Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Vintertid“

<p>In order to increase the fodder available for roedeer during wintertime, late harvested hay was placed on racks early in November in three consecutive years. Freeezing kept the hay dry and fresh during all three winters. In the first winter, with much snow, the bulk of the hay was consumed whereas consumption in the two subsequent mild winters was low and selective. The crude protein content of the hay was low (3.5 - 8.4% dry matter). Metabolizable energy estimated from digestion in vitro was 3.5 &mdash; 5.6 MJ per kg dry matter. Rumen liquor from roe deer during a mild winter gave lower in vitro digestion than liquor from sheep fed with ordinary rations. The value of this poor hay for roe deer is discussed with respect to the animals requirements, seasonal adaption, the energy and protein content of the hay, water consumption and normal behavior. The results indicate that late harvested hay may be more suitable than regularly harvested hay or concentrates to help roe deer to survive spells of severe winter conditions. With late harvested hay placed out at several localized feeding sites, the risks of indigestion and dehydration, associated with a more concentrated, feed, are minimized and the ranking among the roe deer in particular will be less important and thus more animals will have improved prospects of gaining access to the fodder.</p><p>Tilskottsutfodring av r&aring;djur (Capreolus capreolus L) med sent skordat ho. En pilotstudie.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammanfattning: I avsikt att, for r&aring;djur, oka m&aring;ngden tillg&aring;ngligt foder under vintertid, skordades och h&aring;ssjades ho i borjan av november under tre p&aring; varandra foljande &aring;r. Hoet fros torn och holl sig f&aring;rskt alla vintrarna. Forst&aring; vintern med mycket sno konsumerades huvuddelen av hoet medan de tv&aring; foljande milda vintrarna konsumptionen var l&aring;g och selektiv. M&aring;ngden r&aring;protein i hoet var l&aring;gt (3.5 &mdash; 8.4 % i torrsubstans). Inneh&aring;llet av oms&aring;ttbar energi ber&aring;knad fr&aring;n digestion in vitro var 3.5 &mdash; 5.6 MJ per kg torrsubstans. V&aring;mv&aring;tska fr&aring;n r&aring;djur under en mild vinter gav lagra in vitro digestion &aring;n v&aring;mv&aring;tska fr&aring;n ordin&aring;rt utfodrade f&aring;r. V&aring;rdet av det mycket sent skordade hoet for r&aring;djur diskuteras med utg&aring;ngspunkt fr&aring;n djurens behov, s&aring;songm&aring;ssiga adaption, energi- och proteininneh&aring;ll i hoet, vattenkonsumtion och normala beteende. Resultat&eacute;n pekar p&aring; att, sent skordat ho kan vara l&aring;mpligare &aring;n p&aring; normal tid skordat ho eller kraftfoder att hj&aring;lpa r&aring;djur att overleva perioder med sv&aring;ra vinterforh&aring;llanden. Med sent skordat och h&aring;ssjat ho, vilket gjorts tillg&aring;ngligt p&aring; ett flertal utfodringsplatser, minskar riskerna for v&aring;mindigestion och dehydrering, forenade med en mer hogv&aring;rdig utfodring, samtidigt som djurens inbordes rangordning blir mindre betydelsefull. Det senare innebarande att fler djur f&aring;r tillg&aring;ng till fodret.</p>

