Dissertationen zum Thema „Vie biologique“
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Sangely, Matthieu. „Dégradation biologique des polychlorobiphényles“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0094/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoil is a complex interface between all compartments of the environment. Their pollution contributes to the spread of many pollutants. PCBs are persistent toxic compounds in the environment. Widely used especially in dielectric oils, they now contaminate many industrial floors. Heat treatment of these soils is very expensive and can cause the emission of dioxins. The objective of this work is to study a biological treatment process for the degradation of PCBs in soils. Biological degradation of PCBs has been observed in the presence of two cultured organisms, Burkholderia xenovorans and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, confirming their technological potential under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, a microbial community with the ability to degrade PCBs was developed. A study of the diversity of 16S rDNA gene within this community has identified the species in this community. An analysis of life cycle assess the environmental performance of two methods for treating soils contaminated with PCBs, one thermal and one biological. This analysis quantifies the environmental benefit of the biological process compared with the heat treatment
Lebret, Nelly. „L'ammoniac biologique et ses dérivés : analyse et limitation dans la vie domestique“. Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT043G.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBonnardel, Claudine. „Etude sociologique, médicale et biologique des phénomènes d'alcoolisation et de vie à la rue“. Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P263.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePépin, Antonin. „Performance environnementale de fermes maraichères en Agriculture Biologique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04059580.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrench organic vegetable farms are diverse, ranging from complex agroecological systems based on biodiversity and producing many different vegetables, to simple systems based on inputs and producing few different vegetables, suggesting different environmental impacts. The objective of the thesis is to assess the environmental performance of contrasting organic vegetable farms, using life cycle assessment (LCA). The thesis is organised as follows: (1) the characterisation of the diversity of organic vegetable farms, using a typology based on surveys and a framework for analysing farming system diversity; (2) the adaptation of a biodiversity assessment method to vegetable farming; 3) the assessment of three contrasting farms using a LCA "system" approach, considering the farm as a whole and in which all inputs, operations and emissions are related to the total annual production. The analysis of the impacts, expressed per kg of vegetable, ha of farmland and economic value expressed in Euro, on climate change, marine eutrophication, biodiversity, cumulative energy demand and plastic use, revealed large differences between the systems for their main impact contributors, but did not allow a clear ranking of the three farms. The LCA "system" approach corresponds to the agroecological functioning and addresses the challenge posed by the complexity of some vegetable farms. The plastic use indicator shed new light on a growing concern
Delhommeau, François. „La sphérocytose héréditaire pendant la 1ère année de vie : étude biologique, essai préliminaire du traitement par érythropoiétine humaine recombinante“. Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTardieux, Isabelle. „Etudes prealables a l'utilisation en lutte biologique d'aphidius colemani vie : (hym, aphidiidae) : caracterisation taxonomique, relations hote-parasitoide, aspects demographiques“. Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066717.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrégoire, Dany. „Événements de vie et stratégies d'adaptation chez des personnes ayant un trouble bipolaire et chez des membres de leur parenté biologique“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65341.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaugier, Guillaume. „Evolution du fardeau génétique et des traits liés à la reproduction au cours d'une invasion biologique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis provides some evolutionary insights on biological invasions, which represent a growing threat on ecology, economy and public health.Biological invasions are a place of rapid and important evolutionary changes that can be the cause or the consequence of invasion success.These changes can be caused by differences in selective pressures between the native and the invaded area.They can also be due to demo-genetic events such as demographic bottlenecks and admixture (emph{i.e.} intra-specific hybridisation) between genetically distinct populations.Evolutionary changes affect life-history traits (including reproductive traits) as well as the genetic load and inbreeding depression.Genetic drift can be strong during a bottleneck and can induce the rapid purging or fixation of deleterious alleles responsible for the genetic load.Reproductive traits can also influence the fate of an invasion by changing the demographic growth rate.Moreover, they can have an indirect impact on the success of introduction by altering the intensity of demo-genetic events.Throughout this thesis, I studied the evolution of the genetic load and of reproductive traits by the mean of (i) laboratory experiments using the invasive Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a model species and (ii) through the study of a theoretical model of the dynamics of allele frequencies during a bottleneck.My results show that invasive populations have better reproductive traits than those from the native area.Particularily, invasive females display an increased fecundity and fertilize their eggs with the sperm of a higher number of males.In this species, there is no obvious mechanism of inbreeding avoidance, even though native populations suffer to inbreeding depression contrarily to invasive ones.Inbreeding depression can evolve quickly in this species if the population goes through a severe bottleneck.In my experiments, deleterious alleles were often fixed in the population during the bottleneck, but were sometimes purged.Finally, the theoretical model studied described show that the probability of complete loss or fixation of a deleterious recessive allele can both increase by drift during a bottleneck.These results highlight the importance of chance on the success of a biological invasion.Because the probability of emergence of genomic combinations that can favour an invasion increases with the number of introduction events, limiting the number of introduction events might be an efficient way to prevent or minimise upcoming biological invasions
