Zeitschriftenartikel: „Various liquid systems“

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Rao, M. Raja, und C. Venkata Rao. „Ternary liquid equilibria. IV. Various systems“. Journal of Applied Chemistry 7, Nr. 12 (04.05.2007): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010071204.

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Ze-Mu, Yu, Zhao Yu-Guang und Wang Er-Kang. „Electrochemical Investigation of Liquid/Liquid Systems Using Various Organic Solvents“. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 7, Nr. 02 (1991): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19910205.

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Kim, Sun-Min, und Kwang-Yong Kim. „Performance Evaluation of Various Liquid-Jet Cooling Systems“. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 65, Nr. 10 (14.03.2014): 987–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407782.2013.850961.

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Liu, Yang, Yuan-qi Feng und Yongjie Zhao. „Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium of Various Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Experiment and Correlation“. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 58, Nr. 10 (23.09.2013): 2775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je400453b.

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SHRIMALI, M. K., und R. S. JANGID. „A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS ISOLATION SYSTEMS FOR LIQUID STORAGE TANKS“. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 02, Nr. 04 (Dezember 2002): 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455402000725.

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A comparative study of performance of various isolation systems for liquid storage tanks is investigated under real earthquake ground motions. The various base isolation systems considered are the laminated rubber bearings (with and without lead core) and sliding isolation systems (with and without restoring force). The isolated liquid storage tank is idealized with three-degrees-of-freedom associated with convective, impulsive and rigid mass under uni-directional earthquake excitation. Since the force-deformation behaviour of the isolation systems is non-linear, as a result, the equations of motion are solved numerically by step-by-step method. In order to measure the effectiveness of the isolation systems, the seismic response of the isolated liquid storage tanks is compared with the corresponding response of non-isolated tanks. Further, the effectiveness of the isolation is also explored for wide range of practical liquid storage tanks considering the influence of tank aspect ratio. It is observed that the isolation systems are quite effective in attenuating the earthquake acceleration transmitted to the tank, which reduces the design seismic forces significantly. Further, it is also found that the sliding type isolation systems are more effective in controlling the response of liquid storage tanks in comparison to the elastomeric bearings. Among the various sliding systems, the resilient-friction base isolator is found to be most effective for seismic isolation of the tanks.

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Botsoglou, N. A., D. J. Fletouris, E. J. Simeonidou und I. E. Psomas. „Retention behavior of multiple sulfonamides in various liquid chromatographic systems“. Chromatographia 46, Nr. 9-10 (November 1997): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02496364.

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Kubiczek, Artur, und Władysław Kamiński. „Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Systems Containing Butanol and Ionic Liquids – A Review“. Chemical and Process Engineering 38, Nr. 1 (01.03.2017): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2017-0008.

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AbstractRoom-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are a moderately new class of liquid substances that are characterized by a great variety of possible anion-cation combinations giving each of them different properties. For this reason, they have been termed as designer solvents and, as such, they are particularly promising for liquid-liquid extraction, which has been quite intensely studied over the last decade. This paper concentrates on the recent liquid-liquid extraction studies involving ionic liquids, yet focusing strictly on the separation of n-butanol from model aqueous solutions. Such research is undertaken mainly with the intention of facilitating biological butanol production, which is usually carried out through the ABE fermentation process. So far, various sorts of RTILs have been tested for this purpose while mostly ternary liquid-liquid systems have been investigated. The industrial design of liquid-liquid extraction requires prior knowledge of the state of thermodynamic equilibrium and its relation to the process parameters. Such knowledge can be obtained by performing a series of extraction experiments and employing a certain mathematical model to approximate the equilibrium. There are at least a few models available but this paper concentrates primarily on the NRTL equation, which has proven to be one of the most accurate tools for correlating experimental equilibrium data. Thus, all the presented studies have been selected based on the accepted modeling method. The reader is also shown how the NRTL equation can be used to model liquid-liquid systems containing more than three components as it has been the authors’ recent area of expertise.

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An, V. V., A. A. Ershov, Ch M. Mitypov und B. B. Damdinov. „Bulk viscosity in liquids and in liquid dispersed systems“. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Fizika, Nr. 5 (2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/00213411/65/5/73.

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The paper provides a brief review of studies of the bulk viscosity of liquids and liquid dispersed systems. Obtaining experimental data on the viscosity of liquid dispersed (colloidal) systems is complicated by a number of factors: the difficulty of creating monodisperse systems, various methodological problems of accurately measuring the size of particles, their concentration, degree of homogeneity, and distribution. And also the difficulty lies in the fact that with an increase in the concentration of particles, a liquid dispersed system from a Newtonian liquid becomes non-Newtonian. The absorption of acoustic waves in a liquid is associated with both shear and bulk viscosity. It is shown that in most cases the value of bulk viscosity is much higher than the value of shear viscosity, and their ratio changes with increasing temperature. The data obtained on the basis of the Stokes model of absorption of sound waves are considered.

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Suzuki, Nobuo, Kiyoki Satoh, Hidetoshi Shoji und Hisanori Imura. „Liquid-liquid extraction behavior of arsenic(III), arsenic(V), methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate in various systems“. Analytica Chimica Acta 185 (1986): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(86)80051-4.

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Flieger, Jolanta, Joanna Feder-Kubis und Małgorzata Tatarczak-Michalewska. „Chiral Ionic Liquids: Structural Diversity, Properties and Applications in Selected Separation Techniques“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 12 (15.06.2020): 4253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124253.