<p>Total body water and water turnover were measured at different times throughout the year in 3 captive Norwegian reindeer, using a tritiated water dilution method (Holleman et al. 1982). Total body water (percent of body weight) increased during late autumn and winter, from 59.1 &plusmn; 1.5 % in October to 72.5 &plusmn; 2.0 % in April. Using the equatation by Pace and Rathbun (1945) for predicting total body fat (% fat = 100 - % water/0.732), this increase in total body water indicates a concomitant reduction in body fat, from a maximum value of 18.9 &plusmn; 2.6 % (of body weight) in October to a minimum of 0.9 &plusmn; 2.7 % in April. During summer, on the other hand, fat content increased at the expense of a reduced percentage of body water. Water turnover was low in winter (December - April), ranging between 30.8 &plusmn; 5.2and43.6 &plusmn; 13.5ml.d-'. kg-1, but increased nearly fourfold during summer (June-August) with a maximum of 117.7 &plusmn; 5.9 ml.d-1. kg-1 in August. Positive correlations between water turnover and food intake and between water turnover and ambient temperature were found, the latter probably resulting from an incidental correlation between food intake and ambient temperature.</p><p>Sesongmessige forandringer i totalt kroppsvann, kropps-sammensetning og vannomsetning hos reinsdyr.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Totalt kroppsvann og vannomsetning av vann ble m&aring;lt til forskjellige &aring;rstider i 3 norske reinsdyr ved hjelp av utvasking av tritiert vann (Holleman et al. 1982). Totalt kroppsvann (prosent av kroppsvekt) &oslash;kte utover h&oslash;sten og vinteren, fra 59.1 &plusmn; 1.5 % i oktober til 72.5 &plusmn; 2.0 % i april. Ved hjelp av en ligning som er gitt av Pace og Rathbun (1945) for beregning av totalt kroppsfett (% fett = 100 - % vann/0.732), fant en at denne &oslash;kningen i vanninnhold tilsvarte en samtidig reduksjon i fettinnhold, fra en maksimums-verdi p&aring; 18.9 &plusmn; 2.6 % av kroppsvekt i oktober til et minimum p&aring; 0.9 &plusmn; 2.7 % i april. Utover sommeren &oslash;kte derimot innholdet av fett p&aring; bekostning av vanninnholdet. Omsetningen av vann var lav vinterstid (desember - april), varierende mellom 30.8 &plusmn; 5.2 og 43.6 &plusmn; 13.5 ml.d-1.kg-1, men &oslash;kte nesten fire ganger i l&oslash;pet av sommeren (juni - august) til et maksimum p&aring; 117.7 &plusmn; 5.9 ml.d-1.kg-1 i august. Det ble funnet positive korrelasjoner mellom vannomsetning og forinntak og mellom vannomsetning og omgivelsestemperatur. Sistnevnte korrelasjon kan muligens skyldes en tilfeldig sammenheng mellom forinntak og omgivelsestemperatur.</p><p>Vuodenaikaiset muutokset poron ruumiin kokonaisvesim&aring;&aring;r&aring;ss&aring;, ruumiin koostumuksessa ja vesiaineenvaihdunnassa.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Ruumiin kokonaisvesima&aring;r&aring;&aring; ja vesiaineenvaihduntaa mitattiin eri vuodenaikoina 3 norjalaisella porolla k&aring;ytt&aring;m&aring;ll&aring; apuna tritioitua vetta (Holleman et al. 1982). Ruumiin kokonaisvesim&aring;ar&aring; (prosenttia ruumiinpainosta) lis&aring;antyi syksyll&aring; ja talvella lokakuun 59.1&plusmn;1.5%:sta 72.5&plusmn;2.0%:i huhtikuussa. K&aring;ytt&aring;m&aring;ll&aring; Pacen ja Rathbunin (1945) ruumiin kokonaisrasvapitoisuude laskukaavaa (rasva % = 100 - vesi %/0.732) huomattiin tam&aring;n vesim&aring;&aring;r&aring;n lisa&aring;ntymis johtuvan samanaikaisesta