Laugier, Guillaume. „Evolution du fardeau génétique et des traits liés à la reproduction au cours d'une invasion biologique“. Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0029/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis provides some evolutionary insights on biological invasions, which represent a growing threat on ecology, economy and public health.Biological invasions are a place of rapid and important evolutionary changes that can be the cause or the consequence of invasion success.These changes can be caused by differences in selective pressures between the native and the invaded area.They can also be due to demo-genetic events such as demographic bottlenecks and admixture (emph{i.e.} intra-specific hybridisation) between genetically distinct populations.Evolutionary changes affect life-history traits (including reproductive traits) as well as the genetic load and inbreeding depression.Genetic drift can be strong during a bottleneck and can induce the rapid purging or fixation of deleterious alleles responsible for the genetic load.Reproductive traits can also influence the fate of an invasion by changing the demographic growth rate.Moreover, they can have an indirect impact on the success of introduction by altering the intensity of demo-genetic events.Throughout this thesis, I studied the evolution of the genetic load and of reproductive traits by the mean of (i) laboratory experiments using the invasive Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a model species and (ii) through the study of a theoretical model of the dynamics of allele frequencies during a bottleneck.My results show that invasive populations have better reproductive traits than those from the native area.Particularily, invasive females display an increased fecundity and fertilize their eggs with the sperm of a higher number of males.In this species, there is no obvious mechanism of inbreeding avoidance, even though native populations suffer to inbreeding depression contrarily to invasive ones.Inbreeding depression can evolve quickly in this species if the population goes through a severe bottleneck.In my experiments, deleterious alleles were often fixed in the population during the bottleneck, but were sometimes purged.Finally, the theoretical model studied described show that the probability of complete loss or fixation of a deleterious recessive allele can both increase by drift during a bottleneck.These results highlight the importance of chance on the success of a biological invasion.Because the probability of emergence of genomic combinations that can favour an invasion increases with the number of introduction events, limiting the number of introduction events might be an efficient way to prevent or minimise upcoming biological invasions
Javal, Marion. „Invasion du capricorne asiatique Anoplophora glabripennis : génétique, traits d’histoire de vie et écologie“. Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2034/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Asian longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis provides a good example of insects that benefited from international trade from Asia. It partly invaded North America, where it has been present since the 1990s, and Europe where its presence was detected in the early 2000s. This highly polyphagous species develops in urban trees and can cause their death, highlighting the importance of its management. The aim of this thesis was to use a multidisciplinary approach to study the invasion of A. glabripennis in order to bring new elements to the global understanding of biological invasions. I therefore first wanted to retrace its invasion route through the world. Secondly, I sought to know whether some of its biological characteristics had contributed to the success of its invasion. Finally, I addressed the question of the ecological impact of A. glabripennis by focusing on the alterations of the xylophagous fauna that its presence could have caused. The results obtained in this thesis revealed a complex invasion which includes several introductions as well as a bridgehead scenario between North America and Europe. It also appeared that some traits of the species contributed to shaping its distribution pattern. Notably, its resistance to thermal stress probably favored its installation in various climates. Furthermore, the natural dispersion of A. glabripennis seems very limited, but my results indicated that the species is not limited by its physiological capacities to disperse. Finally, the preliminary study of the invaded fauna did not reveal any effects of the species on the other Ceramycidae for the moment. In the light of the other cases of invasion documented, the case of A. glabripennis highlights the diversity of the characteristics of species becoming invasive, and confirms the difficulty of drawing a typical portrait
Perez, Emilie. „L'enfant au miroir des sépultures médiévales (Gaule, VIe-XIIe siècle)“. Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00975133.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKunach, Margaret. „Effets du sexe biologique et des habitudes de vie sur les anomalies du métabolisme postprandial des acides gras chez les patients intolérants au glucose“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7607.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract : Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Abnormalities in postprandial metabolism, which are characterized by a relative decrease in fatty acid storage capacity in adipose tissue leading to fatty acid spillover into the systemic circulation, give rise to ectopic fat deposition in non adipose tissues such as the heart, the liver and skeletal muscles. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as lipotoxicity, arises within the context of a chronic positive energy balance which is the direct result of excessive food consumption together with decreased energy expenditure and may be different in men and women. Many studies have shown, however, that metabolic abnormalities are reversible with changes in lifestyle habits. Our laboratory has developed a unique non-invasive method to study dietary fatty acid (DFA) metabolism using a radioactive tracer, 14(R,S)-[[superscript 18]F]-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid ([superscript 18]F-FTHA), a long-chain fatty acid analogue, in combination with positron emission tomography. Our previous work demonstrated that patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT+) display an increase in myocardial DFA partitioning associated with a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and stroke volume. Following a one-year lifestyle intervention regimen in IGT+ subjects, a reduction in myocardial DFA uptake as well as an improvement in cardiac function parameters was observed. However, IGT+ subjects who participated in a short-term caloric restriction while maintaining their usual level of physical activity, experienced an increase in myocardial DFA partitioning in parralel with a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. Caloric restriction, physical activity and weight loss all have an impact on energy substrate metabolism and cardiac function in IGT+ patients, but gender is a major determinant as well. Increased myocardial DFA uptake in men is driven largely by elevated circulating chylomicron-TG levels whereas in women it appears to be associated with obesity. Although it was not possible for us to establish a link between IGT+ patients’ lifestyle habits and the postprandial metabolic abnormalities that they display nor to identify which lifestyle changes contributed to the metabolic improvements in the heart observed after the intervention, our studies helped redefine our methodological tools for assessing lifestyle parameters and underlined the importance of considering gender differences in our future studies.