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Ionic liquids (ILs) are chemical compounds composed of ions with melting points below 100 °C exhibiting a design feature. ILs are commonly used as the so-called green solvents, reagents or highly efficient catalysts in varied chemical processes. The huge application potential of ionic liquids (IL) justifies the growing interest in these compounds. In the last decade, increasing attention has been devoted to the development of new methods in the synthesis of stable chiral ionic liquids (CILs) and their application in various separation techniques. The beginnings of the successful use of CILs to separate enantiomers date back to the 1990 s. Most chiral ILs are based on chiral cations or chiral anions. There is also a limited number of CILs possessing both a chiral cation and a chiral anion. Due to the high molecular diversity of both ions, of which at least one has a chiral center, we have the possibility to design a large variety of optically active structures, thus expanding the range of CIL applications. Research utilizing chiral ionic liquids only recently has become more popular. However, it is the area that still has great potential for future development. This review aimed to describe the diversity of structures, properties and examples of applications of chiral ionic liquids as new chiral solid materials and chiral components of the anisotropic environment, providing chiral recognition of enantiomeric analytes, which is useful in liquid chromatography, countercurrent chromatography and other various CIL-based extraction techniques including aqueous biphasic (ABS) extraction systems, solid–liquid two-phase systems, liquid–liquid extraction systems with hydrophilic CILs, liquid–liquid extraction systems with hydrophobic CILs, solid-phase extraction and induced-precipitation techniques developed in the recent years. The growing demand for pure enantiomers in the pharmaceutical and food industries sparks further development in the field of extraction and separation systems modified with CILs highlighting them as affordable and environmentally friendly both chiral selectors and solvents.

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Sudsaeng, Suwasan, Siam Yimsiri und Suched Likitlersuang. „Assessment of Liquid Saturations in Sand by Image Analysis“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (Dezember 2012): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.494.

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This research investigates the relationship between optical density and liquid saturations in unsaturated sand using multispectral image analysis technique. The tested liquids are water, diesel, and parafin liquid. The experiments are performed on two-fluid phase systems (water-air, diesel-air, and parafin liquid-air) and three-fluid phase systems (diesel-water-air and parafin liquid-water-air). Water is dyed with Brilliant Blue FCF, whereas diesel and parafin liquid are dyed with Red Sudan III. Using consumer-grade digital cameras, two images of sand specimens with various liquid saturations are taken with two different band-pass filters. The analysis results show that, for the sand and investigated fluids, the optical density defined for the reflected luminous intensity is a linear function of the degrees of fluid saturation for each spectral band and for any two- and three-fluid phase systems.

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Onishchenko, S., A. Avdzhiyan und A. Korzhakov. „OPTIMIZATION OF ACOUSTIC-MAGNETIC TREATMENT OF LIQUID FOR VARIOUS HEAT SYSTEMS“. EurasianUnionScientists 4, Nr. 4(73) (12.05.2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.4.73.675.

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Tang, Zhi Jun, Qun Zhi Zhu, Jia Wei Lu und Ming Yan Wu. „Study on Various Types of Cooling Techniques Applied to Power Battery Thermal Management Systems“. Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (Dezember 2012): 1571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1571.

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Power battery thermal management system (BTMS) is very important for the safe operation of electric vehicles (EVs). The cooling effect of air cooling, phase change material(PCM)cooling and liquid cooling applyed to BTMS are compared. The experiment results show that, in comparison with air cooling, PCM cooling and liquid cooling methods can reduce the battery temperature rise effectively; in comparison with PCM cooling, liquid cooling has a better effect in the aspect of controlling the battery temperature rise.

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Abu Bakar, Habshah, Rosemizi Abd Rahim, Ping Jack Soh und Prayoot Akkaraekthalin. „Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future“. Sensors 21, Nr. 3 (26.01.2021): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030827.

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Advances in reconfigurable liquid-based reconfigurable antennas are enabling new possibilities to fulfil the requirements of more advanced wireless communication systems. In this review, a comparative analysis of various state-of-the-art concepts and techniques for designing reconfigurable antennas using liquid is presented. First, the electrical properties of different liquids at room temperature commonly used in reconfigurable antennas are identified. This is followed by a discussion of various liquid actuation techniques in enabling high frequency reconfigurability. Next, the liquid-based reconfigurable antennas in literature used to achieve the different types of reconfiguration will be critically reviewed. These include frequency-, polarization-, radiation pattern-, and compound reconfigurability. The current concepts of liquid-based reconfigurable antennas can be classified broadly into three basic approaches: altering the physical (and electrical) dimensions of antennas using liquid; applying liquid-based sections as reactive loads; implementation of liquids as dielectric resonators. Each concept and their design approaches will be examined, outlining their benefits, limitations, and possible future improvements.

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Kusaka, E., Y. Arimoto, Y. Nakahiro und T. Wakamatsu. „Collectorless liquid-liquid extraction of fine mineral particles using various organic liquids as the oil phase“. Minerals Engineering 7, Nr. 1 (Januar 1994): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(94)90145-7.

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Asadollahzadeh, Mehdi, Shahrokh Shahhosseini, Meisam Torab-Mostaedi und Ahad Ghaemi. „Drop behavior in a pilot plant Oldshue–Rushton extraction column for three various liquid–liquid systems“. Separation and Purification Technology 159 (Februar 2016): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.050.

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Szaferski, Waldemar, und Piotr T. Mitkowski. „Aeration of Liquid-Liquid Systems Using Various Agitators in a Mixer Equipped with a Membrane Diffuser“. Chemical Engineering & Technology 39, Nr. 12 (10.11.2016): 2370–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201500248.

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Khodarahmian, Kobra, und Alireza Ghiasvand. „Mimic Nature Using Chemotaxis of Ionic Liquid Microdroplets for Drug Delivery Purposes“. Molecules 27, Nr. 3 (25.01.2022): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030786.