rasvapitoisuuden v&aring;henemisesta. Rasvapitoisuus laski lokakuun maksimiarvosta 18.9&plusmn;2.6% ruumiinpainosta huhtikuun minimiarvoon, joka oli 0.9&plusmn;2.7% ruumiinpainosta. Kes&aring;ll&aring; rasvapitoisuus lis&aring;antyi puolestaan vesipitoisuuden kustannuksella. Talvella j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;ravinnolla (joulu-huhtikuussa) veden kaytto vaihteli v&aring;lilla 30.8&plusmn;5.2 ja 43.6&plusmn;13.5 ml vrk-1kg-1 mutta se kohosi melkein nelinkertaisesti kesalla (kes&aring;-elokuussa) maksimiarvoonsa 117.7+5.9 ml vrk-1 kg-1 elokuussa. Veden k&aring;yton ja ravinnon oton seka veden k&aring;yton jaymp&aring;riston lampotilan v&aring;lilla oli positiivinen korrelaatio. Viimeksi mainittu korrelaatio voi johtua v&aring;liaikaisesta riippuvuudesta ravinnonoton ja ymp&aring;riston l&aring;mpotilan v&aring;lill&aring;.</p>

<div>Siden man begyndte at kortl&aelig;gge&nbsp;havisen i Polhavet med satellitdata,&nbsp;har Nordpolen b&aring;de sommer&nbsp;og vinter v&aelig;ret d&aelig;kket af fl ere &aring;r&nbsp;gammel og 3-4 m tyk is &ndash; ogs&aring; kaldet&nbsp;polaris. Polarisen d&aelig;kkede f&oslash;r&nbsp;i tiden n&aelig;sten hele Polhavet med&nbsp;undtagelse af havet nord for Alaska,&nbsp;Bering Str&aelig;det og de Sibirske shelfomr&aring;der.&nbsp;I l&oslash;bet af februar 2008&nbsp;h&aelig;ndte det s&aring;, at et us&aelig;dvanligt&nbsp;stort omr&aring;de med is dannet denne&nbsp;vinter (vinteris) fra Bering Str&aelig;det&nbsp;og Sibirien for f&oslash;rste gang, mens&nbsp;man har m&aring;lt, n&aring;ede helt hen over&nbsp;Nordpolen. Vinteris bliver typisk&nbsp;ikke mere end 2 m tykt i l&oslash;bet af en&nbsp;hel vinter i Polhavet.</div>

Rapporten er en kommentert gjennomgang av et bredt utvalg eldre skriftlige kilder, relevante faghistoriske studier og lokalhistorisk litteratur vedrørende utnyttelse av marine/akvatiske ressurser i Altafjordområdet. Siktemålet var å utrede opplysninger om hvilke ressurser som tradisjonelt har blitt utnyttet til hvilke tider og i hvilke deler av undersøkelsesområdet. Redskapstyper og fangstteknologi benyttet i utnyttelse av akvatiske ressurser, er så langt mulig redegjort for. Det antydes hvilke ressurser og fangstmetoder som kan ha vært anvendt også i forhistorisk tid. Kildene ga inntrykk av en fiskerik fjord med de rikeste havfiskeriene i fjorden nord for Talvik, sommer som vinter. Håndsnørefiske var den dominerende fisketeknologien frem til 17-1800-tallet, men kildene viser variasjon i eldre fiskemetoder. Fiskerier i de grunnere fjordbunnene har i perioder vært økonomisk lønnsomme. Semi-passive fiskeredskaper har i forhistorien mest sannsynlig vært brukt på grunne havpartier. Laksefiskeriene i Altaelva dominerer kildene fullstendig med hensyn til utnyttelse av anadrom fisk. Intensivt stengsel- og garn/notfiske dominerte, men bruk av tradisjonelle fiskemetoder som lystring og enklere varianter av stengselfiske fortsatte inn i moderne tid. Kildene gir inntrykk av gode forekomster av fjordkobbe over det meste av fjorden. Områdene ved Rafsbotn og partier av Altaelva er eneste område av fjorden beskrevet som særskilt gode fangststeder for fjordkobbe. Kildene fremhever de rike forekomstene av hval generelt i Altafjorden, men fokuserte spesielt på store bardehvalarter i området ved Bossekop – Rafsbotn og Talvik vinterstid.

