Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Veine cave caudale“

Chez les bovins, la thrombose de la veine cave caudale (TVCC) voire de la veine cave crâniale est une affection sporadique, difficile à diagnostiquer du vivant de l’animal du fait d’une symptomatologie souvent fruste. Certains signes cliniques et résultats d’examens complémentaires (analyses sanguines, échographie) permettent cependant d’orienter le diagnostic face à cette affection sans possibilité de guérison. Au travers de 17 cas diagnostiqués à l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort (EnvA), l’article relate les présentations cliniques et paracliniques de cette affection. La majorité des animaux atteints présentait des signes d’atteinte respiratoire chronique associés à une baisse de l’état général, et très rarement de l’épistaxis ou de l’hémoptysie secondaire aux hémorragies pulmonaires. L’échographie transcutanée de la région du foie effectuée chez 9 des 17 bovins a permis de mettre en évidence, du vivant des animaux, une dilatation de la veine cave caudale dans 100 % des cas (9 bovins), une congestion veineuse du foie dans 56 % des cas, un thrombus au sein de la lumière de la veine dans 44 % (4 bovins), une hépatomégalie dans 33 % et des abcès hépatiques dans 22 %. L’échographie reste toutefois l’examen de choix pour le diagnostic de la TVCC du vivant de l’animal. À défaut d’échographie, des examens sanguins permettent parfois de suspecter une TVCC ou d’exclure d’autres affections appartenant au diagnostic différentiel. Ainsi, s’il n’est pas aisé de poser un diagnostic de certitude de TVCC du vivant de l’animal, le diagnostic de l’affection est généralement post-mortem avec visualisation d’un volumineux thrombus septique au sein de la veine cave associée souvent à des lésions de pneumonie métastatique ou d’hémorragie pulmonaire. L’affection primaire à l’origine de la TVCC n’est pas toujours facile à identifier ; il peut s’agir d’abcès hépatiques (retrouvés ici dans 53 % des cas), de mammite, de réticulo-péritonite (RPT) ou encore d’infection de l’appareil locomoteur.

La surrénalectomie est une intervention qui consiste à retirer une ou les deux surrénales lors de la sécrétion anormale d’une des trois hormones physiologiquement produites par ces glandes. Le diagnostic médical doit permettre de déterminer si la dérive concerne la sécrétion de cortisol (syndrome de Cushing), d’adrénaline (phéochromocytome) ou d’aldostérone (hyperaldostéronisme). Cette détermination médicale permet de préparer l’animal en amont de l’acte chirurgical (trilostane, alpha-bloquants, potassium) pour l’emmener au bloc opératoire dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Le scanner est l’imagerie de choix qui permet de déterminer la faisabilité et les risques chirurgicaux engagés. L’acte chirurgical consiste en une dissection soignée de la tumeur en épargnant les vaisseaux majeurs et, si possible, en respectant sa capsule. La veine cave caudale est régulièrement embolisée par un thrombus tumoral au travers de la veine phrénico-abdominale qui draine la glande. L’équipe chirurgicale et anesthésique doit être préparée à son extraction par contrôle du débit sanguin dans la veine cave caudale, incision et suture de celle-ci. Dépassées les complications per- et postopératoires (complications hémorragiques, troubles cardiovasculaires et thrombo-emboliques, pancréatite), la surrénalectomie, quand elle est techniquement possible au moment du diagnostic, est la prise en charge optimum en termes de qualité de vie et de longévité lors de tumeur surrénalienne.

Precise knowledge of the species-/breed-specific anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Existing literature has also been increasing in accordance with the growing demands of biomedical research, wherein mammals, including cats, have been used worldwide. Based on a vascular corrosion cast, complete duplication of the caudal vena cava (dCVC) was accidentally found in a 10-year-old male cat. The two separate symmetric veins corresponding to two caudal venae cavae cranially directed on both sides of the aorta; their first tributaries were the duplicated right and left deep circumflex iliac veins, and the median sacral vein ended in the right common iliac vein. At the L4 vertebra level, the left caudal vena cava crossed the aorta ventrally. It united with the right CVC immediately above the renal veins at the level of the cranial mesenteric artery (L2–L3). Embryologic knowledge is essential to understand the differences between the CVC variants in domestic mammals and the inferior vena cava in humans. However, views regarding the post-hepatic segment of the CVC during development vary considerably. Therefore, our case report also includes a summary of the CVC developmental theories and their clinical impact. We believe that this case and literature review contribute to the knowledge regarding the deep abdominal veins’ variability, concomitant pathologies, and accurate diagnosis and surgery. Additionally, the latest robust studies demonstrating the exclusive participation of the caudal cardinal veins in the CVC development are discussed.