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Due to the growing prevalence of incurable diseases, such as cancer, worldwide, nowadays, the development of smart drug delivery systems is an inevitable necessity. Chemotaxis-driven movement of ionic liquid microdroplets containing therapeutic compounds is a well-known example of a smart drug delivery system. This review aims to classify, summarize, and compare ionic liquid-based chemotaxis systems in an easily understandable article. Chemotaxis is the basis of the movement of cells and microorganisms in biological environments, which is the cause of many vital biochemical and biological processes. This review attempts to summarize the available literature on single-component biomimetic and self-propelling microdroplet systems based on ionic liquids, which exhibit chemotaxis and spontaneously move in a determined direction by an external gradient, particularly a chemical change. It also aims to review artificial ionic liquid-based chemotaxis systems that can be used as drug carriers for medical purposes. The various ionic liquids used for this purpose are discussed, and different forms of chemical gradients and mechanisms that cause movement in microfluidic channels will be reviewed.

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Gun'ko, V. M. „Confined space effects on various liquids interacting with fumed nanooxides and porous silicas“. Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 13, Nr. 1 (30.03.2022): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp13.01.047.

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Interfacial phenomena at a surface of porous and highly disperse adsorbents in the systems containing strongly and weakly bound and unbound liquids depend strongly on the confined space effects. These effects as well as the temperature behavior of liquids located in pores or voids between nanoparticles depend on many factors. They are the pore size distributions, pore volume, specific surface area, surface chemistry of adsorbents, chemical structure and molecular sizes of adsorbates, accessibility of pores vs. probe molecule sizes, as well as textural instability of adsorbents. This instability can appear, e.g., as compaction of fumed oxides under action of liquid adsorbates, especially water, or due to mechanochemical activation. The aim of this study is to analyze features of the interfacial phenomena upon interactions of fumed oxides (silica, alumina, alumina/silica/titania) and porous silicas (silica gels and precipitated silica) with polar (water, dimethyl sulfoxide), weakly polar (chloroform), and nonpolar (n-decane, aromatic benzene and toluene) liquid adsorbates depending on the morphological and textural characteristics of the adsorbents, various adsorbate characteristics, and temperature. The observed effects as well as related phenomena are important because they can differently influence the efficiency of practical applications of adsorbents under various conditions (temperature, pressure, concentrations) depending on the characteristics of adsorbents and adsorbates (liquids, solvents and solutes).

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Zaitseva, T. A., T. A. Perezhogina, S. N. Medvedeva und L. V. Kokorina. „Study of nicotine content in the aerosols of ENDS of various designs“. New Technologies 17, Nr. 1 (05.04.2021): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2021-17-1-33-45.

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The aim of the research is to study the features of aerosol mixture on various types of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) on a laboratory linear smoking machine to develop requirements both for the devices themselves and for the nicotine content in aerosol of liquids for ENDS. The analysis of data on aerosol collection on various types of nicotine-containing products (NCP) is relevant and in the future will allow to develop recommendations and proposals for establishing safety requirements for such devices and the composition of the aerosol produced. Since manufacturers position ENDS (e-cigarettes) as low-risk for health devices, the study of ENDS is an urgent task. The principle of operation of the devices is not associated with the combustion of tobacco as when smoking cigarettes. The article presents the results of the analysis of the nicotine content in the solid-liquid phase of the aerosol of ENDS devices. The issues of assessing the content of nicotine in the aerosol of the solid-liquid phase of innovative nicotine-containing products of such brands as «LUXLITE», «Von Erl My» and «eGo AIO» have been considered. Currently, a unified approach to the regulation of NCP and control of the content of toxic substances in the aerosol has not been developed, which leads to the use of various modes of aerosol collection on laboratory smoking machines. The article presents the aerosol collection parameters, since there are no regulatory measures to control the safety of electronic nicotine delivery systems. To determine the nicotine content in ENDS aerosol, it is recommended to use the ISO 20768 method, since when using ISO 20768exp, the stable operation of ENDS devices decreases. It has been found that different devices produce different amounts of nicotine according to the ISO 20768: 2018 aerosol collection regime. The nicotine content in the solid-liquid phase of the ENDS aerosol is influenced by the duration of the puff, and the nicotine content in the aerosol of the ENDS solid-liquid phase depends on the individual characteristics of the device operation.

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Gun’ko, V. M., und V. V. Turov. „Colligative properties of various liquid blends vs. Temperature under confined space effects in pores of different adsorbents“. Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 15, Nr. 1 (30.03.2024): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp15.01.003.

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The temperature and interfacial behaviors of individual and mixed liquids are of importance from a practical point of view because changes in the phase state of compounds with decreasing temperature could lead to negative effects (e.g., frost damage of porous materials). However, the use of certain mixtures may prevent these negative effects due to the colligative properties of the solutions (cryscopic effects, CE) that lead to several effects including relative lowering of vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression (FPD). Confined space effects (CSE) also leading to the freezing point depression can affect the colligative properties of liquid mixtures with respect to FPD. One could assume that for some systems with certain FPD due to CE for bulk solutions, there is no additivity (synergetic effect) of CSE and CE, but for others, the opposite results could be. To elucidate these interfacial phenomena, a set of liquid mixtures bound to different adsorbents could be studied using low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The solutions included acids, bases, and salts as solutes, some liquids (e.g., dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile, n-decane) as co-sorbates and others (e.g., CDCl3, CCl4) as dispersion media. The adsorbents included various porous and highly disperse silicas, fumed alumina, carbons (activated carbons, graphene oxides), and porous polymers. So wide ranges of the systems studied could allow one a deeper insight into competitive or additive CSE and CE influencing the interfacial and temperature behaviors of bound liquids. The results of this analysis are of interest from both practical and theoretical points of view.

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Wang, Xian, Hiroyuki Hirano, Gongnan Xie und Ding Xu. „VOF Modeling and Analysis of the Segmented Flow in Y-Shaped Microchannels for Microreactor Systems“. Advances in High Energy Physics 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/732682.

