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Thuring, Christine. „Ecological dynamics on old extensive green roofs : vegetation and substrates > twenty years since installation“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11788/.
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El, Bachawati Makram. „Study of environmental and energy performance of vegetative roofs and assessment of their impacts in terms of rainwater management“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS007/document.
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Les toitures végétalisées (TTV) existent en deux types : extensive (EGR) et intensive (IGR). Ils diffèrent principalement par le type de végétation et la profondeur du substrat. Ces travaux de recherche visent à atteindre les objectifs suivants : 1. Déterminer et comparer les impacts environnementaux d’un toit de gravier ballasté traditionnel (TGBR), d’une toiture réfléchissante (WRR), EGR, et IGR ; 2. Quantifier la performance énergétique d’un TGBR et d’une EGR ; 3. Évaluer le potentiel de gestion d’eau et la dynamique de ruissellement d’un TGBR et d’une EGR. Le 1er objectif a été atteint suite à une Analyse comparative de Cycle de Vie (ACV) d’une EGR réelle de 834 m2 et de trois toits fictifs : TGBR, WRR, et IGR. Les résultats indiquent qu’une EGR présente les impacts environnementaux les plus bas pour les 15 catégories d'impacts considérées. Les aspects thermiques et hydriques des TTV ont été testés suite à l’installation d'une maquette TGBR et de deux maquettes EGR sur le toit du département de génie chimique à l'Université de Balamand, Liban. EGR8 et EGR16 sont des maquettes EGR qui diffèrent par la pente ainsi que la profondeur et la composition du substrat. Les profils de température indiquent la réduction des fluctuations de température, l'effet de stockage de chaleur, et l'effet de refroidissement passif. L'étude économique montre que EGR pourrait économiser jusqu'à 45USD/200m2/mois par rapport à TGBR. D’autre part, les profils de la teneur en eau ont démontré que la composition du sol d’EGR8 est plus efficace que celle d’EGR16. En revanche, EGR agit comme un système filtrant surtout pour le cadmium, le fer, le calcium et l'ammoniumVegetative roofs (VRs) can be classified into two types : Extensive (EGR) and Intensive (IGR). The main differences between the two are the type of vegetation, the depth of the substrate. This research aims to achieve the following objectives : 1. Determine and compare the potential environmental impacts of traditional gravel ballasted roofs (TGBRs), white reflective roofs (WRRs), EGRs, and IGRs ; 2. Evaluate and compare the energy performance and the heating/cooling demand of TGBRs and EGRs ; 3. Determine and compare the water management potential and the runoff dynamics of TGBRs and EGRs. The first objective was covered by performing a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on a real EGR of 834m2 and on three fictitious roofs of the sane area : of TGBRs, WRRs, and IGRs. Results indicated that the EGR had the least potential environmental impacts for the 15 impact categories considered. The second and third objectives were achieved by first installing one TGBR mockup and two EGR mockups on the rooftop of the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of Balamand, Lebanon. EGR8 and EGR16 are EGR mockups differed in the roof slope, the depth and the composition of their substrate. Temperature profiles at different substrate depths clearly indicated the reduction of the temperature fluctuations under the substrate layer, the heat storage effect, and the passive cooling effect. The economic study showed that EGR could save up to 45USD/200m2/month compared to TGBR. The water management performance of EGRs illustrated that the soil composition of EGR8 was more efficient than that of EGR16. In contrast, EGR acted as a sink especially for cadmium, iron, calcium, and ammonium
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Kasmin, Hartini. „Hydrological performance of green roofs“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10354/.
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Due to an increase in impermeable hard surfaces, urbanization has led to the deterioration of urban watercourses and increased the quantity of stormwater runoff. It may be argued that the current norm of impermeable roofs represents a wasted opportunity. Green roofs have the potential to replace some of the hydrological characteristics of natural catchments that are normally lost as a consequence of urbanization and the removal of vegetation. The overall aim of this study was to develop a generic green roof rainfall runoff response model capable of predicting the temporal variations within any configuration of green roof in response to an arbitrary rainfall input. It was recognized that the preliminary investigations has led to the identification of a subset of processes/parameters for a green roof which warranted more detailed investigation. In this case the substrate moisture holding capacity and the losses due to evapotranspiration were identified as key controlling variables to be identified. To simulate the function of stormwater drainage, a direct observation of the system's behaviour is required. Hence, an established 'typical' small scale green roof (1.0 in x 3.0 m) on the roof of Sheffield University has been monitored with the intention to relate both retention and detention with fundamental, measurable, physical properties of the system. A continuous long time-series of data, in the period of 29 months, from the test rig was analysed and interpreted. Laboratory analyses on physical properties and evaporation of the substrates were undertaken and relationships between measureable physical properties and model parameter values were identified. The empirical (requiring site-specific calibration using monitored data) conceptual model now has been developed into a physically-based model. Although the model still needs to be refined, independent physically-based methods have been identified for defining two key parameters (evapotranspiration (ET) and the maximum moisture-holding capacity (WC,,, a,, )). ET can be estimated using a modified form of Thornthwaite's equation, and WC.., may be determined by physical laboratory assessment of the substrate. The proposed hydrological model has been shown to reproduce monitored data, both during a storm event, and over a longer continuous simulation period.
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Peterson, Nicole L. Srebric Jelena. „On-site performance of extensive green roofs“. [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://honors.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/EHT-23/index.html.
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Rumble, Heather. „Quantifying the soil community on green roofs“. Thesis, University of London, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603503.
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With the majority of people living in cities, innovative solutions for greening the urban environment are necessary to provide ecosystem services such as urban cooling and remediating habitat loss. Green roofs are one potential solution within green infrastructure. Few studies have investigated whether green roofs are a good urban habitat, particularly for soil organisms. The soil food web is vital to above-ground ecosystem processes as it regulates nutrients and can alleviate drought stress, so could be an important but overlooked factor in green roof design. This is the first multi-season study to examine green roof soil organisms in detail, whilst tracking abiotic factors and plant cover. The first part of this thesis characterises the microarthropod and microbial community present on two green roofs in Greater london. It was found that the mite population was dominated by a xerophilic family (Scutoverticidae) and that collembola suffered population crashes in summer. Soil bacteria and fungi were low in abundance, but were more prevalent in dry weather. In general the soil community was impoverished and influenced by drought. The second part of this thesis explores the, use of microbial inoculants to improve the soil community. Bacteria, mycorrhiza and Trichoderma were added to a new and mature roof. On the mature roof, plant growth was not affected by treatments, but collembola populations were higher when Trichoderma were added. On the new roof, inoculants negatively affected plant growth and mite populations, but benefitted collembola. Soi l organisms on the new roof colonised independently and from the Sedum plugs. One species of rarely recorded collembola (Sminthurinu5 trinotatus) colonised early after construction. Planting with Sedum was found to improve the soil community compared to leaving the substrate bare. The results presented here highlight that C.ll rrent green roof designs do not support a functional soil community but that microbial inoculants have the potential to improve them.
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Nagase, Ayako. „Plant selection for green roofs in the UK“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10325/.
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The use of green roofs is increasing in many countries because of their benefits to the urban environment. However, only a few plant selection studies for green roofs have been carried out and little information on plant performance on roof environments is available in the UK climate. As a result, only a limited range of plants such as Sedum spp. are commonly used for green roofs, especially for shallow substrate green roofs. Therefore, this thesis investigates plant selection for extensive green roofs in the UK. The work in this thesis focused on the following objectives. (1) To identify groups of plants that have potential for use on green roofs, with regard to tolerance of rooftop conditions, (2) To investigate establishment methods for diverse, attractive, flowering green roof vegetation, with attention to seedling techniques, (3) To test survival and performance of a selected range of species and cultivars from the previously identified groups (annuals and geophytes) at different substrate depths, irrigation regimes and covering plants treatments, (4) To compare green roof performance (water management and drought tolerance) between different vegetation types and drought tolerance with different percentages of organic matter in the growing substrate, (5) To investigate the performance of plants as well as their aesthetic appeal, seasonal interest over time and what is required for maintenance (weed Invasion and self-seeding). The direct sowing of perennial and grass mixtures, the use of annual plant seed mixtures and the use of geophytes could be useful techniques for the quick establishment, long flowering, their beautiful colour of flowers, cost effectiveness and providing food resources for biodiversity in an extensive green roof. Germination testing revealed that many perennial and grasses which have potential for use in extensive green roofs did not require chilling for germination and had high germination rates in spring. The results suggested that spring might be the best season for direct sowing on the roofs for quick establishment. In annual plant meadows, it was shown that a low sowing density could be better than high density to reduce competition, resulting in good individual plant growth when there was sufficient watering. However, a high sowing density was recommended for the dry conditions. For geophytes, growth, survival rate, regeneration and flowering were more successful in a deeper substrate rather than a shallow substrate. The vegetation cover by Sedum seemed to work as a protection layer and the overall emergence was encouraged with Sedum, especially in the shallow substrate. In the study of amount of water runoff from different vegetation types, it was shown that grass species may be the most effective for reduction of water runoff followed by forbs and sedums. The size and structure of plants significantly influenced the amount of water runoff, however, species richness did not affect the amount of water runoff significantly. In the study of the drought tolerance of different vegetation types, the forbs and grasses groups used in this study reached permanent wilting point after two to three weeks of no watering and they were required to be watered once a week to maintain their visually attractive forms. Sedum spp. were able to survive well and maintain good visual quality even after three weeks of no watering. There was a tendency that overall survival increased as species richness increased. The diversity in vegetation reduced the vigor potential dominant species. In the investigation of the relationship between percentage of organic matter of substrate and plant growth, it was concluded that about 10% (about 14% in total) of organic matter was the best because the plants showed stable growth regardless of the watering regime. In wet conditions, increased organic matter resulted in increased growth, whereas in the dry conditions, increased organic matter did not result in increased growth. In the investigation of plant growth and performance on an existing semi-extensive green roof it was shown that it is possible to create low-input green roofs which have long flowering and seasonal interest with a little maintenance and supplemental irrigation if appropriate plants were chosen. Plant species diversity might affect overall flowering succession and dynamic change and planting density might affect interaction between plants. In areas of high plant species diversity, there were more possibilities to have a longer flowering term, more seasonal interest and dynamic change than low plant species diversity. In areas of low planting density, individual plants generally produced the better growth than those in high planting density. Moreover, plant growth had more interaction between species in the higher planting density. The tendency was observed that the plants had better growth in the NE and the SE. Also, longer flower duration was shown in the NW whereas many species started flower from the SE. The combination of low plant species diversity and high planting density appeared to reduce weeds effectively. Using a gravel mulch in the shallow substrate could reduce the number of weeds significantly.