This report is on concrete work during the winter and is implemented on Peab’s behalf. The assignment was to describe the differences between a summer- and a winter casting. While it shows the complications that exists, it also show what aids are available, both electronic via computer and physical aids. The information that I have developed is originally from theory in books, information on the internet as well as practical experience from knowledgeable people that works in construction output. Other theories are those I have learned throughout the education to become a construction engineer, including all oral sources over the years. The results I have come up with, I hope will be able to help future construction projects in the planning phase of a winter casting. While helping the future projects I also would like to just share the results I have come up with, especially the extra costs that rises during a casting in the winter. TorkaS, which was one of the computer programs I used, brought a clear view on the time differences between a summer- and a winter casting which is important to take into consideration during the winter, one of the results is that the summer casting shows a much smoother curve then the winter casting.     The theory part is the part I focused most on since the whole report is based on facts and not so much numbers in the end. There are several good and useful tips on tools and equipment that facilitate a casting, but also the assembly phase of prefabricated elements.
Den här rapporten handlar om betongarbeten under vintertid och genomförs för Peabs räkning. Uppdraget var att redovisa de skillnader som finns mellan en sommar- och vintergjutning. En sammanställning visar på de komplikationer som finns, men också vilka hjälpmedel som finnstillgängliga, både elektroniska via dator samt fysiska hjälpmedel. Informationen som tagits fram är ursprungligen från teori i böcker, information från internet samt praktisk erfarenhet från kunnigt folk inom byggproduktion. Annan teori är den som lärts in genom utbildningen till byggnadsingenjör samt muntliga källor under årens lopp. Resultaten jag har kommit fram till hoppas jag skall kunna hjälpa framtida byggprojekt i planeringsfasen vid en vintergjutning. Samtidigt som att hjälpa projekten men också bara dela resultatet som kommit fram genom denna studie, speciellt de extra kostnaderna som uppstår vid en platsgjutning under vintern. Kostnadskalkylen visar på en liten procentuell extrakostnad som uppstår vid en vintergjutning. TorkaS som var ett av de datorprogram som användes utgjorde en stadig del i resultatet där man tydligt kunde se skillnaderna tidsmässigt mellan sommar och vinter, där bland annat en sommargjutning visar på en mycket jämnare uttorkningskurva jämfört med en vintergjutning. Teorin i rapporten väger lite extra tungt då det är den delen mest fokus las på, i den finns ett flertal bra tips på hjälpmedel och utrustningar som underlättar en platsgjutning men samtidigt vid montering av prefabricerade element.

Segregation, that animals of different sex and/or age do not spend time together all year round, is a common phenomenon. One example is that males and older individuals in migratory birds wintering further north. Migration time also affects the distribution of birds in the wintering area. European Robins that migrate in late autumn tend to winter farther east. Another factor that affects wintering areas is global warming. Today wintering birds do not migrate as far as they used to. The aim was therefore to investigate if Robins segregate during winter and if they segregate by sex, age and/or migration time and to see if the wintering area has changed since 1950. Analysis of Robins ringed at Ottenby Bird Observatory that has been recovered during winter was conducted. To obtain an indication on what influences Robins in their choice of wintering area, an analysis was done with migration year, age, and migration time (sex was excluded in this analysis) to analyse what effects migration distance. The geographical centroid was used for representing the wintering area. The difference between the group’s centroid was tested with a permutation test. The result indicated that migration time best explains the distribution of Robins in the wintering area. Robins that migrate late migrate shorter and winter further northeast, this is probably due to sequential migration of different populations. No effect of age or migration year was observed. The wintering area appears to have moved north, which indicates that Robins are affected by global warming.