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Microscaled devices receive great attention in microreactor systems for producing high renewable energy due to higher surface-to-volume, higher transport rates (heat or/and mass transfer rates), and other advantages over conventional-size reactors. In this paper, the two-phase liquid-liquid flow in a microchannel with various Y-shaped junctions has been studied numerically. Two kinds of immiscible liquids were injected into a microchannel from the Y-shaped junctions to generate the segment flow mode. The segment length was studied. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to track the liquid-liquid interface and the piecewise-liner interface construction (PLIC) technique was adopted to get a sharp interface. The interfacial tension was simulated with continuum surface force (CSF) model and the wall adhesion boundary condition was taken into consideration. The simulated flow pattern presents consistence with our experimental one. The numerical results show that a segmented flow mode appears in the main channel. Under the same inlet velocities of two liquids, the segment lengths of the two liquids are the same and depend on the inclined angles of two lateral channels. The effect of inlet velocity is studied in a typical T-shaped microchannel. It is found that the ratio between the lengths of two liquids is almost equal to the ratio between their inlet velocities.

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Asadollahzadeh, Mehdi, Meisam Torab-Mostaedi und Rezvan Torkaman. „Drop behavior in a pilot plant asymmetric rotating disc extraction column for three various liquid–liquid systems“. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 138 (Oktober 2018): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.03.013.

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Shahbazinasab, Mohammad-Kazem, und Farshad Rahimpour. „Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Data for Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Containing PPG725 and Salts at Various pH Values“. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 57, Nr. 7 (14.06.2012): 1867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je300266r.

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Nguyen, Nhat-Khuong, Chin Hong Ooi, Pradip Singha, Jing Jin, Kamalalayam Rajan Sreejith, Hoang-Phuong Phan und Nam-Trung Nguyen. „Liquid Marbles as Miniature Reactors for Chemical and Biological Applications“. Processes 8, Nr. 7 (07.07.2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070793.

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The need for miniaturised reaction systems has led to the development of various microreactor platforms, such as droplet-based microreactors. However, these microreactors possess inherent drawbacks, such as rapid evaporation and difficult handling, that limit their use in practical applications. Liquid marbles are droplets covered with hydrophobic particles and are a potential platform that can overcome the weaknesses of bare droplets. The coating particles completely isolate the interior liquids from the surrounding environment, thus conveniently encapsulating the reactions. Great efforts have been made over the past decade to demonstrate the feasibility of liquid marble-based microreactors for chemical and biological applications. This review systemically summarises state-of-the-art implementations of liquid marbles as microreactors. This paper also discusses the various aspects of liquid marble-based microreactors, such as the formation, manipulation, and future perspectives.

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Shtablavyi, Ihor, Stepan Mudry und Paweł Kajak. „Liquid-solid interaction during formation of nanocomposite systems“. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 14, Nr. 4 (01.12.2012): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-012-0100-7.

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Abstract Structural changes in mixtures of liquid Bi with small Cu and Ni particles were studied at temperatures of 615 and 1145K. Microstructures of the composites were observed (SEM) and analyzed after treatment at different temperatures and various durations of stirring. The structure of the mixtures of Bi with Cu(Ni) particles was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, both in the solid and liquid state.

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Migas, P. „Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Selected Semi-Solid Slag Systems in Blast Furnace Flow Conditions“. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, Nr. 1 (01.04.2015): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0014.

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Abstract The rheological properties of liquid and semi-solid systems of slag and hot metal in a blast furnace are extremely important from the perspective of their dripping in the unit. The rheological nature and the values of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid and semi-solid phases - slag and hot metal - determine the permeability of the zones in which those systems exist. The modelling of dripping processes and e.g. static and dynamic holding/retention of liquid in the bed, requires an accurate description of the rheological behaviour of slag and iron systems. Determining the liquid flow through the lump bed of the blast furnace is based on the assumption that liquids in the unit in the whole range of their occurrence are similar to a Newtonian ideal liquid. This study presents an analysis of the findings of high-temperature rheometric measurements of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO systems, liquid, semi-solid slags of the blast furnace type doped with TiO2 and solids in the form of TiN. The tests were performed within a temperature range of 1310-1490°C. Also measurement results for glycerol solutions with concentrations of 86% and 100% at the ambient temperature, simulating blast furnace slags with various contents of solids - PC, anthracite - are presented.

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Chen, Yulin, Ping Ma und Shuangying Gui. „Cubic and Hexagonal Liquid Crystals as Drug Delivery Systems“. BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/815981.

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Lipids have been widely used as main constituents in various drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and lipid-based lyotropic liquid crystals. Among them, lipid-based lyotropic liquid crystals have highly ordered, thermodynamically stable internal nanostructure, thereby offering the potential as a sustained drug release matrix. The intricate nanostructures of the cubic phase and hexagonal phase have been shown to provide diffusion controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients with a wide range of molecular weights and polarities. In addition, the biodegradable and biocompatible nature of lipids demonstrates the minimum toxicity and thus they are used for various routes of administration. Therefore, the research on lipid-based lyotropic liquid crystalline phases has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. This review will provide an overview of the lipids used to prepare cubic phase and hexagonal phase at physiological temperature, as well as the influencing factors on the phase transition of liquid crystals. In particular, the most current research progresses on cubic and hexagonal phases as drug delivery systems will be discussed.

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Rezaei, Fatemeh, Patrick Vanraes, Anton Nikiforov, Rino Morent und Nathalie De Geyter. „Applications of Plasma-Liquid Systems: A Review“. Materials 12, Nr. 17 (27.08.2019): 2751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172751.