Liard, Vincent. „Origine évolutive de la complexité des systèmes biologiques : Une étude par évolution expérimentale in silico“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI085.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe complexity of biological systems and its evolutionary origin has been questioning life sciences for many years. In this thesis, by means of the Aevol in silico experimental evolution platform, we have tested the existence of a complexity ratchet, that is to say: the existence of a historical process that makes complexity rise even in conditions where it is not mandated. To that aim, we have got numerical organisms populations to evolve in environmental conditions such that simple organisms could reproduce and thrive. Despite that we observe that a vast majority of simulations, organisms' complexity continuously grows. However, the a posteriori study of the simulations shows that these complex organisms are far less adapted than the simple ones and that they neither have any fitness nor evolvability advantage over them. This rules out selection from the possible explanations to complexity evolution. Furthermore, complementary experiences have shown that selection is necessary for complexity to evolve, which,in turns, rules out non selective effects. Finally, with an analysis of the long term fate of complex organisms, we have shown that these complex organisms hardly ever go back to being simple ones despite the huge fitness gain it would incur. This fact suggests that there exists a complexity ratchet fueled by negative epistasis: beneficial mutations that yield simple solutions at the beginning of a simulation, become deleterious after other mutations have been fixated. Our results also suggest that this complexity ratchet is stronger than selection but that it can be inverted by robustness because of the constraints it casts on genome encoding ability
Guiot, Elvire. „Microscopie de fluorescence sous excitation à deux photons : application à des études de corrélations et de déclins de fluorescence en milieu biologique“. Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112307.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the development of a fluorescence microscope based on the non linear process of two-photon absorption. This new type of fluorescence microscopy characterized by a intrinsic three-dimensional spatial resolution comparable to those of the confocal microscope, offers also many advantages for biological studies, in particular in terms of restriction of the photodamages. Combined with time resolved techniques, two-photon microscopy allows imaging with high space and time resolutions and opens up new opportunities for biological dynamics studies. In this context, two time resolved techniques for fluorescence analysis under two-photon excitation have been developed. The first time resolved technique, the fluorescence correlation microscopy, based on measurements in micro-volumes with weak molecular concentration, has been essentially applied to the study of translational diffusion processes. In particular, the technique has allowed the determination, at the single molecule level, of the diffusion coefficient of various fluorescent biological probes. .
Ismaeil, Ibrahim. „Effets d’un stress thermique chaud sur les traits de vie et le succès parasitaire du parasitoïde de pucerons Aphidius ervi (Aphidiidae), agent de lutte biologique“. Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0105.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNatural populations are commonly exposed to fluctuations of temperature and poikilothermic organisms such as insects are particularly sensitive to such variations which can represent potential stresses, ultimately affecting their life history traits and their overall fitness. The present study focused on the solitary endoparasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae Aphidiidae), an efficient biological control agent commercially used against aphids such as the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae). We here evaluated the effects of mild heat stresses (at 25°C or 28°C, applied for either 1h or 48h) on young adults of A. Ervi and on the fitness of their first generation (F1) progeny. Only heat stresses of 48h had a strong impact on the wasps’ mortality while all treatments reduced the male longevity. Heat-stresses applied to A. Ervi parents also had consequences on their F1 progeny whose developmental time, rate of mummification and success of parasitism were negatively affected. Surprisingly, the fecundity of the F1 female progeny was increased when their mother had been submitted to a mild heat stress of 25°C. The increased fecundity of the F1 female progeny is suggested to result from a homeostatic, hormesis-like effect implying trans-generational phenotypic plasticity, thus illustrating the complexity of insect responses, and underlying mechanisms, to fluctuating conditions of their natural environment. Such phenomenon is believed to be adaptive as organisms with the induced phenotype are expected to experience a greater fitness
Lyon, Florent. „Amélioration de la durée de vie d'essences de bois peu durables à l'aide d'un traitement combiné boates/huiles végétales“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567069.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLacour, Sandrine. „Impact médico-économique et biologique d'une stratégie de prévention basée sur la pollution par l'ozone dirigée vers des patients insuffisants respiratoires“. Tours, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUR3307.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn Europe, the public is warned when ozone concentrations reach the 180 µg/m³/h threshold. However, persistent ambient ozone concentrations below this threshold can induce adverse effects on the health of people at risk. The PAPRICA study (French acronym for “ air pollution and respiratory disease : impact of communication about the air” ) assessed the impact on the health of patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency of a prevention strategy based on ozone pollution notification (110 µg/m³/8h : ozone threshold value for the protection of human health ). Patients had a better feeling of their health and their quality of life as well as a lower medication consumption when they had been informed in advance about crossing of the 110 µg/m³/8h threshold, for which the public does not receive specific information currently
