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1
Debarbieux, Laurent, Matthias Fischer und Tessa Quax. „Viruses of Microbes“. Viruses 9, Nr. 9 (20.09.2017): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v9090263.
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Quax, Tessa E. F., Marianne De Paepe und Karin Holmfeldt. „Viruses of Microbes 2020: The Latest Conquest on Viruses of Microbes“. Viruses 13, Nr. 5 (30.04.2021): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050802.
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Engevik, Kristen A., und Melinda A. Engevik. „Partners in Infectious Disease: When Microbes Facilitate Enteric Viral Infections“. Gastroenterology Insights 12, Nr. 1 (01.02.2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gastroent12010005.
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The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse community of microbes, fungi, archaea, and viruses. In addition to occupying the same enteric niche, recent evidence suggests that microbes and viruses can act synergistically and, in some cases, promote disease. In this review, we focus on the disease-promoting interactions of the gut microbiota and rotavirus, norovirus, poliovirus, reovirus, and astrovirus. Microbes and microbial compounds can directly interact with viruses, promote viral fitness, alter the glycan structure of viral adhesion sites, and influence the immune system, among other mechanisms. These interactions can directly and indirectly affect viral infection. By focusing on microbe–virus interplay, we hope to identify potential strategies for targeting offending microbes and minimizing viral infection.
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Simmons, Alison. „Genes, viruses and microbes“. Nature 466, Nr. 7307 (August 2010): 699–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/466699a.
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Roossinck, Marilyn J. „Even viruses can be beneficial microbes“. Microbiology Australia 33, Nr. 3 (2012): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma12111.
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Although viruses are almost always thought of as pathogens, most viruses probably do not cause disease, and some provide essential benefits to their hosts. Beneficial viruses are found in a wide variety of hosts including bacteria, insects, plants, fungi and other microbial eukaryotes, and humans and other animals. Beneficial viruses can confer tolerance to stress such as heat, cold and drought; they can prevent or attenuate infection by pathogenic microbes; they can act as bioweapons to allow their hosts access to new territory; and they have been critical in the evolution of their hosts. In spite of their bad reputation, viruses could be used to benefit humans and their food sources in novel ways.
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Rowe, Raymond C. „Microbes, viruses and verse – microbial musings“. Drug Discovery Today 7, Nr. 20 (Oktober 2002): 1032–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02466-2.
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Kim, Tae-Dong, und Hajime Unno. „The roles of microbes in the removal and inactivation of viruses in a biological wastewater treatment system“. Water Science and Technology 33, Nr. 10-11 (01.05.1996): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0681.
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The objective of this research is to clarify the mechanism for virus removal in an activated sludge process. The roles of microbes, i.e. bacteria, protozoa and metazoa, which form activated sludge were investigated using poliovirus as a model virus. In a bacteria cultures, the virus concentration decreased in the first one hour after which no further decrease was observed. This phenomenon is explained by the interaction of bacterial floc and virus where virus was removed by reversible adsorption. On the other hand, in the mixed culture of bacteria and protozoa, or of bacteria and metazoa, the virus removal process was observed to proceed in two first-order processes. In the first stage, virus was removed from the liquid phase by adsorption onto the floc, whereas in the second stage, virus is removed by predation of the other microbes, i.e. protozoa or metazoa. Moreover, the floc-forming ability and the feeding manner of the microbes strongly affected the virus removal. Especially, a filter feeder microbe was more effective in virus removal than a detritus feeder microbe. Among the microbes used in the experiments, P. erythrophthalma which had a large mouth and a strong filter-feeding ability as well as a high floc-forming ability showed the most efficient virus removal.
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Dominguez-Huerta, Guillermo, Ahmed A. Zayed, James M. Wainaina, Jiarong Guo, Funing Tian, Akbar Adjie Pratama, Benjamin Bolduc et al. „Diversity and ecological footprint of Global Ocean RNA viruses“. Science 376, Nr. 6598 (10.06.2022): 1202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn6358.
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DNA viruses are increasingly recognized as influencing marine microbes and microbe-mediated biogeochemical cycling. However, little is known about global marine RNA virus diversity, ecology, and ecosystem roles. In this study, we uncover patterns and predictors of marine RNA virus community- and “species”-level diversity and contextualize their ecological impacts from pole to pole. Our analyses revealed four ecological zones, latitudinal and depth diversity patterns, and environmental correlates for RNA viruses. Our findings only partially parallel those of cosampled plankton and show unexpectedly high polar ecological interactions. The influence of RNA viruses on ecosystems appears to be large, as predicted hosts are ecologically important. Moreover, the occurrence of auxiliary metabolic genes indicates that RNA viruses cause reprogramming of diverse host metabolisms, including photosynthesis and carbon cycling, and that RNA virus abundances predict ocean carbon export.
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Carrillo Farga, Ana María. „Ideas: The microbes and viruses that made history“. UNESCO Courier 2020, Nr. 3 (31.07.2020): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/32d09142-en.
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Toussaint, Ariane, David Prangishvili und Ian J. Molineux. „Introduction to special issue on viruses and microbes“. Virology 434, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2012): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.006.
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Sano, Emiko, Suzanne Carlson, Linda Wegley und Forest Rohwer. „Movement of Viruses between Biomes“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2004): 5842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.10.5842-5846.2004.
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ABSTRACT Viruses are abundant in all known ecosystems. In the present study, we tested the possibility that viruses from one biome can successfully propagate in another. Viral concentrates were prepared from different near-shore marine sites, lake water, marine sediments, and soil. The concentrates were added to microcosms containing dissolved organic matter as a food source (after filtration to allow 100-kDa particles to pass through) and a 3% (vol/vol) microbial inoculum from a marine water sample (after filtration through a 0.45-μm-pore-size filter). Virus-like particle abundances were then monitored using direct counting. Viral populations from lake water, marine sediments, and soil were able to replicate when they were incubated with the marine microbes, showing that viruses can move between different ecosystems and propagate. These results imply that viruses can laterally transfer DNA between microbes in different biomes.
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Bonachela, Juan A., Melinda Choua und Michael R. Heath. „Unconstrained coevolution of bacterial size and the latent period of plastic phage“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 5 (26.05.2022): e0268596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268596.