To investigate effects of nitrogen on in-lake CO2 and CH4 production during winter, three pair of lakes was subject for a fertilizing experiment in which one lake in each pair was fertilized with nitric acid (HNO3) directly into the water column in the summer of 2012. The lakes in each pair are assumed to be morphologically, hydrologically and biologically similar, that is, the non-fertilized lakes are considered references. The pairs do differ in one major way by being progressively less humic, going from around 25 mg/l to 10 mg/l DOC. Sampling and analysis was carried out at the end of the frozen period in 2013. Results show a significantly higher concentration of both CO2 (p<0,001) and CH4 (α=0,1, p=0,053) between impact and reference sites in the two less humic pairs. The very humic pair generated lower concentrations of CO2 and CH4 after fertilization in the impact site compared to the reference site. The lakes with low and intermediate humic content are assumed to have increased their biomass production during the ice-free season which contributed to elevated amount of available organic carbon to be mineralized to gas during winter. The absence of a fertilization effect in the very high humic lake is most likely due to light-limitation being the key limitator in that lake, thus preventing an elevated biomass production during the ice-free season. Northern boreal lakes can be expected to react differently to elevated N-deposition and runoff depending on the amount of catchment derived terrestrial carbon transported to the lake.

Metallspridning via dagvatten är ett problem, vilket fo ̈rväntas växa i framtiden. Det finns dock en problematik i att många metoder för dagvattenrening inte är tillräckligt effektiva gällande avskiljning av lösta metalljoner. Detta har medfört ett ökat intresse för reaktiva filtermaterial vilka avskiljer lösta metalljoner.  I dagsläget finns en begränsad kunskap om funktionen av reaktiva filter speciellt under nordiska förhållanden med kalla vintrar där dubbdäck är regel och halkbekämpning med vägsalt är vanligt.  Detta arbete är genomfört i ett fullskaleförsök under vinterförhållanden med höga salthalter och låga temperaturer i vägdagvattnet.  I undersökningen har inverkan av pH och vägsalt på avskiljningen av metaller och igensättning studerats för det reaktiva filtermaterialet Filtralitea® P. Undersökningen har genomförst vid Lilla Essingens dagvattenreningsanläggning som behandlar dagvatten från ett avrinningsomr ̊ade med en yta på 17 600 m2, varav Essingeleden med en årsdygnstrafik ( ̊ADT) på 140 000 fordon, utgör en större del av avrinningsområdet. Undersökningen genomfördes under perioden 28/01-2021 till 16/04-2021. Efter sedimente- ring pumpades vägdagvatten till två parallella filterbrunnar (Filter 1 och Filter 2) laddade med Filtralite P. Uppehållstiden i Filter 1 var fyra timmar medan uppehållstiden i Filter 2 varierade mellan 9 till 24 timmar. Den hydrauliska belastningen på Filter 1 var således avsevärt högre än för Filter 2. Turbiditeten hos det inkommande vattnet till brunnarna var väldigt låg (<46,5 FNU) och igensättning kom inte att påverka drifttiden för filtermaterialet i denna anläggning i någon större utsträckning, då tendenser till igensättning endast påvisades i Filter 1. Kloridkoncentrationen i vägdagvattnet varierade mellan 119 - 4 990 mg L−1 och temperaturen i vattnet som pumpades till de reaktiva filtren varierade mellan 0 – 6 °C. Det reaktiva filtret visade goda förmågor att avskilja partikulärt och löst zink och koppar. Järn- mangan- och kalciumkoncentrationerna avskiljdes i Filter 2, men i Filter 1 ökade ofiltrerade halten järn samt mangan- och kalciumkoncentrationerna. Detta tros bero på att den högre belastningen på Filter 1 orsakade en kraftigare pH-reduktion som i sin tur minskade adsoptionsförmågan och därmed ökade saltets påverkan. En viss avskiljning av krom observerades med undantag fär den filtrerade fraktionen efter Filter 2. Nickelkoncentrationen i utgående vatten var förhöjd i bägge filter (Filter 1: totalhalt max 9,48 μg L−1, löst halt 10,8 μg L−1, Filter 2: totalhalt max 4,08 μg L−1, löst halt 4,13 μg L−1). Koncentrationerna av magnesium och molybden var högre efter båda reaktiva filtren. Metallerna bly, kadmium och kvicksilver förekom endast i låga koncentrationer under försöken. Filter 1 påvisade i regel sämre avskiljning än Filter 2, vilket kan innebära att en lägre hydraulisk belastning resulterar i effektivare rening. Salthalten korrelerade med koncentrationerna av kalcium, järn, mangan, magnesium och zink efter filterbrunnarna och det är därmed möjligt att salthalten kan mobilisera bundna metaller. Ett tröskelvärde för mobilisering av metaller kan vara en salthalt av 2 500 mg L−1.
