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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Vinyl polymerization“

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Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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1

Zhang, Jinghan, Yibo Wu, Kaixuan Chen, Min Zhang, Liangfa Gong, Dan Yang, Shuxin Li und Wenli Guo. „Characteristics and Mechanism of Vinyl Ether Cationic Polymerization in Aqueous Media Initiated by Alcohol/B(C6F5)3/Et2O“. Polymers 11, Nr. 3 (14.03.2019): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030500.

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Aqueous cationic polymerizations of vinyl ethers (isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE), and n-butyl vinyl ether (n-BVE)) were performed for the first time by a CumOH/B(C6F5)3/Et2O initiating system in an air atmosphere. The polymerization proceeded in a reproducible manner through the careful design of experimental conditions (adding initiator, co-solvents, and surfactant or decreasing the reaction temperature), and the polymerization characteristics were systematically tested and compared in the suspension and emulsion. The significant difference with traditional cationic polymerization is that the polymerization rate in aqueous media using B(C6F5)3/Et2O as a co-initiator decreases when the temperature is lowered. The polymerization sites are located on the monomer/water surface. Density functional theory (DFT) was applied to investigate the competition between H2O and alcohol combined with B(C6F5)3 for providing a theoretical basis. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism for the aqueous cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers using CumOH/B(C6F5)3/Et2O was confirmed.

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2

Reddy, Sirish K., Neil B. Cramer, Michael Kalvaitas, Tai Yeon Lee und Christopher N. Bowman. „Mechanistic Modelling and Network Properties of Ternary Thiol - Vinyl Photopolymerizations“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, Nr. 8 (2006): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06193.

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Ternary thiol–vinyl polymerizations offer a unique platform for improved control over polymerization kinetics and network properties as compared to both binary thiol–vinyl systems and traditional (meth)acrylic systems. Therefore, this study seeks to improve the fundamental understanding of the complex ternary thiol–vinyl systems to enable enhanced control over polymerization kinetics, network evolution, and, ultimately, network properties. The polymerization kinetics and material properties afforded by thiol–triazine–methacrylate systems are investigated. The ternary kinetics are successfully predicted by understanding the reaction mechanisms of the corresponding binary components. In ternary thiol–ene–(meth)acrylate systems, the variation in stoichiometric ratios of thiol and ene does not significantly impact material properties as in thiol–ene- or thiol–(meth)acrylate systems. Further, the ternary systems also provide unique polymer properties such as high glass transition temperature with narrow transition widths.

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3

Dayter, Lily A., Kate A. Murphy und Devon A. Shipp. „RAFT Polymerization of Monomers with Highly Disparate Reactivities: Use of a Single RAFT Agent and the Synthesis of Poly(styrene-block-vinyl acetate)“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, Nr. 12 (2013): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13375.

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A single reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, malonate N,N-diphenyldithiocarbamate (MDP-DTC) is shown to successfully mediate the polymerization of several monomers with greatly differing reactivities in radical/RAFT polymerizations, including both vinyl acetate and styrene. The chain transfer constants (Ctr) for MDP-DTC for both these monomers were evaluated; these were found to be ~2.7 in styrene and ~26 in vinyl acetate, indicating moderate control over styrene polymerization and good control of vinyl acetate polymerization. In particular, the MDP-DTC RAFT agent allowed for the synthesis of block copolymers of these two monomers without the need for protonation/deprotonation switching, as has been previously developed with N-(4-pyridinyl)-N-methyldithiocarbamate RAFT agents, or other end-group transformations. The thermal properties of the block copolymers were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, and those with sufficiently high molecular weight and styrene composition appear to undergo phase separation. Thus, MDP-DTC may be useful for the production of other block copolymers consisting of monomers with highly dissimilar reactivities.

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4

Satoh, Kotaro, und Masami Kamigaito. „Sequence-Controlled Vinyl Polymers by Transition Metal-Catalyzed Step-Growth and Living Radical Polymerizations“. MRS Proceedings 1613 (2014): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.153.

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ABSTRACTThe metal-catalyzed step-growth radical polymerization was achieved to enable two systems for preparing tailored polymeric structures, i.e., sequence-regulated vinyl copolymer and periodically-functionalized polymer. The former is a novel strategy for preparing sequence-regulated vinyl copolymers by step-polymerization of sequence-regulated vinyl oligomers prepared from common vinyl monomers as building blocks. The later deals the simultaneous chain- and step-growth radical polymerization, which resulted in the polymers with periodic functional groups.

