie. Cependant, le traitement récurrent est censé être tout ou rien, alors que nous avons observé des rapports de conscience intermédiaires. On ne sait pas comment l'expertise pourrait influencer l'apparition de connexions récurrentes. L’expertise est-elle un facteur favorable, similaire à l'attention? Ou est-ce l’apprentissage qui contribue à la formation de ces connexions? Il n’y a actuellement pas d’hypothèses spécifiques concernant les effets de l'apprentissage selon cette théorie ou d'autres théories partageant les idées du cadre biologique.

Ensuite, nous discutons d'une théorie plus fonctionnaliste qui intègre les tentatives d'explication des effets d'apprentissage: la théorie de l'intégration de l'information [46]. Selon cette théorie, l'apprentissage provoque un «raffinement et la réorganisation des connexions entre les patterns de connexion des neurones dans régions appropriées du système thalamo-cortical". L'apprentissage détermine la façon dont l'information est intégrée dans un système (c’est-à-dire la qualité de la conscience). De nombreux éléments de cette théorie sont en accord avec la thèse de la plasticité radicale et nos résultats pourraient donc être pris en compte par cette théorie. Toutefois, cette théorie nie l'importance des rapports subjectifs, que nous considérons comme obligatoires afin de tirer des conclusions au sujet de la conscience phénoménale.

La théorie de l'espace de travail global [54,55] souligne également l'importance des mesures subjectives et est très similaire à la thèse de la plasticité radicale dans ses prédictions concernant les facteurs bottom-up. La théorie globale de l'espace de travail prédit que lorsque la force du stimulus bottom-up augmente, la probabilité que ce stimulus devienne conscient augmente. C'est exactement ce que nous avons observé dans les études 1 et 3.

Cependant, la théorie globale de l'espace de travail prévoit également que cette augmentation a lieu selon le principe du tout-ou-rien et donc qu'il existe une durée du stimulus cruciale au cours de laquelle les participants prennent conscience d'un stimulus. Dans notre première étude, nous avons observé des courbes sigmoïdes de conscience, ce qui indique que l'augmentation de la prise de conscience en fonction de la durée du stimulus n'est pas tout-ou-rien, mais pas linéaire non plus. En plus de cela, la distribution des réponses PAS dans l'étude 3 suggère que la conscience phénoménale avait des niveaux intermédiaires. Ainsi, nous soutenons que la conscience est un phénomène graduel, mais on pourrait également la considérer comme un processus qui évolue par étapes. En effet, la gradualité peut être à la base d'un traitement en plusieurs étapes, tout comme par analogie avec la physique, les changements progressifs de la température provoquent des différentes transitions d'état, par exemple lorsque l'eau se transforme en glace. Une idée liée a été proposé dans l'hypothèse de la prise de conscience partielle [256]: la conscience peut survenir à différents niveaux de la hiérarchie du traitement. Par exemple lorsque les lettres masquées sont présentées, les participants pourraient être pleinement conscients de petites parties de ces lettres, mais seulement partiellement conscients de la lettre dans son intégralité. Cette hypothèse propose donc l'idée selon laquelle la gradualité peut évoluer à partir d'événements discrets.

En outre, comme c'est le cas pour le cadre biologique, la théorie globale de l'espace de travail ne formule pas d’hypothèses concernant l’apprentissage. Une expérience récente sur les bébés de 5 mois pourrait même conduire à penser que cette espace de travail global est inné [353]. Cette expérience a démontré que le même réseau de neurones est activé dans le cerveau des bébés que dans le cerveau des adultes au cours de la perception visuelle consciente. Ceci est en contraste frappant avec notre prédiction que la conscience est acquise pendant l'enfance. Elle réside dans le débat inné vs. acquis et des recherches supplémentaires seront nécessaires pour établir ce qui est inné et dans quelle mesure nous apprenons à être conscients.

Une dernière théorie qui a été discutée est celle de « HOT theory » de la conscience [69,355]. Contrairement aux théories précédentes, cette dernière ne fait pas de prédiction par rapport au fait que des facteurs du stimulus bottom-up influencent la disponibilité à la conscience. Au lieu de cela, la disponibilité à la conscience ne dépend que de l'existence d'une pensée d'ordre supérieur lorsqu’on se trouve dans un état mental spécifique. Il ne nie pas l’éventualité d’influences bottom-up, mais ne précise pas comment elles pourraient influer sur l'existence des pensées d'ordre supérieur. De même, aucune hypothèse n’est faite concernant l'influence des facteurs top-down, comme l'attention et l'apprentissage. Récemment, des prédictions testables plus spécifiques et empiriques ont été formulées dans « HOT theory » [356]. L’apprentissage des pensées d'ordre supérieur pourrait être le résultat du développement du cortex préfrontal, qui est présumé être le domaine associé à ces représentations d'ordre supérieur. En outre, les pensées de second ordre peuvent être innées, alors que celles de troisième ordre (ou d'ordre supérieur) se développeraient pendant l'enfance. Cette hypothèse expliquerait comment la conscience peut être construite au cours du développement, mais ne prévoit pas expressément que ces processus d'apprentissage se produisent également chez les adultes à des échelles de temps plus restreintes. En revanche, la thèse de la plasticité radicale stipule explicitement que la conscience dépend de l'apprentissage, même chez les adultes. Une étude approfondie de la question serait nécessaire, afin de tester cette idée de manière spécifique. Cependant, à première vue, les effets d'apprentissage généraux dans notre cinquième étude indiquent que l'apprentissage (ou mieux: l’expertise) augmente la disponibilité de conscience.

En somme, la plupart des théories concernant la conscience prédisent que la force d’un stimulus bottom-up augmente la disponibilité à la conscience. Cependant, la plupart d'entre elles prédisent que la conscience est un processus de tout-ou-rien et que, à partir du moment où un stimulus est suffisamment fort, nous sommes pleinement conscients de ce stimulus. Au contraire, nous pensons que la conscience est graduelle et qu’il existe des états intermédiaires d'expérience phénoménale. En outre, la plupart de ces théories ne tiennent pas compte explicitement des effets top-down d'expertise. Nous soutenons que ces théories doivent être étendues afin de pouvoir faire des prédictions concernant la relation entre l'apprentissage et la conscience plus explicite. Ce faisant, d'autres expériences peuvent confirmer - ou infirmer - les mécanismes sous-jacents proposés.

De nombreux paradigmes expérimentaux développés ont contribué à la création de nombreuses théories vérifiables de la conscience. Cependant, nous pensons que des progrès passent inévitablement par des prévisions plus explicites. Une orientation future consisterait donc à une réflexion théorique profonde afin d’établir des théories plus directement comparables.

En outre, une attention particulière devrait être accordée à des questions de mesure, car le débat concernant la manière plus appropriée de mesurer la conscience reste ouvert. Comparer les différentes expériences n’est pas aisé, voire impossible, si différentes mesures dépendantes sont utilisées. Tant qu’il n’y a pas de consensus, nous sommes en faveur d’une approche à plusieurs volets dont les différentes mesures sont utilisées dans une expérience. Nous émettons également quelques réserves concernant les tests de conscience post-hoc, étant donné que la fatigue ou l'apprentissage pourraient influencer la conscience. Nous proposons d'utiliser un modèle mixte dans lequel les essais expérimentaux et les essais de test de conscience sont testés simultanément.

Enfin, en ce qui concerne la thèse de la plasticité radicale [7,93] qui a été testée lors des études conduites dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous reconnaissons que de futures recherches sont nécessaires afin de tester ses principales prédictions. Tout d'abord, nous pouvons appliquer les mêmes manipulations dans un paradigme de clignement attentionnel. Dans ce paradigme, la perception d'un stimulus est entravée non pas parce qu'elle est présentée pour une courte durée, mais parce que l'attention est captée par un stimulus présenté précédemment. Il serait intéressant de voir si l'apprentissage et l’expertise influencent également la perception de ces stimuli.

Deuxièmement, une étude longitudinale serait nécessaire afin de tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle nous apprenons à être conscient lors du développement. Bien qu'il soit difficile, voire impossible d'inférer la conscience phénoménale chez les bébés, nous pourrions commencer par examiner comment la conscience évolue au cours de la petite enfance, par exemple lors de l’apprentissage de la lecture.

Troisièmement, la phase d'automaticité proposée n'a pas été directement testée dans cette thèse de doctorat. Toutefois des prédictions fondamentales existent et pourraient être testées dans des recherches futures. La conscience est-elle réellement obligatoire lors du traitement automatique? Un moyen d’investiguer cette question consisterait à sonder la conscience des participants uniquement sur une petite quantité d'essais au cours d’un apprentissage. Cette méthode permettrait de voir s’ils étaient – ou non – phénoménalement conscients de la tâche automatique.

Dernier point, mais non le moindre, des méthodes neuro-imagerie pourraient certainement aider à tester les hypothèses de la thèse de la plasticité radicale. L'amélioration de ces techniques pourrait permettre de mieux décrire la qualité d'une représentation neuronale et de trouver les mécanismes neuronaux sous-jacents aux méta-représentations. Ces techniques pourraient éventuellement permettre de montrer comment le cerveau s'adapte et comment il pourrait apprendre quelque chose à propos de ses propres signaux.

English Summary

The main objective of this thesis is to explore the underlying mechanisms of the transition between conscious and unconscious visual processing. It is now widely accepted in the field of cognitive psychology that at least some processes can occur unconsciously. Visual perception is the most studied subject to this matter. Although we have the impression of a complete, detailed and continuous vision of the external world, it can be demonstrated that parts of this visual stream are not consciously perceived; for example because of the fact that they were presented very quickly, outside of the center of our visual focus or because of a lack of attention.