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Viruses play critical roles in the dynamics of microbial communities. Lytic viruses, for example, kill significant fractions of autotrophic and heterotrophic microbes daily. The dynamic interplay between viruses and microbes results from an overlap of physiological, ecological, and evolutionary responses: environmental changes trigger host physiological changes, affecting the ecological interactions of host and virus and, ultimately, the evolutionary pressures influencing the two populations. Recent theoretical work studied how the dependence of viral traits on host physiology (viral plasticity) affects the evolutionarily stable host cell size and viral infection time emerging from coevolution. Here, we broaden the scope of the framework to consider any coevolutionary outcome, including potential evolutionary collapses of the system. We used the case study of Escherichia coli and T-like viruses under chemostat conditions, but the framework can be adapted to any microbe-virus system. Oligotrophic conditions led to smaller, lower-quality but more abundant hosts, and infections that were longer but produced a reduced viral offspring. Conversely, eutrophic conditions resulted in fewer but larger higher-quality hosts, and shorter but more productive infections. The virus influenced host evolution decreasing host size more noticeably for low than for high dilution rates, and for high than for low nutrient input concentration. For low dilution rates, the emergent infection time minimized host need/use, but higher dilution led to an opportunistic strategy that shortened the duration of infections. System collapses driven by evolution resulted from host failure to adapt quickly enough to the evolving virus. Our results contribute to understanding the eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbes and virus, and to improving the predictability of current models for host-virus interactions. The large quantitative and qualitative differences observed with respect to a classic description (in which viral traits are assumed to be constant) highlights the importance of including viral plasticity in theories describing short- and long-term host-virus dynamics.
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IBRAHIM LAWAL, AMINU YUSUF FARDAMI, SULEIMAN BELLO, AISHA HABIBU und ZAINAB MUHAMMAD SANUSI. „The Potentials of Biosurfactants as Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Viral Agents Against Covid-19: A Mini Review“. UMYU Scientifica 1, Nr. 2 (30.12.2022): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.1222.019.
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Infection due to strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS COV2) has grown to be of global public health significance. Biotechnology uses living organisms such as microbes to produce metabolites like biosurfactants. Biosurfactants are ampiphilic surface active biomolecules that were proven to have therapeutic function against some groups of microbes including viruses. They also have anti-inflammatory potential through their interaction with viral membranes and macromolecules to decrease cytosolic phospholipase A2, which is the beginning of an anti-inflammatory response, and are recognized structurally by toll-like receptors (TLR-2), which are released when neutrophils are stimulated. They can also play vital role in aiding the human body to have inflammatory response. The functional groups of biosurfactants interact with the viruses membrane structure. Some groups of biosurfactants cause physiochemical processes that render viruses inactive. Therefore it can generally be understood that biosurfactants destroy the virus's envelope and the viral membrane's structures. The principle behind biosurfactant’s anti viral property is due to the hydrophilic properties that are within the acetyl groups. Additionally, the hydrophobic properties of biosurfactant are also important in making it to have antiviral activity. These activities of biosurfactants against viruses make it to be potential anti-inflammatory and anti-viral agents against Covid-19. Therefore this paper is aimed to produce a mini review on the anti-inflammatory and anti-viral potential against Covid-19. And the review also highlights some of the desirable properties and benefits of biosurfactants as anti-corona viruses.
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Desmecht, Salomé, Agnieszka Latka, Pieter-Jan Ceyssens, Abel Garcia-Pino, Annika Gillis, Rob Lavigne, Gipsi Lima-Mendez et al. „Meeting Report of the Second Symposium of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes and Launch of the Phage Valley“. Viruses 16, Nr. 2 (15.02.2024): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16020299.
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The second symposium of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes (BSVoM) took place on 8 September 2023 at the University of Liège with 141 participants from 10 countries. The meeting program covered three thematic sessions opened by international keynote speakers: two sessions were devoted to “Fundamental research in phage ecology and biology” and the third one to the “Present and future applications of phages”. During this one day symposium, four invited keynote lectures, nine selected talks and eight student pitches were given along with thirty presented posters. The president of the Belgian Society for Viruses of Microbes, Prof. Yves Briers, took advantage of this symposium to launch the Phage Valley concept that will put the spotlight on the exceptionally high density of researchers investigating viruses of microbes as well as the successful triple helix approach between academia, industry and government in Belgium.
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Shaaban, Heba, David A. Westfall, Rawhi Mohammad, David Danko, Daniela Bezdan, Ebrahim Afshinnekoo, Nicola Segata und Christopher E. Mason. „The Microbe Directory: An annotated, searchable inventory of microbes’ characteristics“. Gates Open Research 2 (05.01.2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12772.1.
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The Microbe Directory is a collective research effort to profile and annotate more than 7,500 unique microbial species from the MetaPhlAn2 database that includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. By collecting and summarizing data on various microbes’ characteristics, the project comprises a database that can be used downstream of large-scale metagenomic taxonomic analyses, allowing one to interpret and explore their taxonomic classifications to have a deeper understanding of the microbial ecosystem they are studying. Such characteristics include, but are not limited to: optimal pH, optimal temperature, Gram stain, biofilm-formation, spore-formation, antimicrobial resistance, and COGEM class risk rating. The database has been manually curated by trained student-researchers from Weill Cornell Medicine and CUNY—Hunter College, and its analysis remains an ongoing effort with open-source capabilities so others can contribute. Available in SQL, JSON, and CSV (i.e. Excel) formats, the Microbe Directory can be queried for the aforementioned parameters by a microorganism’s taxonomy. In addition to the raw database, The Microbe Directory has an online counterpart (https://microbe.directory/) that provides a user-friendly interface for storage, retrieval, and analysis into which other microbial database projects could be incorporated. The Microbe Directory was primarily designed to serve as a resource for researchers conducting metagenomic analyses, but its online web interface should also prove useful to any individual who wishes to learn more about any particular microbe.
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Babaee, Hamed. „The Role of the Microbiome in Colorectal Cancer derived from RNA-seq Data“. Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, Nr. 6 (25.05.2022): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1706rjbt21044.
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The relationship between humans and microbes can be either useful or harmful for both species/groups due to the production of proteins and enzymes, secretion of toxins, or alteration in the expression of their genes. In this study, the RNA sequence data of patients’ colorectal cancer samples were aligned with the human genome and then the remaining non-aligned sequences were aligned with the entire microbial genome database using the BLAST tool. The most frequent microbes were aligned with the genes with the highest expression. In the alignment step, investigating the sequence codes of prokaryotes and eukaryote promoters indicated similarities between some segments of the sequences of several microbes including chromosomes no. 1 and no. 4 of the Fusarium pseudograminearum, several bacteria and viruses with the most expressed genes. The results of alignment between human promoters and genes with microbes as well as the alignment of microbe promoters and genes with human genes can have detrimental effects on human tissues and organs. This is because microbes and their genetic patterns and products are invasive and encourage invasion, conquest, proliferation, destruction and rapid growth and thus change the balance of the human system for their benefit.