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5

Schlappa, Stephanie, Lee Josephine Brenker, Lena Bressel, Roland Hass und Marvin Münzberg. „Process Characterization of Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions Applying Inline Photon Density Wave Spectroscopy at High Solid Contents“. Polymers 13, Nr. 4 (23.02.2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040669.

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The high solids semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of polyvinyl acetate using poly (vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) as protective colloid is investigated by optical spectroscopy. The suitability of Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy as inline Process Analytical Technology (PAT) for emulsion polymerization processes at high solid contents (>40% (w/w)) is studied and evaluated. Inline data on absorption and scattering in the dispersion is obtained in real-time. The radical polymerization of vinyl acetate to polyvinyl acetate using ascorbic acid and sodium persulfate as redox initiator system and poly (vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl acetate) as protective colloid is investigated. Starved–feed radical emulsion polymerization yielded particle sizes in the nanometer size regime. PDW spectroscopy is used to monitor the progress of polymerization by studying the absorption and scattering properties during the synthesis of dispersions with increasing monomer amount and correspondingly decreasing feed rate of protective colloid. Results are compared to particle sizes determined with offline dynamic light scattering (DLS) and static light scattering (SLS) during the synthesis.

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6

Kumakura, Minoru, und Isao Kaetsu. „Radiation polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-vinyl pyrrolidone-water system“. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, Nr. 6 (1988): 1242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19881242.

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Radiation polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-vinyl pyrrolidone-water system at low temperature was studied. The polymerization rate-irradiation temperature curve had a maximum peak at near glass transition temperaure, and it was shifted to the site of high temperature with increasing monomer concentration. The polymerization rate in vinyl pyrrolidone at low temperatures was accelerated by the addition of water. The polymers obtained by radiation polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-vinyl pyrrolidone-water system at low temperatures were a high hydrophilicity and had porous structure.

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7

Wang, Di, Zhen Yu Cao und Qi Wang. „Study of Copolymerization Mechanism between Vinyl-POSS and Citronellal with Quantum Chemistry Program Based on DFT“. Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (Dezember 2011): 1498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.1498.

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Conventional pesticide applications repeatedly failed to adequately control mosquito and sandfly populations in desert areas, due to effects of intense heat, blowing sand, ultraviolet light and/or combinations of them under severe environmental conditions. The citronellal was copolymerized with vinyl-POSS to enhance the resistant to ultraviolet radiation and thermal stability. The polymerization process between vinyl-POSS and citronellal were simulated by using Dmol3 program of MS software based on DFT. The calculation results showed that the double bonds in vinyl-POSS were initiated easily by phenyl radical, at the same time some double bonds in citronellal were also initiated. After the initiation process, the copolymerization between vinyl-POSS initiated by phenyl radical and citronellal was firstly processed. When the double bonds in vinyl-POSS were run out, the self-polymerizations of citronellal were processed.

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8

IHARA, Eiji. „Challenge to Vinyl Polymerization“. Kobunshi 56, Nr. 1 (2007): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.56.34.

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9

Sawamoto, Mitsuo. „Modern cationic vinyl polymerization“. Progress in Polymer Science 16, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 111–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(91)90008-9.

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10

Olaj, Oskar Friedrich. „Electrolytically initiated vinyl polymerization“. Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 8, Nr. 1 (März 1987): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19870080119.

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11

Teator, A. J., und F. A. Leibfarth. „Catalyst-controlled stereoselective cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers“. Science 363, Nr. 6434 (28.03.2019): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw1703.

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The tacticity of vinyl polymers has a profound effect on their physical properties. Despite the well-developed stereoselective methods for the polymerization of propylene and other nonpolar α-olefins, stereoselective polymerization of polar vinyl monomers has proven more challenging. We have designed chiral counterions that systematically bias the reactivity and chain-end stereochemical environment during cationic polymerization. This approach overrides conventional chain-end stereochemical bias to achieve catalyst-controlled stereoselective polymerization. We demonstrate that this method is general to vinyl ether substrates, providing access to a range of isotactic poly(vinyl ether)s with high degrees of isotacticity. The obtained materials display the tensile properties of commercial polyolefins but adhere more strongly to polar substrates by an order of magnitude, indicating their promise for next-generation engineering applications.

