Dissertationen zum Thema „Verbala signaler“

Uppsatsens fokus ligger på pedagogers bruk av icke-verbala signaler i undervisningssituationer. Syfte är att undersöka vilka dessa signaler är, samt att besvara frågeställningen – om och hur dessa icke-verbala signaler används. Tidigare forskning inom ämnet samt för ämnet relevant litteratur presenteras och lyfts fram i uppsatsen som sedan knyter an sin egen undersökning till tidigare forskning. Metod och grund för besvarandet av uppsatsens frågeställningar har varit observation och undersökning i form av videoinspelning av tre olika yrkesverksamma pedagoger i en undervisningssituation. Slutsatsen; att rätt bruk av icke-verbala signaler i undervisningssituationer gynnar läraren och dess elever, har kunnat dras utifrån undersökningen.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka människors upplevelser av emojis i textlig kommunikation. I studien tillämpades en kvalitativ metod för undersökningen i form av Braun och Clarkes (2006) Tematiska analys. Datainsamlingen bestod av tre fokusgrupper med fyra deltagare i varje grupp, varav elva deltagare var kvinnor och en delatagare var man. Den Tematiska analysen genererade tre teman: Första temat Emojikodens trygghet och osäkerhet beskriver deltagarna känslan av trygghet genom användning av specifika emojis som skapar en kod för att hantera olika relationer. Emojikoden kan även skapa osäkerhet då en relation utvecklas eftersom emojis kan tolkas på olika sätt. Andra temat Emojis förstärker eller mildrar budskap beskriver hur emojis upplevs påverka innebörden av budskapet. Det sista temat Emojis ersätter känslors ord beskriver effektiviteten genom emojis i textlig kommunikation men som också kan resultera i en överdrift. Emojis i textlig kommunikation är av stor betydelse då effekten av att använda den upplevs som möjligt att hantera relationer relationer och sociala roller. Hantering av relationer och sociala roller är viktigt för att stärka självkänslan och bibehålla självbilden.
The purpose of the study was to investigate people`s experiences of emojis in textual communication. The study used qualitative method for the study in the form of Braun and Clarkes (2006) Thematic analysis. The data collection consisted of three focus groups with four participants in each group, of witch eleven particpants were woman and one particpant was male. The Thematic analysis generated three themes: First theme The secuarity and uncertainty of the emojicode describes the particpants sense of security through the use of specific emojis that create a code to manage different relationship. The emojicode can also create uncertainty as a relationship developes because emojis can be interpreted in different ways. Other themes Emoji reinforce or mitigate messages describe how emojis are perceived to affect the meaning of the message. The last theme of Emoji replaces the words of emotion describing the effectiveness of emojis in textual communication but can also result in an exaggeration. Emoji in textual communication is of great importance as the effect of using them is perceived as possible to manage relationships and social roles. Managing relationships and social roles is important for strengthening self-esteem and maintaining self-image.

I dagens århundrade har vi gjort stora framsteg inom tekniken. Baudrillard (2001) menar att vi idag har gått från en typografisk generation till en elektrisk generation. De innebär att idag har vi gått ifrån att läsa böcker eller lyssna på radio och istället övergått till att kommunicera via videorepresenationer eller sociala media (Baudrillard & Genosko, 2001). Dessa tekniska redskap har således börjat användas under vårt vardagsliv samt hos olika företag. Denna typ av tekniska metod används främst inom rekryteringsprocessen hos företag, där man expanderar sin sökning efter kandidater från en lokal nivå till en internationell nivå. Detta blir genomförbar med hjälp av Skype intervjuer (videointervju) som ger företagen möjligheten att intervjua distanserade kandidater. Men enligt Collins (2015) integrationsritual är den fysiska närvaron kritisk i en grupp och om detta avviks riskeras det att negativa påföljder uppstår, som kan förstöra för gruppen. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka detta fenomen och se vad rekryterare har för upplevelser av videointervju samt om de anser att detta kan påverkas deras omdöme av kandidaten. Vid datainsamlingen användes sex semi strukturerade intervjuer för att besvara syftet. Resultatet av det blev att respondenterna ansåg att en indirekt påverkan skedde på grund av olika tekniska störningar, som fördröjning, synkronisering eller uppkopplingsproblem. De upplevde även att kandidaterna behövde anstränga sig mer under en videointervju, på grund av att det första intrycket och de icke-verbala signalerna blev avvikande. Men de angav även att de förhåller sig till de olika metoderna och byter intervjuteknik för att få en effektiv intervju som möjligt.
In today's century, we have made great advances in technology. Baudrillard (2001) believes that today we have gone from a typographic generation to an electrical generation. They mean that today we have gone from reading books or listening to the radio and instead switched to communication thorough video representations or social media (Baudrillard & Genosko, 2001). These technical tools have thus begun to be used in our daily life as well as in different companies. This type of technical method is used primarily in the recruitment process of companies, where they expand their search for candidates from a local level to an international level. This becomes feasible using Skype interviews (video interviews) that allow companies to interview distant candidates. However, according to Collins (2015) integration ritual, physical presence is critical in a group, and if this deviate, negative threats may arise that may destroy the group. The purpose of this paper was to investigate this phenomenon and see what recruiters have for experiences of video interviews and if they consider this to be influenced by their judgment of the candidate. At the data collection, six semi-structured interviews were used to answer the purpose. The result was that the respondents felt that an indirect impact was due to various technical interruptions, such as delay, synchronization or connectivity issues. They also felt that the candidates needed more effort during a video interview because of that the first impression and the nonverbal signals were absent. But they also stated that they relate to the different methods and change interview techniques to get an effective interview as possible.