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molineux, Chloe J. „Development of suitable growing media for effective green roofs“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531329.
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Feng, Haibo. „Lifecycle based energy assessment of green roofs and walls“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45120.
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The building and construction industry accounts for 30-40% of natural resource and energy consumption on earth, and it also contributes to 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is a major cause of environmental pollution. The environmental impact of buildings could be considerably reduced through sustainable building practices. Covering a building envelope with green vegetation, such as a green roof and living walls, is one of these sustainable construction practices. This study conducted a lifecycle assessment to evaluate the sustainability of living walls in air cleaning and energy savings. Furthermore, the energy saving performance of green vegetation in different parameters was analyzed in normal commercial buildings and green buildings. As the first step, a comparative lifecycle assessment of three living wall systems was conducted. Chemical emissions and energy requirements of the living wall materials were evaluated in the full lifecycle, and compared with the chemical absorption and energy savings of operational living walls. The results demonstrated that the felt layer system is not environmentally sustainable in air cleaning and energy saving compared to the indirect greening system and modular panel system.
In the next step, a building energy simulation was executed to assess the energy saving performance of green vegetation in commercial buildings. Parameters such as greening scenario, building type, building vintage, weather condition, and building orientation were considered in the simulation. The energy simulation results demonstrated that all these parameters have a significant influence on the energy saving performance of green vegetation.
Furthermore, the energy saving performance of green vegetation was analyzed in a LEED certified green building. The simulation model was validated with the actual operational energy consumption. The simulation model was used to analyze the energy saving performance of green vegetation under different scenarios. The results showed that the green vegetation could significantly reduce the negative heat transfer through the building façade in a summer and winter typical week. Moreover, the green vegetation not only delayed the start time of heat gain but also extended the period of heat loss in the summer. Based on the above analysis, a green vegetation application guideline was developed to ensure the installation of green vegetation could achieve the best energy saving benefits with the least environmental impact.
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Speak, Andrew Francis. „Quantification of the environmental impacts of urban green roofs“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/quantification-of-the-environmental-impacts-of-urban-green-roofs(6dc863d5-53bd-462b-b37f-37faa9ae3db0).html.
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Urban populations worldwide are expanding rapidly and consequently a large number of people are becoming exposed to hazards inherent in cites. Phenomena such as the urban heat island can exacerbate the effects of heatwaves, and land surface sealing can lead to flash flooding. Cities are also the sites of enhanced air and water pollution from non-point sources such as concentrated motor vehicle use. Climate change predictions for the UK include increased winter precipitation and an increase in frequency of summer heatwaves. This will put further pressure on urban residents and infrastructure. Roof greening can be used within climate change adaptation schemes because green roofs have a range of environmental benefits which can help urban infrastructure become more sustainable. This thesis empirically quantifies several of these benefits, and the processes influencing them, by monitoring real green roofs in Manchester. A number of novel discoveries were made. Green roofs act as passive filters of airborne particulate matter. 0.21 tonnes of PM10 (2.3% of the inputs) could be removed from Manchester city centre in a maximum extensive green roof scenario. Species and site differences in particle capture were exhibited and related to morphology and proximity to sources respectively. An intensive green roof was able to lower the monthly median overlying air temperature at 300 mm by up to 1.06 oC. A combination of drought and mismanagement caused damage to the vegetation on one of the green roofs, with a subsequent reduction in the cooling effect. Daytime air temperatures were higher than over an adjacent bare roof for a larger proportion of the day than over the undamaged roof, and lower cooling was observed at night. A site-specific methodology was devised to monitor the rainwater runoff from an intensive green roof and an adjacent bare roof. Average runoff retention of 65.7% was observed on the green roof, compared to 33.6% on the bare roof. Season and rainfall amount had significant impacts on retention, however, many other explanatory variables such as Antecedent Dry Weather Period (ADWP) and peak rainfall intensity had no demonstrable, significant impact. Intensive roof construction on 10% of the rooftops in Manchester city centre would increase annual rainfall retention by 2.3%. The runoff was characterised with regards to heavy metals and nutrients. Nutrient levels were found to be not a significant problem for water quality, however, Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) values for protection of freshwater were exceeded for concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn. High metal concentrations within the sediments may be acting as sources of pollution, particularly in the case of Pb. The age of the green roof means that past atmospheric deposition of Pb could be contributing to the runoff quality. The multi-benefit aspect of green roofs is discussed in the light of the results of this thesis and recommendations made for policy makers and the green roof construction industry.
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Schuchman, Rachel. „Storm Water Retention of Native and Sedum Green Roofs“. Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10111534.
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Green roofs are an established best management practice (BMP) for storm water mitigation because of their ability to retain precipitation runoff. The purpose of this study was to quantify storm water retention of Sedum and native plant green roof systems at three substrate depths (10, 15, 20 cm). Survival of plants on green roof systems is dependent on how quickly they can establish themselves. This study also determined native and Sedum plant roof surface coverage at three green roof growth media depths (10, 15, 20 cm). A mixture of six Sedum species (S. spurium, S. sexangulare, S. album, S. Immergrunchen, S. kamtschaticum, and S. reflexum) and four native species (Sporolus cryplandrus, Boutelous curtipendula, B. gracilis , and Penstamen pallidus) were planted into the built-in-place systems (BIPs) on June 20, 2014.
There were 137 precipitation events totaling to 158.2 cm during the entire (June 20, 2014-June 30, 2015) study period and there were 87 precipitation events with a total precipitation of 108.1 cm during storm water collection (Oct. 31, 2015 until June 30, 2015). During the study period, mean storm water retention of green roof systems planted with native (>58%) and Sedum (>53%) species were identical regardless of growth media depth. Mean storm water retention in green roof systems planted with native and Sedum species in all growth media depths were greater than mean storm water retention of non-vegetated roof models (32%).
Green roof plant surface coverage plays an important role in water retention of storm water runoff. During the dormant period (January 23, 2015), roof coverage by Sedum plants was greater than roof coverage by native plants. In addition, green roof surface coverage by Sedum plants was the same regardless of depth (>89%). Green roof surface coverage of native plants in 10 cm depth achieved less coverage than native plants in 15 and 20 cm depths. These results differ from the plant-growing season (June 30, 2015). Green roof surface coverage by native plants in green roof systems with 15 and 20 cm growth media depth were identical to the roof coverage by Sedum plants in green roof systems with 10, 15, or 20 growth media depth. Green roof surface coverage by native plants in green roof systems with 10 cm growth media depth was less than the roof coverage in all green roof systems in this study.
Analysis of covariance was used to determine if green roof surface coverage by native and Sedum plants affected mean storm water retention. During the study period green roof surface coverage by native and Sedum plants did not affect storm water retention regardless of growth media depth.
This green roof research demonstrates that green roof systems planted with native plant species are effective tools for retaining storm water in the mid-western region of the United States. After 9 months, there was no difference in storm water retention between native and Sedum species planted in 10, 15, and 20 cm growth media depth. Each green roof module retained more storm water than the traditional, non-vegetated roof model. Both native and Sedum species planted on green roofs in 10, 15, and 20 cm media depth achieved more than 69 percent green roof surface coverage after nine months.
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Szecsödy, Emma, und Jacob Lilja. „What’s Up with Green Roofs? : A study on why property owners should invest in Green Roofs and what benefits tenants receive from it“. Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277800.
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The building sector has for a longer period of time been responsible for a considerable part of the negative environmental imprint. The increased interest for the environment and sustainability in the industry has led to technological developments which has reduced the negative environmental impact from buildings. This, combined with the fact that buildings take up more space in cities reducing green spaces, has increased the use of green roofs. This research paper includes a study on the competitive advantages green roofs can offer property owners and what the driving forces behind the use of green roofs are. The study also includes a research on what benefits tenant’s experience from having offices in properties that have green roofs. Lastly, the study attempts to present why buildings should have green roofsand what motivates property owners to use them more often. The literature review reveals that green roofs have become popular due to their ability to absorb carbon dioxide, cool down cities, manage urban runoff and increase biodiversity. The literature review describes both the practical aspects of constructing a green roof and the management of green roofs. It also examines the cost of green roofs compared to conventional roofs. The main challenges with green roofs are said to be the increased risk of leakage, increased weight on roofs and the steep slopes of Swedish roofs. Green roofs are said to have a longer lifespan compared to regular roofs. The literature review also discusses market value and the parameters which affect the market value of a property. The research results demonstrate that it is difficult to link green roofs to an increased market value. Due to the regulation against particular, structural requirements the municipality cannot require property owners to implement green roofs. However, the municipality of Stockholm have requirements stating that each property owner is responsible for the management of urban runoff within the property lines. One way of solving this management is by using green roofs. The municipality may also require the GYF factor to be fulfilled during new construction, which means that a certain amount of green space is required. This is something green roofs can help property owners achieve as well. The LEED and BREEAM green building certification programs also require a certain amount of green spaces in order to generate a higher rating. Here, too, green roofs could be used for this aspect. The study also examines if LEED and BREEAM have any economic benefits. Interviews were conducted with property owners, tenants, architects and employees at the municipality of Stockholm. The results were relatively similar to that of the results of the literature review. Among the most important factors when considering building a green roof according to the property owners, were green certifications, the factor of green areas (GYF),stormwater management and biodiversity. The study revealed that the most important benefit for tenants was the ability of green roofs to help companies with their environmental profiling. The conclusion of the study is that the main driving factor for utilizing green roofs above all is that it helps the property owner to achieve a higher certification rating. For property owners this is important as they want to profile themselves in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way, which attracts tenants and investors. Certification programs are also leading to economic benefits for the property owners. Other driving forces for property owners to use green roofs are to meet the requirements of the municipality regarding urban runoff management and to reach the level of GYF required. As tenants often have strict sustainability policies, green roofs provide an added value as they are sustainable. In terms of cost, green roof is said to have initial costs of 300-600 kr/m2 which is higher than for conventional roofs. The short-term risk of leakage is refuted by this study, but the longtermrisk is still unknown. Even though higher initial cost and unknown long-term risk of leakage the study believes that implementing a green roof is justifiable; the positive environmental and social aspects outweighs the higher costs. Green roofs can provide a financial profit for the property owner when it’s combined with a green building certification;green roofs are a factor to implement in order to reach higher levels of green building certification systems LEED and BREEAM, which, in turn, can lead to a higher market value.The study also reveals that accessible green roofs can result in an increased revenue for the property owner.