The major problem in the scientific study of (un)conscious perception is the fact that one has to rely on subjective measures. Indeed, only the seeing person is capable of reporting his visual experience and this report cannot be objectively verified by the experimenter. In other words, there is no directly measurable variable of the contents of perceptual experience which forces scientists to use data from a third-person perspective. Relying on introspective reports is difficult because of their qualitative nature and is unreliable because of their subjectivity. Therefore, in history, it was long considered as impossible to study consciousness scientifically. However, many developments in thinking and methodology have made room for the investigation of consciousness in experimental psychology.

Descartes [17] made a distinction between body and mind which enabled the scientific study of the brain, because it was considered as part of the body. However, (conscious) thought was part of the mind, a non-physical substrate that could not be studied scientifically. This was the main reason why, for a long time, consciousness was a subject restricted to philosophical thinking. It was only in the 19th century, that the first experimental psychologists argued that psychological processes could be measured and psychology became a scientific discipline. However, during the 20th century, behaviorists banned “consciousness” because only observable behavior was considered as providing valuable data and studying consciousness relied on unreliable introspective methods. However, later on, scientific developments radically changed this idea. For example, Gestaltpsychology showed in visual illusions that subjective awareness was a variable that could be manipulated. More importantly, Information Theory [20,21] created the metaphor of the human brain as an information processing system in analogy to a computer system. Experiments on “working memory” were very similar to what we now call consciousness studies. Furthermore, some experiments demonstrated unconscious processing (e.g. Marcel [3]) and Signal Detection Theory [26] provided a way of quantifying awareness reports. Finally, neuroimaging studies revealed that unconscious information processing is accompanied by observable brain processes and thus demonstrates that the underlying neural mechanisms of unconscious information processing in the brain can be compared to the mechanisms observed in conscious processing. This has thus far revealed many candidates for a Neural Correlate of Consciousness (the “NCC” [6,29]).

In sum, these recent developments have boosted experimental investigation as well as theoretical thinking on consciousness. Many theories of consciousness exist, some more philosophically inspired and others that are based on neural mechanisms. In the introduction of this thesis, we only discuss the theories that form the basis for the construction of our studies. We borrow the taxonomy of Block [34] to organize the multitude of theories and distinguish between a biological framework, a global workspace perspective and a higher order view.

In the biological framework, consciousness is defined by a biological state of the brain. For example, Lamme [38] states that recurrent processing in the brain is the defining feature of conscious processing. If processing is restricted to feedforward sweeps, it can influence further processing, but it is not considered to be conscious. If recurrent connections are involved in the processing stream, the percept is defined as a conscious percept. Even if this recurrent processing is very local (for example restricted to the visual cortex), participants are considered as being conscious of the material. According to Lamme [38], this definition of consciousness even applies when subjects thus deny subjective experiences. This is a very controversial theory, because it defines consciousness in function of a neural mechanism and disapproves the value of subjective reports.

On the contrary, emphasis and reinstated use of subjective reports is defended in the second sort of theory: the Global Workspace Theory (GWT). In this theory, consciousness is explained by the metaphor of a theater [54]. The theater “combines limited events taking place on stage with a vast audience, just as consciousness involves limited information that creates access to a vast number of unconscious sources of knowledge” [358]. Dehaene and colleagues [55,61,334] extended this idea and proposed that the neural signature of this workspace is a sudden ignition in widespread activation of parieto-frontal cortex. Furthermore, they distinguish four different levels of consciousness, based on two dimensions: bottom-up stimulus strength and top-down attention. If both dimensions are high, a stimulus is consciously processed. If only one of these dimensions is high, the stimulus is unconsciously processed (subliminally or preconsciously). If both dimensions are low, the stimuli have (almost) no effect on processing. Only in the case of conscious processing there is thus wide-spread activation to a parieto-frontal network, i.e. the workspace.

In a third, more philosophically inspired theory, Higher-Order Thought Theory [69,70], the intuition is followed that consciousness requires a thought to the effect that we are experiencing a certain stimulation. For example, when I say that I am consciously seeing red, I mean that I am thinking about me being in a state of experiencing redness. In general, according to this theory, conscious states are mental states we are conscious of. This theory thus particularly deals with the phenomenal aspect of consciousness (i.e. what it feels like to be in a conscious state).

The last two sorts of theories have substantially contributed to the construction of the radical plasticity thesis [7,93]. The radical plasticity thesis forms the starting point of the studies in the current doctoral thesis. It is therefore extensively described throughout the thesis.

The radical plasticity thesis [7,93] is a dynamic view on consciousness, stating that the brain continuously adapts itself through learning about its own internal signals by redescribing them. This redescription process corresponds to the formation of meta-representations from Higher-Order Thought Theory. Combining many such meta-representations increases the availability to awareness and corresponds to global broadcasting in Global Workspace Theory.

Furthermore, the radical plasticity thesis [7,93] states that the availability to awareness depends on the quality of a representation, which in turn depends on three dimensions: strength, distinctiveness and stability. Strong, stable and distinctive representations are more likely to be available for conscious processing. For example, increasing the duration of presentation of a stimulus (i.e. strength) increases the quality of the representation of that stimulus and therefore increases availability to awareness.

Finally, the relationship between quality of representation and availability to awareness is not a one-to-one relationship but evolves in three stages: the implicit cognition stage, the explicit cognition stage and the automaticity stage.

First, in the implicit cognition stage, there is a very vague phenomenal experience. Intentional control and access consciousness are low, implying that one cannot control the effect a stimulus has on behavior and one cannot verbalize the identity of the stimulus. This is the stage of unconscious processing. For example, in artificial grammar learning experiments [94], participants are confronted with strings that follow complicated rules. After this presentation stage, participants are able to indicate whether new strings obey these rules or not, which indicates that they successfully learned about the material. However, they cannot verbalize these rules. This suggests that they learned about the material in an unconscious, or at least in an implicit, manner. In a related paradigm, sequence learning [102], it was furthermore observed that participants could not withhold from using a difficult sequence that was learned during a sufficient amount of time. In other words, they could not control the acquired information and on top of that, they could not report upon it. The information was processed as demonstrated by faster reaction times when the material was presented according to the sequence than when it followed a different sequence. This again suggests that learning without awareness is possible. Conditioning research (e.g. [109,113,118]) also reveals such unconscious effects. Even when participants are not aware of an association between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response, their behavior is influenced by the association. However, this research field is less contingent upon the obtained results and critics [129] question whether awareness was validly measured in these paradigms. A third, more profound literature concerns subliminal priming paradigms. In a subliminal priming paradigm, stimuli are presented for a very short duration and subsequently masked (i.e. the primes). This renders them invisible and they are thus not processed consciously. They are processed unconsciously, which is demonstrated by the effect they exert on responses to subsequent stimuli (i.e. the targets). Many such effects have now been observed, even up to the level of semantic influences [135,136,137]. For example, if the subliminally presented word “doctor” is followed by the semantically related word “nurse”, participants respond faster than when it is followed by the unrelated word “tree”. In sum, several paradigms have made room for the possibility that unconscious (or implicit) processing is possible. In these paradigms, unconscious processing is often compared to conscious (or explicit) processing, which is the second stage in our Quality of Representation framework.

In the second stage, representations have accrued sufficient quality to be available to conscious access. It is these contents we are conscious of, for example when doing a difficult multiplication. It mainly concerns attention-demanding tasks and the stage is characterized by flexible control. Because consciousness is usually considered as the default mode we find ourselves in, studies mostly describe this stage by contrasting it with the previous, unconscious stage [2]. Indeed, many differences were observed between conscious and unconscious processing. They indicate that consciousness is necessary for adaptive control [1], for taking context into account [176], for chaining serial mental operations [173], for inhibition [167], … On the contrary, other experiments demonstrate that some of these processes are not restricted to conscious processing. For example, subliminally presented no-go cues induced inhibition [181]. It is thus far not clear whether it can be stated that the function of consciousness is to offer flexible control and adaptive behavior. These inconsistencies lead us to assume that the flow between the stages is gradual. Therefore, we manipulate the independent variables in our studies gradually.

Finally, the third stage of automaticity is characterized by well-trained behavior, for example playing the piano in expert piano players. Research on expertise effects demonstrates that processing is indeed very different for experts than for novices. For example, performance for categorization on the sub-ordinate level (e.g. Bulldog, Schnauzer,…) is normally harder than categorization at a basic level (e.g. dog versus cat). In dog experts these categorization performances can reach the same level [191,192]. In our view, the function of expertise is that processes can become automatic. In the example, the dog expert can automatically categorize the different sorts of dogs. In the automaticity stage, representations are highly available for action, demonstrated by high performance. On the other hand, control is low, because of the ballistic character of these processes [224]. Once initiated, they cannot – or hardly- be stopped. Furthermore, these processes are only optionally available to phenomenal consciousness. Indeed, the function of these automatic processes is their efficiency. They do not require attention and attention can thus be focused elsewhere. Normally, these processes are thus not conscious as they progress, but focusing attention on these processes can make them available. For example, when driving a car, one is normally not conscious of the clutch movements made, but one could focus on them when required. Hence, automatic processes are not necessarily unconscious processes. Rather, awareness is optional.

The transition between the three stages that were described, has to be thought of as a gradual transition. Crucially, this transition depends on the quality of representation. In the studies in this doctoral thesis, we manipulated the quality of representation in order to explore the transition between the unconscious (implicit) stage and the conscious (explicit) stage. These manipulations were assumed to influence the quality of representation from two directions: bottom-up and top-down.

We defined bottom-up factors as factors proper to the external stimulation, while top-down factors are proper to the subjects’ brain. This is coherent with the definition of input and priors in the Bayesian inference framework [228,229]. The dimensions of the quality of representation (strength, stability and distinctiveness) can thus be manipulated by as well bottom-up factors as by top-down factors.