Thomas, Fabrice. „Complexation du fer par des ligands tripodes originaux et la calcéine : étude thermodynamique, cinétique et biologique“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10108.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIsmail, Mohannad. „Plasticité de la réponse à l'exposition au froid chez Aphidius ervi dans le cadre des processus de stockage utilisés en lutte biologique“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00588289.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAyata, Sakina-Dorothée. „Importance relative des facteurs hydroclimatiques et des traits d'histoire de vie sur la dispersion larvaire et la connectivité à différentes échelles spatiales (Manche, Golfe Gascogne)“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00517082.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSauser, Christophe. „Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Ducharme, Vincent. „Simulation de systèmes chimique et physiologique“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6580.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuiot, Elvire. „microscopie de fluorescence par excitation à deux photons : application à des études de corrélations et de déclins de fluorescence en milieu biologique“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKoh, Byoung-Seol. „Le cycle de vie d'Owenia fusiformis (Annélide Polychète) en Méditerranée : les processus locaux de recrutement et la distribution géographique de l'espèce à l'échelle mondiale“. Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066198.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoreau, Géraldine. „Contribution à l'étude du rôle de Fas au cours de l'hématopoïèse“. Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA055016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarinosci, Cassandra. „Sélection, plasticité et dérive façonnent les traits d’histoire de vie chez l’acarien ravageur de cultures Tetranychus urticae suite à un changement d'hôte“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT148/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolyphagous herbivores are generalists able to exploit a large range of host-plants. In this thesis, using experimental evolution, I study the evolution of life history traits in different populations of a crop pest, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, after colonization of a new host, the tomato plant. In the first two chapters, measures of life history traits were collected from the egg stage to the death of individuals allowing the precise description of the life cycle of mites in response to the exploitation of tomato plants. As described chapter 1, I found that juvenile survival on the new host was influenced by maternal effects. In particular, mothers having developed on tomato had offspring surviving better on this host as juvenile. However, these juveniles left more often the plant as adults and had a reduced fecundity (for females). Moreover, the evolutionary history of populations affected the proportion of females produced by mothers, potentially enhancing demography of populations having previously evolved on this host. In chapter 2, I show that several life history traits (juvenile survival, male adult lifespan and fecundity) had evolved in all populations exposed to tomato for several generations relative to control populations evolving on bean. Nevertheless, the study of female lifetime reproductive success integrating the effect of several successive traits only showed, paradoxically, an adaptive signal for populations having evolved on this host for approximately 38 generations and not for populations having evolved on tomato for approximately 78 generations. The study of genetic diversity with microsatellite markers suggests that these latter populations may have suffered from bottlenecks, which could have compromised their adaptation. Finally, as shown chapter 3, I test whether populations newly adapted to tomato are more tolerant to the host-plant defenses, induced by herbivore attacks, and/or whether these populations differentially trigger the defences of damaged plants, affecting the performance of mites that subsequently colonize this host. For that purpose, I recorded the fecundity and mortality of female adult mites put on clean tomato plants, or on tomato plant pre-infested by tomato-adapted mites or by mites not adapted to this host. Populations adapted to tomato had a higher fecundity on this host irrespective of the plant treatment, while mortality increased for all populations on plants pre-infested with tomato-adapted mites. My results thus suggest that evolution on tomato leads to an increased capacity to tolerate host-plant defences and also to a higher induction of such defences. My studies describe a continuum of evolutionary responses in a polyphagous species from failure of adaptation, leading to the eventual extinction of populations, to the presence of adaptive plastic responses and finally to host-plant adaptation via the possible acquisition of higher tolerance to host-plant defenses. My work also underlines the relevance of integrating the effects of different life history traits with contrasted variations within a same fitness measure to describe host-plant adaptation. Further investigations in this direction should enrich our understanding of mechanisms of herbivore persistence on a new host-plant but also allow developing better crop pest management strategies