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Antonopoulos, Charalampos. „Low slope roofs : Moisture transfer in inverted roofs constantly exposed to high moisture loads and drainage systems“. Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209672.
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Low slope roofs are roofs with an inclination between 1:16 and 1:4 and have been constructed and preferred for many years due to the benefits they present. The goal of the present work is to study the following problems of low slope roofs, as they are suggested by previous relevant theses and the current needs of the market. Moisture transfer in low slope roofs with constant exposure to high levels of relative humidity. Is protection against corrosion required for steel beams placed directly under the external membranes? If yes, what kind of protection is that? Roof drainage on low slope roofs The study of the first subject was based on simulations of this type of structures in order to see how external moisture affects the moisture level and the potential for corrosion on steel beams. The main goal was to conclude whether we can actually build inverted roofs with steel plates or beams lying right under the roof membrane and what kind of protection is more appropriate to apply, in case it is required. According to the literature review conducted on roof structures, corrosion and corrosion protection, as well as the results of the simulations, the main factor defining the corrosion potential is the indoor environment. Moreover, paint coating seems to be the indicated anticorrosive protection. Regarding drainage, the study focused on the literature review of the current situation, the solutions applied, the existing regulations and guidelines regarding the type of systems used (full flow or gravity, internal or external), the construction of drainage valleys (inclined or horizontal) and the placement and dimensioning of drains and overflows, in order to create a short handbook with issues to be considered by the roof engineer. The main conclusions are that drain valleys are suggested to be constructed completely horizontal, in order to facilitate the cooperation between drains, and that full-flow systems are more efficient than gravity ones and should be preferred, as long as the roof is not exposed to solid material and prone to its accumulation around drains (e.g. roofs covered with vegetation or stone ballast, with overhanging or nearby trees).
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De, Munck Cécile. „Modélisation de la végétation urbaine et des stratégies d'adaptation au changement climatique pour l'amélioration du confort climatique et de la demande énergétique en ville“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0098/document.
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Les projections climatiques prévoient une amplification du réchauffement climatique, potentiellement exacerbée en milieu urbain du fait du phénomène d’îlot de chaleur urbain. La recrudescence d’évènements extrêmes comme les canicules peut avoir des conséquences écologiques, sanitaires, et économiques dramatiques à l’échelle des villes qui concentrent la population. Parmi les mesures d’adaptation visant à améliorer le confort climatique et la demande énergétique, la climatisation et le verdissement urbain constituent deux leviers d’action aux effets parfois antagonistes. Ce travail de thèse – mené dans le cadre des trois projets de recherche CLIM2, MUSCADE et VegDUD, propose d’évaluer ces effets par des simulations du climat urbain à l’échelle de l’agglomération parisienne. La modélisation repose en particulier sur le modèle de canopée urbaine TEB qui permet de simuler les échanges de chaleur, d’eau et de quantité de mouvement entre les surfaces urbaines et l’atmosphère, et depuis peu l’énergétique des bâtiments et des indices de confort thermique dans les bâtiments et dans les rues. Afin d’améliorer la prise en compte de la végétation urbaine dans TEB, un modèle de toitures végétalisées extensives a tout d’abord été développé et évalué. Différentes pratiques d’arrosage de la végétation urbaine au sol ou sur les toits ont également été paramétrées. Les scénarios d’adaptation de la ville de Paris par la climatisation, évalués dans le cadre de CLIM2 pour la canicule 2003 par des simulations couplées de TEB avec un modèle atmosphérique, ont mis en évidence que toutes les formes de climatisation qui rejettent de la chaleur dans l’atmosphère (sèche ou humide) génèrent une augmentation de la température des rues au niveau des piétons. Ce réchauffement, proportionnel à la puissance des rejets de chaleur sensible dans l’atmosphère, est en moyenne de 0.5 à 2°C, selon le niveau de déploiement de la climatisation. Différentes stratégies de verdissement ont ensuite été mises en œuvre et évaluées toujours sur Paris, en faisant varier soit la végétation au sol (plusieurs taux et types de végétation testés), soit celle en toiture (avec ou sans arrosage), soit les deux. Ces simulations, réalisées dans la configuration générale du projet MUSCADE, i.e. en mode forcé avec une version de TEB disposant d’un générateur dynamique d’îlot de chaleur urbain, ont montré que l’augmentation de la couverture végétale au sol a un pouvoir rafraîchissant plus efficace que les toitures végétalisées, et ce d’autant plus que le taux de verdissement et que la proportion d’arbres sont importants. Les toitures végétalisées quant à elles constituent le moyen le plus efficace de réduire la consommation d’énergie, non seulement estivale mais aussi à l’échelle annuelle, essentiellement grâce à leur pouvoir isolantClimate projections predict an amplification of global warming, potentially exacerbated in urban areas by the urban heat island effect. More frequent extreme events such as heat waves may have severe public health, ecological, and economic consequences as cities concentrate population. Among the measures aiming at improving thermal comfort or energy demand, air conditioning and urban greening are measures that may have antagonistic effects. This PhD work is undertaken within the framework of three research projects, CLIM2, MUSCADE and VegDUD. Its objective is to evaluate the respective effects of air conditioning and urban greening based on urban climate simulations across the Paris area. The modelling relies on the Town Energy Balance (TEB) model, which simulates the exchange of heat, water and momentum between the urban surface and the atmosphere. It has been recently improved to simulate building energetics, as well as indoor and outdoor thermal comfort indices. To improve the description of urban vegetation within TEB, a green roof model has been developed and evaluated. In addition, watering practices have been implemented to model the watering of urban vegetation at ground or roof level. Within CLIM2, the air conditioning scenarios tested for adapting Paris city to the extreme temperatures of the 2003 heatwave have been evaluated based on simulations using TEB coupled with an atmospheric model. Results shows that all forms of conditioning that release waste heat (dry or wet) into the atmosphere generate a temperature increase in the streets. This warming is proportional to the power of the sensible heat releases in the atmosphere and is on average 0.5 to 2_C, depending on the level of deployment of the air conditioning. Then, the greening of Paris city has been evaluated based on simulations carried out with the general configuration of the MUSCADE project, i.e. with climate forcings and a dynamic urban heat island generator. The scenarios tested consisted in an increase in ground-base vegetation or an implementation of green roofs on compatible buildings, or the two combined, with the option of watering green roofs or not in summer. Results show that increasing the ground cover has a stronger cooling effect than implementing green roofs, and even more so when the greening rate and the proportion of trees are important. The green roofs are however the most effective way to reduce energy consumption, not only in summer but also on an annual basis, mainly due to their insulating properties
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呂兆婷 und Shiu-ting Elsa Lui. „Life cycle assessment of green roof systems in Hong Kong“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41549508.
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Deng, Huijuan, und 邓惠娟. „Ecological benefits and species selection of tropical extensive green roofs“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206421.
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Lui, Shiu-ting Elsa. „Life cycle assessment of green roof systems in Hong Kong“. Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41549508.
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Eriksson, Anders Olof. „Water Runoff Properties for Expanded Clay LWA in Green Roofs“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23326.
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A lightweight aggregate (LWA) is a material that has a lower density than rock aggregates. There are many civil engineering application possibilities for LWA. A potential field of application for expanded clay LWA is as a storm water retaining layer in green roofs. In order to design reliable structures of green roofs, more knowledge about the characteristics of the material is needed. The purpose of this master thesis was to test if the software SEEP/W is an appropriate tool for simulation of water runoff from a green roof, designed with expanded clay LWA. The numerical modeling was not performed for all types of expanded clay LWA, but on crushed Leca® 4-10mm and round 10-20mm alone. To test if SEEP/W is advisable tool for simulating water flow in expanded clay LWA, a back calculation of a laboratory experiment was done. The purpose of back calculating the experiment is to calibrate a numerical model and then use it for a full scale ideal roof. Thereafter a sensitivity analysis of the SEEP/W input parameters was performed. It was possible to back calculate the laboratory experiment, meaning obtaining the same relation between water going in and water going out of the tested Leca® material. However, a lot of numerical problems occurred in the simulations. Unrealistic results were displayed, especially for Leca® 10-20mmR. In order to improve the performance of the material, and thereby obtain better water retaining characteristic, a suggestion is to increase the porosity and lower the saturated hydraulic conductivity for the expanded clay LWA materials in order to obtain a higher attenuation.
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Olivares, Esquivel Elisa. „Exploring the potential of Mexican Crassulaceae species on green roofs“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9573/.
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Extensive green roofs (roofs with low diversity surface vegetation and a thin layer of porous substrate) generally utilize a very narrow range of available plants in their designs; namely Sedum species. These plants share critical characteristics of drought resistant, low nutrient demand, vegetative propagation, and simple shallow root systems- making them highly tolerant to the extreme environment of the extensive roof. Sedum species dominate the extreme green roof plant palette as these are low maintenance, but their monotonous colour, texture and structure, combined with their minimal ecosystem services, result in the creation of green roofs of low aesthetic value and few environmental benefits. Sedum species belong to the Crassulaceae family of mainly drought tolerant succulent plans. Mexico is a bio-diverse hotspot of Crassulaceae. By developing a plant selection methodology based on a combination of climatic classification systems with temperature and precipitation information, a broad range of Mexican Crassulaceae species are identified as potential candidate species to improve and diversify the extensive green roof palette. This selection methodology is applied to Mexican Crassulaceae for two specific study sites of highly contrasting climates (Cwb and Cfb according to the Köppen map of climate classification) in Mexico City, Mexico and Sheffield, UK respectively. Candidate species performance and survival are investigated in screening and competition experiments over several growing seasons comparing plant responses to substrate depth and planting season. These species response are then used to determine the efficacy of the plant selection methodology in the identification of possible candidate species for expanding the extensive green roof plant palette.