Tekniska framsteg fortsätter att förändra sättet människor lever på. Interaktion mellan människa och dator kan numera ske via naturligt språk. Denna interaktion har visat sig ha positiva effekter hos användaren vilket har lett till att den studeras inom nya tillämpningsområden. En av de innovationer som använder sig av interaktion med naturligt språk är konversationsagenter. Konversationsagenter har blivit mer aktuella inom e-handel och forskning tyder på att de kan användas för att övertyga användare till ett mer önskvärt beteende. Genom att designa in antropomorfiska designaspekter i konversationsagenter skapas förutsättningar för att övertyga användare. Denna studie är utförd med en designorienterad forskningsansats där datainsamlingen bestod av utvärdering av prototyper, think-aloud och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Designaspekterna transparens, mänsklig identitet, verbala signaler, icke verbala signaler och anpassade svar identifierades i litteraturstudien och fördelades i två prototyper. Prototyperna bestod av två olika konversationsagenter som var designade med både antropomorfiska designaspekter och designaspekter som bedömdes stå i motsats till de antropomorfiska designaspekterna. Detta för att kunna reflektera och undersöka de individuella designaspekternas inverkan på den upplevda övertygelsen. För att utvärdera den upplevda övertygelsen användes de tre utvärderingsteman upplevd mänsklighet, upplevd trovärdighet och upplevt inflytande. Resultatet av studien indikerar på att designaspekterna mänsklig identitet och verbala signaler både kan ha en positiv och negativ inverkan på den upplevda övertygelsen hos användare. Anpassade svar påvisade inga negativa reflektioner hos respondenterna och kan ses som oberoende av de andra designaspekterna. Studien pekar även på att designaspekten transparens bör användas tillsammans med de andra antropomorfiska designaspekterna för att inte förvilla och lura användaren.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-82).
In face-to-face conversation, speakers present non-verbal signals collateral with verbal information. Nodding and gazing at a speaker are known to provide positive feedback from listeners, which contributes to establishing common ground (a process called grounding). However, previous theories and computational models of grounding were mainly concerned with verbal grounding acts, and there have not been enough discussion about how nonverbal behaviors are used in the process of grounding. This thesis first compares face-to-face conversation to conversation without co-presence, revealing how nonverbal behaviors are used in the process of grounding in human communication. Results of the analysis show that, in face-to-face communication, non-verbal behaviors are changing during an utterance and a typical transition pattern of non-verbal behaviors is also different depending on the type of verbal act. Then, the implementation of grounding functionality onto an Embodied Conversational Agent is presented. The dialogue state updating mechanism in the Dialogue Manager accesses non-verbal information conveyed by a user and judges the groundedness of presented materials based on the results of empirical study.
by Yukiko I. Nakano.
S.M.