The growing infrastructure creates more impermeable surfaces, causing an increase in stormwater that brings contaminants from surfaces such as roofs and roads, spreading these in the environment. There are a number of different stormwater treatment methods but many lack the ability to remove metal ions. One promising method is the use of reactive filter materials. However, there is a limited amount of research conducted on how these reactive filter systems perform in natural conditions, especially in nordic environments with cold winters, de-icing salt application and usage of studded tyres. This study aims at in- vestigating how de-icing salt (NaCl), pH, temperature, clogging and water flow affect the treatment efficiency of the reactive filter material Filtralite® P in a real-life application. The catchment area that contributed water to the studied system had a total area of 17,600 m2, including parts of Essingeleden, one of the most trafficked roads in Sweden with an annual average daily traffic load of 140,000 vehicles. The studied system consisted of a stormwater pond fed with water from the catchment area. The pond connected to a measuring well which in turn was connected to a pumping well. From there, water was pumped upwards through two parallel wells (Filter 1 and Filter 2) containing Filtralite P and was then discharged into lake Ma ̈laren. Filter 1 was subjected to a higher hydraulic load compared to Filter 2, resulting i a residence time of four hours in Filter 1 and 9 - 24 hours in Filter 2. Water samples were collected in the measuring well and above the filter media in both reactive filter wells. This allowed for examination of the metal concentrations before and after the reactive filters. Measurements of pH, temperature, conductivity and turbidity were conducted in the measuring well and in both filter wells. In addition, measurements of head loss and water flow were also taken in the filter wells. The samples and measurements of this study were taken between 28/01-2021 and 16/04- 2021. Before that, the reactive filter material had been in use from June to December of 2020. The turbidity in the measuring well varied between 2 and 50 FNU. A decrease in turbidity was observed after the reactive filter media, with an average of 3.3 FNU in Filter 1 and 0.9 FNU in Filter 2. The amount of suspended solids in the water was estimated to not exceed 16 mg L−1 and in total, approximately 1.4 kg of suspended solids was removed in Filter 1 and 0.3 kg in Filter 2. The head loss through Filter 2 was highly correlated with the hydraulic load due to the drastic variations in flow. The head loss in Filter 1 was observed to increase slightly over time, indicating that clogging might start to take place. However, clogging of the filter media did not seem to be an issue for the system, a theory strengthened by the low turbidity and low increase in head loss. The temperature in the measuring well varied between 0 and 6 °C and in the filter wells between 1.1 and 7.4 °C. The low temperature might have negatively affected the efficiency of the reactive filter. An increase in pH was observed after the water passed through the reactive filters, with Filter 1 raising the pH to around 9 and Filter 2 to around 10 in the beginning of the testing period. This increase in pH would diminish over the period in Filter 1 to approximately 8, while Filter 2 maintained a stable pH increase. The conductivity increased over the measuring period and reached a peak in February to then decrease during March, most likely caused by increased and decreased use of de-icing salts. Chloride concentrations in the incoming stormwater varied between 119 - 4 990 mg L−1. The treated water after the reactive filters exhibited a reduced concentration of filtered copper and zink. Meanwhile, the concentrations of calcium, iron, manganese and nickel increased in Filter 1, but decreased in Filter 