We present five studies in this thesis that investigate the influence of these bottom-up and top-down factors in a subliminal perception paradigm. Much research has focused on a particular bottom-up factor: stimulus strength. For example, Del Cul et al. [231], observed sigmoid increases in awareness as a function of the interval between a stimulus and its subsequent mask. However, the exact form of the curve is a matter of debate: some view it as an all-or-none phenomenon [60,231], while others view it as a continuum [7,233].

In Study 1, we explored the form of these curves by varying the prime duration in a subliminal priming paradigm. First, several priming blocks were presented to participants whereby prime duration increased in each block. During this task, participants had to categorize the targets and were not informed about the presence of primes. Next, we measured prime awareness by means of the same amount of blocks with the same increasing prime durations. This time, participants were informed about the presence of the primes and were asked to categorize them. This is a typical objective prime awareness test, based on the d prime (d’) measure from Signal Detection Theory [26]. This study allowed us to explore the dynamics of unconscious and conscious perception as a function of prime duration.

As expected, we observed an increase in priming effects and in awareness in function of prime duration. The curve forms were concave for priming effects and sigmoid for awareness. This indicates that the underlying mechanisms of priming and awareness are at least partly dissociable. Furthermore, the curves for priming effects significantly differed from zero at a smaller prime duration than the awareness curves. This confirms the existence of unconscious priming effects that were demonstrated in the literature [3,133,148]. However, we observed that these unconscious priming effects only occurred at crucial prime durations, indicating that these unconscious effects are hard to find if prime duration is not carefully manipulated. Finally, the awareness test indicated that awareness responses were influenced by the identity of the target, despite the instruction to ignore the target. This led us to investigate the validity of such objective awareness tests in Study 2.

In Study 2, we again used a subliminal priming paradigm and explored priming effects and awareness. However, this time the aim of the study was to investigate several factors that might influence the awareness measure, and as such might question its validity. Therefore, we presented several slightly different awareness tests to participants. We manipulated three factors. First, we investigated whether there was an influence of the presentation of the target on prime awareness. We either presented a directional target or a neutral target during the awareness test. We assumed that the directional target would hamper visibility of the primes in comparison with the presentation of a neutral target, because the directional target might interfere with the processing of the prime. As a second factor, we induced a delay between target and response. We assumed that this would increase awareness, because it takes time to become aware of a stimulus. As a third factor, we manipulated top-down attention. In one condition, attention could be fully allocated to the prime and in the other condition attention was divided between prime and target. We assumed that increased attention would lead to increased awareness of the primes.

All three assumptions were confirmed: a neutral target, focused attention and a delay between target and response all increased awareness. This implies that the standard d’ measure in consciousness research might be an over- or underestimation of real awareness. This is problematic, especially in the case of underestimation as unconscious effects on behavior might be attributed to minimal conscious processing. Therefore, we used a subjective measure of awareness in our subsequent studies. We chose to use a PAS-scale (Perceptual Awareness Scale) [246], which questions the phenomenal visibility of stimuli. Participants had to rate this visibility on a 4-point scale, including 1) no experience, 2) brief glimpse, 3) almost clear experience and 4) clear experience of the stimulus. However, other issues can be raised on subjective measures. First of all, the validity of subjective measures might suffer from the “underconfidence phenomenon” [160], i.e. the fact that participants tend to underestimate their awareness. Second, it is unclear how to demonstrate unconscious effects by using such measures, because it might be discussed whether for example “brief glimpse” responses indicate conscious or unconscious processing. Therefore, we did not replace the objective measure with the subjective measure, but we used both at the same time. Such a multi-pronged approach is, in our view, the best solution we have at the moment.

In Study 3, we reinstated the investigation of bottom-up factors on awareness. We now manipulated the number of repetitions of a masked stimulus in order to explore the effect of stimulus stability. We again assumed that increasing the stability of stimuli would increase the availability to awareness. This is in contrast with other studies by Marcel and by Wentura and Frings [3,262]. They observed that repeating a masked prime increased priming effects, but not awareness. However, we believed that improved methodology might shed new light on this. We tested priming and awareness in a mixed design, where participants had to categorize the target on half of the trials and had to perform an objective and subjective awareness test on the other half of the trials. Importantly, we observed that both priming and awareness increased as a function of stimulus stability. We interpret these results in the quality of representation framework and state that repeating a stimulus increases the quality of its representation and therefore has an increased likelihood of being consciously accessed. Furthermore, we failed to observe any unconscious priming effects in this study. Significant awareness results were observed for less repetitions of the prime than significant priming effects. Thus, priming effects were only found when participants were aware of the stimuli. This confirms our previous statement that unconscious effects are hard to find and depend on specifics of the task at hand. Finally, participants used all PAS-scale responses (although the “clear experience” responses were sparse). This suggests that experience of these stimuli was not all-or-none and thus supports our view of consciousness as being graded.

In Study 4, we investigated the top-down effect of expertise on awareness. The most important prediction of the radical plasticity thesis reads that consciousness depends on learning. Extended learning gives rise to expertise and therefore, it follows that expertise should increase awareness, at least when participants are probed to report upon this awareness. Consistent with our other studies, we used a subliminal perception paradigm, but now without priming. We compared Chinese and European participants in their recognition (objective awareness test) and reported visibility (subjective awareness test) of Chinese characters and Mayan symbols. We hypothesized that Chinese participants would have increased performance in recognition of and increased reported awareness for Chinese characters. This is exactly what we observed, which confirms the idea that expertise increases the availability to awareness for objects of expertise.

Study 5 is closely related to Study 4 and was constructed with the purpose of controlling the learning situation. Non-expert participants were trained on a certain stimulus set and recognition performance and reported awareness were compared before and after training. In three experiments, the intensity of learning was increased, because of a failure to observe any training effects. In the third experiment, a general training effect could be demonstrated after nine consecutive training days. However, the effect was not restricted to the trained stimuli, but generalized over the control stimuli as well. We observed this general effect only for recognition performance (objective awareness test). In contrast, subjective awareness reports showed a specific learning effect, with increased visibility restricted to the learned stimulus set. We assume that the latter is an artifact induced by the response alternatives that were presented during the preceding recognition test. This means that higher awareness was reported when the response alternatives were part of the learned stimulus set than when the response alternatives were part of the non-learned set. In sum, the experiments in Study 5 demonstrated that learning has to be sufficiently extended in order to induce effects on awareness. Perhaps only real expertise, and not just simple associative learning, influences the availability to awareness.

In sum, the bottom-up manipulations demonstrated clear effects on the availability of awareness, while the top-down manipulations of learning and expertise were less clear. It might be the case that the degree of learning that is necessary to increase the availability to awareness coincides with the degree of learning that is necessary for expertise effects to occur.

In the general discussion, we frame these results not only in the radical plasticity thesis, but also in other existing theories of consciousness. We redescribe the three sorts of theories that were proposed by Block [34] and highlight how our studies fit into the predictions made by these theories.

In the biological framework, and more particularly in Lamme’s theory [38], the bottom-up factors that we manipulated are assumed to influence the probability of the occurrence of recurrent processing in the brain. In this sense, our results do not falsify this theory. However, recurrent processing is supposed to be all-or-none, while we observed graded awareness reports. It is also unclear how expertise might influence the occurrence of recurrent connections. Is expertise an enabling factor, similar to attention? Or does learning contribute to the formation of these connections? No specific assumptions on learning effects have thus far been made in this theory or in other theories that share the ideas of the biological framework.

Next, we discuss a more functionalist theory that incorporates attempts to explain learning effects: the Information Integration Theory [46]. According to this theory, learning causes a “refinement and rearranging of connection patterns among neurons in appropriate parts of the thalamocortical system”. Learning determines the way information is integrated in a system (i.e. the quality of consciousness). Many elements in this account are in line with the radical plasticity thesis and our results might thus be accounted for by this theory as well. However, the account denies the importance of subjective reports, which we consider as mandatory when drawing conclusions about phenomenal awareness.

The Global Workspace Theory [54,55] also stresses the importance of subjective measures and is very similar to the radical plasticity thesis in its predictions concerning bottom-up factors. The Global Workspace Theory firmly predicts that bottom-up stimulus strength increases the likelihood that a stimulus will be consciously accessed. This was exactly what we observed in Studies 1 and 3.

However, the Global Workspace Theory also predicts that this increase is all-or-none and thus that there exists a crucial stimulus duration at which participants become aware of a stimulus. In our first study, we observed sigmoid curves for awareness, indicating that the increase in awareness as a function of stimulus duration is not all-or-none, but not linear either. On top of that, the spread of PAS responses in Study 3 suggests that phenomenal awareness had intermediate levels. Thus, we argue that awareness is a graded phenomenon, although it may also be viewed as a stage-like process. Indeed, gradedness can be at the basis of processing in stages, just like, in analogy with physics, gradual changes in temperature cause different state transitions for example when water turns into ice. A related idea was proposed in the partial awareness hypothesis [256]: consciousness can arise at different levels of the processing hierarchy. For example when masked letters are presented, participants might be fully aware of small parts of these letters, but only partially aware of the complete letter. This hypothesis thus particularly deals with the idea that gradedness can evolve from discrete events.

Furthermore
Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Imamoglu, Fatma [Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Obermayer, John-Dylan [Akademischer Betreuer] Haynes, Christof [Akademischer Betreuer] Koch und Olaf [Akademischer Betreuer] Hellwich. „Visual consciousness and corticocortical connectivity in the human brain / Fatma Imamoglu. Gutachter: Olaf Hellwich. Betreuer: Klaus Obermayer ; John-Dylan Haynes ; Christof Koch“. Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1065665652/34.