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Pascelli, Cecília, Patrick W. Laffy, Marija Kupresanin, Timothy Ravasi und Nicole S. Webster. „Morphological characterization of virus-like particles in coral reef sponges“. PeerJ 6 (17.10.2018): e5625. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5625.
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Marine sponges host complex microbial consortia that vary in their abundance, diversity and stability amongst host species. While our understanding of sponge-microbe interactions has dramatically increased over the past decade, little is known about how sponges and their microbial symbionts interact with viruses, the most abundant entities in the ocean. In this study, we employed three transmission electron microscopy (TEM) preparation methods to provide the first comprehensive morphological assessment of sponge-associated viruses. The combined approaches revealed 50 different morphologies of viral-like particles (VLPs) represented across the different sponge species. VLPs were visualized within sponge cells, within the sponge extracellular mesohyl matrix, on the sponge ectoderm and within sponge-associated microbes. Non-enveloped, non-tailed icosahedral VLPs were the most commonly observed morphotypes, although tailed bacteriophage, brick-shaped, geminate and filamentous VLPs were also detected. Visualization of sponge-associated viruses using TEM has confirmed that sponges harbor not only diverse communities of microorganisms but also diverse communities of viruses.
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Mayerhofer, M., K. J. Aichberger, S. Florian und P. Valent. „Recognition Sites for Microbes and Components of the Immune System on Human Mast Cells: Relationship to CD Antigens and Implications for Host Defense“. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 20, Nr. 3 (Juli 2007): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200702000301.
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Traditionally, mast cells (MCs) have been considered to play an important role in allergic disorders and helminth infections. More recently, MCs have been implicated in a variety of different infectious diseases including life-threatening disorders caused by viruses and bacteria. Apart from recognition through specific IgE, MCs are considered to recognize such bacteria and viruses via specific cell surface binding sites. In addition, MCs interact with diverse components and cells of the immune system and thereby may facilitate the targeting and the elimination of invading microbes in the tissues. The current article provides an overview on MC antigens contributing to microbe recognition and targeting as an important element of natural host-defense.
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Sullivan, Matthew B. „Viromes, Not Gene Markers, for Studying Double-Stranded DNA Virus Communities“. Journal of Virology 89, Nr. 5 (24.12.2014): 2459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03289-14.
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Microbes have recently been recognized as dominant forces in nature, with studies benefiting from gene markers that can be quickly, informatively, and universally surveyed. Viruses, where explored, have proven to be powerful modulators of locally and globally important microbes through mortality, horizontal gene transfer, and metabolic reprogramming. However, community-wide virus studies have been challenged by the lack of a universal marker. Here, I propose that viral metagenomics has advanced to largely take over study of double-stranded DNA viruses.
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Roy, Pranab, und Surupa Basu. „Microbes aiding plant growth: Probiotics in plants.“ American Journal of Applied Bio-Technology Research 2, Nr. 4 (01.11.2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ajabtr.243.
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Micro-organisms, including viruses, bacteria and fungi are generally perceived as pathogens, causing different diseases in plants and animals including human beings. However, there are many microbes known which not only help in the growth of their host organisms but are essential for their survival. Plants have symbiotic relationship with many microbes which are essential for the survival for both the host and micro-organisms. Nitrogen fixing bacteria which associate with the roots of leguminous plants can fix atmospheric Nitrogen gas into ammonia which is essential for plant growth. These bacteria, generally known as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobcteria (PGPR) derive their food from the host leguminous plants, mutually benefitting each other. Some common examples of PGPR genera exhibiting plant growth promoting activity are: Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Burkholdaria, Enterobacter, Rhizobium, Erwinia, Mycobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Flavobacterium, etc. Viruses and fungi are also known to have such relationships with plants, eg. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM).
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Refai, Mohammed Y., Aala A. Abulfaraj, Israa J. Hakeem, Nehad A. Shaer, Mashael D. Alqahtani, Maryam M. Alomran, Nahaa M. Alotaibi et al. „Rhizobiome Signature and Its Alteration Due to Watering in the Wild Plant Moringa oleifera“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 3 (02.02.2023): 2745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032745.
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Metagenomic approach was used to detect microbial gene abundance and relative abundance in the rhizosphere of Moringa oleifera and surrounding bulk soil and to detect the response of soil microbes to watering. Expectedly, the number and abundance of non-redundant genes were extremely higher in bacteria followed by archaea, eukaryota and viruses. Results demonstrated unexpected high abundance of some microbes (ex., endophyte genus Nocardioides) in the rhizosphere that are supposed to exist mainly in other rhizocompartments. We suggest this differential distribution of microbes is due to the specific pattern of host-microbe interaction. Other endosymbiont microbes, ex., fungi Mucoromycota and Ascomycota, were highly abundant in the bulk soil possibly because they are phytopathogens where plant exudates might inhibit their growth or force these fungi to approach reverse chemotaxis. Our data indicated high abundance of other symbiont microbes in the rhizosphere of M. oleifera at phylum (ex., Actinobacteria) and genus (ex., Streptomyces) levels. Watering experiment indicated that phylum Actinobacteria and the descending genus Streptomyces are among the highest. Rhizobiome of M. oleifera seems to harbor a wealth of new species of the genus Streptomyces that are required to be deciphered for function in order to be eventually utilized in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.
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Leray, Matthieu, Laetitia G. E. Wilkins, Amy Apprill, Holly M. Bik, Friederike Clever, Sean R. Connolly, Marina E. De León et al. „Natural experiments and long-term monitoring are critical to understand and predict marine host–microbe ecology and evolution“. PLOS Biology 19, Nr. 8 (19.08.2021): e3001322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001322.