2. Filtered chromium decreased in Filter 1 but no statistically significant reduction was observed in Filter 2. However, the reduction of chromium might have been more efficient, due to a majority of measurements showing concentrations below the detection limit after the reactive fitlers. There was an increased concentration of filtered molybdenum and magnesium after the reactive filters. The metals cadmium, lead and mercury were merely present in very low concentrations or below the de- tection limit of laboratory instruments. Futher investigations of these metals were therefore not conducted. In general, Filter 2 achieved a higher metal treatment efficiency compared to Filter 1. This is believed to be caused by the higher hydraulic load in Filter 1. This caused a pH reduction in the filter material which in turn led to a reduced adsorption efficiency and possibly enhanced the competition effect between the dissolved metals and the sodium ions from the de-icing salts. A correlation was found between chloride and calcium, manganese and iron in Filter 1. In Filter 2 there was a correlation between chloride and calcium, unfiltered magnesium and zink. The chloride concentrations are related to the de-icing salts and it is believed that the salts could have an impact on the efficiency of metal reduction in Filtralite P. At chloride concentrations of around 2 500 mg L−1 the concentrations of zink, magnesium, iron, copper and calcium seemed to increase in the effluent water, meaning that there might also be a threshold value, which if passed, leads to increased metal mobilization. The higher performance of Filter 2 might also be due to longer residence times. This increa- sed residence time might have allowed for a greater reduction of metals due to an increased contact time. It is important to note that more bed volumes had passed Filter 1 compared to Filter 2, with a total of 321 bed volumes through Filter 1 and 53 bed volumes through Filter 2 during the period of this study. However, if previous bed volumes are also taken into account, a total of 1,157 bed volumes have passed Filter 1 and 559 have passed Filter 2. This could also have caused the reduced efficiency observed in Filter 1 compared to Filter 2.

Rapporten innefattar hur en funktionsprototyp till ett vinterhjälpmedel för en rollatorutvecklats. Alla de väsentliga stegen i utformningen beskrivs grundligt, från det att idéerkläcks tills dess att prototypen är klar för tillverkning. Utifrån en idé om ett vinterhjälpmedelhar arbetet fortlöpt till en prototyp bestående av en konstruktion med skidor som enkeltmonteras på rollatorn. Arbetet berör ergonomiska analyser på användande av prototypen samtdimensionering.Stor vikt under utvecklandet har lagts vid människan och hennes funktion för att få en produktanpassad efter rörelseapparatens förmågor och begränsningar.En nyhetsgranskning över produkten har utförts där utfallet var positivt, vilket innebär attprodukten nu är i ett läge där en patentansökan planeras.Produkten lämnar utrymme för vidareutveckling.
The report describes how a functional prototype of a winter aid for a rollator is developed.The essential steps of the design are described in detail, from brainstorming the ideas to theprototype being ready for production. Based on the idea of a winter aid of some sort the workhas proceeded to a prototype consisting of a design with skis that are easily mounted on therollator. The report describes the ergonomic aspects, the analysis conducted on the prototypeand strength of materials.Emphasis during development has been on the man and his function in order to get a productadapted to the musculoskeletal system's limitations and capabilities.A news review of the product has been performed where the outcome was positive, meaningthat the product is now in a situation where a patent application is being planned.The product leaves room for further development.