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25

Daiello, Vittoria S. „The “I” of the Text: A Psychoanalytic Theory Perspective on Students’ Television Criticism Writing, Subjectivity, and Critical Consciousness in Visual Culture Art Education“. The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1293716652.

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26

Eriksson, Johan. „The conscious brain : Empirical investigations of the neural correlates of perceptual awareness“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Psychology, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1430.

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Finn, Elizabeth M. „Negatively Disinhibited Online Communication: The Role of Visual Anonymity and Public Self-Awareness“. The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461142960.

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Sand, Anders. „Subliminal or not? : An appraisal of semantic processing in the near absence of visual awareness“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Perception och psykofysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-132211.

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Stimuli that cannot be perceived (i.e., that are subliminal) can still elicit neural responses in an observer, but can such stimuli influence behavior and higher-order cognition? Empirical evidence for such effects has periodically been accepted and rejected over the last six decades. Today, many psychologists seem to consider such effects well-established and recent studies have extended the power of subliminal processing to new limits. In this thesis, I examine whether this shift in zeitgeist is matched by a shift in evidential strength for the phenomenon. This thesis consists of three empirical studies involving more than 250 participants, a simulation study, and a quantitative review. The conclusion based on these efforts is that several methodological, statistical, and theoretical issues remain in studies of subliminal processing. These issues mean that claimed subliminal effects might be caused by occasional or weak percepts (given the experimenters’ own definitions of perception) and that it is still unclear what evidence there is for the cognitive processing of subliminal stimuli. New data are presented suggesting that even in conditions traditionally claimed as “subliminal”, occasional or weak percepts may in fact influence cognitive processing more strongly than do the physical stimuli, possibly leading to reversed priming effects. I also summarize and provide methodological, statistical, and theoretical recommendations that could benefit future research aspiring to provide solid evidence for subliminal cognitive processing.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

 

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Jack, Ashlie R. „Word consciousness and individual application of academic vocabulary through written, oral, and visual response to historical fiction and nonfiction literature in fifth-grade social studies“. Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9795.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Curriculum and Instruction Programs
Lotta C. Larson
The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore and identify the word consciousness and individual application of academic vocabulary through the use of vocabulary reader response journals, authentic discussions, and multigenre response projects from a thematic social studies unit using historical fiction and nonfiction literature that was integrated in the fifth-grade curriculum. This qualitative research study took place in a third-fifth grade school in a Midwest setting with 23 fifth-grade students over the course of 14 weeks. Data were analyzed from eight of the 23 students. Multiple data sources for each literature selection were analyzed to reveal how fifth-grade students’ written, oral, and visual response to historical fiction and nonfiction literature demonstrate word consciousness and individual application of academic vocabulary. Conclusions indicate that student participants prefer the opportunity to create a visual image or write a statement to confirm the meaning of an academic vocabulary word in their vocabulary reader response journals. While orally discussing the academic words, the participants chose the evaluation approach. This authentic discussion response option allowed the students the opportunity to share their personal understanding, opinion, or inference for each word. Written and visual response was also afforded through the multigenre response projects. These projects revealed the individual application through conventional and nonconventional usage of the academic terms from each literature selection.
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Brusattin, Lorenzo. „The impact of political sophistication on the use cognitive shortcuts: evidence from experiments and secondary data“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/85409.

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This research project assesses the role played by political sophistication in terms of itsimpact on the voters’ resort to cognitive shortcuts, with reference both to the consciousand non-conscious components of voting decisions. The investigation scrutinisesempirically the way both sophisticated and unsophisticated individuals make politicaljudgments when prompted with cognitive cues in three different settings. In each ofthem a specific type of cue impinges on the political judgment of individuals at adifferent level and leads to a specific decisional outcome. The overall findings castdoubts on the virtues of heuristic reasoning as effective remedy for voters who have tofind their bearings in the ballot box, but they also downplay the importance of politicalsophistication when visual or subliminal cues are involved in the decision.
Aquest projecte de recerca avalua el paper exercit per la sofisticació política en termesdel seu impacte sobre el recurs dels votants als atalls cognitius, amb referència tant alscomponents conscients i no conscients de les decisions de vot. La investigació examinaempíricament la manera com ambdós individus sofisticats i no sofisticats fan judicispolítics quan si li estimuli amb senyals cognitives de tres tipus diferents. En cada und'ells un tipus específic de atall incideix en el judici polític dels individus en un nivelldiferent i condueix a un resultat específic de presa de decisions. Els resultats generalsposen en dubte les virtuts del raonament heurístic com a remei eficaç per als votants ques’han d'orientar a les urnes, sinó que també minimitzen la importància de la sofisticaciópolítica, quan senyals visuals o subliminals estan involucrats en la decisió.
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Shaw, Lynda Joan. „Emotional processing of natural visual images in brief exposures and compound stimuli : fMRI and behavioural studies“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3203.

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Can the brain register the emotional valence of brief exposures of complex natural stimuli under conditions of forward and backward masking, and under conditions of attentional competition between foveal and peripheral stimuli? To address this question, three experiments were conducted. The first, a behavioural experiment, measured subjective valence of response (pleasant vs unpleasant) to test the perception of the valence of natural images in brief, masked exposures in a forward and backward masking paradigm. Images were chosen from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) series. After correction for response bias, responses to the majority of target stimuli were concordant with the IAPS ratings at better than chance, even when the presence of the target was undetected. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the effects of IAPS valence and stimulus category were objectively measured on nine regions of interest (ROIs) using the same strict temporal restrictions in a similar masking design. Evidence of affective processing close to or below conscious threshold was apparent in some of the ROIs. To further this line of enquiry, a second fMRI experiment mapping the same ROIs and using the same stimuli were presented in a foveal (‘attended’) peripheral (‘to-be-ignored’) paradigm (small image superimposed in the centre of a large image of the same category, but opposite valence) to investigate spatial parameters and limitations of attention. Results are interpreted as showing both valence and category specific effects of ‘to-be-ignored’ images in the periphery. These results are discussed in light of theories of the limitations of attentional capacity and the speed in which we process natural images, providing new evidence of the breadth of variety in the types of affective visual stimuli we are able to process close to the threshold of conscious perception.
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Thibault, Louis. „The role of attention in conscious access mechanisms and their influence on visual representation : evidence from psychophysics and fMRI“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB225/document.

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Un des principaux résultats de l'étude scientifique de la conscience concerne l'existence de deux phases distinctes du traitement visuel. La première est caractérisée par une propagation antérograde de l'activité évoquée par le cortex visuel primaire et n'est pas typiquement associée à une perception consciente. La seconde, en revanche, est souvent citée comme un corrélat neuronal de la conscience, et implique une réactivation du cortex visuel précoce par le cortex parieto-frontal. Cette dichotomie soulève plusieurs questions : premièrement, quelle est l'origine de ce phénomène de feedback, et deuxièmement, qu'est-ce qui distingue un stimulus ayant subi ce traitement supplémentaire du stimulus n'ayant pas provoqué une telle réactivation ? Au jour d'aujourd'hui, deux grandes théories ont été proposées. La première, que nous appelons la théorie "précoce et locale" pose l'hypothèse que l'accès conscient émerge lorsque la boucle de réactivation sensorielle est établie. Ceci implique que seuls les stimuli présentant une qualité hautement saillante dès leur apparition peuvent accéder à un traitement conscient, et de ce fait, que le rapport subjectif d'un stimulus dépend uniquement de l'activité locale du cortex sensoriel. La théorie "tardive et globale", par contraste, propose que la perception consciente est le résultat d'un routage informationnel à travers un réseau cortico-cortical distribué appelé le Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW). Cette théorie suggère que l'information sensorielle provenant de diverses régions corticales accède à cette infrastructure de routage par le biais d'un processus sélectif : l'attention. En 2013, Sergent et collègues ont testé l'une des prédictions dérivées de cette seconde théorie : en principe, un stimulus dont l'observateur n'a pas pris conscience peut néanmoins accéder au GNW suite à un amorçage attentionnel. Afin de tester cette prédiction, des participants humains ont visionné un stimulus placé au seuil perceptif ainsi qu'une amorce attentionnelle qui pouvait soit attirer l'attention vers la position de la cible, soit du coté opposé. Ces participants discriminaient plus finement les caractéristiques de la cible au sein des essais pour lesquels l'amorce dirigeait l'attention vers la position préalable de la cible, ce qui suggère que l'intervention rétrospective de l'attention déclenche un accès conscient pour des faibles traces mnésiques qui ne seraient normalement pas traitées par le GNW. Nous présentons des données de modélisation psychophysique ainsi que des données d'imagerie fonctionnelle qui suggèrent que l'attention joue un rôle causal dans l'émergence d'un percept conscient, et qui offrent des indices quand à la structure des représentations perceptuelles au sein du cortex sensoriel primaire
A major finding in the scientific study of conscious perception has been the existence of two temporally-distinct phases of visual processing. The first, characterized by the feed-forward propagation of evoked activity in early visual cortex, is not typically associated with conscious perception. The second phase involves a reactivation of early sensory cortex by downstream regions and is often cited as a correlate -- if not a proximal cause -- of consciousness. This raises a few crucial questions: firstly, what causes this feedback process to emerge, and secondly, what distinguishes a stimulus representation that has undergone such feedback processing from one that has not ? At the time of writing, two competing theories have been proposed. The first theory, hitherto referred to as "early-and-local", posits that conscious access emerges from the very emergence of a feedback loop between high-level sensory cortex and its primary counterpart, and that this cortical resonance is driven entirely by upstream activations along the feed-forward chain. This implies that only those stimuli that exhibit high salience from the onset can become conscious, and by extension, that the stimulus' reportability is governed entirely by early evoked activity in primary sensory cortex. "Late-and-global" theory, by contrast, posits that conscious perception is the direct result of routing of information through a distributed cortico-cortical network called the Global Neuronal Workspace (hereafter GNW). By this account, visual information in various local cortical regions is given access to routing infrastructure by some selective process, namely attention. In 2013, Sergent and colleagues tested a prediction derived from this second model: that an arbitrary sensory representation that has initially failed to become conscious can be hooked into the GNW by means of an attentional manipulation. To do this, a low threshold target Gabor patch was presented, followed by an extrinsic cue either at the location in which the Gabor had been presented, or on the opposite side of the screen. Subjects were better at discriminating the orientation of the Gabor in trials where the cue had been presented on the same side as the target, and also reported seeing the target more clearly, suggesting that the retrospective intervention of attention was enabling a weak signal to gain access to the global neuronal workspace. We present data from psychophysical modeling and functional magnetic resonance imaging that point to a causal role for attention in the emergence of a conscious percept, with implications for the structure of perceptual representations in early sensory cortex
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Bergström, Fredrik. „The neural substrates of non-conscious working memory“. Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Fysiologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124808.