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12

Chang, Ai Rong. „Preparation and Study of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (Januar 2015): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.227.

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The preparation of polyvinyl alcohol fibers mainly consists of three steps: 1. The polymerization of vinyl acetate. Need the preparation of vinyl acetate and polymerization of vinyl acetate. The polymerization of vinyl acetate uses acetylene method and ethylene method.2. Preparation of PVA. Mainly to let the polyvinyl acetate taking alcoholysis reaction to the effect of methanol or sodium hydroxide. 3. Preparation of polyvinyl alcohol fiber. Complete dope preparation through washing and dehydration, dissolving, mixing, filtering and deaeration, and uses the dry, wet two methods to form the spinning. Finally, through the follow-up processing, to accomplish the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol fiber. Water soluble and high concentration polyvinyl alcohol fiber ‘s performances are fine and is application widely.

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13

Yang, D. Billy. „Direct Kinetic Measurements of Vinyl Polymerization on Metal and Silicon Surfaces Using Real-Time FT-IR Spectroscopy“. Applied Spectroscopy 47, Nr. 9 (September 1993): 1425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067739.

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A real-time FT-IR (RT/FT-IR) technique has been used to perform direct kinetic measurements of vinyl polymerization on metal and silicon surfaces. Here, we are reporting our results in studies of anaerobic and photo-induced anionic polymerizations of monomers containing vinyl functional groups (>C=C<) for adhesive and coating applications. For anaerobic polymerization we are investigating the hydroperoxide-initiated free radical polymerization of model multifunctional methacrylate monomer systems. We will report the results of our studies on the catalytic effects of different dithiolate complexes and related accelerators. In photo-induced anionic polymerization we will report our studies for ethyl cyanoacrylate (CA) polymerization initiated by a controlled release of anion from a stable chromium complex precursor ( trans-Cr-(NH3)2(NCS)4−K+). Because of high surface sensitivity of the CA monomer, the polymerization kinetic studies were performed on a clean silicon surface at room temperature. The effect of the initiator concentration and irradiation wavelengths on polymerization kinetic rate will be discussed. The acrylic polymerization was monitored with the use of the C=C stretching band at 1634 and 1627 cm−1 for polyglycol dimethacrylate and cyanoacrylate, respectively. Both the degree of polymerization and the intrinsic rates of the polymerization reactions were calculated for kinetic comparisons. For anaerobic polymerization studies, GC/FT-IR software was used which provided a real-time screen display of IR spectral changes as the reaction proceeded. For very fast cyanoacrylate anionic polymerization studies, new FT-IR kinetic software was used to collect 204 spectra per minute with one spectrum per scan. In this case, the interferograms were collected first; post-Fourier transform conversion and spectral script reduction were then performed. Some detailed experimental techniques and polymerization reaction mechanisms will also be discussed.

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14

Yilmaz, Gorkem. „One-Pot Synthesis of Star Copolymers by the Combination of Metal-Free ATRP and ROP Processes“. Polymers 11, Nr. 10 (27.09.2019): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101577.

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A completely metal-free strategy is demonstrated for the preparation of star copolymers by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) for the syntheses of block copolymers. These two different metal-free controlled/living polymerizations are simultaneously realized in one reaction medium in an orthogonal manner. For this purpose, a specific core with functional groups capable of initiating both polymerization types is synthesized. Next, vinyl and lactone monomers are simultaneously polymerized under visible light irradiation using specific catalysts. Spectral and chromatographic evidence demonstrates the success of the strategy as star copolymers are synthesized with controlled molecular weights and narrow distributions.

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15

Deng, Xin-Xing, Yang Cui, Yao-Zong Wang, Fu-Sheng Du und Zi-Chen Li. „Graft Copolymers with Polyamide Backbones via Combination of Passerini Multicomponent Polymerization and Controlled Chain-growth Polymerization“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, Nr. 4 (2014): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13450.