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Wong, Kwan-lam, und 王韵琳. „The mitigating effect of substrate depth on green roof stormwater discharge“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207562.
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Urbanization replaces once permeable surfaces with relatively impervious ones, thereby degrading the natural hydrologic cycle. Impervious surfaces intensify stormwater runoff in terms of overall mass and temporal response, especially under torrential rainfalls. Since such runoff could become massive in volume and concentrated in time, they place significant stress on the urban drainage system and increase the risks of combined sewage overflow and flooding, which could introduce a range of deleterious consequences to cities and surrounding natural habitats.
In sustainable urban stormwater management like the Low Impact Development, green roof presents an on-site source-reduction measure that mimics the pre-development hydrologic functions of storing and gradually releasing precipitation. Green roof can retain and detain stormwater as well as delay and suppress peak discharge. However, green roof stormwater studies have largely been conducted in non-tropical regions of the world. Since green roof’s quantitative hydrologic performance can be much influenced by local meteorological conditions, the degree to which such findings can be generalized to other climates, such as Hong Kong’s humid subtropical regime, calls for investigation. Moreover, substrate depth has long been regarded as an influential factor in green roof stormwater retention, but two recent studies have provided contradictory results. The objectives of this study are: 1) To evaluate green roof stormwater mitigation performance and potentials in Hong Kong for the first time; 2) To investigate systematically the effect of substrate depth on quantitative hydrologic performance; 3) To identify factors that affect green roof performance; 4) To develop a holistic conceptualization of the various system water storage spaces within a green roof system, for a better understanding of their role in stormwater mitigation.
Using small-scale (1.1 m2) raised green roof plots placed on an actual urban rooftop, the effect of 40 mm soil, 40 mm soil + 40 mm rockwool, 80 mm soil, and 80 mm soil + 40 mm rockwool on stormwater mitigation performance relative to control were analyzed. Three core performance indicators (percent retention, peak delay, and peak reduction) were employed to evaluate green roof performance.
The results suggest that, while the retention performance of the studied green roofs under Hong Kong’s heavy rainfall regime seems to be less effective, remarkable peak reduction and peak delay were observed even when the green roof system has reached full moisture-storage capacity. Such findings are in line with the proposed Green-roof System Capacity model that green roof serves as an effective buffer that regulates water flow through the system.
No statistical significance was found between substrate-depth treatments, despite the higher performance across all three indicators for treatment 80. However, satisfactory peak performance of the 40-mm thin substrate suggests that green roof can be applied even on existing buildings that have limited loading capacity. Pertinent meteorological factors were identified. All in all, extensive green roof remains as an effective and promising alternative mitigation strategy to urban stormwater management in Hong Kong with potential application to other tropical areas.Li Ka Shing Prize, The Best MPhil Thesis in the Faculties of Architecture, Arts, Business & Economics, Education, Law and Social Sciences (University of Hong Kong), 2012-2013.
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Geography
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Alexandri, Eleftheria. „Investigations into mitigating the heat island effect through green roofs and green walls“. Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55418/.
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This thesis investigates the thermal effect of green roofs and green walls on the built environment and investigates whether they could be used in existing cities so as mitigate the heat island effect. In order to estimate this for various climates, a prognostic, micro-scale, two-dimensional heat and mass transfer model has been developed. In the first chapter the aim, objectives and methodology of the research are established. In the second chapter a literature review of the causes and the consequences of the heat island effect is made, as well as a critique on the use of urban parks for mitigating raised urban temperatures. In the third chapter, a research is carried out where, when and why roofs and walls were covered with vegetation. In the fourth chapter the development of the one-dimensional model is presented, for heat and mass transfer in building materials, a soils, plants and the air. The model is validated with an experiment conducted at a concrete and a vegetated test cell. A comparison is made between green roofs and conventional concrete ones, as well as with white coated roofs for different climates. In the fifth chapter the one-dimensional model is developed into a two-dimensional one and the microclimatic heat and mass transfer model of a typical urban canyon is established. In the sixth chapter, the model is used to investigate the effect of green roofs and green walls for various climates, geometries, canyon orientations and wind directions. From this parametric analysis, an investigation is done on how the raised urban temperatures could lower when the building envelope is covered with vegetation, which could lead to energy savings for cooling and more comfortable outdoor conditions. In the last chapter, conclusions are drawn from the results of this thesis and further research is proposed.
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Whatley, Melvin B. „Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of green roofing systems: the economic and environmental impact of installing green roofs on all atlanta public schools“. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39623.
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This study examines the relationship between environmental sustainability and green schools, seeking to highlight the benefits and determine the Net Present Value (NPV) installing vegetative roofs on all schools in the Atlanta Public Schools District. This study quantifies the costs and benefits of thin-layer, or extensive, green roof systems as they compare to typical flat roofs on Atlanta Public Schools. Quantifiable benefits are detailed and suggestions are made to create the means by which other social benefits may be quantified. The purpose of this thesis is to establish proof to the Atlanta Public Schools District that over a 40 year period there are more benefits associated with installing vegetative roofs on all of their flat roofs than there are costs. While some may argue that greens roof are more costly than traditional roof systems, this study provides evidence that the cumulative benefits over a 40 year life cycle associated with large scale green roof installations, such as on all Atlanta Public Schools, are greater than the initial costs incurred. Factors included in the analysis of benefits were reductions to energy/utility costs, reduced emissions, and avoided best management practices (BMPs). Other considerations include social benefits resulting from the mitigation of storm water runoff, reductions to the urban heat island, productivity level increases (students and teachers), and avoided regulatory fees.
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Kadas, Gyougyuer. „Can Green Roofs provide Habitat for Invertebrates in an Urban Environment“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498741.
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Castillo, Garcia Giorgina Beatriz. „Effects of Evaporative Cooling in the Thermal Performance of Green Roofs“. PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/181.
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Green roofs have become an important urban mitigation technology due to their ability to address multiple environmental issues. One of the most common benefits attributed to green roofs is the reduction in heating and cooling loads in buildings by dissipating heat through evaporation. This study focuses on evaluating the effect that evaporative cooling has on the thermal performance of green roofs. Sponge and floral foam were used as porous media for their ability to retain water inside its body, transport it to the surface, evaporate it at a constant rate and for their different pore sizes. Test trays containing sponge or floral foam saturated with water were tested in a low speed wind tunnel equipped to measure weight, temperature and heat flux. Two types of experiments were conducted: one with evaporation at the surface, and the other with evaporation blocked by an impervious layer. The testing conditions for all tests were kept constant except for the ability of evaporation to happen. Evaporation rate for floral foam was 0.14 kg/m2hr and 0.29 kg/m2hr for sponge. Results of tests with evaporation show a decrease of 45-49% in heat conducted through the roof when compared to the tests without evaporation. For optimal thermal performance of green roofs, a material that enhances water transport and thus evaporation at the surface is necessary with large pores and low field capacity. Surface temperatures on test with evaporation were found to be between 3-7°C lower than those without evaporation. Applying a 2 sample t-test to the data, the relationship between heat flux and evaporation was found to be statistically significant.
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Srivastava, Rohini. „Green Roof Design and Practices: A Case Of Delhi“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1311004642.
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Emilsson, Tobias. „Extensive vegetated roofs in Sweden : establishment, development and environmental quality /“. Alnarp : Department of Landscape Management and Horticultural Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200637.pdf.
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Hake, Aubrey. „Promoting sustainable green roofs through Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)“. Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/324.
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Van, Mechelen Carmen. „Nature as a template for a new concept of extensive green roofs“. Thesis, Avignon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AVIG0334/document.