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Plasma-liquid systems have attracted increasing attention in recent years, owing to their high potential in material processing and nanoscience, environmental remediation, sterilization, biomedicine, and food applications. Due to the multidisciplinary character of this scientific field and due to its broad range of established and promising applications, an updated overview is required, addressing the various applications of plasma-liquid systems till now. In the present review, after a brief historical introduction on this important research field, the authors aimed to bring together a wide range of applications of plasma-liquid systems, including nanomaterial processing, water analytical chemistry, water purification, plasma sterilization, plasma medicine, food preservation and agricultural processing, power transformers for high voltage switching, and polymer solution treatment. Although the general understanding of plasma-liquid interactions and their applications has grown significantly in recent decades, it is aimed here to give an updated overview on the possible applications of plasma-liquid systems. This review can be used as a guide for researchers from different fields to gain insight in the history and state-of-the-art of plasma-liquid interactions and to obtain an overview on the acquired knowledge in this field up to now.

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Yadav, Ramesh, K. Chandramani Singh, S. R. Choudhary und P. C. Jain. „Location of Phase Boundaries of Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Employing Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy and Electrical Conductivity Measurement“. Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.127.

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Different compositions of surfactant systems give rise to a rich variety of structures of aggregates. At higher concentrations of surfactant in water, the surfactant molecules aggregate to form lyotropic liquid crystals [1]. In the present work we have prepared two surfactant systems consisting of (i) 20% of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (CTAB) in water, and (ii) 30% of tetra-decyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (TTAB) in water. Both the systems exhibit various lyotropic liquid crystal structures when an increasing amount of co-surfactant is added as third component [2, 3]. These liquid crystalline structures are very sensitive to the solution conditions such as co-surfactant concentration, temperature, ionic strength, counter ion polarizability etc. In this study, positron life time spectroscopy and conductivity measurement have been employed to locate various phases exhibited by the lyotropic liquid crystals. In addition to delineating various phase boundaries of the systems, positron annihilation technique has also yielded new findings.

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Pitchai, Ravindra. „ANALYSIS OF NON-INTERACTING LEVEL PROCESS USING VARIOUS PI CONTROL SETTINGS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY“. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 05, Nr. 05 (01.05.2023): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume05issue05-03.

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This study presents a comparative analysis of different proportional-integral (PI) controller tuning methods for the control of a non-interacting liquid level process. Four different PI controller tuning methods, Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, Tyreus-Luyben, and Internal Model Control, are evaluated based on their ability to track setpoint changes and reject disturbances. The simulation results show that all four tuning methods can provide satisfactory performance, but the Internal Model Control method outperforms the others in terms of all performance metrics evaluated. The Ziegler-Nichols method produces the worst performance, while the Cohen-Coon and Tyreus-Luyben methods perform better but still have limitations. This study highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate tuning method for liquid level control systems.

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Serafimov, L. A. „Rules governing liquid-vapor equilibria in multicomponent two-phase systems of various natures“. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 84, Nr. 10 (Januar 2010): 1647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003602441010002x.

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Dudlik, A., S. B. H. Schönfeld, O. Hagemann und H. Fahlenkamp. „Water hammer and cavitational hammer in process plant pipe systems“. Kerntechnik 68, Nr. 3 (01.06.2003): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2003-0047.

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Abstract Fast acting valves are often applied for quick safety shut-down of pipelines for liquids and gases in the chemical and petrochemical industry as well as in power plants and state water supplies. The fast deceleration of the liquid leads to water hammer upstream the valve and to cavitational hammer downstream the fast closing valve. The valve characteristics given by manufacturers are usually measured at steady state flow conditions of the liquid. In comparison, the dynamic characteristics depend on the initial liquid velocity, valve closing velocity, the absolute pipe pressure and the pipe geometry. Fraunhofer UMSICHT conducts various test series examining valve dynamic characteristics in order of the dynamic analysis of pressure surges in fast closing processes. Therefore a test rig is used which consists of two pipelines of DN 50 and DN 100 with an approximate length of 230 m each. In this paper the results of performed pressure surge experiments with fast closing and opening valves will be compared to calculations of commercial software programs such as MONA, FLOWMASTER 2. Thus the calculation software for water supply, power plants, oil and gas and chemical industry can be permanently improved.

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Tayal, Shivam, Pradyumn Tiwari, Uday Pratap Singh, Saumitra Dubey und Ravibhushan Vishwakarma. „A Review on Formulation, Characterization and Applications of Nanoemulsion“. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 08, Nr. 01 (2024): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2024.8106.

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This review discusses the development, manufacturing, fabrication, and manipulation of Nanoemulsions, an advanced drug delivery method that addresses the limitations of conventional systems. Nanoemulsions are biphasic dispersions of immiscible liquids, either water in oil or oil in water, stabilized by an amphiphilic surfactant. They offer various drug delivery functionalities but face challenges in stability, structure control, and characterization. Nanoemulsions, with droplet sizes of 100 nm, are kinetically stable liquid-in-liquid dispersions with high surface area, robust stability, optical transparency, and tunable rheology. These submicron-sized emulsions are being studied for drug delivery and targeting, offering potential in cosmetics, diagnostics, drug therapies, and biotechnologies. They are used in cancer treatment, drug targeting, mucosal vaccines, transdermal drug delivery, lipophilic drugs, and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems. This review explores various techniques for developing and characterizing Nanoemulsions, their formation and stability theories, and their current and future applications due to their unique structures and chemistries. This review discusses the importance of optimal formulation for nano-droplet systems, focusing on droplet size, solubilization, colloidal stability, optical and rheological properties. This research focuses on the study of various techniques of preparing Nanoemulsions i.e., high energy methods and low energy methods. This study explores the best methods for formulating Nanoemulsions, their characterization, release kinetics, and application in various fields.

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Ackerman, N., J. Albert, M. Auger, D. J. Auty, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, L. Bartoszek et al. „The EXO-200 detector, part II: auxiliary systems“. Journal of Instrumentation 17, Nr. 02 (01.02.2022): P02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02015.