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Background: Despite our distinct impression to the contrary, we are only conscious of a fraction of all the neural activity underlying our thoughts and behavior. Most neural processes occur non-consciously, and in parallel with our conscious experience. However, it is still unclear what the limits of non-conscious processes are in terms of higher cognitive functions. Many recent studies have shown that increasingly more advanced functions can operate non-consciously, but non-conscious information is still thought to be fleeting and undetectable within 500 milliseconds. Here we used various techniques to render information non-conscious, together with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate if non-consciously presented information can be retained for several seconds, what the neural substrates of such retention are, and if it is consistent with working memory maintenance. Results: In Study I we used an attentional blink paradigm to render stimuli (single letters) non-conscious, and a variable delay period (5 – 15 s) prior to memory test. It was found that non-conscious memory performance was above chance after all delay durations, and showed no signs of decline over time. Univariate fMRI analysis showed that the durable retention was associated with sustained BOLD signal change in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum during the delay period. In Study II we used continuous flash suppression (CFS) to render stimuli (faces and tools) non-conscious, and a variable delay period (5 or 15 s) prior to memory test. The durable retention of up to 15 s was replicated, and it was found that stimuli identity and spatial position was retained until prospective use. In Study III we used CFS to render tools non-conscious, and a variable delay period (5 – 15 s) prior to memory test. It was found that memory performance was not better than chance. However, by using multi-voxel pattern analysis it was nonetheless possible to detect the presence vs. absence of non-conscious stimuli in the frontal cortex,and their spatial position (left vs. right) in the occipital cortex during the delay. Conclusions: Overall these findings suggest that non-consciously presented information (identity and/or position) can be retained for several seconds,and is associated with BOLD signal in frontal and posterior regions. These findings are consistent with working memory maintenance of non-consciously presented information, and thereby constrain models of working memory and theories of consciousness.
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Rohaut, Benjamin. „Relations entre conscience et représentations sémantiques verbales : approche comportementale et neurophysiologique chez le sujet sain et le patient cérébro-lésé“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066413/document.

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L'étude de fonctions cognitives telles que le langage, la conscience et a fortiori leurs relations, constitue un défi aux confins de la médecine et des neurosciences cognitives. Le traitement sémantique procure à nos expériences perceptuelles un niveau de représentation abstrait, permettant une variété de fonctions conceptuelles. Dans ce travail, nous avons voulu explorer les relations entre le traitement sémantique verbal et la conscience en adoptant une double approche : d'une part en étudiant des sujets sains en condition de perception consciente et inconsciente (en utilisant une technique de masquage visuel), et d'autre part en étudiant des patients présentant un trouble de la conscience. Au travers de ce travail, nous apportons des arguments en faveur de l'existence de représentations sémantiques verbales inconscientes. Nous proposons également que les deux signatures cérébrales observées en potentiels évoqués (N400 puis LPC/P600) puissent s'intégrer dans un modèle à deux temps : premier temps inconscient (correspondant à la N400), puis second temps conscient (correspondant à la LPC/P600). En explorant les différences entre traitement conscient et non conscient, nous montrons que le traitement sémantique non conscient est sensible aux influences descendantes conscientes, ce qui réfute une conception strictement automatique de la cognition inconsciente. Nos résultats apportent également un nouveau regard sur les mécanismes de résolution d'ambiguïté sémantique. L'exploration des capacités cognitives telles que le traitement sémantique verbal, chez des patients présentant un trouble de la conscience, devrait permettre des avancées notables dans leur prise en charge
The study of cognitive functions so complex such as language and consciousness, and of their interactions, is a challenge at the boundaries between medicine (intensive care, anesthesia, neurology) and cognitive neuroscience. Semantic processing provides our perceptual experiences with a level of abstraction allowing a variety of conceptual functions such as object recognition, social cognition, or language. In this thesis, we explored the relationships between verbal semantic processing and consciousness using a double approach: first, by studying healthy subjects in conscious and unconscious condition (using visual masking), and secondly by studying patients with disorders of consciousness. Through this work we provided empirical evidence of unconscious semantic representations. We then proposed that the two main brain signatures of semantic processing observed in ERPs (N400 and LPC / P600) could be integrated in a two stages model: a first unconscious stage (corresponding to the N400), followed or not by a second stage of processing corresponding to conscious semantics (LPC / P600). Exploring the differences between conscious and nonconscious processing, we showed that nonconscious semantic processing is sensitive to conscious top-down influences. These results refute a strictly automatic conception of unconscious cognition. Our results also shed new light on the respective roles of the two hemispheres in the resolution of semantic ambiguity. The exploration of high-level cognitive abilities, - such a verbal semantic processing - in patients affected with disorder of consciousness should enable significant advancements in their medical management
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Alves, David de Abreu. „Tecnologia assistiva e inclusão: a construção da consciência espacial-cidadã de deficientes visuais“. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9846.

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The dissertation text, the result of theoretical reflection and field research, addresses the process of spatial-citizen awareness of students with Visual Impairment, through the so-called Assistive Technology. The research is configured as a qualitative one, with material analysis as a result of bibliographic review and the application of two techniques: the use of questionnaires and focus groups. The methodologies used are directed to two sets of subjects who accepted to participate in the research, and who are at the State School of Elementary and Middle School Senator Argemiro de Figueiredo, located in the city of Campina Grande, Agreste of the State of Paraíba. The first group is formed by professionals related to education (manager, Geography teachers and coordinators of the AEE Multifunctional Resource Room), and the second group is composed of students with Visual Disabilities enrolled in the institution's collective classes, aged between 13 and 18 years. The relevance of such a study is the need to contribute to scientific research related to the inclusion of the visually impaired, and which are related to Geography. Theoretical basis is based on official documents from different governmental, national and international spheres, as well as works on Space Consciousness, Geography Education, Special Education, School Inclusion, Education for the Visually Impaired, and Assistive Technology. In this context, the works of Almeida (2008), Loch (2008), Guijarro (2005), Mantoan (2008), Bersch (2005, 2006, 2008, 2013), Galvão Filho , Santos (1997, 2003, 2006, 2012), Nogueira (2009, 2013), Carneiro (2009, 2013), Calvalcanti (2002, 2006), among others. The text is structured based on considerations about the historical path experienced by people with disabilities; Presents considerations on an inclusive Geography mediated for the Visually impaired; Seeks to contemplate a history about Assistive Technology, highlighting the types that can be directed to teaching the Visually impaired. On the data that we were offered for reflection, the situation of the researched school in relation to Special Education is evidenced, and how Assistive Technology assists in the process of formation of a spatial-citizen conscience of the visually impaired students, based on the geographic knowledge. The result of this research points to issues of not fully implementing the document guidelines that guide Special Education in an inclusive perspective and to the importance of the educator in the mediation of knowledge for the Visually Impaired, revealing that Assistive Technology does not replace the figure of the Professor of Geography, or the specialized teacher, in the formation of a spatial awareness.
O texto dissertativo, resultado da reflexão teórica e pesquisa de campo, aborda o processo de formação da consciência espacial-cidadã de estudantes com Deficiência Visual, por meio da chamada Tecnologia Assistiva. A pesquisa configura-se como qualitativa, com analise de material fruto de revisão bibliográfica e da aplicação de duas técnicas: uso de questionários e grupos focais. As metodologias utilizadas são direcionadas a dois conjuntos de sujeitos que aceitaram participar da pesquisa, e que estão na Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental e Médio Senador Argemiro de Figueiredo, localizada na cidade de Campina Grande, no Agreste do Estado da Paraíba. O primeiro grupo é formado pelos profissionais ligados à educação (gestor, professores de Geografia e coordenadoras da Sala de Recursos Multifuncionais AEE) e, o segundo formado por estudantes com Deficiência Visual matriculados nas turmas regulares da instituição, com faixa etária de idades entre 13 e 18 anos. A relevância de tal estudo configura-se na necessidade de contribuir com pesquisas científicas ligadas à inclusão de deficientes visuais, e que estejam relacionados com a Geografia. O embasamento teórico fundamenta-se em documentos oficiais de diferentes esferas governamentais, nacional e internacional, bem como obras que apresentam como tema a Consciência Espacial, Ensino de Geografia, Educação Especial, Inclusão Escolar, Educação para os Deficientes Visuais, e Tecnologia Assistiva. Nesse contexto destacam-se as obras de Almeida (2008), Loch (2008), Guijarro (2005), Mantoan (2008), Bersch (2005; 2006; 2008; 2013), Galvão Filho (2009; 2011; 2012; 2013), Santos (1997; 2003; 2006; 2012), Nogueira (2009; 2013), Carneiro (2009; 2013), Calvalcanti (2002; 2006), dentre outros. O texto é estruturado partindo de considerações sobre o percurso histórico vivenciado por pessoas com deficiência; apresenta considerações sobre uma Geografia inclusiva mediada para os Deficientes Visuais; busca contemplar um histórico sobre a Tecnologia Assistiva, destacando os tipos que podem ser direcionadas ao ensino de Deficientes Visuais. Sobre os dados que nos foram oferecidos para reflexão, evidencia-se a situação da escola pesquisada no tocante a Educação Especial, e como a Tecnologia Assistiva auxilia no processo de formação de uma consciência espacial-cidadã dos estudantes deficientes visuais, pautado no conhecimento geográfico. O resultado desta pesquisa aponta para questões de não efetivação, por completo, das diretrizes de documentos que norteiam a Educação Especial na perspectiva inclusiva, e para importância do educador na mediação do conhecimento para Deficientes Visuais, revelando que a Tecnologia Assistiva não substitui a figura do professor de Geografia, ou do professor especializado, na formação de uma consciência espacial.
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36

Theodoni, Panagiota. „Fluctuations in perceptual decisions : cortical microcircuit dynamics mediating alternations in conscious visual perception“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145642.