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Au cours de notre ère dite « Anthropocène » et caractérisée par l’urbanisation, la biodiversité est fortement contrainte. Il s’agit d’un problème important car elle est considérée comme le principal moteur du fonctionnement des écosystèmes et comme une source de services écosystémiques. Les toits verts sont un exemple de nouveaux écosystèmes au sein de l’environnement urbain. Ils constituent de nouveaux habitats et peuvent alors limiter la perte de biodiversité en ville. Ils offrent de plus d’autres services écosystémiques comme la régulation thermique, la gestion des eaux pluviales, ainsi qu’une certaine valeur esthétique. Dans cette thèse, nous mettrons notamment l’accent sur les toits verts dit "extensifs" (profondeur du substrat < 20 cm) car ils ont une gamme d'applications plus large et sont plus durables (car autonomes et nécessitant donc moins de maintenance).Dans l’Europe du Sud (région Méditerranéen), les performances des toits verts extensifs sont plutôt faibles, probablement à cause de l'effet des fortes températures et de la sécheresse estivale. On peut même s’attendre à une augmentation du niveau de stress des végétaux des toits verts à cause du changement climatique. La mise en place de systèmes d’irrigation pourrait alors aider en favorisant la croissance des plantes et leur survie. Cependant, cet aménagement est souvent perçu comme une option non soutenable car l'accès à l’eau est limité en région méditerranéenne. Au cours de la période estivale, la pénurie d’eau sera de plus encore plus grave du fait du changement climatique. Par conséquent, une augmentation du nombre de recherches menées sur ce sujet est nécessaire afin de sélectionner les espèces végétales les plus adaptées aux toits verts extensifs non irrigués. Il est également nécessaire d’adapter les éléments structurels des toits extensifs pour mieux répondre aux exigences de ces plantes. Pour les pays plus au nord, avec des climats plus froids (par exemple en climat tempéré maritime), les scénarios de changements climatiques prévoient également une augmentation des températures et des précipitations plus erratiques. Les entreprises de toits végétalisés dans ces régions bénéficieront donc également des résultats d’une telle recherche.L’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’élaborer et de tester un nouveau concept pour la réalisation de toits verts extensifs, comprenant notamment la sélection de la végétation et des éléments de structure (substrat). Le travail est basé sur l’hypothèse de « l’habitat modèle », qui énonce qu’il faut cibler les habitats naturels possédant des caractéristiques similaires aux toits verts extensifs afin de trouver des espèces végétales les plus appropriées. La biodiversité en région Méditerranéenne est très riche et il y a plusieurs habitats qui ressemblent plus au moins aux conditions des toits verts extensifs (sols calcaires et superficielles, drainage rapide, pauvreté en nutriments, fluctuations de température, vents forts). Notre hypothèse est alors qu’il serait possible de trouver des plantes possédant des potentiels pour être introduites sur des toits verts extensifs. Parce que la région Méditerranéenne est très étendue, le sud de la France a été sélectionné comme région d’études. Nous concluons que la végétation méditerranéenne peut être une source d'inspiration pour le développement et l’amélioration de la conception des toits verts extensifs, que ce soit pour le climat méditerranéen actuel ou pour d’autres climats sous l'effet futur des changements climatiques prévus. Un choix de plantes appropriées est alors essentiel, ainsi que la conception en termes de techniques d’irrigation durable, de profondeur et composition du substrat et aussi des possibilités de rétention de l’eau. De plus, il existe encore de nombreuses voies pour la réalisation de recherches supplémentaires qui contribueront à la mise en place de toits verts avec une biodiversité plus importanteIn an era of urbanization, biodiversity is under pressure more than ever. Biodiversity is considered a major driver of ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Green roofs, a prime example of urban novel ecosystems, offer habitats and can hence mitigate some biodiversity loss in cities. Apart from biodiversity, green roofs also offer other ecosystem services, such as thermal regulation, stormwater management, and aesthetic and amenity value. Here we focused on extensive green roofs (substrate depth < 20 cm) as these can be applied widely and are more durable (i.e. less maintenance, self-sustaining). In southern Europe (Mediterranean), the performance of (extensive) green roofs is rather low, probably due to the elevated temperatures and summer drought. One may expect that plant stress on green roofs will further increase as a result of climate change. Irrigation could help plant growth and survival. However, irrigation is often perceived as an unsustainable practice, as water is already a limiting factor in many regions and climate change will lead to an even more severe water scarcity during summer. Therefore, research is needed to select plant species suitable for Mediterranean (unirrigated) extensive green roofs, and to adapt green roof design to meet the requirements of the selected plant species. More northern countries with colder climates (e.g. temperate maritime climate) will also face higher temperatures and erratic precipitation events as a result of climate change. The green roof industries located in these regions will hence also benefit from the outcome of such research. The main goal of this thesis was to elaborate and test a new concept for extensive green roof design, comprising both plant selection and design elements. The work is based on the habitat template theory, which states that natural habitats with similar characteristics as extensive green roofs should be targeted when searching for suitable plant species. Mediterranean regions are a hotspot of biodiversity and contain many habitats that match to some extent the conditions on extensive green roofs (e.g. shallow, free draining, nutrient poor and calcareous soils, high temperature fluctuations, windy). We hence hypothesized that it would be possible to find potential plant species for use on extensive green roofs. Because of practical reasons we selected the southern part of France as study region. At the end of this thesis, we conclude that natural habitats in the Mediterranean region can definitely inspire us as a source for development and improvement of extensive green roof design, whether this is for the current Mediterranean climate itself or for other climates under predicted climate change. Appropriate vegetation choice is essential, as well as the design in terms of sustainable irrigation techniques, appropriate substrate depth and composition, and water retention possibilities. Finally suggestions for further research were made
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Vrlová, Ela. „Areál VUT Kraví hora“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391821.
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The topic of the diploma thesis BUT Area Kravi hora is a strategic study of the BUT area at Kravi hora from the previous semester to a scale of 1:200. The subject is the elaboration of the concept in order to bring together the interests of BUT and Brno city in this extraordinary territory for the benefit of both subjects. This work deals in detail with newly proposed objects in the BUT territory. A number of regulations have been issued in the territory limiting the subsequent use of the area, but the current area does not suit the existing potential of the site. The main concept was a creation of a set of buildings that will serve the University for representation and public activities, while allowing the access and use of the general public by the inhabitants of the city of Brno. The whole site will be set up in a newly-built city-wide park and other park areas that will create an attractive part of the now-inaccessible and unspoilt area connecting Veveri with Kravi hora. There will also be added additional features inspired by the existing features in the area, namely the Art Colony with ateliers, then Business Units and spacious Public Workshops. The entire Kravi hora area will be interwoven with a number of services serving both adults and children. The new proposal will also lead to the diversion of car traffic from the whole territory in order to ensure the safest relaxed movement of visitors. There will be numerous parking spaces located on the outskirts of the area. The main goal is to create a strong concept focusing on relaxation, health, education and sport, which should result in the overall opening and attractiveness of the territory.
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Lamb, Sara Katherine. „Examining the relationship between avifauna and green roofs in Mississippi's humid-subtropical climate“. Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596066.
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Human settlement displaces and fragments natural habitats. Design choices in the landscape directly affect both local diversity and extinction rates. This study seeks to understand how avifauna are responding to this new technology in Mississippi.
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Alsup, Sarah Elizabeth. „EVALUATION OF METAL LEACHABILITY FROM GREEN ROOF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS“. OpenSIUC, 2008. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/506.
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Green roof technology is becoming increasingly more popular in the U.S. as it provides several economical, sociological, and ecological benefits to urban environments. One specific advantage a vegetated rooftop is known to provide is its ability to retain water and release it at reduced rates. However, with increased interest in these systems, concerns regarding their influence on water quality have been raised. Green roofs can be complex systems and the degree to which water quality might be affected may be related to green roof construction and components within. To answer questions regarding green roof influence on metal contaminants in storm water runoff, a field study and a related laboratory study were designed to investigate potential impacts these systems may have on water quality with respect to heavy metals and some micronutrients. Overall, results obtained for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn content observed in leachate collected from the constructs and media treatments from a green roof field study do not indicate that green roofs are a significant source of heavy metal and micronutrient contaminants in urban stormwater runoff and that planted Green Roof BlocksTM release less or the same metal content as planted built-in-place models. Elemental concentrations determined in effluent collected from treatments in the field study were collected for four rain events (June 28, 2007, October 18, 2007, February 4, 2008, and April 11, 2008) and compared to IEPA effluent standards to assess whether or not there were any negative impacts on water quality. Treatments for this portion of the investigation were empty built-in-place models (controls), planted and non-planted Arkalyte media at depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm in built-in place models, planted and non-planted commercial and potential green roof media in Green Roof BlocksTM. With the exception of excess Zn levels in collected effluent from the planted 10 cm treatments in October and the planted 5 cm treatments in February as well as the elevated Fe content in leachate obtained from planted glass media in October, metal concentration in effluent acquired from planted treatments were below effluent standards. Also determined to be above IEPA standards in October were Cu, Fe, and Pb measured in effluent obtained from non-planted glass media. The laboratory portion of this investigation evaluated several commercially-available substrates, bottom ash, lava rock, and composted pine bark to determine the total acid extractable and plant exchangeable content of eight elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn). In addition to this, effluent collected from planted and non-planted treatments using these substrates incorporated with 20% composted pine bark were examined over a course of three leaching events. While all elements examined were observed to be within levels normally found in soils, results from the total acid extractable experiments demonstrate large variation in metal concentration with each substrate and composted pine bark. With the exception of total extractable Cd, there were differences in concentrations for the remaining total acid extractable metals between the substrates and amendment tested. An artificial leaching study was conducted in the phytotron at Southern Illinois University Carbondale and consisted of eight repetitions of planted in addition to eight repetitions of non-planted pots containing known volumes of 20 % composted pine bark blended with Arkalyte, Haydite, Lassenite, Axis, bottom ash, Axis + bottom ash, and lava which were subsequently leached over three separate leaching events. Collected effluent was evaluated for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn content as well as volume of water displaced as a function of planting treatment, number of times leached, and substrate type. Metal content in the leachates were typically an order of magnitude lower than values obtained from the batch studies, and the planting, substrate, and leaching interactions varied for each metal with Pb being the most complex. The volume of water displaced upon leachate collection increased across all substrates as a function of leaching event.
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Polinsky, Robyn R. „Evaluating the Effects of Green Roofs as Tools for Stormwater Management in an Urban Metropolis“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/22.
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Stormwater management is an essential aspect of urban hydrology. Urbanized areas have large amounts of impervious surface cover (ISC) and well developed sewer and drainage networks which rapidly channel water and pollutants off of streets and into local streams. This research evaluates the use of vegetated roofs as mechanisms to reduce ISC and stormwater runoff in downtown Atlanta. A 3-D model of the study site was created so that runoff rates could be measured for various rooftop scenarios under different size storm events. The results revealed a reduction in peak runoff and an increase in both the lag time and duration of response time. The results were most significant for the smallest storm event with 2/3 of the rooftops vegetated. As these experiments use a scale model for a section of downtown Atlanta, results are likely to be applicable to similar urban environments and may provide guidance for stormwater engineers.
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Coma, Arpón Julià. „Green roofs and vertical greenery systems as passive tools for energy efficiency in buildings“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399726.
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D'acord amb les Perspectives de Tecnologia Energètica del 2016, la demanda d'energia primària i les emissions de carboni han de reduirse en més d'un 30% per a l'any 2050. Una manera d'aconseguir-ho, es per mitjà de regulacions que millorin el rendiment tèrmic de la pell de l'edifici.
En aquest context, durant l’última dècada els sostres verds i sistemes verds verticals implementats en la pell dels edificis han esdevingut prometedors sistemes passius d’estalvi d'energètic i de reducció de les emissions de CO2 en els entorns urbans.
Per tant, els principals objectius d'aquesta tesi doctoral són: analitzar l'eficiència energètica dels sostres verds extensius i sistemes verds verticals per tal d'avaluar el seu potencial com a sistemes passius d'estalvi d'energia. Altrament, la capacitat d'aïllament acústic proporcionat per una façana verda i un mur vegetal, també formen part d'aquesta tesi.