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Marine multicellular organisms host a diverse collection of bacteria, archaea, microbial eukaryotes, and viruses that form their microbiome. Such host-associated microbes can significantly influence the host’s physiological capacities; however, the identity and functional role(s) of key members of the microbiome (“core microbiome”) in most marine hosts coexisting in natural settings remain obscure. Also unclear is how dynamic interactions between hosts and the immense standing pool of microbial genetic variation will affect marine ecosystems’ capacity to adjust to environmental changes. Here, we argue that significantly advancing our understanding of how host-associated microbes shape marine hosts’ plastic and adaptive responses to environmental change requires (i) recognizing that individual host–microbe systems do not exist in an ecological or evolutionary vacuum and (ii) expanding the field toward long-term, multidisciplinary research on entire communities of hosts and microbes. Natural experiments, such as time-calibrated geological events associated with well-characterized environmental gradients, provide unique ecological and evolutionary contexts to address this challenge. We focus here particularly on mutualistic interactions between hosts and microbes, but note that many of the same lessons and approaches would apply to other types of interactions.
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Han, Jiawen. „Fluid Dynamics and Numerical Simulation of Exhaled Droplets Containing Infectious Viruses“. Security and Communication Networks 2022 (17.05.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6708401.
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Understanding the movement and transmission patterns of airborne particles is very important to understand the diseases they carry. One of the most common sources of viral infections is sneezing and coughing. This topic explores the theoretical properties of airborne microbes and their dispersal. It aims at developing a model that can predict the movement and transmission of these particles. The model is formulated using the Runge–Kutta (RK) algorithm, which is a 4th-order standard for solving differential equations. It is used to study the effects of various factors such as wind speed and jet velocity on the movement of droplets. The model is compared to the well-known Maxey–Riley equation. It then explains the various factors that influence the dispersal of airborne microbes. The evaporation of airborne microbes has a significant effect on the movement of smaller particles.
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Wait, D. A., und M. D. Sobsey. „Comparative survival of enteric viruses and bacteria in Atlantic Ocean seawater“. Water Science and Technology 43, Nr. 12 (01.06.2001): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0725.
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The survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, poliovirus type 1 and a parvovirus (Minute Virus of Mice) was determined in seawater. Seeded seawater was incubated in the laboratory at 6, 12, 20 and 28°C for up to 40 d. In-situ survival studies were done seasonally (winter, spring, summer and fall) using seeded microbial dialysis equipment placed in the Atlantic Ocean off coastal North Carolina at water depths of 3–10 m. In laboratory studies all test microbes survived longer at lower temperatures with typical times for 90% inactivation (T90) of 1–3 d at the highest temperature and >10 d at the lowest temperature. Of the microbes tested, E. coli survived least well while S. typhi and Sh. sonnei survived similar to or greater than enteric viruses. Parvovirus survival was similar to that of poliovirus. Under in-situ conditions, E. coli also survived least well of all microbes tested with T90 values of 0.9–3.9 d depending upon season. All other test microbes had generally similar survivals. Overall, microbial survival in seawater was greater under laboratory conditions than under in-situ conditions. There was no clear association between microbial survival and water temperature. The lower survival of E. coli compared to the bacterial and viral pathogens under laboratory conditions raises concerns because it is a key microbial indicator of faecal contamination.
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Hevroni, Gur, José Flores-Uribe, Oded Béjà und Alon Philosof. „Seasonal and diel patterns of abundance and activity of viruses in the Red Sea“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 47 (10.11.2020): 29738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010783117.
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Virus–microbe interactions have been studied in great molecular details for many years in cultured model systems, yielding a plethora of knowledge on how viruses use and manipulate host machinery. Since the advent of molecular techniques and high-throughput sequencing, methods such as cooccurrence, nucleotide composition, and other statistical frameworks have been widely used to infer virus–microbe interactions, overcoming the limitations of culturing methods. However, their accuracy and relevance is still debatable as cooccurrence does not necessarily mean interaction. Here we introduce an ecological perspective of marine viral communities and potential interaction with their hosts, using analyses that make no prior assumptions on specific virus–host pairs. By size fractionating water samples into free viruses and microbes (i.e., also viruses inside or attached to their hosts) and looking at how viral group abundance changes over time along both fractions, we show that the viral community is undergoing a change in rank abundance across seasons, suggesting a seasonal succession of viruses in the Red Sea. We use abundance patterns in the different size fractions to classify viral clusters, indicating potential diverse interactions with their hosts and potential differences in life history traits between major viral groups. Finally, we show hourly resolved variations of intracellular abundance of similar viral groups, which might indicate differences in their infection cycles or metabolic capacities.
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Bulssico, Julián. „Report on the conference Viruses of Microbes 2022, Guimarães, Portugal“. Virologie 26, Nr. 6 (Dezember 2022): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/vir.2022.0975.
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Mohapatra, Rashmi, B. Saritha, Jaiminee Jhankar, Sumitha J, Beema Jainab S.I und Shweta Kailash Pal. „Plant Microbe Interactions an Implications for Sustainable Agriculture“. UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 45, Nr. 18 (02.09.2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2024/v45i184417.
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Plant-microbe interactions are vital to the health and productivity of agricultural systems, influencing plant growth, nutrient uptake, and stress resistance. These interactions involve a diverse range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Symbiotic relationships, such as those between legumes and rhizobia or mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots, enhance nutrient availability and plant growth—commensal interactions with endophytic microbes further support plant health by producing growth-promoting substances and offering protection against pathogens. However, pathogenic interactions pose significant challenges, necessitating a deep understanding of plant immune responses and microbial pathogenicity. This review explores the intricate mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions, focusing on the complex signaling pathways and molecular dialogues facilitating these relationships. It highlights the benefits of these interactions, such as improved nutrient cycling, enhanced plant growth, and increased resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. It underscores their potential to revolutionize sustainable agriculture. Practical applications are examined through case studies, demonstrating the successful integration of beneficial microbes into farming practices and the development of commercial microbial inoculants. Despite their promise, implementing plant-microbe interactions in agriculture faces challenges, including field variability, crop compatibility issues, and environmental concerns related to introducing non-native microbes. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach, combining genomics, biotechnology, and sustainable management practices. Continued research is essential to harness these interactions effectively, aiming to enhance crop productivity, reduce chemical inputs, and promote environmental health, thereby contributing to a more resilient and sustainable food production system.
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Stojković, Dejan, Marina Kostić, Marija Smiljković, Milena Aleksić, Perica Vasiljević, Miloš Nikolić und Marina Soković. „Linking Antimicrobial Potential of Natural Products Derived from Aquatic Organisms and Microbes Involved in Alzheimer’s Disease - A Review“. Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, Nr. 26 (23.07.2020): 4372–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180309103645.