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We report a facile ‘grafting from’ approach to graft copolymers with polyamide backbones and controlled vinyl polymer or polyester side chains. Two polyamides with in situ-formed pendant bromide or hydroxyl groups were obtained by Passerini-based multicomponent polymerization. They were used respectively to initiate the atom-transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers or the ring-opening polymerization of lactones to generate two new types of graft copolymers. One of the important features of the method is that the pendant initiators are generated in situ from non-branching monomers, and they are linked to the polymer backbone by ester bonds. Therefore, the vinyl polymer side chains could be detached from the backbones, and their structures could thus be fully characterized. Moreover, multicomponent polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization can even be carried out in a one-pot manner.

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16

Miyamoto, Masatoshi, Yoshiyuki Sano, Yoshiharu Kimura und Takeo Saegusa. „"Spontaneous" vinyl polymerization of 2-vinyl-2-oxazolines“. Macromolecules 18, Nr. 9 (September 1985): 1641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00151a001.

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17

Takeichi, Tsutomu, Soulideth Thongpradith, Shoko Hirai, Tomomi Takiguchi und Takehiro Kawauchi. „Syntheses of novel benzoxazines having vinyl groups and thermal properties of the thermosets“. High Performance Polymers 24, Nr. 8 (14.08.2012): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008312451479.

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Novel benzoxazines having vinyl groups were synthesized from phenol or bisphenol A, 3- or 4-vinylaniline and paraformaldehyde. The chemical structures of the monomers were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and 1H-NMR analyses. The polymerization behavior of the monomers was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry. Exothermic peak of the monomers appeared in the range of 219–252 °C, due to the chain polymerization of the vinyl group and the ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine occurring at the same temperature range. The thermal cure of the monomers afforded polybenzoxazines that have higher thermal properties than those from typical benzoxazines without vinyl groups. For example, glass transition temperature ( Tg) increased for 40 to 100 °C by the introduction of vinyl groups, the highest Tg being observed at 290 °C. The 5% weight loss temperature determined by thermogravimetric analysis also increased by the introduction of vinyl groups.

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18

Chern, Chorng-Shyan, und Gary W. Poehlein. „Kinetics of Crosslinking Vinyl Polymerization“. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 29, Nr. 5-6 (August 1990): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602559008049862.

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19

Gustin, Jean-Louis. „Understanding vinyl acetate polymerization accidents“. Chemical Health and Safety 12, Nr. 6 (November 2005): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chs.2005.07.013.

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20

Gustin, Jean-Louis, und Franck Laganier. „Understanding Vinyl Acetate Polymerization Accidents“. Organic Process Research & Development 9, Nr. 6 (November 2005): 962–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op050097f.

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21

Nesterova, N. A., I. I. Gavrilova und E. F. Panarin. „Enzymatic polymerization of vinyl monomers“. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 80, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2007): 2129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427207120261.

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22

Bataille, P., und J. F. Dalpé. „Loop polymerization of vinyl acetate“. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 38, Nr. 12 (20.12.1989): 2237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070381207.

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23

Hogen-Esch, T. E. „Stereochemistry of anionic vinyl polymerization“. Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 67, Nr. 1 (März 1993): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19930670105.

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24

Yang, Feng, Xiaoqun Zhu, Chunguang Li, Jinliang Yang, Jeffery W. Stansbury und Jun Nie. „Electro-initiated cationic polymerization in the presence of potassium hexafluoroantimonate“. RSC Adv. 4, Nr. 42 (2014): 22224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra02089h.

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The kinetics of electro-initiated polymerization of vinyl ethers in the presence of potassium hexafluoroantimonate are investigated by RT-FT-NIR. The apparatus for real time monitoring of the kinetics of the reaction is set up by using ITO conductive glasses. Potassium hexafluoroantimonate has been proven to be an efficient initiator for electro-initiated polymerization of vinyl ethers.

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25

Bouchekif, H., A. I. Sulhami, R. D. Alghamdi, Y. Gnanou und N. Hadjichristidis. „Triblock and pentablock terpolymers by sequential base-assisted living cationic copolymerization of functionalized vinyl ethers“. Polymer Chemistry 6, Nr. 8 (2015): 1236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01728e.

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A series of novel, well-defined triblock and pentablock terpolymers of n-butyl vinyl ether (nBVE), 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (CEVE) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethylene glycol vinyl ether (SiEGVE) were synthesized by sequential base-assisted living cationic polymerization.