A més de proporcionar dades quantitatives per fer front a la manca de resultats experimentals en la literatura, aquesta tesi també es centra en l'anàlisi de l'impacte mediambiental dels sostres verds extensius per tal d'estudiar la seva sostenibilitat.De acuerdo con las Perspectivas de Tecnología Energética de 2016, la demanda de energía primaria y las emisiones de carbono deben reducirse en más de un 30% para el año 2050. Una manera de conseguirlo es por medio de regulaciones que mejoren el rendimiento térmico de la piel del edificio. En este contexto, durante la última década los techos verdes y sistemas verdes verticales implementados en la piel de los edificios se han convertido en prometedores sistemas pasivos de ahorro energético y de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 en los entornos urbanos. Por tanto, los principales objetivos de esta tesis doctoral son: analizar la eficiencia energética de los techos verdes extensivos y sistemas verdes verticales para evaluar su potencial como sistemas pasivos de ahorro energético. Por otro lado, la capacidad de aislamiento acústico proporcionado por una fachada verde y un muro vegetal, también forman parte de esta tesis. Además de proporcionar datos cuantitativos para hacer frente a la falta de resultados experimentales en la literatura, esta tesis también se centra en el análisis del impacto medioambiental de los techos verdes extensivos para estudiar su sostenibilidad.
According to the Energy Technology Perspectives 2016, the primary energy demand and carbon emissions should be reduced over 30% by 2050. One way to achieve the EU prespectives are the regulations that enhance the thermal performance of the building skin. Within this context, the use of urban green infrastructures (green roofs and vertical greenery systems) on building envelopes have become more popular during the last decade as promising passive solutions regarding the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in built environments. Therefore, the main objectives of this PhD thesis are: to analyse the energy efficiency of extensive green roofs and vertical greenery systems in order to evaluate their potential as a passive energy saving systems. In addition, the sound insulation capacity provided by two different vertical greenery systems (green facades and green walls or living walls) was also part of the PhD thesis. Besides providing quantitative data to address the lack of experimental results in the literature, this thesis is also focused on analysing the environmental impact of extensive green roofs in order to study their sustainability.
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Miller, Ryan J. „Implementing Green Roofs on Movie Theaters and Shopping Centers: Business Cases in Profitable Sustainability“. Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/99.
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This thesis presents the business case for installing green roofs on movie theaters and shopping centers. These businesses can then derive increased profits from the environmental benefits of reduced energy use and increased stormwater retention. After presenting the basic design and benefits of a green roof, the thesis develops stand-alone business plans for a movie theater and shopping center. The author finds that green roofs are a profitable sustainability solution for the commercial enterprise.
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Brandão, Carolina Pinto. „Hydrological performance of green roofs under Mediterranean climate. Native plants in the urban space“. Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11197.
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Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaUrban areas generate considerable amounts of storm water runoff due to a high percentage of impervious surfaces. In Mediterranean climates, during winter, there can be large volumes of rainfall in short periods of time causing floods. Green roofs are emerging as a tool for storm water management. The use of native plants, besides promoting biodiversity, reduces maintenance and irrigation requirements, which gains relevance since water is scarce during summer. This work investigates the influence of rainfall, vegetation and substrate types upon the rainfall-runoff relations under Mediterranean climate. Nine test beds were installed on a building rooftop on the Instituto Superior de Agronomia, incorporating two substrates and five different vegetation covers. Results for the autumn/winter period show that the vegetated systems did not only reduce the amount of storm water runoff, but also attenuated its peak and delayed its occurrence. Overall mean retention ranged from 63 to 82 %. The combination of shrubs, grasses and mosses proved to be the most effective vegetation cover. Estimations revealed that, by greening the flat roofs of the Municipality of Lisbon, over 224 000 m3 of water could be retained, relieving the drainage systems and preventing floods
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Peng, Lihua, und 彭立华. „Green-roof thermal effects in the context of climate change and sustainable urban design“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49799514.
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With the growing urbanized population, cities have become a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The urbanization processes also cause local climate change through excessive anthropogenic heat emission and modification of the land biophysical properties. The resultant urban heat island (UHI) effects and aggravating human heat stress have become key environmental issues in city management. Cities can be designed to be climate-conscious and energy-efficient not only to contribute to urban sustainability, but also address global climate-change issues at the local level.
Green roof presents a feasible strategy for climate-conscious urban design (CCUD). With the notable thermal effects in microclimate amelioration and energy conservation, it has great potential to help cities tackle local and global climate issues. Understanding the status and underlying mechanism of green-roof thermal effects can inform optimal design and management, and provide scientific basis to promote green-roof application. This study formulates a multidisciplinary framework to assess green-roof thermal effects at building, neighborhood and district scales, based on a case study in Hong Kong.
Firstly, the building-scale field measurement found that the 484 m^2 experimental extensive green roof can significantly ameliorate rooftop microclimate and cut building energy consumption. The peak surface and air temperature can be reduced by 11℃ and 4.5℃ on sunny summer days, and 7.2℃ and 2.3℃ on cloudy days, leading to an electrical energy saving of 2.80×〖10〗^4 kWh for a summer of air conditioning. The thermal performance was sensitive to background environmental factors. Solar radiation and relative humidity governs the seasonal and diurnal variation of air and surface temperatures reduction. Substrate moisture can significantly regulate the subsurface temperature but has limited effect on evapotranspiration (ET). Based on correlation and scenario analyses, this study has formulated an irrigation scheme which could balance between plant growth, thermal performance and water efficiency to achieve sustainable management of tropical extensive green roofs.
Secondly, the neighborhood-scale modeling revealed that greening all roofs in residential communities can extend the cooling effects from the rooftop to the entire neighborhood. Urban design factors such as building height, distance, site coverage and orientation can affect the diurnal, horizontal and vertical pattern of the “cool-islands” created by green roofs. Green roof can also enhance the rooftop thermal comfort by alleviating the intensity and duration of heat stress. The findings suggest that compact cities can green the roof and podium space to provide thermally comfortable and recreational venues for urban residents. Thirdly, the district-scale cost-benefit analysis found that large-scale construction of green-roof infrastructure in Hong Kong can be well justified by its thermal benefits. The extensive green roof has an annual monetary benefit of HK$0.9–1.7 billion, and the intensive, HK$1.4–2.6 billion, in terms of energy saving, CO2 and air pollutant reduction. The life-cycle benefit-cost ratio (BCA) is 3.7–7 for extensive green roof, and 1.4–2.7 for the intensive, indicating the high cost-effectiveness of both types, with the extensive being more economically attractive than the intensive.published_or_final_version
Geography
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Blackson, Meghan Michelle. „Designing Roofs to Support Native Plants in the Great Lakes Region“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1619702653699892.
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Coffman, Reid Richards. „Vegetated roof systems design, productivity, retention, habitat, and sustainability in green roof and ecoroof technology /“. Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196868927.
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Kong, Yuewei. „Rainwater recycling on green roofs for residential housing : case studies in Richmond, British Columbia; San Antonio, Texas; and Toronto, Ontario“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2507.
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Stormwater is the component of runoff that is generated by human activities, and has gradually become a key issue in achieving sustainability in urban environments. When vegetation and soils are replaced with roads and buildings, less rainwater infiltrates into the ground or is taken up by vegetation, and more becomes surface runoff. A greater area of impervious surfaces leads to increased stormwater runoff volume and velocity, and consequently increases the risk off looding and erosion. Being able to reduce stream flows and pollution of surface flows, green roofs are one technology that may help in alleviating this storm water crisis.
This thesis developed a different and effective methodology for quantifying the effects of green roofs on stormwater runoff and calculating the runoff volume and rate for residential housing communities before and after applying green roofs. The method utilizes local climate data like rainfall and evapotranspiration rate, the water use properties of vegetation like crop coefficients of plants, and the areas of impervious surfaces; and then compares the different effects of green roofs in different locations having disparate climatic conditions. It was found that the best way to achieve zero runoff was to green a portion of the total rooftop area and disconnect all impervious surfaces. Implications of this methodology on city planning and site design and for future research are then discussed.
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Sinha, Roy Sagnik. „Green Roofs in Uppsala : Potential food yield and thermal insulating effects of a green roof on a building“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-423991.
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Climate change has caused severe vulnerabilities for the global food production system and alternative agriculture methods are needed as a solution. Urban agriculture (UA) can be a sustainable solution, making the global food system more resilient and increasing the global food security. Using available empty rooftops to implement green roofs for food production can be a solution to challenges faced by urban agriculture, such as unavailability of land and proper amount of sunlight. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential of green roofs in Uppsala city, looking into the food production capacity and the energy conservation benefits for buildings having a green roof. With the help of GIS software, 745 flat roofs with a total available area of 877408 m2, were considered feasible for implementing green roofs. Upon calculations based on yields obtained from other studies, the results revealed that the annual vegetable production on potential green roofs in Uppsala city is 23550 T of tomato, 48 T of cabbage and 96 T of chilli. On comparing the tomato production with the amount of tomato consumed annually by the population of Uppsala city, the data reveals that less than 10 % of the estimated production can meet the annual demand.Upon investigating the thermal insulation effects of green sedum roof on a building in Uppsala city, the thesis reveals that annually, 824 kWh or .824 MWh can be saved, providing a monetary benefit of SEK 543. The results point out that, on implementation of green sedum roofs on 100 buildings, about 82 MWh amount of energy can be conserved, thus reducing the overall consumption of fuels such as peat and oil and reducing the emissions of green house gases. Green roofs in comparison with conventional roofs can also act as a heat sink to keep the building cooler during warmer summers, thus reducing the demand for artificial cooling. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Urban Sustainability, Food Security, Energy Security, Resilience, Urban Agriculture, Green Roof, Thermal Insulation, Energy Conservation, Climate Change.
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Goldschmidt, Alicia M. „Biochar Amendment of Green Roof Substrate: Effect on Vegetation, Nutrient Retention, and Hydrologic Performance“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535372571339002.
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Saragadam, Bhaskararao. „design guidelines and maintenance manual for green roofs in the semi-arid and arid regions“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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This abstract includes the benefits associated with green roofs, how to select the type of green roof for a project, the important technical issues to address during design, implementation and maintenance of its longevity, detailed cost variables for green roof controlling quantity and quality of stormwater, cultivating the crop, and improving aesthetic environments in work and home settings in arid and semi arid regions.
Much less rainfall goes into the soil and rest becomes stormwater runoff. These changes, in turn, increase erosion and degrade water quality. By promoting green infrastructure, it reduces, retains, and treats runoff at its source.