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The following review is oriented towards microbes linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and antimicrobial effect of compounds and extracts derived from aquatic organisms against specific bacteria, fungi and viruses which were found previously in patients suffering from AD. Major group of microbes linked to AD include bacteria: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces naeslundii, spirochete group; fungi: Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., Saccharomyces sp., Malassezia sp., Botrytis sp., and viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis C virus (HCV). In the light of that fact, this review is the first to link antimicrobial potential of aquatic organisms against these sorts of microbes. This literature review might serve as a starting platform to develop novel supportive therapy for patients suffering from AD and to possibly prevent escalation of the disease in patients already having high-risk factors for AD occurrence.
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Barman, Indrani, Apurba Talukdar, Shrijona Hazarika und Nayan Talukdar. „Diabetogenic Microbiome - A Review on the Microbes Involve in Diabetes“. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 9, Nr. 4 (25.06.2022): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2022.9.4s.17.
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Diabetes has emerged as a pandemic and has caused a great percentage of mortality all over the world according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This worldwide health issue has turned to be a major concern as it shares its role in the onset and progression of many other metabolic diseases along with it. Several factors that include microbes such as bacteria and viruses, diet, and lifestyle comes into play in the progression of this autoimmune disease. Studies done on humans and experimental animal models have provided a great deal of knowledge on how bacteria and viruses are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Nevertheless, the need for more investigations is required to understand the relationship between the microbes and disease development. This review deals with the underlying reasons of diabetes Type I and Type II especially with respect to the microbes in the body and the subsequent changes caused through them.
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Biddanda, Bopaiah, Deborah Dila, Anthony Weinke, Jasmine Mancuso, Manuel Villar-Argaiz, Juan Manuel Medina-Sánchez, Juan Manuel González-Olalla und Presentación Carrillo. „Housekeeping in the Hydrosphere: Microbial Cooking, Cleaning, and Control under Stress“. Life 11, Nr. 2 (17.02.2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11020152.
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Who’s cooking, who’s cleaning, and who’s got the remote control within the waters blanketing Earth? Anatomically tiny, numerically dominant microbes are the crucial “homemakers” of the watery household. Phytoplankton’s culinary abilities enable them to create food by absorbing sunlight to fix carbon and release oxygen, making microbial autotrophs top-chefs in the aquatic kitchen. However, they are not the only bioengineers that balance this complex household. Ubiquitous heterotrophic microbes including prokaryotic bacteria and archaea (both “bacteria” henceforth), eukaryotic protists, and viruses, recycle organic matter and make inorganic nutrients available to primary producers. Grazing protists compete with viruses for bacterial biomass, whereas mixotrophic protists produce new organic matter as well as consume microbial biomass. When viruses press remote-control buttons, by modifying host genomes or lysing them, the outcome can reverberate throughout the microbial community and beyond. Despite recognition of the vital role of microbes in biosphere housekeeping, impacts of anthropogenic stressors and climate change on their biodiversity, evolution, and ecological function remain poorly understood. How trillions of the smallest organisms in Earth’s largest ecosystem respond will be hugely consequential. By making the study of ecology personal, the “housekeeping” perspective can provide better insights into changing ecosystem structure and function at all scales.
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Roossinck, Marilyn J. „Move Over, Bacteria! Viruses Make Their Mark as Mutualistic Microbial Symbionts“. Journal of Virology 89, Nr. 13 (22.04.2015): 6532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02974-14.
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Viruses are being redefined as more than just pathogens. They are also critical symbiotic partners in the health of their hosts. In some cases, viruses have fused with their hosts in symbiogenetic relationships. Mutualistic interactions are found in plant, insect, and mammalian viruses, as well as with eukaryotic and prokaryotic microbes, and some interactions involve multiple players of the holobiont. With increased virus discovery, more mutualistic interactions are being described and more will undoubtedly be discovered.
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Horvath, Philippe, und Rodolphe Barrangou. „CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea“. Science 327, Nr. 5962 (07.01.2010): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1179555.
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Microbes rely on diverse defense mechanisms that allow them to withstand viral predation and exposure to invading nucleic acid. In many Bacteria and most Archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner. These hypervariable loci take up genetic material from invasive elements and build up inheritable DNA-encoded immunity over time. Conversely, viruses have devised mutational escape strategies that allow them to circumvent the CRISPR/Cas system, albeit at a cost. CRISPR features may be exploited for typing purposes, epidemiological studies, host-virus ecological surveys, building specific immunity against undesirable genetic elements, and enhancing viral resistance in domesticated microbes.
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Leach, Jan E., Scott Gold, Sue Tolin und Kellye Eversole. „A Plant-Associated Microbe Genome Initiative“. Phytopathology® 93, Nr. 5 (Mai 2003): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.5.524.
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Plant-associated microorganisms are critical to agricultural and food security and are key components in maintaining the balance of our ecosystems. Some of these diverse microbes, which include viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and nematodes, cause plant diseases, whereas others prevent diseases or enhance plant growth. Despite their importance, we know little about them on a genomic level. To intervene in disease and understand the basis of biological control or symbiotic relationships, a concerted and coordinated genomic analysis of these microbes is essential. Genome analysis, in this context, refers to the structural and functional analysis of the microbe DNA including the genes, the proteins encoded by those genes, as well as noncoding sequences involved in genome dynamics and function. The ultimate emphasis is on understanding genomic functions involved in plant associations. Members of The American Phytopathological Society (APS) developed a prioritized list of plant-associated microbes for genome analysis. With this list as a foundation for discussions, a Workshop on Genomic Analysis of Plant-Associated Microorganisms was held in Washington, D.C., on 9 to 11 April 2002. The workshop was organized by the Public Policy Board of APS, and was funded by the Department of Energy (DOE), the National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), and USDA-National Research Initiatives (USDA-NRI). The workshop included academic, industrial, and governmental experts from the genomics and microbial research communities and observers from the federal funding agencies. After reviewing current and near-term technologies, workshop participants proposed a comprehensive, international initiative to obtain the genomic information needed to understand these important microbes and their interactions with host plants and the environment. Specifically, the recommendations call for a 5-year, $500 million international public effort for genome analysis of plant-associated microbes. The goals are to (i) obtain genome sequence information for several representative groups of microbes; (ii) identify and determine function for the genes/proteins and other genomic elements involved in plant-microbe interactions; (iii) develop and implement standardized bioinformatic tools and a database system that is applicable across all microbes; and (iv) educate and train scientists with skills and knowledge of biological and computational sciences who will apply the information to the protection of our food sources and environment.