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26

Ouchi, Tatsuro, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Yoshifumi Hosaka, Minoru Imoto und Tsutomu Iwamoto. „Vinyl Polymerization. 431. Vinyl Polymerizations Initiated by Block and Random Poly(Styrene-co-Sodium Methacrylate)“. Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry 23, Nr. 8 (August 1986): 1025–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222338608081108.

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27

Kuskov, Andrey N., Anna L. Luss, Inessa A. Gritskova, Mikhail I. Shtilman, Mikhail V. Motyakin, Irina I. Levina, Anna M. Nechaeva, Oksana Yu Sizova, Aristidis M. Tsatsakis und Yaroslav O. Mezhuev. „Kinetics and Mechanism of Synthesis of Carboxyl-Containing N-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone Telehelics for Pharmacological Use“. Polymers 13, Nr. 15 (01.08.2021): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152569.

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It was found that sulfanylethanoic and 3-sulfanylpropanoic acids are effective regulators of molecular weight with chain transfer constants of 0.441 and 0.317, respectively, and show an unexpected acceleration effect on the radical polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, initiated by 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile. It was determined for the first time that the thiolate anions of mercapto acids form a high-temperature redox initiating system with 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile during the radical polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone in 1,4-dioxane. Considering the peculiarities of initiation, a kinetic model of the polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is proposed, and it is shown that the theoretical orders of the reaction rate, with respect to the monomer, initiator, and chain transfer agent, are 1, 0.75, 0.25, and are close to their experimentally determined values. Carboxyl-containing techelics of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone were synthesized so that it can slow down the release of the anticancer drug, doxorubicin, from aqueous solutions, which can find its application in the pharmacological field.

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28

Wang, HeYing, Fang Xu, Kun Cui, Hao Zhang, Jin Huang, QiaoLing Zhao, Tao Jiang und Zhi Ma. „Synthesis of polymethylene-b-poly(vinyl acetate) block copolymer via visible light induced radical polymerization and its application“. RSC Advances 7, Nr. 67 (2017): 42484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06908a.

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29

Gritskova, Inessa A., Nikolay I. Prokopov, Anna A. Ezhova, Anatoly E. Chalykh, Sergey A. Gusev, Sergey M. Levachev, Vitaly P. Zubov et al. „New Approaches to the Synthesis and Stabilization of Polymer Microspheres with a Narrow Size Distribution“. Polymers 15, Nr. 11 (26.05.2023): 2464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112464.

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This article presents the results of investigations on heterophase polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of organosilicon compounds of different structures. On the basis of the detailed study of the kinetic and topochemical regularities of the heterophase polymerization of vinyl monomers, the conditions for the synthesis of polymer suspensions with a narrow particle-size distribution using a one-step method have been determined.

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30

Keyes, Anthony, Huong Dau, Hatice E. Basbug Alhan, Uyen Ha, Estela Ordonez, Glen R. Jones, Yu-Sheng Liu et al. „Metal–organic insertion light initiated radical (MILRad) polymerization: photo-initiated radical polymerization of vinyl polar monomers with various palladium diimine catalysts“. Polymer Chemistry 10, Nr. 23 (2019): 3040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01556b.

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31

Boivin, Sylviane, Patrick Hemery und Sylvie Boileau. „Polymérisation du chloroformiate de vinyle et de ses dérivés“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, Nr. 6 (01.06.1985): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-227.

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The free-radical polymerization of vinyl chloroformate has been studied in methylene chloride at 35 °C using dicyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate as initiator. Kinetic measurements performed by dilatometry under high vacuum have shown that the reaction order in monomer is equal to one whereas that in catalyst is equal to 0.5.New polymers have been prepared either by free-radical polymerization of monomers derived from vinyl chloroformate or by chemical modification of poly(vinyl chloroformate) with amines, alcohols, thiols, carboxylic acids, KCN … using phase transfer catalysis. The structure of these polymers as well as their thermal behaviour have been studied.

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32

Hirano, Tomohiro, Yuya Miyamoto, Shinya Amano, Kazuya Tatsumi, Takuya Anmoto, Hiroshi Kimura, Ken Yoshida, Miyuki Oshimura und Koichi Ute. „Hydrogen-bond-assisted isotactic-specific radical polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone with tartrate additives in toluene at low temperatures: high-resolution 1H NMR analysis“. RSC Adv. 4, Nr. 95 (2014): 53079–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08743g.