This study investigates how roof substrate and vegetation affect rainwater retention. The investigated parameters are lightweight substrate ratio, substrate depth, precipitation and vegetation type. This study was done in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. A planting box was placed on the roof of a building to simulate a green roof and the required conditions were mimicked. The experimental results indicate that precipitation, substrate depth, substrate ratio and vegetation type affect the rainwater retention capacity of green roofs. The rainwater retention rate is inversely proportional to precipitation intensity. According to the water retention capacity of various plants, black gram and schefflera arboricola have been chosen as they retain more water. Of the total amount of rainwater retained the substrate accounts for 77–98% and vegetation accounts for 2–23%. In the sub-tropical region, the green roof water retention rate is roughly 30% of the total storm precipitation (160 mm). Thus, using a green roof is an effective strategy for managing urban stormwater.
This study also investigates calculating the average cost of green roofs and difficulties due to the number of variables. The final result a deeper green roof has been designed and high substrate is needed because black gram has been grown.
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Owczarek, Kinga. „An investigation into the sustainable design of green roofs in relation to their hydrological performance“. Thesis, University of East London, 2017. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/7295/.
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It became paramount for resilient cities to mitigate negative effects of climate change such as extreme weather, heat waves or flooding. Implementation of green roofs in urban regions could help to improve local microclimate through evapotranspirationfrom green roof surfaces and vegetation, and mitigate flood risk by providing additional storage for stormwater surface runoff. This research investigates the sustainable design of green roofs using conventional and alternative materials, in relation to their hydrological performance under UK climatic conditions. The assessment of the hydrological performance of green roofs was performed by means of laboratory-based and in-situ experiments. This research has identified and selected the alternative materials, suitable for the use in extensive green roof systems. Subsequently, the properties of these materials were assessed using appropriate British Standards, showing that properties-based, as opposed to type-based, selection of the materials is of high importance to the sustainable green roof design. The in-situ experiment demonstrated high retention performance across eight green roof designs with median retention above 99% and cumulative retention for the entire monitoring period of 4 years ranging from 61.5% to 77.9%. The highest retention was recorded for the green roof design of the deepest substrate (100mm) and drainage layer (40mm). Green roofs investigated in the laboratory under extreme rainfall events demonstrated much lower hydrological performance (6% - 11.5% of median retention) than these assessed insitu. However, their maximum retention capacity ranged from 61% to 78%, given specific conditions such as long inter-event dry period prior to the extreme rainfalls. The green roofs made of alternative materials performed as well as or better than the conventional green roofs in regards to retention. The preliminary multiple linear regression models confirmed the significance of the rainfall depth and temperature in predicting runoff depth and retention as well as porosity of the substrate material and water absorption of drainage layer material. These models could be the basis for further development of tools for accurate prediction of green roof responses to rainfall events in order to assist green roof designers, standardisation bodies, specifiers, manufacturers, and contractors.
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Choi, Min-Sung. „Investigation of the potential of calcareous grassland vegetation for green roof application in the UK“. Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3241/.
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For the last few decades, the interest in green roofs has been developing quickly because of the benefits they have on the modern urban environment situation. Recently, of the range of native habitats in the UK appropriate for green roof application, calcareous grassland plant communities have been given much attention for use on green roofs because of the similarity that these habitats have to green roof conditions. However, there has been very little or no research into how locally-characteristic habitats can be recreated on green roofs, and this has led to a lack of specific recommendations for native plant communities or assemblages on green roofs in the UK. Thus, this thesis investigates the feasibility of calcareous grassland vegetation for green roof application in the UK. This study is comprised of four sections; (i) A review of calcareous grassland types, ecology and characteristics, (ii) A discussion of the restoration ecology of calcareous grasslands, (iii) An investigation into substrates for supporting calcareous grasslands on green roofs, (iv) Experimental investigation of plant selections and communities for calcareous grasslands on green roofs. The substrates investigation consisted of testing mixtures containing Limestone, LECA (Light Expanded Clay Aggregate), Brick rubbles with organic matter and loam in five composition rates. Leucanthemum vulgare, Briza media, and Prunella vulgaris were selected as indicator species. All the substrates met the minimum requirements that conform to FLL standards (the German guidelines for green roofs, Society of Landscape Development and Landscape Design), except for LECA and Limestone substrate types that tended not to meet the minimum moisture content (20%). Most of the substrates supported high seedling survival. In general, Limestone substrate types and a 60:20:20 (mineral material: loam: organic matter) composition rate tended to produce high seedling emergence and growth across all of the species, while LECA and Brick rubble substrate types, and 100:0:0 composition rate did in the opposite. The most successful substrate was a Limestone substrate type with 60:20:20 composition rate that had relatively good balance of moisture content and air filled porosity, and supported high seedling emergence, survival and growth across all of the species. To investigate plant selection and plant communities for calcareous grasslands on green roofs, seventeen forb species were planted to investigate the environmental tolerances of a range of species and to explore patterns of plant growth and flowering performance at the community and individual species level. Deeper substrate depth, the Limestone-based substrate, supplementary watering, and fertiliser addition tended to support significantly higher plant abundance, growth, structural characteristics, and flowering performance of the plant community. Some of individual species, however, showed different responses. Watering was an important factor regarding plant establishment and growth, especially with substrates of shallower depth. A 50 mm deep substrate is not suitable for satisfactory plant growth without additional watering; Supplemental watering produced statistically similar plant growth in the shallower substrate to that of the deeper substrate without it. The minimum substrate depth should be at least 100 mm to support good growth of the species on a green roof. Most species did not show significant difference in plant growth and performance between 100 mm and 200 mm depth. All the species in the Limestone-based substrate had a higher abundance rate, and the Limestone-based substrate produced significantly greater plant growth than the Zinco substrate. Additional fertiliser resulted in greater plant abundance and growth but there was a tendency for plant growth to be very vigorous. Hypochaeris radicata and Leucanthemum vulgare showed the greatest abundance under drought conditions in the shallow substrate depth. Overall, C. glomerata and H. nummularium across all treatments in a standard commercial green roof substrate without fertiliser addition, and P. officinarum and P. veris across all treatments including the additional fertiliser treatment were not effective green roof plants under the given conditions of the experiment. Across all experimental treatments except for the additional fertiliser treatment, the one legume in the experiment (Lotus corniculatus) tended to dominate over the 2-year period.
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Liu, Ziyang. „Prediction of Soil Layer R-Value Dependence on Moisture Content“. PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/125.
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This study focuses on how green roof thermal performance is affected by the soil moisture in summer condition. It aims to determine whether moist soil is a better insulator during the summer months than dry soil. A soil model is developed to predict simultaneous conduction, convection, and surface evaporation for a layer of moist soil representing a green roof. It used to analyze evaporation process and its affect on the soil resistance. The model considers only bare soil without vegetation on the roof. The model predicts the soil surface temperature as it is affected by soil moisture content, which can then be used to calculate heat transfer through the soil layer. An experimental dry out test was conducted to measure the soil moisture and soil temperature histories. Comparison of the predicted and measured sol surface temperature shows that the model reasonably captures the actual behavior. The evaporative cooling effectively reduces the soil surface temperature and heat flux in moist soil and can be used as an effective way to insulate the roof.
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Kemp, Sarah. „Impact of plant choice and water management on the provision of ecosystem services by green roofs“. Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/77714/.
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Green roofs (GRs) can provide multiple ecosystem services (ESs) such as air quality improvement, biodiversity support and climate regulation. The hypothesis was tested that plants with different structural and functional characteristics (canopy size and density, evapotranspiration (ET) rates) differ in the provision of stormwater management and runoff quality improvement. Experiments were conducted comparing the potential of industrial standard GR cover (Sedum) to alternative species with higher ET rates (Heuchera micrantha ‘Obsidian’, Salvia officinalis and Stachys byzantina). High ET was strongly linked to rainfall retention, with Salvia and Stachys providing the greatest overall retention (32% of the total rainfall), although large, dense canopies were also advantageous when antecedent substrate moisture was high, with Sedum retaining 17% compared to 13% with Stachys. Species with high ET rates will require irrigation to maintain plant health and provision of ESs, but strategies for sustainable irrigation of GRs are needed. In this study, crop coefficients of 1.47, 2.98, 2.94 and 1.66 for Heuchera, Salvia, Stachys and Sedum respectively were calculated and used in a simple ET-based model (using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation) that was proposed for scheduling GR irrigation based on plant water use. Greywater as an alternative water source for irrigation was also investigated. Plant health and functioning (and thus provision of ESs) for most species were not affected by greywater irrigation with no negative effects in Stachys and Sedum, but ET rates of Heuchera and Salvia were reduced by 14% and 9% respectively after 6 weeks of greywater irrigation. Species differences were also apparent in improvement of runoff quality after both freshwater and greywater irrigation, with the highest quality runoff from Stachys. Results highlight the importance of appropriate species choice for improving the provision of ESs on GRs, and suggest that the irrigation requirements of these species could be met by using greywater.
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Hjelm, Jonathan. „Green Roof Performance in Cold Climates : A study on how different plants suited for the subarctic climate in northernSweden affects the performances of green roofs“. Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-73000.
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Increased urbanization leads to an increasing amount of impervious surfaces and a decrease ofthe natural hydrological function. Urban stormwater does thus risk to create high surface flows which could damage the receiving water bodies (e.g. erosion) or the urban area itself (flooding). Integrating more nature-based systems into the urban area increases the natural hydrological function and the risks for high surface flows are lowered. One way of implementing nature-based systems in the urban environment is to install green roofs. Most of the research and development done on green roofs have been focusing on the conditions of central Europe. Installing green roofs with the same vegetation in the subarctic climate of northern Sweden would expose it to a climate it might not be suited for, and growth would be limited. The vegetation helps increase the retaining and detaining capabilities of the green roofs and therefore the purpose of this thesis was to examine if planting native vegetation would help increase thegreen roofs performance in a subarctic climate. Conventional green roofs vegetated with sedum was hypothesized to have lessened retaining and detaining capabilities when placed in cold climates since the vegetation was exposed to a climate it probably was not suited for. It was examined whether planting more native vegetation could help increase green roofs performance. The vegetation was chosen based on Grime´s “universal adaptive strategy theory”, which describes competitors, stress tolerators and ruderals as three different vegetation groups with different survival strategies. Different species from each strategy were selected and planted on the roofs. There were five roofs per survival strategy and five roofs where all strategies were mixed. Conventional sedum vegetation was planted on five roofs to be able to compare green roofs performance. Five control roofs with substrate only and one reference roof made of steel were installed as well. In total, seven rainfall events were analyzed, and few significant differences could be found between the competitors, stress tolerators, ruderals and the vegetation mix. A conclusion is that stress tolerators may help to increase green roof performance the most, but due to the relatively short study period, continued measurements are recommended to draw further conclusions. The survival strategies did improve retention and detention relatively to using sedum vegetation and substrate only. The extent of vegetation coverage does not affect the retention or detention from the green roofs. The competitors, stress tolerators, ruderals and vegetation mix had larger plant mass than the sedum and the increased plant mass is probably the reason for their improved retention.