The focus was to investigate the anatomical specifics of v. portae, vv. hepaticae and ductus choledochus by corrosion. We investigated 10 sexually mature, clinically healthy New Zealand White rabbits, 8 months old, weighing 2.8 kg to 3.2 kg. To determine the veins and bile vessels, a cold-curing acrylic-based plastic (Duracryl +) was used. The main portal vessel was an intraorganic continuation of v. portae, after its branching into caudate lobe. The main portal vein was divided into v. portae dextra and v. portae sinistra, when entering lobus hepatis dexter and lobus hepatis sinister. V. portae sinistra caudalis was a branch of v. portae sinistra. The venous drainage of the rabbit liver in was carried out by v. hepatica sinistra caudalis, v. hepatica sinistra, v. hepatica dextra, v. hepatica media and venous vessel in lobus caudatus. V. hepatica sinistra and v. hepatica media had a common origin and took blood from lobus hepatis sinister medialis. V. hepatica dextra drained lobus hepatis dexter. V. hepatica sinistra caudalis was a direct tributary of the caudal vena cava. Ductus hepaticus communis was well developed and collected the bile from the main bile duct. Ductus hepaticus dexter drained lobus hepatis dexter and evacuated the bile into the main bile duct. Ductus hepaticus sinister caudalis flowed directly into ductus hepaticus communis. Ductus hepaticus sinister passed into the main bile duct.

The main purpose of this study was to convey a more precise explanation of the intrahepatic pattern of the tributaries of portal and hepatic veins in sheep and goats. Also to give broad information on the portal and hepatic vein and there topographic relation that may give a useful base for the hepatic segmentation, aiming to provide a correct base for surgical procedures and liver transplantation. Twelve livers collected from adult sheep and goats of both sexes. The portal and hepatic veins were studied by using cross dissection, corrosion cast and radiographic examination.Subject of this investigation show the portal vein of the sheep is slightly narrower than that of the goat. Also the pattern of intrahepatic branches of portal vein in sheep is similar to that of goat. on reaching the portal hepatic, gave of a right dorsal interlobular branch and then terminate into a right ventral interlobular and left interlobular branches , the right dorsal interlobular branch was short and large, supplied the caudate process and right dorsal hepatic lobe .The right ventral interlobular branch is distributed only in the ventral part of the right lobe, while the left branch was long and narrow, supplied the left and quadrate lobes as well as the papillary process, However the caudate process receives the separate branch from the parotid vein in goat. Moreover, the study revealed that the hepatic veins in sheep and goats can be classified into two groups ; large and small , the work also shows that there are (3-4) large hepatic veins in sheep, while in goats usually gives off a left large branch and two smaller right and intermediate branches, and in both animals the hepatic vein, pour in the caudal vena cava independently, the veins of the left, right and intermediate lobes empty themselves close to each other, while of these of the caudate and papillary processes open separately and a way from hepatic veins

The liver of animals and humans is characterized by polyfunctionality. All the variety of liver functions and the intensity of their course is determined by the peculiarities of its hemodynamics. According to the morphological anatomy of the pig liver, I distinguish six lobes: the right lateral and medial, the left lateral and medial, square and caudate. The functional anatomy of the liver is based on the division of the liver into segments. In this case, the division is based on the fact that each segment has its own double blood supply, bile and lymph outflow routes. The aim of the study is to study the architectonics of the hepatic veins of newborn piglets, to give a morphometric characteristic of the branches of the intraorgan venous bed, as well as the segmental structure of the liver of piglets. The corpses of newborn piglets of the Landrace breed served as the material for the study. Vasorentgenography, fine anatomical dissection, and morphometry were chosen as research methods. The study included 15 piglets of the newborn period. During the study, it was found that four hepatic veins (right accessory, right, left and middle) flow into the caudal genital vein. Hepatic veins have complex intra-organ architectonics and take branches of the first and second order along their course. The maximum diameter is the left hepatic vein, which carries out the outflow of blood from the left lateral and medial lobes of the liver. The right hepatic vein drains blood from the right lateral and medial lobes, the middle hepatic vein drains from the square lobe, gallbladder and part of the left medial lobe. The smallest diameter is characteristic of the right accessory hepatic vein, which drains the caudate lobe.Having studied the intra–organ architectonics of the branches of the hepatic veins, it can be concluded that the liver of piglets has eight segments - one segment each in the caudate, left medial, right medial and square lobes, two segments each in the left and right lateral lobes.