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Fluctuations in perceptual decisions emerge when our brain confronts with ambiguous sensory stimuli. For instance, our perception alternates between two conflicting images when presented dichoptically to our eyes, allowing a dissociation of the sensory stimulation from the conscious visual perception, and therefore providing a gateway to consciousness. How does the brain work when it deals with such ambiguous sensory stimuli? We addressed this question theoretically by employing a biophysically realistic attractor network, by consistently reducing it to a four- variable rate- based model, and by extracting analytical expressions for second- order statistics. We considered human behavioral and macaque neurophysiological data collected when subjects were confronting with such ambiguities. Our results show the relevance of neuronal adaptation in perceptual decision making, as well as that it contributes to the speed- accuracy trade- off. Furthermore, our findings affirm that both noise and neural adaptation operate in balance during the fluctuating states of visual awareness and suggest that while adaptation in inhibition is not relevant for the perceptual alternations, it contributes to the brain dynamics at rest. Finally, we explain the observed neuronal noise- decorrelation during visual consciousness and provide insights on the long- standing question: where in the brain rivalry is resolved.
Les fluctuacions en les decisions perceptives sorgeixen quan el nostre cervell s'enfronta a estímuls sensorials ambigus. Per exemple, la nostra percepció alterna entre dues imatges contradictòries quan es presenten de forma dicòptica als nostres ulls, cosa que permet una dissociació de l'estimulació sensorial de la percepció visual conscient, i per tant proporciona una porta d'entrada a la consciència. Com funciona el cervell quan es tracta d'aquest tipus d'estímuls sensorials ambigus? Hem tractat aquesta qüestió de forma teòrica mitjançant l'ús d'una xarxa d'atractors biofísicament realista, reduint-la de forma consistent a un model de quatre variables basat en la freqüència, i extraient expressions analítiques pels estadístics de segon ordre. Hem emprat dades neurofisiològiques de comportament d'humans i macacos recollides quan els subjectes s'enfrontaven a aquest tipus d'ambigüitats. Els nostres resultats mostren la importància de l'adaptació neuronal en la presa de decisions perceptives i mostren la seva contribució a l'equilibri velocitat-precisió. D'altra banda, els nostres resultats confirmen que tant el soroll com l'adaptació neural operen en equilibri durant els estats fluctuants de consciència visual i suggereixen que, si bé l'adaptació en la inhibició no és rellevant per a les alternances de percepció, contribueix a la dinàmica del cervell en repòs. Finalment, expliquem la decorrelació del soroll neuronal observada durant la consciència visual i proporcionem noves idees en relació a l’antiga qüestió de en quin lloc del cervell es resol la rivalitat visual.
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Savallampi, Mattias. „The Role of Vision in Attributing the Sense of Part- and Full-Body Ownership During Anomalous Conditions“. Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11363.

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Our bodies are arguably one of the most intimate things we will ever know. But the comfort of our own physical boundaries can be altered in various ways. In this analysis, we will look at how vision contributes to the sense of owning a body by analysing six abnormal conditions: the rubber hand illusion, phantom limbs, somatoparaphrenia, the body-swap illusion, out-of-body experiences, and heautoscopy. Examinations of these experimental or pathological conditions has granted a greater understanding of body-ownership. It was discovered that vision plays different modulatory roles, being more intricately involved in full-body ownership than in part-body ownership. Vision appears to be highly connected to self-location and first-person perspective, which both are contributing factors in projecting the sense of ownership to an external location. In part-body ownership, however, vision can be overruled by other senses, such as proprioception. Though it is still able to contribute to the illusion of projecting ownership and proprioceptive displacement to a rubber hand.
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Laloyaux, Cédric. „Sensitivity to changes with and without awareness: an empirical investigation“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210691.

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Ce travail a pour objectif d'investiguer le sort réservé à  des changements de nature visuelle qui se produisent dans notre environnement et que nous ne détectons pas consciemment. J'investiguerai en particulier si de tels changements non-perçus consciemment peuvent néanmoins (1) être représentés d'une certaine manière en-dessous du seuil de la conscience, et (2) exercer une influence causale sur des tâches comportementales subséquentes. A cette fin, une première étude cherche à établir si les paradigmes classiques de détection de changement sous-évaluent les capacités réelles de la mémoire visuelle à court terme. Cette étude a effectivement montré qu'il était possible de récupérer de l'information stockée en mémoire visuelle à court terme (MVCT), suggérant donc qu'il existe plus de capacités mnésiques visuelles que ce qui est utilisé dans les tâches classiques de détection de changement. Ensuite, une seconde étude a répliqué un paradigme dit d'identification implicite de changements et qui était controversé dans la littérature en raison de biais potentiels. Après correction de ces biais, nous avons pu démontrer que ce paradigme suggère bel et bien un effet d'identification implicite de changement puisque l'identité d'un changement simple (changement d'orientation d'un rectangle parmi 8 rectangles orientés de différentes manières) peut indicer un jugement d'orientation subséquent. Finalement, dans le dernier groupe d'expériences, un nouveau paradigme dans lequel les changements se produisent très progressivement et très lentement sera décrit. En utilisant ce paradigme, j'ai pu démontrer qu'alors que les observateurs demeurent inconscients du changement, ils restent néanmoins sensibles aux changements puisqu'ils « synchronisent » leur représentation en mémoire visuelle avec le stimulus présenté à l'écran. Enfin, dans la conclusion, je m'attacherai également à  développer l'idée selon laquelle nous sommes (1) capables, au minimum, de mettre à jour notre mémoire visuelle d'un changement et probablement d'identifier, un tel changement sans conscience et (2) influençables par ce changement. En effet, à la fin de ce travail, j'arriverai à la conclusion que les représentations visuelles sont ébruitéess et incomplètes. Ceci est dû (1) à  la constitution de la rétine, qui n'est pas homogène (la quantité de photorécepteurs n'est pas identique dans la partie centrale et dans la périphérie du champ visuel), (2) aux imperfections des systèmes biologiques (des imperfections et des erreurs dans la planification des saccades et dans leurs exécutions surgissent,) et (3) aux limitations de nos capacités attentionnelles.
Doctorat en sciences psychologiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Luo, Canhuang. „Le rôle des oscillations du cerveau dans la perception visuelle, l'attention et la conscience“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30280.