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33

Wang, Lu, Wang und Bai. „A New Strategy for the Synthesis of Fluorinated Polyurethane“. Polymers 11, Nr. 9 (02.09.2019): 1440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091440.

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An alternating fluorinated copolymer based on chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and butyl vinyl ether (BVE) was synthesized by RAFT/MADIX living/controlled polymerization in the presence of S-benzyl O-ethyl dithiocarbonate (BEDTC). Then, using the obtained poly(CTFE-alt-BVE) as a macro chain transfer agent (macro-CTA), a block copolymer was prepared by chain extension polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc). After a basic methanolysis process, the poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) block was transferred into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Finally, a novel fluorinated polyurethane with good surface properties due to the mobility of the flexible fluorinated polymer chains linked to the network was obtained via reaction of the copolymer bearing the blocks of PVA with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as a cross-linking agent.

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34

Zhu, Yuejia, Luoyu Gao, Zhenjiang Li, Bo Liu, Zhihao Zhang, Haoying Tong, Yuanyuan Qu, Yusheng Quan, Xin Zou und Kai Guo. „Merging of cationic RAFT and radical RAFT polymerizations with ring-opening polymerizations for the synthesis of asymmetric ABCD type tetrablock copolymers in one pot“. Polymer Chemistry 12, Nr. 34 (2021): 4974–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00971k.

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A new bifunctional and switchable RAFT agent and a mechanism switching strategy were proposed to control the cationic RAFT polymerization, radical RAFT polymerization and ring-opening polymerization of vinyl and cyclic ester monomers and to produce block copolymers.

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35

Lunin, Artyom O., Fedor A. Andreyanov, Igor S. Makarov und Maxim V. Bermeshev. „Vinyl-Addition Homopolymeization of Norbornenes with Bromoalkyl Groups“. Polymers 15, Nr. 22 (17.11.2023): 4444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15224444.

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Vinyl-addition polynorbornenes are of great interest as versatile templates for the targeted design of polymer materials with desired properties. These polymers possess rigid and saturated backbones, which provide them with high thermal and chemical stability as well as high glass transition temperatures. Vinyl-addition polymers from norbornenes with bromoalkyl groups are widely used as precursors of anion exchange membranes; however, high-molecular-weight homopolymers from such monomers are often difficult to prepare. Herein, we report the systematic study of vinyl-addition polymerization of norbornenes with various bromoalkyl groups on Pd-catalysts bearing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands ((NHC)Pd-systems). Norbornenes with different lengths of hydrocarbon linker (one, two, and four CH2 groups) between the bicyclic norbornene moiety and the bromine atom were used as model monomers, while single- and three-component (NHC)Pd-systems were applied as catalysts. In vinyl-addition polymerization, the reactivity of the investigated monomers varied substantially. The relative reactivity of these monomers was assessed in copolymerization experiments, which showed that the closer the bromine is to the norbornene double-bond, the lower the monomer’s reactivity. The most reactive monomer was the norbornene derivative with the largest substituent (with the longest linker). Tuning the catalyst’s nature and the conditions of polymerization, we succeeded in synthesizing high-molecular-weight homopolymers from norbornenes with bromoalkyl groups (Mn up to 1.4 × 106). The basic physico-chemical properties of the prepared polymers were studied and considered together with the results of vinyl-addition polymerization.

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Yang, Hongjun, Zhongrui Wang, Lei Cao, Wenyan Huang, Qiming Jiang, Xiaoqiang Xue, Yiye Song und Bibiao Jiang. „Self-condensing reversible complexation-mediated copolymerization for highly branched polymers with in situ formed inimers“. Polymer Chemistry 8, Nr. 44 (2017): 6844–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01560g.

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Jíšová, V., M. Kolínský und D. Lím. „Polymerization of vinyl chloride by organolithium compounds. II. Polymerization of vinyl chloride by organolithium complexes“. Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 42, Nr. 1 (08.03.2007): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070420153.

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38

Li, Xinsong, Jingjing Wang und Yao Chen. „SILICONE HYDROGELS WITH INTERPENETRATING NETWORK STRUCTURE PREPARED BY SIMULTANEOUS FREE-RADICAL/CATIONIC HYBRID POLYMERIZATIONS“. Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 23, Nr. 02 (April 2011): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237211002499.