Seidl, Renata Aparecida. „A agricultura ecologica sob o angulo da qualidade de vida dos agricultores : abordagem comparativa entre duas regiões metropolitanas na França e no Brasil“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100103.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAfter the Green revolution, which began in the years 1960, agriculture took new directions thanks to the introduction of technologies and modern practices (genetic modification of seeds, intensive use of manures, and mechanization of the farms) which made it possible to intensify the production and raise the agricultural productivity. This model of production was formed within the conventional agriculture. However, after less than one century of development, this model of agriculture generated a number of concerns as well for its environmental impact and as well on public health. As an alternative to the conventional agriculture, the ecological agriculture - with its various denominations (Organic, Agro-ecological, Biological, inter alia) - has created its own marks in terms of production and marketing in local and global agro- alimentary systems. Its development was maintained thanks to growing demand and investment of large agro- alimentary companies and family farmers who converted their surfaces to an ecological mode of production. In this context, the inclusion and the adhesion of the small farmers to this type of agriculture is the main framework of this research. The thesis proposes therefore to carry out a reflection around the social sustainability of the farmers with this main question: “Is ecological agriculture a sustainable solution for all?” - which emerges within a social perspective through the analysis of quality of life of Brazilian family farmers and the French peasants, actives within market-gardening inside metropolitan regions of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and the Metropolitan region of the Ile-de-France (France). This questioning cross the idea of “sustainability”, understood not only like safeguarding of the environment and the ecosystems, but also as taking into account the "social factory" and the living conditions of the individuals, in this case, of the farmers. Thus, the question of the quality of life (QOL) of the farmers – where self-esteem and the job satisfaction are intrinsically related to the social relations and the organization of the space of which they form part – is analysed. The results show inter alia, that the permanence of the production units depends on the conditions given to its owner, taking account of possibilities of developing a salubrious work (without health risk), prosper (with a sufficient financial return) and pleasant (as a source of satisfaction and social recognition). Our work reaffirms thus that ecological agriculture is in fact sustainable for all when the variables of the QOL of the farmers are potentiated and incorporated in the local agricultural development. In addition it's observed that the relation between the values of the QOL and the regional contexts reflects as well in the capacities of the farmers to carry their work as in their feelings of pleasure and self-confidence, i.e. of personal and professional wellbeing. The specificities around the questions of food security in the Brazilian context direct the future research towards arrangements of management strategies used in France and liable to be adapted to the reality of the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region
Após a Revolução Verde, iniciada na década de 1960, a agricultura tomou novos rumos graças à introdução de tecnologias e práticas agrícolas modernas (modificação genética de sementes, uso intensivo de insumos industriais, mecanização e redução de custo de manejo) que permitiram intensificar a produção e a produtividade agrícola. Esse modelo de produção conformou-se na agricultura convencional. No entanto, a menos de meio século de seu desenvolvimento, este tipo de agricultura tem causado preocupações sobre o seu impacto no meio ambiente e na saúde da população. Como uma proposta alternativa à agricultura convencional, a agricultura ecológica, sob diversos nomes (Orgânica, Agroecológica, Biologique, dentre outras) tem-se destacado no âmbito dos sistemas agroalimentares locais e globais, tanto em termos de produção quanto de área e comercialização. Seu desenvolvimento tem se sustentado por um mercado de investimentos econômicos, representado por grandes empresas agroalimentares e por pequenos agricultores, que converteram suas áreas para uma maneira ecológica de produção. Diante desse contexto, a inclusão ou adesão dos pequenos agricultores a esse tipo de agricultura motiva uma investigação na esfera social. Assim, a proposta dessa tese é trazer uma reflexão acerca da sustentabilidade social dos agricultores, cuja questão: “A agricultura ecológica é uma solução sustentável para todos?” surge com uma perspectiva social sobre as condições de vida e de trabalho do agricultor familiar brasileiro, e do paysan francês, investidos na prática da horticultura ecológica. Este questionamento recai sobre a ideia de “sustentabilidade”, compreendida não somente no aspecto da preservação do meio ambiente e dos ecossistemas, mas também quanto ao tecido social e à qualidade de vida (QV) dos indivíduos, nesse caso, os agricultores. Desta forma, discute-se a QV dos agricultores, cujas autoestima e satisfação profissional encontram-se intrínsecas às relações sociais e às organizações do espaço ao qual eles se inserem. Os limites espaciais da pesquisa englobam duas regiões metropolitanas, a saber: 1) Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte – Brasil e; 2) Região Metropolitana de Île-de-France – França
Musset, Murielle. „Nature des récepteurs (intégrines et lectines) et des signaux de transduction impliqués dans l'adhérence des cellules Hep G2“. Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05S018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTaquet, Alizée. „Évolution de la résistance aux insecticides au sein d’un complexe d’espèces de ravageurs dans un contexte d’invasion biologique : coût de la résistance et rôle de l’hybridation“. Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBemisia tabaci is a major insect pest distributed worldwide because of its ability to transmit phytoviruses. Three whitefly species coexist in Reunion Island: the native species IO, and two exotic species MEAM1 and MED-Q, which successively invaded the island in 1997 and 2010. The main control strategy against these species is the use of insecticides, which can lead to the emergence of resistance. The main objective was to understand the evolution of the distribution of the whitefly species, with regards to their insecticide resistance in a context of interspecific hybridization. To this aim, whiteflies were sampled in 56 sites, genotyped at 11 microsatellite markers and for two kdr loci involved in pyrethroid resistance. Fifteen populations were phenotyped for resistance to pymetrozine and acetamiprid using bioassays, and the cost of acetamiprid resistance was evaluated in MEAM1 populations displaying different resistance levels. The two invasive species are mainly found in agroecosystems and both have kdr resistance mutations. Most of the MEAM1 populations were also found to be resistant to acetamiprid, pymetrozine or both pesticides. No fitness costs appeared to be associated with resistance to acetamiprid in MEAM1. On the contrary, the indigenous species IO was mainly sampled in non-crop areas, or at the edge of agrosystems. It has no pyrethroid resistance mutations and is sensitive to the insecticides tested. Finally, the interspecific hybridization (MEAM-IO) observed between IO and MEAM1 did not lead to the introgression of resistant mutations into the indigenous species, but possibly to the introgression of susceptibility in MEAM1
Tournamille, Christophe. „Bases moléculaires et relations structure/fonction des antigènes de groupe sanguin Duffy : récepteur de chimiokines et de Plasmodium vivax“. Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S001.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleImbert, Daniel. „Nouveaux ligands à charpente tripodale carbonée en vue de la complexation du fer en milieu hydrophile ou lipophile“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10112.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMerabet-Bouraoui, Naïma. „Synthèse et évaluation biologique d'inhibiteurs de la dimérisation de la protéase du VIH-1“. Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA110048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNew "molecular tongs" based on naphthalene and quinoline scaffolds linked to two peptidic strands were synthesized. They were designed to prevent dimerization of RN -1 protease, at the antiparallelj3- sheet structure level involving N- and C-termini of each monomer. Seventeen new molecular tongs were synthesized with dipeptidic or tripeptidic strands. These molecules were assayed on HIV-1 protease following Zhang kinetic techniques. Twelve molecules were shown as pure dimerization inhibitors, mostly in submicromolar range. Dimerization inhibition was ascertained using ANS fluorescence and gel filtration experiments which showed the dissociation of HIV-1 protease dimeric form in presence of synthesized molecular tongs
Normand-Bayle, Marie. „Synthèse et activité biologique de nouvelles styrylquinoléines inhibitrices de l'intégrase du VIH-1“. Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA114822.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is known that AIDS can nowadays be temporarily controlled, but not eradicated with current treatments. It is therefore important to identify new agents targeting HIV-1 at a step of its replicative cycle which is not yet affected by the above combination therapy. In this respect, it is essential to develop inhibitors of the third essential enzyme of HIV-1 : integrase (IN). Our Laboratory has recently reported that polyhydroxylated styrylquinolines are potent inhibitors of IN that block the replication of the virus in cell culture. In this, we describe the synthesis of styrylquinolines with new ancillary aromatic nuclei. We also deveoped a method to introduce several functionnalized groups in the C-7 position of the quinoline moiety. The results show that some of these new compounds have micromolar or submicromolar activities in teh same range as styrylquinolines
YOU, BRUNO. „Caracterisation biologique et moleculaire d'isolats vih-1 de republique centrafricaine“. Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066720.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBénard, Christophe. „Synthèse et activité biologique de nouveaux inhibiteurs de l'intégrase du VIH-1“. Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA114820.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is known that AIDS can nowadays be temporarily controlled, but not eradicated with current treatments against reverse transcriptase and protease. It is therefore important to identify new agents targeting HIV-1. Ln this respect, it is essential to develop inhibitors of the third essential enzyme of HIV-1 : integrase (IN). Our Laboratory bas recently reported that polyhydroxylated styrylquinolines are potent inhibitors of IN that block the replication of the virus in cell culture. In the present work, we report the preliminary results of our expanded SAR investigation directed towards the replacement of the ethylenic linker of the styrylquinolines by functionalized spacers: amide, hydrazide, urea or diketone-1,3 linker in order to increase affinity with the core domain of the protein. The results show that some of these new compounds have micromolar or submicromolar activities in the same range as styrylquinolines. However, an improvement of cytotoxicity is clearly noticed
Liotard, Jean-François. „Un nouveau type de prodrogues anti-VIH : principe, synthèse et évaluation biologique“. Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4113.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe actual treatment of HIV patients is a long treatment because the virus eradication is not yet possible. The toxicity’s diminution of the actual drugs used is then an interesting subject. Within this framework, we chose the AZT like a model for analysing if it’s possible to reduce its toxicity by connecting this nucleoside to peptides ; which are possibly liberated by the HIV protease while conservating this activity. The HIV protease hydrolysis may conduct to a preferential liberation in infected cells. 19 different AZT-peptidics esters compounds have been synthesised. Their stability in different biological medium has been evaluated. The anti-HIV activity shows some compounds are as active as AZT. However, no one of these 7 selected compounds is hydrolysed by the viral protease. 9 different AZT-MP phosphoramidates compounds have been prepared. Only 3 of them are stable in the culture medium. The 6 others are deteriorating quickly. Their anti-HIV activity shows that they are less active than the AZT and than the 19 ester compounds