The article presents data on the dynamics of morphometric parameters of the diameter of the caudal vena cava and renal veins of dogs in the postnatal period of ontogenesis, the peculiarities of the course and branching of extra- and intraorganic venous vessels of the kidneys of dogs, as well as the formation of the right and left renal veins in the gates of the organ. The increase in the diameter of the caudal vena cava and renal veins of dogs in the postnatal period of ontogenesis is uneven. An intense increase in the diameter of the caudal vena cava in dogs was detected at 3 months. and seven years. The diameter of the renal veins increases rapidly by 3 months. the age of the animals. In most cases, the intraorgan renal veins of the dogs on the right and left form one trunk of the efferent renal vein. The formation of the right renal vein in the gates of the organ occurs in three ways: two, three and four trunks, and the left renal vein by the fusion of two interlobar veins. The double trunk of the right renal vein is rarely recorded. The data obtained in the course of morphological study on the venous system of the kidneys of dogs can be used for op-erative access to organs.

Dextrocardia is a rare cardiac anomaly where the heart is situated on the right antimeres of the thorax. This study had the objective of describing a case of dextrocardia with situs solitus and apex-basis axis inversion in a lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) between five evaluated animals, all from the area of Mine Bauxite - Paragominas - Para. The arterial system was filled with contrasted latex and the animals were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and a posterior dissection was done. The heart of an animal was found in right antimere with inversion of the base-apex axis. The right atrium was more developed then the left and the pulmonary veins arrived directly in the left ventricle. The main vases of the base were identified with some topographic alterations resulting in: aorta dorsal to the cava caudal vein, pulmonary artery dorsal and cranial to aorta, pulmonary veins ventral to the pulmonary artery, cava caudal vein in ventral plain and cava cranial vein in dorsal plan in relation to the other vessels. Internally there were four cardiac chambers, with absence of septal communication.