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Abstract The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 136Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector.

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Sivaji, Chinnasami, M. Ramachandran und Sowmiya Soundharaj. „An Detailed Study on Nano Fluids and Its Applications in Energy Sector“. 1 8, Nr. 1 (01.06.2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/jemm/8/1/10.

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Nano liquids are primarily used as coolants for their advanced heat properties in heat exchangers such as Electronic cooling systems (Like flat plates) and radiators. Heat transfer on a flat plate has been analyzed by several researchers. The nanofluid is prepared by suspending small nanoparticles in basic Water and ethylene glycol Such as fluids with or without stabilization techniques. The average size of nanoparticles is less than 100 nm, and The nanoparticles used in nano liquids are usually. The base fluid is a Well stimulant treatment fluid used in cosmetics Continuous phase fluid. Continuous phase fluid may be added, But it is not defined as water, and whether it is liquid or hydrocarbon May be without hydrocarbon gas. Well-induced therapy More than one base fluid can be used. The atomic number can Derived from the dimensional analysis of the Fourier law, because it is equal to the dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface: q Heat transfer rate, k is the constant heat. Conductivity and T is the temperature of the liquid. Sodium benzoic sulfate (SDBS) Water is used as a surfactant in the preparation of nano liquids. Cu nanoparticles with demonized water Nano-liquid samples of three-volume fractions are prepared; the average diameter of the nanoparticles is 25 nm. Many researchers have called the validity stability of nanofluids. The scattering behavior of various non-substances in the solvent varies and depends on many factors. A complete understanding of particle-particle-particle interaction to create a stable fluid. Electronics heat management and increasing the efficiency of fluids for transfer from air to liquid cooling systems. Improving the energy efficiency of electronic systems. Improving rack density for computer systems by reducing computers to sub-1U operating systems. Improvement in Power Module Life (MTPF). A nanofluid is a liquid containing particles the size of nanometers. The Nano liquids are obtained by scattering. Non-aqueous fluid (NAF) is a water-based permeable fluid. Commonly used NAF systems are reverse emulsions based on diesel oil, mineral oil or synthetic fluid. In NAF systems, the water level is emulsified in a continuous oil phase, also known as water-in-oil emulsion or reverse emulsion. Nusselt A is the number Is the dimensionless number closest to the pocket number. Both numbers are held inside the fluid Will be converted to a liquid with thermal energy Used to describe the ratio of thermal energy.

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Hapanowicz, Jerzy. „Two-Phase Liquid–Liquid Flow in the Aspect of Reduction of Pumping Power of Hydrophobic Substances with High Viscosity“. Energies 14, Nr. 9 (24.04.2021): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092432.

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The paper reports the results of a study into a method of estimating the level of power/energy reduction needed for pumping highly viscous hydrophobic liquids. The effect of reducing the flow resistance resulting from feeding an adequate volume of water into the flow tube is considered. The polar parameters of water selected for analysis are different than oil. Experimental studies were not carried out in this regard, since the commonly accessible equation expressing the resistance of two-phase liquid–liquid flow was utilized to develop the method discussed in this study. On its basis, simulations were carried out to determine the conditions and level of reduction of the two-phase flow resistance in comparison to the single-phase flow resistance of a highly viscous oily liquid. The analysis of the results provided means for determination of such ranges of variations in the flow parameters of the two-phase liquid–liquid system, in which the total power of pumps applied to pump both liquids is smaller than the power of one pump feeding oil into the pipeline in the conditions of single-phase flow. Calculations were performed for selected constant mass flux densities of oil with various viscosities as well as for water. The proposed method can be applied in the procedure of optimization calculations for pipeline installations and their feed systems. The given example of its use was preceded by a description of the reasons and effects associated with the reduction of flow resistance in liquid–liquid systems and a detailed presentation of how to use the equation that forms the essence of the described calculation method. Attention was also paid to other phenomena accompanying two-phase liquid–liquid flows, i.e., interfacial slip, phase inversion, specific flow structures, and the viscosity of the unstable mixture of two liquids flowing in the pipe.

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Kapooria, Raj Kumar. „Possible developments in energy conversion using liquid metal magnetohydrodynamics“. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20, Nr. 2 (01.05.2009): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2010/v20i2a3302.

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Liquid metal magneto-hydrodynamic-energy-conversion (LMMHDEC) systems have been a matter of great interest and research & development since 1960. The various states of design and development of such systems go through a step-by-step progress with time. This paper highlights the phenomenon of direct thermal energy conversion systems using liquid metal as an electrodynamics fluid and gas/vapour as a thermodynamic fluid. An analysis of the technological drawbacks responsible for low efficiency of these LMMHDEC systems along with possible R & D solutions have been discussed in this technical research paper. The separation of electrodynamics fluid from thermodynamic fluid at various stages of MHD conversion remained an efficiency challenge of the various types of systems. To meet this challenge, a Dual-cycle MHD system has been designed in this paper. Both the fluids viz. thermodynamic and electrodynamics go through a phase change in this cycle. The thermal efficiency is optimized when one fluid goes into a phase change during a cycle and another fluid does not experience any phase change. The information covered in this paper enables an overview of concepts and the background to choose a cycle for a given temperature range.

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Vázquez-Montelongo, Erik Antonio, José Enrique Vázquez-Cervantes und G. Andrés Cisneros. „Current Status of AMOEBA–IL: A Multipolar/Polarizable Force Field for Ionic Liquids“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 3 (21.01.2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030697.