Denna uppsats är en kvalitativ studie med den hermeneutiska fenomenologin som vetenskapligt perspektiv. Syftet är att beskriva hur rekryterare själva upplever fenomenet första intrycket samt hur den icke verbala kommunikationen påverkar detta. Vi vill genom en situation som en anställningsintervju beskriva hur rekryterare upplever det första intrycket utifrån egna erfarenheter, samt hur handslag, kroppshållning, utseende, gester och ögonkontakt påverkar detta. Våra forskningsfrågor lyder enligt följande; Hur upplever rekryterare det första intrycket vid en anställningsintervju? Hur, fem icke verbala signaler påverkar det första intrycket under anställningsintervjun? För att besvara forskningsfrågorna har sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med rekryterare som har stor erfarenhet av anställningsintervjuer. Våra teoretiska utgångspunkter har varit attributionsteorin samt det fundamentala attributionsfelet där båda är grenar inom den kognitiva teorin. Även Fiskes teorier om kommunikation har legat till grund. Slutsatserna blev utifrån respondenternas upplevelser att det första intrycket har en betydelse under en anställningsintervju men är inte på något sätt avgörande. Respondenterna är således beredda på att omvärdera om ett första intryck skulle bli negativt, men det skapar bättre förutsättningar och underlättar för rekryteraren om det är ett bra sådant. De icke verbala signalerna har en påverkan genom att de är en del av en helhet som alla hjälper till för att förstärka ett helhetsintryck. Utifrån uppsatsen slutsatser har vi skapat en djupare förståelse kring första intrycket och dess betydelse under en anställningsintervju samt fått ta del av våra respondenters upplevda erfarenheter.

The aim of this study is to describe interaction between mothers/ caregivers and their profoundly mentally retarded and multiply handicapped children, and to describe the function of play in communicative interaction. In the study I describe the communicative interaction of six children aged 1:3 to 10 years. The children have been studied in their homes and preschools or schools. Each child had five or six handicaps in addition to their profound retardation. The study is based on interviews with parents, information from naturally-occurring conversations and videoobservations. Meals and play were selected for video-recording. The results indicate that the most important function of play is as a means of communication and learning. Play most often involves sensory stimulation and body play. Communicative interaction is non-verbal and described in terms of gaze/eye contact, facial expressions, gestures and body movements. A pattern of interaction has been found. This consists of four phases: an impression-receiving phase with orientation, an expressive phase with motor activity, a pause with processing and preparation of an answer and finally a break or a limited reaction. These children have, however, a communicative competence. The ability of the mothers to interpret the children’s signals is extremely context-dependent. These mothers adjust their communicative behaviour to the child and facilitate the child’s communicative interaction. The ability of the mothers/ caregivers to interpret the signals of these children is often underestimated by professionals. The living conditions of the parents have emerged as an important factor for play, communication and the development of the child.