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Bransfield, Robert C., Charlotte Mao und Rosalie Greenberg. „Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future“. Healthcare 12, Nr. 1 (29.12.2023): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010083.
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A review of the association between microbes and mental illness is performed, including the history, relevant definitions, infectious agents associated with mental illnesses, complex interactive infections, total load theory, pathophysiology, psychoimmunology, psychoneuroimmunology, clinical presentations, early-life infections, clinical assessment, and treatment. Perspectives on the etiology of mental illness have evolved from demonic possession toward multisystem biologically based models that include gene expression, environmental triggers, immune mediators, and infectious diseases. Microbes are associated with a number of mental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders, as well as suicidality and aggressive or violent behaviors. Specific microbes that have been associated or potentially associated with at least one of these conditions include Aspergillus, Babesia, Bartonella, Borna disease virus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Candida, Chlamydia, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein–Barr virus, hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus, human endogenous retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, influenza viruses, measles virus, Mycoplasma, Plasmodium, rubella virus, Group A Streptococcus (PANDAS), Taenia solium, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trypanosoma, and West Nile virus. Recognition of the microbe and mental illness association with the development of greater interdisciplinary research, education, and treatment options may prevent and reduce mental illness morbidity, disability, and mortality.
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Lee, Chul Jin, Min-Jeong Kim und Sang Joon An. „Association between Obesity and Infection“. Korean Journal of Health Promotion 20, Nr. 1 (30.03.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2020.20.1.1.
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Obesity and infection are interacting with each other. Infection causes obesity, and obesity contributes to the occurrence and deterioration of infection. The sources of infection that cause obesity include viruses such as adenovirus, intestinal viruses, bacteria such as intestinal microbes, parasites, and the antibiotics that cause these microbes to change. The above risk factors cause chronic inflammatory reactions in the body, and in addition, obesity is further accelerated when bad eating habits are accompanied. Among the infections that occur often in obese people and worsen their condition are various viral infections such as influenza viruses and coronavirus, bacterial infections that cause urinary tract infections or periodontal infections, respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, floor infections and infections in surgical areas. Infection in obesity increases complications, and reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics and vaccines. The mechanism between obesity and infection is a decrease in immunity resulting from increased chronic inflammation. Based on the evidence that obesity and infection cause and effect each other and interact with each other, it can be used for prevention and treatment of obesity. Studies related to the development of obesity vaccines and the maintenance of healthy intestinal microbes are under way, which is expected to reduce obesity and prevent future prevention. As a result, reducing obesity will reduce the risk and deterioration of infection.
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Musweswe, N. L., S. O. Otun, C. M. Kalu, T. Memory und K. Ntushelo. „Tracking Microbes from Irrigation Water to Crops: The Potential of Metagenomics and Meta-Transcriptomics“. Acta Microbiologica Bulgarica 40, Nr. 2 (30.06.2024): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59393/amb24400203.
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Irrigated crops may harbor microbes from irrigation water that may be deleterious and pose risks to consuming humans and animals. To provide good and quality food void of contamination with harmful pathogens and reduce foodborne diseases, there exists the need to continuously monitor and trace the tran¬sition of microbes from irrigation water to crops. Traditional methods of culturing microbes provided the basic knowledge of the presence of microbes and their transition from irrigation water to the crop however, they are low throughput and cumbersome. The advent of new technologies that can provide high-through-put data have made monitoring of microbes in irrigation water easier generating multitudes of data for both culturable and fastidious microbes. Metagenomics and meta-transcriptomics techniques are promising as they boost generate massive data with less effort than the case of traditional methods. Their application in tracing microbes from irrigation water to crops showed that the crops could harbor harmful microbes pres¬ent in irrigation water. However, further studies are required to improve databases, particularly for viruses and protozoa, standardizing metagenomics, and meta-transcriptomics data analysis protocols.
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Natoli, Johnathon. „Endoscopes and biocides“. Microbiology Australia 31, Nr. 4 (2010): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10174.
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Biocides are multi-targeted agents designed to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi and other microbes. These microorganisms possess considerable differences in the cellular structures and thus broad responses of different biocides.
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Lisco, Andrea, Christophe Vanpouille und Leonid Margolis. „War and Peace between Microbes: HIV-1 Interactions with Coinfecting Viruses“. Cell Host & Microbe 6, Nr. 5 (November 2009): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2009.10.010.
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Voelkner, Nadine. „Riding the Shi: From Infection Barriers to the Microbial City“. International Political Sociology 13, Nr. 4 (23.08.2019): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ips/olz016.
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Abstract How can a microbial approach to global health security protect life? Contemporary infection control mechanisms set the human and the pathogenic microbe against each other, as the victim versus the menace. This biomedical polarization persistently runs through the contemporary dominant mode of thinking about public health and infectious disease governance. Taking its cue from the currently accepted germ theory of disease, such mechanisms render a global city like Hong Kong not only pervasively “on alert” and under threat of unpredictable and pathogenic viruses and other microbes, it also gives rise to a hygiene and antimicrobial politics that is never entirely able to control pathogenic circulation. The article draws on recent advances in medical microbiology, which depart from germ theory, to invoke an ecological understanding of the human-microbe relation. Here, while a small number of viruses are pathogenic, the majority are benign; some are even essential to human life. Disease is not just the outcome of a pathogenic microbe infecting a human host but emerges from socioeconomic relations, which exacerbate human-animal-microbial interactions. In a final step, the article draws on Daoist thought to reflect on the ways that such a microbial understanding translates into life and city dwelling.
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Blanco-Ameijeiras, Sonia, Damien J. E. Cabanes, Rachel N. Cable, Scarlett Trimborn, Stéphan Jacquet, Sonja Wiegmann, Christian Völkner et al. „Exopolymeric Substances Control Microbial Community Structure and Function by Contributing to both C and Fe Nutrition in Fe-Limited Southern Ocean Provinces“. Microorganisms 8, Nr. 12 (12.12.2020): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121980.