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Les oscillations sont omniprésentes dans le cerveau. Une grande partie de la littérature soutient que les oscillations cérébrales ne sont pas un sous-produit des activités du cerveau ; en fait, elles façonnent notre perception en modulant l'excitabilité corticale et en facilitant les communications neuronales. Par conséquent, notre perception visuelle, notre attention et peut-être même notre conscience s'accroissent et diminuent au fil du temps. Cependant, le rôle des oscillations dans ces fonctions perceptives ou cognitives n'est pas entièrement compris. Pour la perception visuelle et l'attention, bien que la relation entre ces fonctions et les oscillations cérébrales ait été établie, on ne sait pas exactement où et comment ces oscillations cérébrales sont générées. En ce qui concerne la conscience, on ignore encore comment les oscillations sont impliquées dans la production de la perception consciente. Ce sont les questions que la présente thèse tente d'aborder. La thèse commence par des oscillations cérébrales dans la fonction cérébrale la plus élémentaire et la mieux comprise - la perception visuelle. Il a été suggéré que la perception visuelle est un processus oscillatoire, échantillonnant le monde à la fréquence alpha. Les échos perceptifs sont une démonstration de l'échantillonnage visuel. L'écho est une fonction de réponse impulsionnelle qui oscille à ~10 Hz en réponse à des stimuli de bruit blanc. Alors que les propriétés temporelles sont progressivement révélées, l'origine des échos reste floue. La première étude s'est attachée à étudier la base neurale des échos perceptifs, et nous avons découvert que les échos proviennent du cortex visuel primitif. Ensuite, nous passons à l'attention. Il a été démontré que l'attention échantillonne l'environnement à la fréquence thêta. Une étude sur les singes suggère que l'oscillation thêta de l'attention peut provenir des interactions compétitives du champ réceptif de V4. Pour savoir si ce mécanisme peut être généralisé aux humains, nous reproduisons l'expérience comportementale chez les humains. Enfin, dans les deux dernières études, nous examinons les oscillations du cerveau dans la conscience. En utilisant la rivalité binoculaire, nous cherchons d'abord à savoir si les échos perceptifs nécessitent une conscience. Les résultats montrent que les échos perceptifs peuvent être déclenchés à la fois lorsque le stimulus est dans la conscience et en dehors de la conscience. Ensuite, nous étudions le flux d'informations pendant la rivalité binoculaire et montrons une augmentation des activités bêta et thêta de haut en bas avant les commutations perceptuelles. En conclusion, le cerveau est un système dynamique dans lequel les oscillations facilitent de manière flexible diverses fonctions cérébrales en jouant différents rôles fonctionnels
Oscillations are ubiquitous in the brain. A large body of literature has supported that brain oscillations are not a by-product of brain activities; in fact, they shape our perception by modulating cortical excitability and facilitating neuronal communications. Consequently, our visual perception, attention and maybe even consciousness wax and wane across time. However, the role of oscillations in these perceptual or cognitive functions is not entirely understood. For visual perception and attention, although the relationship between them and brain oscillations has been established, it is unclear where and how these brain oscillations are generated. As for consciousness, how the oscillations are involved in producing conscious perception remains unknown. These are the questions the current thesis attempts to address. The thesis starts with brain oscillations in the most basic and best understood brain function - visual perception. It has been suggested that visual perception is an oscillatory process, sampling the world at the alpha frequency. Perceptual echoes are one demonstration of visual sampling. The echo is an impulse response function that oscillates at ~10 Hz in response to white-noise stimuli. While the temporal properties are gradually revealed, the origin of the echoes remains unclear. The first study set out to study the neural basis of perceptual echoes, and we found the echoes originate in the early visual cortex. Next, we move on to attention. It has been shown that attention samples the environment at theta frequency. A monkey study suggests that the theta oscillation of attention may arise from competitive receptive field interactions of V4. To investigate if the mechanism can be generalized to humans, we replicate the behavioral experiment in humans. Finally, in the last two studies, we examine brain oscillations in consciousness. Utilizing binocular rivalry, we first investigate if the perceptual echoes require consciousness. The results show that perceptual echoes can be elicited both when the stimulus is in consciousness and out of consciousness. Second, we investigate information flow during binocular rivalry and show an increased top-down beta and theta activities before perceptual switches. In conclusion, the brain is a dynamic system in which the oscillations flexibly facilitate various brain functions by playing different functional roles
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Fiori, Alexandre. „O espectador de si mesmo: jogo de imagens e consciência de si em um personagem de Galdós“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8145/tde-07082007-152248/.

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Depois do êxito de Cervantes, o romance na Espanha permaneceu quase dois séculos à margem de outras formas literárias até ser retomado por um de seus maiores representantes na história da literatura espanhola: Benito Pérez Galdós. Um aspecto que tem importância central no conjunto de sua obra é a construção do personagem. Fortunata y Jacinta, um de seus romances que melhor representa a escritura realista do século XIX, traz em sua estrutura a questão do processo de individualização de um personagem, Fortunata. A protagonista é apresentada na obra como um personagem-tipo representante do povo, ou mesmo de uma classe social em formação na Espanha do século XIX: o proletariado urbano. Durante grande parte de sua trajetória é um personagem espectador de si mesmo, na medida em que suas imagens são compostas por seu entorno constituído de personagens da alta e baixa burguesia, no geral protagonistas dos romances de Galdós que precederam Fortunata y Jacinta. A complexidade desse personagem se concretizará como resultado de sua assimilação das imagens objetivas de si, produzidas por distintos pontos de vista lançados pelas instâncias narrativas do romance. O ponto de apoio externo ao conhecimento objetivo de si do personagem central se constitui das diferentes perspectivas dos personagens que o rodeiam, do juízo e movimentações do narrador que se desdobra em ficcionalizador do relato, das marcas do autor na obra e da interpretação do leitor
After Cervantes\'s achievement, the novel in Spain lagged almost two centuries behind other literary forms, until its eventual retake by one of its foremost representatives in the Spanish literary history: Benito Pérez Galdós. A feature of crucial importance in the whole of his work is character construction. Fortunata y Jacinta, one of the most representative among his novels of nineteenth-century realistic writing, brings along in its structure the question about the individualisation process of a character (Fortunata). The protagonist is portrayed in this work as a type-character representative of the people, or rather of a social class which was emerging in nineteenth-century Spain: the urban working class. During a considerable portion of her course in life she is a beholder of herself, since her images are shaped by her surroundings, which comprise characters from both the high and the low bourgeoisie, generally protagonists of novels Galdós wrote before Fortunata y Jacinta. This character\'s complexity materialises as a result of her assimilating objective images of herself produced by different viewpoints cast by the novel\'s narrative instances. The outward support for the main character\'s objective self-knowledge is made up of the diverse perspectives of the characters around her, of the opinions and movements of the narrator (who ends up becoming a fictionalizer of the account), of marks left by the author in the work and of the reader\'s interpretation
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Griffin, Velda L. „Right Brain Study“. UNF Digital Commons, 1985. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/24.

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The purpose of this study is to show that instructional methods designed for right-brained students will make a significant difference in the reading achievement scores of the students when compared with the scores of right-brained sixth grade students not receiving these instructional methods.The subjects were sixth grade students who use the right hemisphere of the brain to a greater degree than the left hemisphere. The subjects' cerebral preference was determined by a test known as the Cerebral Preference Index (CPI). Ten students each were chosen from two sixth grade classes. The study consisted of a Control Group and Experimental Group. During the study the Control Group received eight weeks of the regular school's program while the Experimental Group received eight weeks of instructional strategies that take hemispheric specialization into consideration. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the reading achievement scores of those students who received the instructional methods designed for right brained students. The analysis of data did suggest that those scoring high on the pre-test scored high on the post test. The results indicated the same outcome for low scorers.
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Watt, Diane P. „Juxtaposing Sonare and Videre Midst Curricular Spaces: Negotiating Muslim, Female Identities in the Discursive Spaces of Schooling and Visual Media Cultures“. Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19973.

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Muslims have the starring role in the mass media’s curriculum on otherness, which circulates in-between local and global contexts to powerfully constitute subjectivities. This study inquires into what it is like to be a female, Muslim student in Ontario, in this post 9/11 discursive context. Seven young Muslim women share stories of their high schooling experiences and their sense of identity in interviews and focus group sessions. They also respond to images of Muslim females in the print media, offering perspectives on the intersections of visual media discourses with their lived experience. This interdisciplinary project draws from cultural studies, postcolonial feminist theory, and post-reconceptualist curriculum theorizing. Working with auto/ethno/graphy, my own subjectivity is also brought into the study to trouble researcher-as-knower and acknowledge that personal histories are implicated in larger social, cultural, and historical processes. Using bricolage, I compose a hybrid text with multiple layers of meaning by juxtapositing theory, image, and narrative, leaving spaces for the reader’s own biography to become entangled with what is emerging in the text. Issues raised include veiling obsession, Islamophobia, absences in the school curriculum, and mass media as curriculum. Muslim females navigate a complex discursive terrain and their identity negotiations are varied. These include creating Muslim spaces in their schools, wearing hijab to assert their Muslim identity, and downplaying their religious identity at school. I argue for the need to engage students and teacher candidates in complicated conversations on difference via auto/ethno/graphy, pedagogies of tension, and epistemologies of doubt. Educators and researchers might also consider the possibilities of linking visual media literacy with social justice issues.
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Sung, Shin-Young. „Espace réel, espace virtuel, espace transcendantal dans l'art contemporain : le cas de Robert Irwin“. Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040051.

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La notion d’espace prend un sens très fort et comme actif dans le travail artistique de Robert Irwin. Celui-ci instaure un nouveau mode d’être pour l’espace par son installation dite « site-conditioned/determined » tout en la nouant pourtant avec celui du site préexistant, qu’il soit intérieur ou extérieur. Le statut ontologique de son installation est celui d’un « non-objet », d’une extrême simplicité de forme et d’un minimum de matérialité : une bande noire ou une surface de voile semi-transparent, à la fois objet montré et sujet montrant, mettent en jeu lumière et ombre, attirant notre attention non seulement sur lui mais tout autour, intégrant l’espace où il s’intègre. L’installation est mise en œuvre de son environnement architectural ou naturel. L’installation est ainsi installa(tten)tion, c’est-à-dire installation qui installe l’attention. Ce que procure l’artiste au spectateur par son installation est la sensation pure de l’apparaître dynamique et changeant de l’espace du monde réel. Sensible d’abord à la dimension réelle de l’espace physique, nous découvrons peu à peu sa dimension virtuelle, puis transcendantale, au fur et à mesure que ce processus de sensation pure déclenché par l’aspect inhabituel de cet espace pourtant réel se déploie. Grâce au toucher direct et vivant d’un sentir aiguisé, et visuel et kinesthésique, éveillé par l’installation de Robert Irwin, devient quasi palpable notre conscience d’exister. Elle résonne alors à la réalité directe et immédiate du monde mais aussi aux virtualités de son apparaître et à ce qui les rend possibles : sa forme en soi, révélée et actualisée comme la véritable nature de l’espace réel
The notion of space has a strong and active meaning in Robert Irwin’s art work. He establishes a new way of appearance of space through his so-called “Site-conditioned/determined” installation by uniting the installation with the space of the existing site, whether indoors or out. The ontological status of his installation is that of a “none-object”: extremely simple in form and with a minimum of materials. He uses a black tape or a surface of semitransparent scrim. These objects are both “object shown” and “subject showing”. They play with light and shadow, catching our attention not only on themselves but also on their surroundings, including the space into which they fit. So the art piece is not only the installation itself but its circumstance with its whole architectural or natural environment. So the installation is installa(tten)tion, that is to say an installation that installs attention. Through the installation, the artist provides for the viewer a chance to have a pure sensation of the dynamic and changing appearance of space in the real world. At first sensitive to the real dimension of physical space, we discover little by little its virtual and then transcendental dimensions, as this process of pure sensation unfolds, triggered by the unusual aspect of the real space caused by the installation. A direct and living contact through a sharpened feeling, both visual and kinesthetic, with the space, awakened by the installation of Robert Irwin, makes our awareness of existing almost palpable. This awareness of existing resonates with the direct and immediate reality of the world as well as potentialities of the world’s appearance and what makes these potentialities possible: form in itself, revealed and actualized as the true nature of real space
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44

LIU, QI-XIN, und 劉薺心. „The Consciousness of Cyber Wandering in Visual Works“. Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z9cf7r.