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Silicone hydrogels with interpenetrating network (IPN) structure were prepared by ultraviolet (UV)-initiated simultaneous free-radical/cationic polymerizations in order to develop contact lens with high performances. The polymerization mechanism was investigated by gel fraction method using polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether (HBVE) as a model. The results showed that HEMA and crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) polymerized by free-radical mechanism, while HBVE and crosslinker triethylene glycol divinyl ether (DVE-3) polymerized by cationic mechanism. The IPN silicone hydrogels were then prepared by UV-initiated hybrid photopolymerization of monomers including HEMA and bitelechelic polydimethylsiloxane bearing vinyl ethers end-groups (VS) in the presence of free-radical and cationic photoinitiators. Physiochemical properties such as optical properties, ion permeability, contact angle, and mechanical properties of the silicone hydrogels were characterized by UV spectroscopy, ionoflux technique, and tensile tester. The results revealed that the water content, surface wettability, and ion permeability of the hydrogels increased, but the tensile strength and Young's modulus decreased with the increase of the HEMA content.

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Nishimura, Shin-nosuke, Nobuyuki Higashi und Tomoyuki Koga. „Synthesis of peptide–vinyl polymer multiblock hybrids by nitroxide-mediated polymerization: breaking the limitations of monomer compatibility“. Polymer Chemistry 10, Nr. 1 (2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01330f.

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Nitroxide-mediated polymerization of a wide variety of vinyl monomers using a novel TIPNO-based cyclic peptide successfully provided multiblock architectures composed of sequential peptides and vinyl polymers in one step.

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Wang, Xiaoliang, Qiuxia Fu, Xueqin Wang, Yang Si, Jianyong Yu, Xueli Wang und Bin Ding. „In situ cross-linked and highly carboxylated poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous membranes for efficient adsorption of proteins“. Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, Nr. 36 (2015): 7281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb01192b.

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In situ cross-linked and highly carboxylated poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous membranes for lysozyme adsorption were fabricated by a combination of electrospinning and graft polymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) and maleic anhydride.

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Pozdnyakov, Alexander S., Nadezhda P. Kuznetsova, Tatyana A. Semenova, Yuliya I. Bolgova, Anastasia A. Ivanova, Olga M. Trofimova und Artem I. Emel’yanov. „Dithiocarbamates as Effective Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Agents for Controlled Radical Polymerization of 1-Vinyl-1,2,4-triazole“. Polymers 14, Nr. 10 (16.05.2022): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102029.

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Narrow dispersed poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) (PVT) was synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole (VT). AIBN as the initiator and dithiocarbamates, xanthates, and trithiocarbonates as the chain transfer agents (CTA) were used. Dithiocarbamates proved to be the most efficient in VT polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight distribution and polydispersity of the synthesized polymers. The presence of the CTA stabilizing and leaving groups in the PVT was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The linear dependence of the degree of polymerization on time confirms the conduct of radical polymerization in a controlled mode. The VT conversion was over 98% and the PVT number average molecular weight ranged from 11 to 61 kDa. The polydispersity of the synthesized polymers reached 1.16. The occurrence of the controlled radical polymerization was confirmed by monitoring the degree of polymerization over time.

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42

Waly, A., F. A. Abdel-Mohdy und A. Hebeish. „Chemical Modification of Starch-Poly (Vinyl Acetate) Materials“. Engineering Plastics 6, Nr. 3 (Januar 1998): 147823919800600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919800600306.

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Starch-poly (vinyl acetate) materials were prepared through polymerization of vinyl acetate with starch using a ferrous ammonium sulphate-hydrogen peroxide redox system. Carboxymethylation through reaction with monochloroacetic acid in presence of alkali and graft polymerization with acrylamide and acrylonitrile of a material having 23% graft and 43% homopolymer were studied. Carboxymethylation occurs during the saponification process of starch-poly (vinyl acetate) in the alkaline medium of sodium monochloroacetate through reaction of the latter with the hydroxyl groups of starch and PVA. On the other hand, grafting seems to proceed via starch macroradicals which are created through the attack of the decomposition products of the redox system on the starch hydroxyl. Carboxymethylation of starch-poly (vinyl acetate) gives polyblended materials which exhibit 100% solubility at 100°C. The same holds true with starch-poly (vinyl acetate) grafted with acrylamide after saponification. Replacement of acrylamide with acrylonitrile results in polyblended material, the solubility of which never exceeds 20% after saponification.