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Organic ligands such as exopolymeric substances (EPS) are known to form complexes with iron (Fe) and modulate phytoplankton growth. However, the effect of organic ligands on bacterial and viral communities remains largely unknown. Here, we assessed how Fe associated with organic ligands influences phytoplankton, microbial, and viral abundances and their diversity in the Southern Ocean. While the particulate organic carbon (POC) was modulated by Fe chemistry and bioavailability in the Drake Passage, the abundance and diversity of microbes and viruses were not governed by Fe bioavailability. Only following amendments with bacterial EPS did bacterial abundances increase, while phenotypic alpha diversity of bacterial and viral communities decreased. The latter was accompanied by significantly enhanced POC, pointing toward the relief of C limitation or other drivers of the microbial loop. Based on the literature and our findings, we propose a conceptual framework by which EPS may affect phytoplankton, bacteria, and viruses. Given the importance of the Southern Ocean for Earth’s climate as well as the prevalence of viruses and their increasingly recognized impact on marine biogeochemistry and C cycling; the role of microbe–virus interactions on primary productivity in the Southern Ocean needs urgent attention.
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Nishimura, Luca, Akio Tanino, Mayumi Ajimoto, Takafumi Katsumura, Motoyuki Ogawa, Kae Koganebuchi, Daisuke Waku et al. „Metagenomic analyses of 7000 to 5500 years old coprolites excavated from the Torihama shell-mound site in the Japanese archipelago“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 1 (24.01.2024): e0295924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295924.
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Coprolites contain various kinds of ancient DNAs derived from gut micro-organisms, viruses, and foods, which can help to determine the gut environment of ancient peoples. Their genomic information should be helpful in elucidating the interaction between hosts and microbes for thousands of years, as well as characterizing the dietary behaviors of ancient people. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing on four coprolites excavated from the Torihama shell-mound site in the Japanese archipelago. The coprolites were found in the layers of the Early Jomon period, corresponding stratigraphically to 7000 to 5500 years ago. After shotgun sequencing, we found that a significant number of reads showed homology with known gut microbe, viruses, and food genomes typically found in the feces of modern humans. We detected reads derived from several types of phages and their host bacteria simultaneously, suggesting the coexistence of viruses and their hosts. The food genomes provide biological evidence for the dietary behavior of the Jomon people, consistent with previous archaeological findings. These results indicate that ancient genomic analysis of coprolites is useful for understanding the gut environment and lifestyle of ancient peoples.
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Zikic, Milorad. „Our viruses and saprophytic bacteria“. Medical review 76, Nr. 9-10 (2023): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2310299z.
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Introduction. The paper presents the facts about the inevitable presence of microbes in the human body and the key role of viruses in the evolution, shaping and development of the living world. Contemporary research. Experimental scientific research on mice, examining the influence of saprophytic bacteria on their physical activity and behavior through the produced N-lactoyl-phenylalanine substance, provides foundation for further research within the human population. Discussion. The above positive impact of viruses and the consequential risks of their presence on people?s health are discussed along with the adverse cross-effects of planetary and human health arising from harmful behavior and wrong life habits of the contemporaries. Conclusion. Recommendations are given for preventive possibilities to avoid such risks and achieve good or satisfactory health both for each and every individual and the global community of people through a lifestyle in harmony with nature.
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Ravelonandro, Michel. „Reliable Methodologies and Impactful Tools to Control Fruit Tree Viruses“. Crops 1, Nr. 1 (19.06.2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops1010005.
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Viruses are microbes that have high economic impacts on the ecosystem. Widely spread by humans, plant viruses infect not only crops but also wild species. There is neither a cure nor a treatment against viruses. While chemists have developed further research of inefficient curative products, the relevant concept based on sanitary measures is consistently valuable. In this context, two major strategies remain indisputable. First, there are control measures via diagnostics presently addressing the valuable technologies and tools developed in the last four decades. Second, there is the relevant use of modern biotechnology to improve the competitiveness of fruit-tree growers.
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Yau, Sheree, und Mansha Seth-Pasricha. „Viruses of Polar Aquatic Environments“. Viruses 11, Nr. 2 (22.02.2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020189.
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The poles constitute 14% of the Earth’s biosphere: The aquatic Arctic surrounded by land in the north, and the frozen Antarctic continent surrounded by the Southern Ocean. In spite of an extremely cold climate in addition to varied topographies, the polar aquatic regions are teeming with microbial life. Even in sub-glacial regions, cellular life has adapted to these extreme environments where perhaps there are traces of early microbes on Earth. As grazing by macrofauna is limited in most of these polar regions, viruses are being recognized for their role as important agents of mortality, thereby influencing the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients that, in turn, impact community dynamics at seasonal and spatial scales. Here, we review the viral diversity in aquatic polar regions that has been discovered in the last decade, most of which has been revealed by advances in genomics-enabled technologies, and we reflect on the vast extent of the still-to-be explored polar microbial diversity and its “enigmatic virosphere”.
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Karivedu, Vidhya, Rebecca Hoyd, Caroline Wheeler, Sachin Jhawar, Priyanka Bhateja, Marcelo Bonomi und Daniel Spakowicz. „837 Preliminary insights into the impact of tumor microbiome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma“. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.837.
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BackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous set of distinct malignancies. Recognized prognostic factors rely on clinical and biological features, consisting mainly of stage, site of disease, performance status, comorbidities, smoking history and human papilloma virus (HPV) status. However, patients clustered by these parameters still differ in their clinical behavior and therapy response. The impact of the tumor microbiome on human disease has been explored and discussed extensively. Evaluating the tumor microbiome is a promising new approach that could be used as a prognostic and predictive tool in HNSCC, with the potential for improved treatment options and better clinical outcomes.MethodsWe utilized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to obtain RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data to identify microbes in HNSCC samples. We utilized ExoTIC, ”Exogenous sequences in Tumors and Immune cells,” a tool recently developed by Spakowicz et al. ExoTIC takes raw RNAseq reads and carefully aligns them to both human and non-human reference genomes to identify low-abundance microbes. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression to identify the microbes associated with overall survival (OS), controlling for age, stage, and smoking status.ResultsWe evaluated 498 RNAseq samples from TCGA (table 1). ExoTIC identified 5838 microbes including bacteria, viruses and fungi, of which 330 were statistically associated with OS. Interestingly, 20% (n=100) of samples had HPV virus which was significantly associated with improved OS (HR 0.59, CI 0.4–0.9, p<0.01). There were also several other viruses and bacteria associated with significantly improved OS.Abstract 837 Table 1Patient characteristics of TCGA datasetConclusionsWe found the presence of certain microbes in tumor biopsies statistically correlated with OS in HNSCC patients. This supports further study into the presence and correlation of specific microbes with tumor subsite and outcomes. Assessing individual characteristics of a HNSCC subtype with its particular microenvironment (e.g., microbes) can lead to personalized treatment insights and improved outcomes. Our future research will validate and correlate the microbial profile of HNSCC subtypes with clinical outcomes retrospectively and prospectively.