La présente thèse décrit un projet de recherche multidisciplinaire qui porte sur la reconnaissance de l’émotion dans les sons, couvrant les théories psychologiques, l’analyse du signal acoustique,l’apprentissage automatique et la dynamique chaotique.Dans nos interactions et nos relations sociales, nous dépendons considérablement de la communication de l’information et de notre perception des messages transmis. En fait, la communication se produit lorsque les signaux transmettent des informations entre une source et une destination. Le signal peut être verbal, et l’information est ensuite portée par des motifs sonores, tels que des mots. Dans la communication vocale non verbale, cependant,l’information peut être des modèles perceptifs qui véhiculent des indices affectifs, que nous percevons et évaluons sous la forme d’intentions, d’attitudes, d’humeurs et d’émotions.La prévalence de la composante affective peut être observée dans les interactions informatiques humaines (HCI) où le développement d’applications automatisées qui comprennent et expriment les émotions est devenu crucial. De tels systèmes doivent être significatifs et faciles à utiliser pour l’utilisateur final, de sorte que notre interaction avec eux devient une expérience positive. Bien que la reconnaissance automatique des émotions dans les sons ait reçu une attention accrue au cours des dernières années, il s’agit encore d’un jeune domaine de recherche.Non seulement cela contribue à l’informatique affective en général, mais il fournit également une compréhension approfondie de la signification des sons dans notre vie quotidienne.Dans cette thèse, le problème de la reconnaissance des affects est abordé à partir d’une double perspective: nous commençons par adopter une approche standard de l’analyse acoustique du signal, où nous examinons et expérimentons les fonctionnalités existantes pour déterminer leur rôle dans la communication émotionnelle. Ensuite, nous nous tournons vers la dynamique chaotique et la symbolisation des séries temporelles, pour comprendre le rôle de la dynamique inhérente des sons dans l’expressivité affective. Nous menons nos études dans le contexte des sons non verbaux, à savoir les sons vocaux, musicaux et environnementaux.D’un point de vue de l’écoute humaine, une tâche d’annotation est menée pour construire un ground-truth de voix de chant non verbales, marquées par des descriptions catégoriques du modèle bidimensionnel d’émotions. Deux types de sons sont inclus dans l’étude: vocal et glottal.D’un point de vue psychologique, la présente recherche porte sur un débat qui existe depuis longtemps parmi les scientifiques et les psychologues, concernant les origines communes de la musique et de la voix. La question est abordée à partir d’une analyse acoustique ainsi que d’une approche dynamique non linéaire.D’un point de vue de la modélisation, ce travail propose une nouvelle approche dynamique non linéaire pour la reconnaissance de l’affect dans le son, basée sur la dynamique chaotique et la symbolisation adaptative des séries temporelles. Tout au long de cette thèse, les contrastes clés dans l’expressivité de l’émotion sont illustrés parmi les différents types de sons, à travers l’analyse des propriétés acoustiques, les métriques de la dynamique non linéaire et les performances des prédictions.Enfin, d’un point de vue progressif, nous suggérons que les travaux futurs étudient des caractéristiques motivées par les études cognitives. Nous suggérons également d’examiner dans quelle mesure nos caractéristiques reflètent les processus cognitifs. En outre, nous recommandons que nos fonctionnalités dynamiques soient testées dans des études à grande échelle de la reconnaissance d’émotions à travers la participation aux défis expérimentaux, dans le but de vérifier s’ils obtiennent un consensus
The present thesis describes a multidisciplinary research project on emotion recognition in sounds, covering psychological theories, acoustic-based signal analysis, machine learning and chaotic dynamics.In our social interactions and relationships, we rely greatly on the communication of information and on our perception of the messages transmitted. In fact communication happens when signals transmit information between a source and a destination. The signal can be verbal,and the information is then carried by sound patterns, such as words. In non verbal vocal communication however, information can be perceptual patterns that convey affective cues,that we sense and appraise in the form of intentions, attitudes, moods and emotions.The prevalence of the affective component can be seen in human computer interactions(HCI) where the development of automated applications that understand and express emotions has become crucial. Such systems need to be meaningful and friendly to the end user, so thatour interaction with them becomes a positive experience. Although the automatic recognition of emotions in sounds has received increased attention in recent years, it is still a young fieldof research. Not only does it contribute to Affective Computing in general, but it also provides insight into the significance of sounds in our daily life.In this thesis the problem of affect recognition is addressed from a dual perspective: we start by taking a standard approach of acoustic-based signal analysis, where we survey and experiment with existing features to determine their role in emotion communication. Then,we turn to chaotic dynamics and time series symbolization, to understand the role of the inherent dynamics of sounds in affective expressiveness. We conduct our studies in the context of nonverbal sounds, namely voice, music and environmental sounds.From a human listening point of view, an annotation task is conducted to build a ground truth of nonverbal singing voices, labelled with categorical descriptions of the two-dimensional model of affect. Two types of sounds are included in the study: vocal and glottal.From a psychological perspective, the present research addresses a debate that is of long standing among scientists and psychologists, concerning the common origins of music and voice.The question is addressed from an acoustic-based analysis as well as a nonlinear dynamics approach.From a modeling viewpoint, this work proposes a novel nonlinear dynamics approach for the recognition of affect in sound, based on chaotic dynamics and adaptive time series symbolization.Throughout this thesis, key contrasts in the expressiveness of affect are illustrated among the different types of sounds, through the analysis of acoustic properties, nonlinear dynamics metrics and predictions performances. Finally from a progressive perspective, we suggest that future works investigate features that are motivated by cognitive studies. We also suggest to examine to what extent our features reflect cognitive processes. Additionally we recommend that our dynamic features be tested inlarge scale ER studies through the participation in ER challenges, with an aim to verify if they gain consensus

L'auteur developpe en guise de preliminaire, un protocole d'audiometrie vocale et d'electroencephalographie quantitative. Puis la realisation d'un dispositif de potentiels evoques a des stimuli verbaux est presentee. L'automisation de l'investigation confere au systeme une tres grande reproductibilite. Les resultats obtenus fournissent matiere a plusieurs hypotheses: chronometrie des operations langagieres scindees en processus on et off, pregnance du verbal differente a bien des egards de la simple notion probabiliste fournie par la theorie de l'information. Apres avoir fait un rappel des techniques de detection des formes des potentiels evoques, l'auteur propose une nouvelle methode de traitement: le filtrage adaptatif par filtrage homomorphique. Le dernier chapitre correspond aux traitements statistiques multidimensionnels. On etudie successivement l'analyse en composantes principales et l'analyse des correspondances appliquees aux donnees electrocorticales. Les donnees se trouvent discriminees de facon interessante, bien que les contraintes liees aux algorithmes impliquent divers codages des resultats bruts. Ce travail souligne le risque de considerer telle ou telle composante du potentiel evoque comme specifique d'une entite langagiere en donnant une description spatio-temporelle plus precise des indices auxquels se referaient les recherches anterieures