Jourdes, Michaël. „Réactivité, synthèse, couleur et activité biologique d'ellagitannins C-glycosidiques et flavano-ellagitannins“. Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12721.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGreat red wines are generally aged in oak barrels for a period from 6 to 18 months, which contributes to improve their organoleptic quality. During this contact with wood in the barrel the wine solution extracts many substances including some C-glucosidic ellagitannins. During this work, we focused on the evolution of C-glucosidic ellagitannins in acidic medium leading to the formation of various products from nucleophilic substitution reactions with vescalagine and various nucleophilic species present in wine. The hemisynthesis of flavano-ellagitannins (acutissimins and epiacutissimins) was achieved via a nucleophilic substitution reaction between vescalagin and catechin and epicatechin in an acidic medium. Their identification and quantification in a red wine aged in oak barrel were carried out by HPLC-ESI-MS. The remarkable stereospecificity of these substitution reactions was examined by molecular modelling of the benzylic cation intermediate. The hemisynthesis of the first member of a new class of compounds called anthocyano-ellagitannins was achieved via a nucleophilic substitution reaction between vescalagin and malvidin. This new complex shows a bathochromic shift of about 15 nm compared to the maximum wavelength of the initial anthocyanin
Heurtebise, Jean-Yves. „Penser la Vie : la Vie comme Liaison“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX10046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePeyrollier, Karine. „Clonage et caractérisation de l'endosulfine-α, un régulateur potentiel des canaux KATP sensibles aux sulfonylurées“. Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGauchet, Aurélie. „Observance thérapeutique et VIH : enquête sur les facteurs biologiques et psychosociaux /“. [Paris] : l'Harmattan, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41402415x.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBibliogr. p. 231-242.
Chacón, Leiva Natalia. „Βίος et ζωή chez Aristote : qu’est-ce que la vie pour un biologiste?“ Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe reconstitution of the notion of life within the ancient philosophy is the principal idea of the present study. The aim is to re-establish the conception of this notion within the Greek language and culture, especially within the knowledge of early philosophers and the philosophy of Aristotle. The arrangement of this contribution is based on the meaning and relation of the words βίος and ζωή, two fundamental terms, exclusive to the Greek language. The first part of the study shed new light on the formal constitution and «original» meaning of these words. In particular the linguistic and cultural factors which converge in their formation and evolution are investigated in detail. The reconstruction of the historical and linguistic context of the words βίος and ζωή gives rise to the second part of the study by the means of reconstructing the notion of life within the poetical tradition and investigation of nature, conducted by the early philosophers. The third part of the study approaches the notion of life in the philosophy of Aristotle from the principle question at issue: whether the idea of life is reduced to the investigation of living organisms and his theory of soul or if it exceeds the biologic purpose to encompass other categories of his philosophy. This analysis of the notion of life within the philosophy of Aristotle is conducted by an integrating and dynamic perspective. The reconstitution of the notion of life in the work of Aristotle leads to a reflection about the closeness of his ideas to anterior investigations of natural objects and processes done by the early philosophers. Apart from being a pioneer in the investigation of life, he is also tributary to a particular kind of thinking in ancient Greece. Aristotle’s way of thinking, although far-reaching, is based within his period and preceding traditions
Chacón, Leiva Natalia. „Βίος et ζωή chez Aristote : qu’est-ce que la vie pour un biologiste?“ Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080042.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe reconstitution of the notion of life within the ancient philosophy is the principal idea of the present study. The aim is to re-establish the conception of this notion within the Greek language and culture, especially within the knowledge of early philosophers and the philosophy of Aristotle. The arrangement of this contribution is based on the meaning and relation of the words βίος and ζωή, two fundamental terms, exclusive to the Greek language. The first part of the study shed new light on the formal constitution and «original» meaning of these words. In particular the linguistic and cultural factors which converge in their formation and evolution are investigated in detail. The reconstruction of the historical and linguistic context of the words βίος and ζωή gives rise to the second part of the study by the means of reconstructing the notion of life within the poetical tradition and investigation of nature, conducted by the early philosophers. The third part of the study approaches the notion of life in the philosophy of Aristotle from the principle question at issue: whether the idea of life is reduced to the investigation of living organisms and his theory of soul or if it exceeds the biologic purpose to encompass other categories of his philosophy. This analysis of the notion of life within the philosophy of Aristotle is conducted by an integrating and dynamic perspective. The reconstitution of the notion of life in the work of Aristotle leads to a reflection about the closeness of his ideas to anterior investigations of natural objects and processes done by the early philosophers. Apart from being a pioneer in the investigation of life, he is also tributary to a particular kind of thinking in ancient Greece. Aristotle’s way of thinking, although far-reaching, is based within his period and preceding traditions