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Aksarah, Aris, Arfan, Lisa Indriani Bangkele, Zainal, Fahri und Mukhlis. „Effect of microbial consortium application on growth and yield of Oryza sativa L.“ Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 10, Nr. 7 (25.07.2024): 3569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i7.7272.
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A group of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes) working together to perform a specific task is called a consortium. This study aims to study and determine the growth and yield response of rice plants to the application of a consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and rhizosphere microbes R15. This research has been conducted since from August to November 2021 in the rice fields of Boya Baliase Village, Marawola District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. This study used a one-factor randomized block design method with grouping based on plot height. The treatment that was tried consisted of four levels, that is: Control = Without applied microbes, Fm48 = Applied a consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48, R15 = Applied a consortium of rhizosphere microbes R15 and Fm48R15= Applied a consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and rhizosphere microbes R15. To determine the effect of the treatment being tested, a variance analysis was carried out. Analysis of variance which showed a significant effect, further test was carried out for LSD α = 0.5. The results showed that the treatment of various consortiums of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and R15 rhizosphere microbes had no significant effect on growth parameters but had a significant effect on the number of hollow grains and grain weight per 1000 rice grains. The consortium of phyllosphere microbes Fm48 and rhizosphere microbes R15 gave the best results for the lowest number of hollow grains and the highest grain weight per 1000 rice grains.
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Almazyad, Dalal N. F. „Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Microbes“. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 4 (10.04.2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1104.001.
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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation falls between visible light and X-rays (100–400 nm) in the electromagnetic spectrum. UVA, UVB, and UVC are the three sub-regions of the ultraviolet spectrum., with UVC reported most effective against microorganisms. Depending on the microorganism's form, UV has a different effect on microbes, having a greater effect on vegetative cells possessing short contact time, while spore-forming organisms are more resistant to UV. Yeast has also been reported to survive UV radiation better than other organisms. UV light makes microorganisms dormant by forming pyrimidine dimers in RNA and DNA, which prevent replication and transcription. Impact of UV light on microorganisms is dependent on microbial exposure and the environment the organisms exist in. Evaluating the impacts of ultraviolet radiation on different species of microbes can help in the prevention of contamination and spread of infectious organisms. There are limited reviews on the effects of ultraviolet radiation on microbes. This review will therefore analyse the effects of UV on viruses, bacteria and fungi which are the most common types of microbes.
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Hyman, Paul, und Stephen T. Abedon. „Smaller Fleas: Viruses of Microorganisms“. Scientifica 2012 (2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/734023.
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Life forms can be roughly differentiated into those that are microscopic versus those that are not as well as those that are multicellular and those that, instead, are unicellular. Cellular organisms seem generally able to host viruses, and this propensity carries over to those that are both microscopic and less than truly multicellular. These viruses of microorganisms, or VoMs, in fact exist as the world’s most abundant somewhat autonomous genetic entities and include the viruses of domain Bacteria (bacteriophages), the viruses of domain Archaea (archaeal viruses), the viruses of protists, the viruses of microscopic fungi such as yeasts (mycoviruses), and even the viruses of other viruses (satellite viruses). In this paper we provide an introduction to the concept of viruses of microorganisms, a.k.a., viruses of microbes. We provide broad discussion particularly of VoM diversity. VoM diversity currently spans, in total, at least three-dozen virus families. This is roughly ten families per category—bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protist—with some virus families infecting more than one of these microorganism major taxa. Such estimations, however, will vary with further discovery and taxon assignment and also are dependent upon what forms of life one includes among microorganisms.
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Mallya P., Sachidananda, und Shrikara Mallya. „Emerging and reemerging viral infections in globe with special emphasis in India - A review“. Biomedicine 42, Nr. 6 (31.12.2022): 1138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v42i6.2098.
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It has long been recognized that pathogens, such as viruses, parasites, and other microorganisms, emerge and change over time. Viruses are powerful infectious agents that have co-evolved with humans and are responsible for several serious illnesses in people. There is no herd immunity for most humans, making emerging viruses, particularly the RNA viruses, more dangerous. The high mistake rate of the polymerases that copy the RNA viruses' genomes gives them the ability to adapt to the quickly changing local and global environments. Through mutation (as in the case of Dengue viruses), reassortment (as in the case of influenza viruses), and recombination, they can evolve at a rapid rate (polioviruses). The influenza A viruses (such as H1N1 and H5N1), which have caused numerous outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics around the world, are the finest example of viruses emerging and reemerging. The complex host-pathogen ecology and the co-evolution of microbes with their hosts are linked to the emergence and reemergence of novel diseases. Human viral illness emergence and reemergence is an ongoing problem that affects a nation's social and economic growth.
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Hwang, Yunha, Simon Roux, Clément Coclet, Sebastian J. E. Krause und Peter R. Girguis. „Viruses interact with hosts that span distantly related microbial domains in dense hydrothermal mats“. Nature Microbiology, 06.04.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01347-5.
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AbstractMany microbes in nature reside in dense, metabolically interdependent communities. We investigated the nature and extent of microbe-virus interactions in relation to microbial density and syntrophy by examining microbe-virus interactions in a biomass dense, deep-sea hydrothermal mat. Using metagenomic sequencing, we find numerous instances where phylogenetically distant (up to domain level) microbes encode CRISPR-based immunity against the same viruses in the mat. Evidence of viral interactions with hosts cross-cutting microbial domains is particularly striking between known syntrophic partners, for example those engaged in anaerobic methanotrophy. These patterns are corroborated by proximity-ligation-based (Hi-C) inference. Surveys of public datasets reveal additional viruses interacting with hosts across domains in diverse ecosystems known to harbour syntrophic biofilms. We propose that the entry of viral particles and/or DNA to non-primary host cells may be a common phenomenon in densely populated ecosystems, with eco-evolutionary implications for syntrophic microbes and CRISPR-mediated inter-population augmentation of resilience against viruses.