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Computational simulations of ionic liquid solutions have become a useful tool to investigate various physical, chemical and catalytic properties of systems involving these solvents. Classical molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations of IL systems have provided significant insights at the atomic level. Here, we present a review of the development and application of the multipolar and polarizable force field AMOEBA for ionic liquid systems, termed AMOEBA–IL. The parametrization approach for AMOEBA–IL relies on the reproduction of total quantum mechanical (QM) intermolecular interaction energies and QM energy decomposition analysis. This approach has been used to develop parameters for imidazolium– and pyrrolidinium–based ILs coupled with various inorganic anions. AMOEBA–IL has been used to investigate and predict the properties of a variety of systems including neat ILs and IL mixtures, water exchange reactions on lanthanide ions in IL mixtures, IL–based liquid–liquid extraction, and effects of ILs on an aniline protection reaction.

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Jadhav, M. B., und R. S. Jangid. „Response of Base-Isolated Liquid Storage Tanks“. Shock and Vibration 11, Nr. 1 (2004): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/276030.

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Seismic response of liquid storage tanks isolated by elastomeric bearings and sliding system is investigated under real earthquake ground motions. The continuous liquid mass of the tank is modeled as lumped masses known as sloshing mass, impulsive mass and rigid mass. The coupled differential equations of motion of the system are derived and solved in the incremental form using Newmark's step-by-step method with iterations. The seismic response of isolated tank is studied to investigate the comparative effectiveness of various isolation systems. A parametric study is also carried out to study the effect of important system parameters on the effectiveness of seismic isolation for liquid storage tanks. The various important parameters considered are: (i) aspect ratio of the tank and (ii) the time period of the isolation systems. It was observed that both elastomeric and sliding systems are found to be effective in reducing the earthquake forces of the liquid storage tanks. However, the elastomeric bearing with lead core is found to perform better in comparison to other systems. Further, an approximate model is proposed for evaluation of seismic response of base-isolated liquid storage tanks. A comparison of the seismic response evaluated by the proposed approximate method and an exact approach is made under different isolation systems and system parameters. It was observed that the proposed approximate analysis provides satisfactory response estimates of the base-isolated liquid storage tanks under earthquake excitation.

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Danilatos, G. D., und J. V. Brancik. „Observation of liquid transport in the ESEM“. Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100144784.

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The environmental SEM (ESEM) allows the observation of liquid and liquid/solid systems in a controlled gaseous environment. In order to study the wetting properties of a wool fiber, or to understand various stages of wool scouring, a system has been devised which allows the transfer of microdroplets onto the specimen surface. A description of the microinjector device together with dynamic observations of liquid transport recorded on video cassette are reported here.Fig. 1 shows a descriptive diagram of the principle employed to transfer liquids from ambient pressure (about 1000 mbar) into the specimen chamber at hypobaric pressure (about 25 mbar). A small cavity (L) is open to the outside space via two tubes M (with 1 mm inside diameter) so that this cavity can be filled or emptied freely and quickly with a given liquid from the outside.

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Tisserat, Brent. „Growth Responses and Construction Costs of Various Tissue Culture Systems“. HortTechnology 6, Nr. 1 (Januar 1996): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.1.62.

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The influence of the culture chamber size and medium volume on the growth rates of shoot tips of peas, lettuce, kidney beans, and spearmint were determined after 8 weeks of incubation. Cultures were grown in a variety of culture chambers including culture tubes, baby food jars, Magenta GA-7 containers, 1-pint Mason jars, 1-quart Mason jars used with and without an automated plant culture system (APCS), 0.5-gal Mason jars with and without an APCS, Bio-safe chambers with an APCS, and polycarbonate culture chambers with an APCS having culture chamber volumes of 55, 143, 365, 462, 925, 1850, 6000, and 16,400 ml, respectively. Plans are presented for the construction of various culture chambers used in an APCS. The APCS consisted of a peristaltic pump, media reservoir containing 1 liter of liquid nutrient medium, and a culture chamber. Cultures grown with an APCS consistently produced higher fresh weights than cultures using any of the agar culture systems tested. Growth rates varied considerably depending on the plant species and culture system tested. Peas, lettuce, and spearmint exhibited flowering only when grown in the APCS. A cost comparison using the APCS versus various conventional tissue culture systems is presented.

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Keskin, Mustafa, Mustafa Gen�aslan und Paul H. E. Meijer. „Evaluation and comparison of critical lines for various models of gas-liquid binary systems“. Journal of Statistical Physics 66, Nr. 3-4 (Februar 1992): 885–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01055707.

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Wu, Xilei, Jiongliang Huang, Yuan Zhuang, Ying Liu, Jialiang Yang, Hongsheng Ouyang und Xiaohong Han. „Prediction Models of Saturated Vapor Pressure, Saturated Density, Surface Tension, Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Electronic Fluoride Liquids in Two-Phase Liquid Immersion Cooling Systems: A Comprehensive Review“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 7 (26.03.2023): 4200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074200.

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As the carriers of massive data, data centers are constantly needed to process and calculate all kinds of information from various fields and have become an important infrastructure for the convenience of human life. Data centers are booming around the world, accompanied by the problems of high power consumption and poor heat dissipation. One of the most effective solutions to these problems is to adapt a two-phase liquid immersion cooling technology, which is a more energy-saving and efficient method than the traditional cooling methods; the reason for this is mainly that in two-phase liquid immersion cooling technology, the heat transfer caused by the phase change of liquid coolants (electronic fluoride liquids) helps to cool and improve the temperature uniformity of electronic components. However, the requirements for the electronic fluoride liquids used in two-phase liquid immersion cooling systems are strict. The thermophysical properties (saturated vapor pressure, density, surface tension, viscosity, thermal conductivity and latent heat of vaporization, etc.) of the liquid coolants play a very key role in the heat dissipation capacity of two-phase liquid immersion cooling systems. However, it is not always easy to obtain new electronic fluoride liquids under many actual conditions and reasonable prediction models of their thermophysical properties could contribute to the preliminary screening of the coolants. Thus, the prediction models of their key thermophysical properties (saturated vapor pressure, saturation density, surface tension, viscosity and thermal conductivity) are reviewed, and the accuracy and practicality of these prediction models in predicting the thermophysical properties of electronic fluoride liquids (FC-72, HFE-7100 and Novec 649) are evaluated. This work will provide a valuable reference for actual engineering applications.