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碩士
輔仁大學
應用美術學系碩士班
105
Wandering is a state of existence, a spiritual form and value known as “wandering consciousness”. The researcher compiles various forms of wandering before the Internet appearance and those of modern people’s on Internet. Based on the comparative analyses of both, the following five categories are generalized as follows: 1. The “Heroic wandering mode” expresses modern people’s journey of heroic wandering. With online games as the way of practice, one creates one’s own heroic myth; 2. The “Religious wandering mode” reveals the modern spirit of human pursuit of the Internet, iust as the religious wandering mode that passes tests to condense into the spiritual faith of the consciousness; 3. The “Political exile and seclusion mode” expresses spiritual death owing to internet addiction as active and passive forms of exile as ancient literati’s exile and seclusion revealing the disappointment of the society at large towards life which leads to death due to depression; 4. “Nietzsche’s spirit of philosophical thinking of three changes in the spiritual roaming mode” shows modern people unconsciously surfing their mobile phone which shows only by getting along with loneliness and reestablishing self-value and beliefs can one stop wandering in the consciousness of loneliness; 5. The “Zhuang Zhou’s spiritual search, Shakespeare’s roaming writing and Byron’s spirit projected on the fate of rebellion in the spiritual roaming mode” express Zhuang Zhou’s dream of butterfly, and Shakespeare’s romantic writing or Byron’s passion-based rebellion in search of solace from the soul and escape from various forms of self-existence in real life through different forms of relationships. On the other hand, modern people hide their virtual identity in the internet and wander in the cyber space between reality and virutuality to become the diversely divided self. In the first stage of the creative process in this study, the result of literary analyses is the design of 12 visual works; in the second stage, the external characteristics of iconography are adopted for analyses of how the creative ideas are implemented; in the third stage, iconography is employed for analyses of the inherent symbols of works and elaborate creative ideas. From January 11th, 2017 to January 17th, 2017, the works were exhibited at the FJU Art Gallery. The said exhibition presents the core spirt of the wandering consciousness of modern Internet. According to feedbacks from viewers, they appreciate works that create out-of-the-world relationships using canvas, clouds, and spaces, thereby relating to the Internet spirit and life values conveyed through the works. The viewers were turned into wanderers who set out on a spiritual journey in the clouds.
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45

Ceronio, Foord. „Presentation precinct : modification of consciousness“. Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28375.

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The proposed thesis project consists of an art presentation precinct where art works will be exhibited, presented and performed before being presented to under-exposed communities in outlying areas of Tshwane and beyond. The dissertation responds to certain identified requirements. Its approach will be preservation based, while being sensitive to the distinctiveness of the site. The aim is that the aesthetics will add to the character of the site and that, at completion, visual appropriateness will be prominent. Please note that the text on pages 28-39, 44, 46-64, 71-77, Images and Bibliography is illegible
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Architecture
unrestricted
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46

Wishart, Lionel H., University of Western Sydney, College of Arts und School of Communication Arts. „Social consciousness in the work of Beckmann and Kentridge : an artist's view“. 2006. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/17563.

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This study is about how a social consciousness is made visible in the paintings and drawings of two artists who have in common an urge to examine the human condition in the context of traumatic social and political circumstances. Their prime concern is with the eternal complexities between the individual and society. Pessimism, hope, anger, frustration and guilt reside in their images. This thesis explores how their social consciousness is expressed through the unique pictorial devices that each creates. It examines their biographies and the social and political milieu influencing their work; it explores their perceptions through the examination of the particular themes and devices that they developed as visual language. These influences lead to the examination of my own artistic practice, exploring the connection between my social consciousness and my pictorial language.
Master of Arts (Hons.)
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47

Pun, Carson. „In and Out of Consciousness: Sustained Electrophysiological Activity Reflects Individual Differences in Perceptual Awareness“. Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/31395.

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Examining the neural correlates associated with the moment a stimulus enters or exits conscious awareness is one way to potentially identify the neural mechanisms that give rise to consciousness. In the present study, we examined neural activity using electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings while participants observed a bilateral shape-from-motion (SFM) display. While the display is in motion, the observer perceives an object that is immediately segregated from a noisy background. After the motion stops, the observer’s experience of the object remains momentarily in awareness, before it eventually fades out of consciousness back into the noisy background. Consistent with subjective reports of perceptual experience, we observed a prominent sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN), but only in conditions associated with sustained awareness. Importantly, the amplitude of the SPCN was correlated with individual differences in visual awareness, suggesting that this activity plays a significant role in the maintenance of objects in consciousness.
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48

Lin, Jui-Hung, und 林瑞鴻. „The Consciousness of Tragedy and Its Salvation in Visual Art Expression“. Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19295268504924767993.

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49

Huey-Yuen, Shiau, und 蕭惠月. „The Poetic Eyes the Visual Stimulus Esthetic Consciousness-Art Works of Shiau Huey-Yuen“. Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37338132502402165717.

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碩士
大葉大學
設計暨藝術學院碩士班
98
Since the late 20th century, artistic circles have developed into multifarious, diverse generations, filled with what many call “modern” artistic work. The work focuses on briefly attracting people’s attention, resulting in art creations which are pleasant to the eyes, but ignore the fundamentals of beauty and art, and forgo the ideals of modern tradition. From the development of art history, many symbolic and literary artists and sculptors say that regardless of the form of artistic expression, it is mainly to convey the feeling of true art and show what is inside the artists’ heart. The poem feeds the hungry and thirsty heart, reconciles the injured soul, and improves the quality of our lives. Therefore, this study will focus on poetry as a creative theme of art imagery, with a connection to the visual arts. It will show more about the aesthetic nature of art and poetry, explore the art of visual imagery, and conduct a series of works of art. Finally, it will combine the nature of art and the poetic expression into visual arts. In exploring the origin of art, this study will show that art is from the heart. Due to the process of researching the poetic eyes the visual stimulus esthetic consciousness, researcher realized that the artist should enrich oneself connotation and have innocent personal character while creations, therefore, the artistic boundary can be the common artistic feeling. Simultaneously, the researcher realized the artist value of great art works while creating, and also clarifies my direction of creations.
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50

De, Lange Beverley. „A visual interpretation of consciousness as a continuous process of self-organisation and embodiment“. Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26544.

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That consciousness is ubiquitous, and relevant to autopoietic self-organisation and embodiment within every living being and/or organism, is a prevalent idea in contemporary consciousness research. However, because ‘consciousness’ as a word is derived from con or cum, meaning ‘with’ or ‘together’ and scire, ‘to know’ or ‘to see’ it infers the experience of knowing with an ‘other’ and/or ‘others’. The narrative that follows, while expressing a life of its own, documents the interdisciplinary research conducted and questions who and/or to what ‘other’ might infer. My visual diary, Dust from dust: Microorganisms and other tales: An Artist’s diary, created as the visual component of a creative practice-as-research undertaking, was silently performed amidst ‘others’ in the Unisa gallery, in an attempt to render visible, the autopoietic, self-organising embodiment essential to the conscious self-developmental component of the project. Once upon a time, I grew bacterial yeast cells in a glass vitrine to observe how they self-organised their own embodiment and photographed the process. At the same time, I conducted interdisciplinary research into consciousness as a self-developmental process, and utilising the cellular symbiosis unfolding in the vitrine as a self-reflexive mirror, came to visualise how indispensable bodily feelings are to conscious self-development, and being-in-the-world-with-others processes. As a creative-practice-as-research undertaking, I grew, manipulated and photographed the cellular imagery in the vitrine over many years in an attempt to unfold personal bodily feeling associations the imagery held captive, while gathering photographic footage I considered capable of expressing the primordial nature of certain emotive feeling experiences. Once obtained, I choreographed and performed a stop-frame video, entitled Dust from Dust: Microorganisms and other tales. An artist’s diary. The stop-frame video, along with a catalogue that focuses on the processes engaged with, accompanies the written narrative. Once edited, I macroscopically projected different phases of the video into a three-walled enclosure in the UNISA Art gallery. The three videos, representing a facet of my praxis, ran concurrently over a two week period. The fourth facet, presented with the video projections to emphasise conscious self-development as an in-the-world-with-others process, was the glass vitrine. It was positioned in a darkened enclosure in the gallery space, opposite the video projections. This narrative documents how I projected myself into the cellular imagery developing in the glass vitrine, in a way akin to how the ancient alchemists ‘projected’ themselves into the prima materia with which they worked. While the alchemists seemingly worked unconsciously, and my praxis initially started somewhat unconsciously, the process developed into a conscious attempt to embody the research findings. So, while the video choreographed, champions a microbial cell story, by referring to it as an artist’s diary, I emphasise the subjective nature of my praxis as a whole. In this creative-practice-as-research undertaking, I address the significance of bodily feelings and their relevance to being-in-the-world-with-others processes. In doing so, I aim to offer insight into how and why feelings are essential to inter-subjectivity and/or sociality, self-organisation and conscious self-development, as well as how and why conscious self-development can lead to immersive experiences, which I interpret as embodied adaptation to the rich diversity and/or fullness of life itself.
Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Art History)
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