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Tsang, Wai-man Wyman, und 曾偉文. „A study on the usage and perceptions of office building occupants to green roofs in Hong Kong“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208521.
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As Hong Kong is famous for its image of leading international financial metropolis, many high-rise office buildings are confined inside some developed commercial districts of Hong Kong. A place for provision of greenery in such districts seems impracticable. However, greenery can exist in forms of green roof onto office buildings, it seems a practical way to embellish this concrete city.
Academic studies from other countries have proven that having green roof onto buildings is able to bring numerous psychological benefits to the building occupants, but is this fact still true for office building occupants of Hong Kong? Besides, what do office building occupants think about the presence of green roof onto the building they are working inside? In this study we would like to explore the perceptions of office building occupants in Hong Kong toward green roof, as well as their mode of green roof usage in case green roof is present. The opinions on how office building occupants get satisfied with the green roof they have visited during their working time may give us a glance to the direction of green roof development in the future. What they expect on green roof is the best source of evidence in designing an optimal green roof on human-based consideration.
Study result features that green roof on office building can provide a decent leisure place to occupants for relaxation, although they seem do not treat green roof as a vital place where they must go. Office building occupants are generally satisfied with green roof having appropriate provisions such as large variety of vegetation, attractive appearance and good management level. Some crucial characteristics of green roof have been identified in the viewpoints of office building occupants such as its aesthetic nature and location for convenient access. In considering the numerous benefits of green roof, every visitor, as office building occupants, agrees that green roof should be present for their needs. It gives positive and supportive evidence as incentive to the industry and developers for future green roof development.published_or_final_version
Housing Management
Master
Master of Housing Management
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Van, Der Walt Johannes Tinus. „Development of a sustainability index for South African dwellings incorporating green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20138.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African water service providers experience major problems with providing adequate water services to consumers. Water service providers in South African urban areas rely on traditional centralised infrastructure, such as bulk supply networks, to provide water services. Alternative supply and stormwater drainage methods should be encouraged to help mitigate these problems. The researcher thus aims to quantify the potential impact that three alternative methods may have on a given dwelling in terms of its dependence on traditional bulk water services. The three alternatives considered in this thesis are the construction of green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use. An efficiency of dwelling water use index (EDWI) was developed during this research project. It was designed in such a way as to show what portion of municipal water services could be replaced within the given dwelling by using the proposed techniques. The final EDWI-rating is obtained by using the EDWI-software tool developed as a part of this research. The derived EDWI-rating ranges from 0 to 100, with a rating of 100 indicating a dwelling requiring only the removal of a portion of sewage by a municipality, but no external water supply. Such a dwelling would also not require any water from a municipal network to meet domestic demand and all stormwater from its roof would be utilised within the plot boundaries. Results presented in this thesis illustrate how different geographical regions require different system specifications to obtain optimal EDWI-ratings, thereby lowering their dependence on the respective municipal water services. Validation of the EDWI-system proved difficult as no similar index could be found during the literature review. It was therefore decided to benchmark the EDWI-system using three model dwellings with nine configurations producing a total of 27 analyses. The EDWI-system provides a conceptual foundation for sustainable water services to South African households in serviced urban areas. Future work could further improve the EDWI-system by testing its practical application so that it may be extended to act as a national barometer, used to compare decentralised water services in terms of sustainability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Suid-Afrikaanse waterdiensverskaffers ondervind groot probleme met die voorsiening van voldoende waterdienste aan verbruikers. Waterdiensverskaffers in Suid-Afrikaanse stedelike gebiede maak staat op tradisionele gesentraliseerde infrastruktuur, soos grootmaatvoorsienings netwerke, om waterdienste te verskaf. Alternatiewe voorsienings- en stormwater dreineringsmetodes moet aangemoedig word om hierdie probleme aan te spreek. Die studie poog dus om die potensiële impak wat drie alternatiewe moontlikhede kan hê op 'n gegewe woning in terme van sy afhanklikheid van die tradisionele waterdienste te kwantifiseer. Die drie alternatiewe moontlikhede wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is die konstruksie van groendakke, reënwater oes en grys water hergebruik. 'n Huishoudelike water gebruik doeltreffendheids indeks (EDWI) is ontwikkel gedurende hierdie navorsingsprojek. Die indeks is ontwerp om aan te dui watter gedeelte van munisipale waterdienste deur die voorgestelde tegnieke vervang kan word. Die finale EDWI-gradering is verkry deur gebruik te maak van die EDWI-programmatuur wat ontwikkel is gedurende die navorsing. Die afgeleide EDWI- gradering wissel tussen 0 en 100, met 'n telling van 100 wat ‘n woning voorstel wat slegs die verwydering van 'n gedeelte van die riool deur die munisipaliteit vereis, maar wat geen eksterne watervoorsiening benodig nie. So 'n woning vereis dus geen water van ‗n munisipale netwerk nie, en alle stormwater van die dak word binne die erf gebruik. Resultate wat in hierdie studie voorgelê word illustreer hoe verskillende geografiese streke ander stelsel spesifikasies vereis om optimale EDWI-gradering te verkry. Die navorser kon geen indeks kry wat soortgelyk is aan die EDWI-stelsel om dit mee te vergelyk nie. Dit was gevolglik besluit om die indeks te standardiseer deur gebruik te maak van drie model huise met nege samestellings van alternatiewe, waardeur 27 ontledings ontwikkel was. Die EDWI-stelsel bied 'n konseptuele grondslag vir volhoubare waterdienste vir Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings in gedienste stedelike gebiede. Toekomstige navorsing kan die EDWI-stelsel verder verbeter deur die praktiese toepassing te toets. Die stelsel kan uitgebrei word om ‗n nationale barometer vorm wat gebruik kan word om desentralisasie van waterdienste te meet in konteks van volhoubaarheid.
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Ramesh, Shalini. „Design Principles and Case Study Analysis for Low Impact Development Practices - Green Roofs, Rainwater Harvesting and Vegetated Swales“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34566.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This thesis on Low Impact Development (LID) Practices provides design guidelines and principles for three important LID practices: green roofs, rainwater harvesting and bioswales. The most important component of the thesis is the qualitative analysis of various case studies based on the LID objectives drawn from the literature review for each LID practice.
Through the course of my research, I found that there was no one single source which provided information on the design guidelines accompanied by case examples which could help the designer with built examples where the LID practices have been executed. Therefore, developing this thesis document which provided all this information started as my masters thesis project. The document is designed to be used by people with a variety of expertise like landscape architects, landscape contractors, engineers and clients.
The manual is organized into five chapters. The manual details the process of stormwater management and then gradually leads to the evolution of Low Impact Development Practices and detailing out three important LID practices: green roofs, rainwater harvesting, vegetated swales and briefly about infiltration systems. The LID principles outlined in this manual were developed over the last few years to address runoff issues associated with the new residential, commercial and industrial suburban developments. Information to develop this manual has been drawn from numerous sources like the Low Impact Design Strategies developed by the Prince Georgeâ s County, Maryland, US EPA, Low Impact Development urban design tools and numerous other research papers.
It is my hope that the manual will provide adequate information to its users by not only providing design guidelines but also provide built examples through the case studies.Master of Landscape Architecture
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Gonsalves, Sydney Marie. „Green Roofs and Urban Biodiversity: Their Role as Invertebrate Habitat and the Effect of Design on Beetle Community“. PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2997.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
With over half the world's population now living in cities, urban areas represent one of earth's few ecosystems that are increasing in extent, and are sites of altered biogeochemical cycles, habitat fragmentation, and changes in biodiversity. However, urban green spaces, including green roofs, can also provide important pools of biodiversity and contribute to regional gamma diversity, while novel species assemblages can enhance some ecosystem services. Green roofs may also mitigate species loss in urban areas and have been shown to support a surprising diversity of invertebrates, including rare and endangered species. In the first part of this study I reviewed the literature on urban invertebrate communities and diversity to better understand the role of green roofs in providing habitat in the context of the larger urban mosaic. My review concluded that, while other factors such as surrounding land use and connectivity are also important to specific invertebrate taxa, local habitat variables contribute substantially to the structure and diversity of urban invertebrate communities. The importance of local habitat variables in urban green spaces and strong support for the habitat complexity hypothesis in a number of other ecosystems has led to proposals that "biodiverse" roofs--those intentionally designed with varied substrate depth, greater plant diversity, or added elements such as logs or stones--would support greater invertebrate diversity, but there is currently limited peer reviewed data to support this. In order to address the habitat complexity hypothesis in the context of green roofs, in the second part of this study I surveyed three roofs designed primarily for stormwater management, three biodiverse roofs, and five ground-level green spaces, from March until September of 2014 in the Portland metropolitan area. Beetles (Coleoptera) were sampled bi-weekly as representatives of total species diversity. Biodiverse roofs had greater richness, abundance, and diversity of beetle species compared to stormwater roofs, but were not more diverse than ground sites. Both biodiverse roofs and ground sites had approximately 20% native beetle species while stormwater roofs had only 5%. Functional diversity was also higher on biodiverse roofs with an average of seven trophic groups represented, while stormwater roofs averaged only three. Ground sites, biodiverse roofs, and stormwater roofs each grouped distinctively in terms of beetle community composition and biodiverse roof communities were found to be positively correlated with roof age, percent plant cover, average plant height, and plant species richness. These results support the findings of previous studies on the importance of local variables in structuring urban invertebrate communities and suggest that biodiverse design can reliably increase greenroof diversity, with the caution that they remain no replacement for ground level conservation.