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Waly, A., F. A. Abdel-Mohdy und A. Hebeish. „Chemical Modification of Starch-Poly (Vinyl Acetate) Materials“. Polymers and Polymer Composites 6, Nr. 3 (März 1998): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119800600306.

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Starch-poly (vinyl acetate) materials were prepared through polymerization of vinyl acetate with starch using a ferrous ammonium sulphate-hydrogen peroxide redox system. Carboxymethylation through reaction with monochloroacetic acid in presence of alkali and graft polymerization with acrylamide and acrylonitrile of a material having 23% graft and 43% homopolymer were studied. Carboxymethylation occurs during the saponification process of starch-poly (vinyl acetate) in the alkaline medium of sodium monochloroacetate through reaction of the latter with the hydroxyl groups of starch and PVA. On the other hand, grafting seems to proceed via starch macroradicals which are created through the attack of the decomposition products of the redox system on the starch hydroxyl. Carboxymethylation of starch-poly (vinyl acetate) gives polyblended materials which exhibit 100% solubility at 100°C. The same holds true with starch-poly (vinyl acetate) grafted with acrylamide after saponification. Replacement of acrylamide with acrylonitrile results in polyblended material, the solubility of which never exceeds 20% after saponification.

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Kahveci, Muhammet U., Mustafa Uygun, M. Atilla Tasdelen, Wolfram Schnabel, Wayne D. Cook und Yusuf Yagci. „Photoinitiated Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers Using Substituted Vinyl Halides“. Macromolecules 42, Nr. 13 (14.07.2009): 4443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma900359c.

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45

Imai, Kiyokazu, Tomoo Shiomi, Yasuyuki Tezuka, Toshiaki Kawanishi und Tomofumi Jin. „Poly(vinyl alcohol) obtained through polymerization of some vinyl esters“. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26, Nr. 7 (Juli 1988): 1961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260720.

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Shin, Inseop, Jaebin Nam, Kukjoo Lee, Eunsoo Kim und Tae-Hyun Kim. „Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-crosslinked poly(vinyl pyridine)–PEG–poly(vinyl pyridine)-based triblock copolymers prepared by RAFT polymerization as novel gel polymer electrolytes“. Polymer Chemistry 9, Nr. 42 (2018): 5190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8py01097h.

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A series of triblock copolymers based on poly(vinyl pyridine)–PEG–poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVP–PEG–PVP) with different PEG-to-PVP ratios (1 : 200, 1 : 250, and 1 : 500) were prepared using the RAFT polymerization.

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Zhou, Yulan, Wanfeng Liao und Xiuyuan Ni. „Improving photocatalytic free radical polymerization with hydrochloric acid“. Catalysis Science & Technology 9, Nr. 15 (2019): 3887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy00199a.

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48

Kusuyama, Naoyuki, Yuji Daito, Hiroyuki Kubota, Yuki Kametani und Makoto Ouchi. „Construction of ring-based architectures via ring-expansion cationic polymerization and post-polymerization modification: design of cyclic initiators from divinyl ether and dicarboxylic acid“. Polymer Chemistry 12, Nr. 17 (2021): 2532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00209k.

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Topologically unique polymers such as tadpole and figure-eight polymers were synthesized via ring-expansion cationic polymerization (RECP) of vinyl ether with a functionalized cyclic initiator, followed by post-polymerization modification (PPM) reactions.

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Galanopoulo, Paul, Pierre-Yves Dugas, Muriel Lansalot und Franck D'Agosto. „Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(vinyl acetate) block copolymer particles with various morphologies via RAFT/MADIX aqueous emulsion PISA“. Polymer Chemistry 11, Nr. 23 (2020): 3922–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00467g.

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The polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) of amphiphilic diblock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(vinyl acetate) in water was achieved through macromolecular design via interchange of xanthate (MADIX) polymerization in emulsion.

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OKADA, Yukio, und Yasuhiko OONO. „Vinyl polymerization using glutathione (Reduced form).“ NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, Nr. 1 (1987): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1987.125.

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