Vauzour, David. „Etude des propriétés biologiques des constituants des vins de champagne“. Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13513.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMonziols, Guillaume. „La dématérialisation de l’accès aux tests génétiques au regard des droits et obligations des partenaires à la relation de soins“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe dematerialization of access to genetic testing appears to be a tool to satisfy all the aspects of the right to health protection. Indeed, in this field, the specialization of medicine induces a limitation of the numbers of persons entitled to prescribe genetic tests. The quest for the best quality and health security for the realization of the genetic tests induces problems of equal access to the laboratories of medical biology authorized for this purpose, but to which dematerialization can give answers. Also, dematerialization does not appear to be antinomic of patient autonomy, although it presents weaknesses
Carasso, Anne. „Forme, organisme, connaissance : le statut de la connaissance mis en question par les philosophies de la forme et du vivant“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX10107.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLegendre, Christophe. „Interactions virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH)/lymphocytes B au sein des tissus lymphoïdes secondaires“. Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05S002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAgnaniet, Huguette. „Synthèse et activité biologique d'antiviraux dérivant de la thymidine“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20041.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuneman, Philippe. „Métaphysique et biologie : Kant et la constitution du concept d'organisme“. Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010620.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Vu Stéphane. „Estimation de l'incidence de l'infection par le VIH en France à l'aide d'un test biologique d'infection récente“. Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKnowledge of HIV incidence is essential to provide a timely picture of the HIV epidemie, in arder to target and evaluate prevention efforts. However, current methods of HIV incidence estimation can hardly provide data on current transmission patterns. A new approach based on biological procedures that discriminate recent from long-standing HIV infection has been developed since the mid 1990s. Its major advantage is that it can provide incidence estimates from a single population sample without the need for a longitudinal follow-up. The French national HIV/AIDS case reporting system has included aroutine testing for recent infection since its debut in 2003. The objective of this PhD thesis is to estimate population-based HIV incidence in France by using HIV case reporting data and results from recent infection testing. Its first part is a review of laboratory-based methods for HIV incidence estimation. The second part is dedicated to the calibration of the test for recent infection used in France using a reference sample of population. The third partis giving estimates of population-based HIV incidence in France. Based on this new method applied at a national scale, HIV incidence will be tracked over time in arder to monitor the HIV transmission dynamics in the various risk groups of the population and to better target prevention
Alimi, Mickaël. „Nouvelle stratégie de véctorisation d'antibactériens via des métallodrogues : Principe, Synthèse et Activité biologique“. Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P637.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe gram negative bacterias’ cell envelopes are the first line of defense against antibiotics. First thanks to the low permeability of the external membrane that prevents the penetration of the antibiotics, but also thanks to the efflux pumps that help expelling the antibiotics from the cell. These mechanisms prevent many compounds, potentially active in vitro, from reaching their targets, thus limiting the antimicrobial effect. To increase the molecules’ intracellular concentration is one of the means to restore their activity. This thesis’ objective is to develop metallodrugs as a new drug vectorization strategy in cells. We here associate an active drug in vitro and an auxiliary ligand with permeabilization or efflux pumps inhibition abilities in a complex playing the role of a chaperone. We used peptide deformylase (PDF) and methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) inhibitors (derived from hydroxamic acids) developed at the laboratory as antimicrobial agents. I’ll begin with a global study of the vectorization strategy we’ve adopted (i) Stability study of the metallodrugs models: using a fluorescent hydroxamic acid, we showed that only Co(III) metallodrugs are in agreement with the stability conditions compatible with the biological tests, in opposition with the Cu(II) and Fe(III) ones. (ii) Drug release study: we showed in 1H NMR and UV-vis studies that in a buffer solution pH 7.4, a ligand exchange with an exogenous thiol is responsible for the drug release. Recently, a new series of PDF inhibitors was synthesized at the laboratory. It is composed of a 5 membered heterocyclic skeleton functionalized by a chain in C4 followed by an hydroxamic acid via a monocarbonated spacer. The best results were obtained with an oxadiazole (AT002 16 µg/ml with E. coli and PMBN as permeabilizing agent). During this thesis, to enhance lipophilicity, we attached aromatic groups on the heterocycle. CMIs on the E. coli strain have not been increased but the compounds displaying the best activity in presence of PMBN (AT015, 2 µg/ml with E. coli and PMBN) was chosen to conceive metallodrugs. The metallodrug is composed of a metal center and two other parts: (i) an auxiliary ligand functionalized via a spacer by a permeabilizing peptide, an antimicrobial peptide analogue, or by an efflux modulator. (ii) An hydroxamic acid PDF inhibitor. We showed that the best metallodrugs enhance the drug activity on the wild E.coli strain by a 16 factor, with the SAR we realized, changing the drug, the auxiliary ligand and the metal. One of the auxiliary ligands functionalized by a tetrapeptide show an activity on a fluoroquinolone-resistant E. aerogenes strain while alone. Utilizing a fluorescent analogous of this compound, we linked the biological activity to its intracellular accumulation with fluorescence mapping experiments