Communication is surrounding us. Leaders and followers are not an exception to that rule. Indeed, leadership actors are communicating with their co-workers, their boss, their employees, the media, and so forth. However, in the course of this paper and because of its importance, the focus on non verbal communication will be adopted. Basically, this form of communication is everything except the actual words that people pronounce. Body language, tone of the voice, cultural differences, deceit signals, all these components of non verbal communication and many others will be developed. The core of this work will be understanding the main concepts of non verbal communication and then applying them to leaders’ real life situations.   This thesis will also, among other things, aim to answer the following questions: What is the importance of non verbal communication in everyday life? How are leaders using non verbal communication to give sense? Do they use deceit signals? What influences the non verbal communication? What is the emotional intelligence concept? Can the non verbal communication be extrapolated and be seen as being inter-cultural?

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O tema deste trabalho está voltado para a representação a respeito da Língua Brasileira de Sinais Libras que realizam os sujeitos surdos, diante de aspectos do Exame Nacional para Certificação de Proficiência no uso e ensino da Libras Prolibras, em Roraima. Os aspectos referem-se aos dados estatísticos em Roraima ouvintes e surdos inscritos, presentes, habilitados e aprovados no exame. Relacionam-se também ao caráter do exame, que une teste de proficiência e certificação profissional. Além das etapas (prova prática e prova objetiva) e formato das avaliações. O principal objetivo é investigar a representação da língua de sinais para os sujeitos surdos em relação às questões do Prolibras. A partir desta questão primordial desenvolveram-se outros desdobramentos, como a discussão de identidade, cultura e surdez. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram utilizadas como registro de dados, as técnicas de grupo focal e as entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Após registro de dados, a análise foi construída diante das percepções que os sujeitos surdos expuseram sobre três eixos temáticos que delimitaram este trabalho, são eles: 1) Libras; 2) Proficiência; e 3) Prolibras. As reflexões, sobre a impressão dos participantes surdos, resultaram num novo olhar e percepção a respeito da língua de sinais e desdobramentos do Prolibras: o entendimento das vivências surdas através da visão dos sujeitos que as realizam.
The theme of this work is focused on the representation about the Brazilian Sign Language - Libras - which perform the deaf, faced with aspects of the National Examination for Certification of Proficiency in the use and teaching of Pounds - Prolibras in Roraima. Aspects refer to the statistical data in Roraima - hearing and deaf subscribers, gifts, qualified and passed the examination. Are also related to the character of the examination, which unites proficiency testing and professional certification. In addition to the steps (practical test and objective test) and format of assessments. The main objective is to investigate the representation of sign language for deaf people in relation to the issues of Prolibras. From this key issue have developed other developments, as the discussion of identity, culture and deafness. For this research, were used as data logging, the techniques of focus group and semi-structured interviews. After recording data, the analysis was built on the perceptions of deaf people exposed on three themes that marked out this work, they are: 1) Libras, 2) proficiency, and 3) Prolibras. Reflections on the printing of the deaf participants resulted in a new perspective and perception about the sign language and splits the Prolibras: understanding the deaf experiences through the vision of subjects who perform it.

This thesis analyzes the kinds of verbal and nonverbal signals elites manifest to show leadership qualities. Launching from Max Weber's conceptual framework of charisma as a power term and Harold Lasswell's study of propaganda, this study takes a multidisciplinary approach to studying political leadership with elements of communication methodology and an ontological basis in evolutionary psychology. The study's goal is to offer a framework for defining and evaluating the diverse signal patterns employed by political elites in three real-life situations. These are the Malta Summit, the 1992 Virginia Presidential Debate, and the 2012 South Carolina Republican Presidential Primary. The cases were chosen because they display a diverse set of signal variations during different types of interactions. The three case studies are evaluated by measuring frequency and patterns of occurrence of the five different interaction constructs (indicator of interest, indicator of disinterest, demonstration of high value, demonstration of low value, and compliance testing) to explain different interaction patterns. A simple frequency distribution of the different signals during a given interaction is used to display the empirical findings and to compare patterns across the case studies. This study reveals that the presence of DLV (demonstration of low value) signals weaken an elite's position in relation to other elites and the public while the presence of DHV (demonstration of high value) signals strengthen an elite's position. It is largely the presence, absence, and frequency of these two signals that determines who conveys leadership qualities effectively regardless of leadership style. Studying the signaling patterns of political elites would allow scholars to understand better the kinds of signal patterns and signal frequencies that are used in different types of leadership styles and norm ranges for signals including for political elites belonging to different cultures and subcultures.
M.A.
Masters
Political Science
Sciences
Political Science; International Studies