Levande Stockholm är ett koncept som Stockholms Stad initierade 2015. Syftet med det är att skapa levande och attraktiva stadsrum för medborgarna. Sökandet efter den attraktiva staden är en utveckling som blivit vanligare och viktigare för städer i och med den allt mer tilltagande globaliseringen. Konceptet Levande Stockholm baseras på temporär urbanism för att skapa attraktiva stadsrum under sommaren och har haft ett lyckat utfall. Det är från detta koncept studien tar ansats. Under vintern råder andra förhållanden som påverkar staden och människorna och samspelet mellan dem. Därför undersöker denna studie hur man kan skapa förutsättningar för attraktiva och levande stadsrum vintertid genom temporär urbanism. Forskningsfrågan har besvarats genom att i en fallstudie samla in data från tre olika grupper som vi valt att benämna planerare, externa aktörer samt medborgare. De planerare samt externa aktörer som intervjuats har valts på grund av deras erfarenheter av att jobba med Levande Stockholm eller med att skapa attraktiva stadsrum. Ett medborgarperspektiv har undersökts genom en enkät för att jämföra om deras tankar om attraktiva stadsrum vintertid överensstämmer med åsikterna hos planerare samt externa aktörer. Det teoretiska ramverket består av tre övergripande forskningsfält från olika discipliner; den levande staden, temporär urbanism samt samhällsplanering i ett kallt klimat. Detta skapar en tvärdisciplinär kontext som skapar ett djup och en bredd i studien. Studiens resultat visar att den temporära urbanismen har potential att skapa fler levande och intressanta stadsrum. Vidare visar empirin att de flesta aktörer, offentliga och privata, är överens om att stadens roll är att skapa förutsättningar för levande stadsrum, medan övriga aktörer bör stå för innehåll. Möjliga hinder för att utveckla levande stadsrum vintertid genom temporär urbanism är rigida regler angående snöröjning, upplåtelsetaxa samt tidsperioden för uteservering. Genom att underlätta för aktörer att temporärt utveckla och utnyttja gatu- och stadsrum under vintern kan levande och attraktiva stadsrum skapas.
Levande Stockholm is a concept that Stockholm City initiated in 2015. The purpose of the concept is to create vibrant and attractive urban spaces for the citizens. Developing the attractive city is a process that has become more common and important for cities, due to the ever- increasing globalization. The Levande Stockholm concept is based on temporary urbanism to create attractive city spaces in the summer and has had a successful outcome. This study springs from this concept. During winter, there are different conditions that affect the city, its inhabitants and the interaction between the two. Therefore, this study investigates how to create conditions for attractive and vibrant urban spaces during winter through temporary urbanism. The research question is answered through a case study by collecting data from three different groups whom we chose to label as planners, external actors and citizens. The planners and external actors who were interviewed were chosen due to their experience of working with Levande Stockholm prior. A citizen's perspective has been examined through a survey to compare if their thoughts about attractive urban spaces in winter time are consistent with the views of planners and external actors. The theoretical framework consists of three comprehensive research fields from different disciplines; the vibrant city, temporary urbanism and urban planning in a cold climate. This creates a cross-disciplinary context that allows a depth and breadth in the study. The results show that temporary urbanism has the potential to create more vibrant and interesting urban spaces. Furthermore, our empirics show that most actors, public and private, agree that the municipality’s role is to enable the creation of vibrant spaces, while other actors should be the creators of the content within the urban space. Possible obstacles to developing vibrant city spaces during wintertime through temporary urbanism are rigid rules regarding snow clearance, concession fees and the fixed periods for outdoor seating. Vibrant and attractive urban spaces can be created by enabling actors to temporarily develop and utilize streets and urban spaces during winter.

Beläget i Göteborgs norra skärgård, ligger detta kallbadhus på pelare 40 meter ute i havet. Det är en plats för sociala interaktioner, vila och återhämtning. Med närvaron av havet och möjligheten till ett bastubad utvidgas badsäsongen till en helårsupplevelse. Min ambition är att skapa en plats som får människor att kliva i vattnet oavsett tid på året, oavsett ålder och oavsett väder. Under utvecklingen av detta projekt har jag fokuserat mycket på tekniska detaljer och material. Med återanvända fragment från den typiska sjöboden och materialval som trä och sten kommer denna byggnad att skapa en bekant och fridfull upplevelse för användaren.
Located in Gothenburg’s northern archipelago, this cold bath house sits on slim pillars 40 meters out in the ocean. It’s a place for social interactions, rest and recovery. With the presence of the sea and possibility of a sauna bath, the bathing season will be extended to a year-round experience. My ambition is to create a place that will make people enter the water whatever time of the year, whatever their age and whatever the weather. In the development of this project I’ve focused alot on the technical details and materials. With reused fragments from the typical boathouse and choice of materials such as wood and stone, this building will create a familiar and peaceful experience for the user.