Abstract Introduction and Materials and Methods: Sengis are testicondid, monogamous afrotherian mammals. The testes, pattern of testicular blood vessels and anatomical disposition of caudal vena cava were examined macroscopically in the rufous sengi (Elephantulus rufescens). Testicular structure was further studied microscopically and its components quantified using stereology. Results: The testes were cylindrical in shape and located caudolateral to the kidneys. The testicular arteries branched from renal arteries, ran to the respective testicles without close association with other vessels, while the veins ran straight to the caudal vena cava without pampiniform plexus or intimate association with cognate arteries. There were two caudal vena cavae that united after receiving the renal veins. The seminiferous tubules were bound by a peritubular boundary tissue with a single layer of myoid cells while the interstitial tissue had polyhedral or elongate Leydig cells and connective tissue elements. The testicular volume was estimated at 0.089 ± 0.0031 cm3 with the seminiferous tubules (mean diameter = 210 ± 5.7 μm) constituting 89.4 ± 0.8% of its volume and tubulosomatic index of 0.38%. The interstitial tissue and tunica albuginea constituted 8.9 ± 0.81% and 1.7 ± 0.1% of the testis volume respectively. Conclusion: The testis exhibited general mammalian features while its vascular pattern was simple without indications of a role in testicular thermoregulation as is the case for other afrotherians. The investment of body mass in seminiferous tubules suggests a spermatogenic activity higher than expected in monogamous animals. The double caudal vena cava could be a result of retention of the left supracardinal vein to adulthood.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A ultrassonografia duplex é actualmente o exame diagnóstico de eleição na avaliação da anatomia vascular e dinâmica de perfusão sanguínea. Em medicina veterinária a sua aplicação assume cada vez maior expressão, sobretudo nas espécies canina e felina. A progressiva popularidade do furão (Mustela putorius furo) como animal de companhia e a procura de cuidados médicos especializados potenciou a evolução da medicina. Até à data não existem registos da aplicação desta técnica no estudo de vasos sanguíneos nesta espécie. A inexistência de valores de referência limita o potencial diagnóstico. O principal objectivo deste estudo foi definir valores de referência para parâmetros hemodinâmicos na veia porta e cava caudal do furão, através do exame Doppler espectral sob anestesia com isoflurano. Pretendeu-se também avaliar qualitativamente o fluxo sanguíneo nestes vasos. O exame foi realizado na porta hepatis e a análise quantitativa envolveu o diâmetro (D), velocidade média (VF), fluxo sanguíneo médio (FS), índice de pulsatilidade (IP) e índice de congestão (IC). No total observaram-se 32 animais (16 fêmeas e 16 machos); um furão foi excluído devido a marcada replecção gástrica. O grupo A (n=17) incluiu animais clinicamente saudáveis e constituiu o grupo controlo. O grupo B (n=14) reuniu animais com patologia clinicamente comprovada. Devido a critérios de inclusão, a avaliação portal baseou-se apenas em 15 animais no grupo A e 13 no grupo B. No grupo controlo, observou-se fluxo uniformemente anterógrado na veia porta. O traçado espectral foi contínuo (padrão monofásico) com ligeiras oscilações respiratórias. Na veia cava caudal observou-se fluxo uniformemente anterógrado ligeira a marcadamente pulsátil e com pequenas oscilações associadas ao ciclo respiratório. Apenas um animal apresentou fluxo retrógrado no centro do vaso. Com base nos valores obtidos no grupo controlo calcularam-se os valores de referência (IC 95%). Na veia porta: D – 0.31-0.51 cm; VF – 14.30-24.97 cm/seg; FS – 1.50-5.92 ml/min/kg; IP – 0.12-0.28 cm/s; IC – 0-0.01 cm×s. Na veia cava caudal: D – 0.16 – 0.34 cm; VF – 13.42-30.42 cm/s; FS – 0.43-1.38 ml/min/kg; IP – 0.11-0.46 cm/s; IC – 0-0.01 cm×s. A comparação entre grupo A e B revelou diferença estatisticamente significativa do IP para ambas as veias (P=0,029 e P=0,032, respectivamente). Este projecto pioneiro disponibiliza novas informações sobre a biologia do furão e estabelece o ponto de partida para futuras investigações.
ABSTRACT - DOPPLER HAEMODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF PORTAL AND CAUDAL VENA CAVA IN MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO: PRELIMINARY STUDY TO ESTABLISH REFERENCE VALUES - Duplex ultrasonography is currently the gold standard exam on vascular anatomy and haemodynamics. This technique has been increasingly used in veterinary medicine, particularly in cat and dog medicine. Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) medicine has been progressively evolving due to the rising popularity as a pet and the demand for specialized medical care. However, records of duplex ultrasonography examination of ferret’s blood vessels are inexistent. The lack of reference values limits its potencial as a diagnostic tool. The principal aim of the current study was to establish reference values for hemodynamic parameters of portal and caudal vena cava of ferrets. These parameters were measured with spectral Doppler in ferrets under isoflurane anaesthesia. It was also intended to qualitatively evaluate blood flow. All exams were performed at porta hepatis and the quantitative analysis included: diameter (D), median velocity (FV), median blood flow (BF), pulsatile (PI) and congestive index (CI). Thirty two animals were examined (16 hobs and 16 jills). One ferret was excluded owing to a marked increase in stomach volume. Group A (n=17) was the control group and included clinically healthy animals. Group B (n=14) was formed by clinically unhealthy animals. Due to inclusion criteria, portal vein exam included only 15 ferrets in group A and 13 in group B. The portal vein blood flow in group A was uniformly anterograde. The spectral waveform was continuous (monofasic pattern) with mildly respiratory oscillations. The caudal vena cava blood had a similar type flow but lightly to heavily pulsatile. The only exception was a ferret with retrograde flow in the center of the vein. The reference values of quantitative parameters were calculated from control group data with a CL of 95%. Portal vein normal values were: D – 0.31-0.51 cm; FV – 14,30-24,97 cm/seg; BF – 1,50-5,92 ml/min/kg; IP – 0,12-0,28 cm/s; IC – 0-0,01 cm×s. Caudal vena cava reference values were: D – 0.16 – 0.34 cm; FV – 13,42-30,42 cm/s; BF – 0,43-1,38 ml/min/kg; IP – 0,11-0,46 cm/s; IC – 0-0,01 cm×s. The haemodynamic parameters under evaluation were compared between group A and B. IP was statistically different between these two groups in portal (P=0,029) and caudal cava vein (P=0,032). This pioneer project gives new biological information on the ferret and is the beginning of future investigations in the field.