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Uchida, Tatsuo, und Takahiro Ishinabe. „Reflective Liquid-Crystal Displays“. MRS Bulletin 27, Nr. 11 (November 2002): 876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.276.

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AbstractReflective full-color liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are attracting a great deal of interest as portable information systems because of their extremely low power consumption and light weight; also, the color does not wash out in outdoor use. In this article, reflective LCDs are classified into three types. Among them, the diffusing-reflector type and the front-diffusing film type are suitable for high-quality active-matrix displays. Diffusing-reflector LCDs have the advantage of uniform reflectance at the desired viewing angle due to the design of the surface microstructure of the reflector. Front-diffusing film LCDs using metallic mirrors and an optimally designed light-controlling film enable high contrast in a wide viewing-angle range and uniform reflectance with no blurring. Thus, both types have a high potential for achieving excellent color quality comparable to printed paper. In the near future, these reflective LCDs will likely be applied not only to portable systems, but also to high-performance wireless monitor displays and various other information systems.

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Cole, Tim, und Shi-Yang Tang. „Liquid metals as soft electromechanical actuators“. Materials Advances 3, Nr. 1 (2022): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00885d.

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The unique properties of gallium based liquid metals (GaLMs) can be harnessed for realising various effects, enabling the formation of numerous soft electromechanical actuators and eventually lead to applications in more complex systems.

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Bedretdinov, F. N., und T. V. Chelyuskina. „RESEARCH OF VARIOUS ISO-MANIFOLDS IN FOUR COMPONENT SYSTEMS CONTAINING BIAZEOTROPIC BINARY CONSTITUENTS“. Fine Chemical Technologies 13, Nr. 1 (28.02.2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2018-13-1-45-54.

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In the present work, an analysis of the mutual arrangement of a number of iso-manifolds in the concentration tetrahedron formed by the components of the separated mixture and an additional substance, an extractive agent, was carried out to estimate the possibility of separating three-component mixtures containing biazeotropic constituents by extractive rectification. The objects of research were four-component systems formed by ternary constituents (butyl propionate (BP) - propionic acid (PA) - butyl butyrate (BB), butyl propionate - propionic acid - butyric acid (BA), butyl butyrate - butyric acid -butyl propionate, butyl butyrate - butyric acid -propionic acid) of the commercially important BP-PA-BB-BA system, and the extractive agent sulfolane. Using the results of the computational experiment based on mathematical model NRTL-HOC we obtained complete data on the vapor-liquid equilibrium in binary, three- and four-component systems. The structures of liquid-vapor phase diagrams were obtained, and thermodynamic-topological analysis of all four-component systems was carried out. The mutual arrangement in the concentration tetrahedron of manifolds of relative volatility (equal to 1) of the components, reflecting the evolution of pseudo-azeotropes in sections with a constant concentration of the extractive agent; pseudo-ideal manifolds along which the activity coefficients of the components of the base (separated) mixture are equal to each other; isothermo-isobaric manifolds generated by Bancroft points in binary azeotropic constituents were determined. We established that it is possible to separate the studied three-component mixtures by extractive rectification using sulfolane.

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Balasubramani, Jegan, Kumaraguruparan Gurusamy und varun Balakrishnan. „Experimental investigation on the thermophysical properties of the ionic liquid-based binary system for heat transfer applications“. Thermal Science, Nr. 00 (2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci221102031b.

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Based on the innovation in the development of Ionic Liquids (IL), the aim of the present work is to investigate the thermophysical properties of novel hydrophilic ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-Methyl Imidazolium Tetra FluoroBorate (EMIMBF4) and water as binary systems experimentally at various mass fraction and at various temperatures. A Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid blended with deionized water in four different mass fractions as 20%, 15%, 10%, and 5% to prepare an ionic liquid and water binary mixture at room temperature. Thermal stability and the thermophysical characteristics of EMIMBF4 such as thermal conductivity (TC), specific heat capacity, viscosity, and density, were measured in the temperature range of 25?C to 90?C. The results reveal that the specific heat capacity increased by 13 %, and TC enhanced 9%, at 5wt% mass fraction. The overall mass drop is reached 75.1 % at 20 wt % mass fractions.

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Jedlovszky, Pál, Mária Darvasd und George Horvai. „Relation between the Surface Tension and Roughness of the Intrinsic Liquid Surface“. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 68, Nr. 1-2 (01.02.2013): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2012-0096.

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Previously published computer simulation data concerning the surface tension and surface roughness of various different liquid systems (i. e., binary water-methanol and water-dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) mixtures, water-poly-(ethylene-oxide) systems containing adsorbed sodium dodecyl sulphate, and room temperature ionic liquids) are re-analysed in order to find a relation between these quantities. It is found that the amplitude of the molecularly wavy liquid surface is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the surface tension while no clear correlation between the periodicity of the wavy surface and the surface tension is observed. It is also seen that the determination of the roughness parameters in a way analogous with the Langmuir formalism results in considerably more robust values than when an extra parameter is introduced in the procedure using a formula in analogy with the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm.

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Mikhailovich, Voronin Anatoli, Bekmurza Ajtchanov, Janusz Partyka und Aldibekova Aitkul. „ELEMENTS OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF HYDRODYNAMIC SYSTEMS“. Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 3, Nr. 2 (16.05.2013): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.1449.

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The paper presents the automated system of control of certain elements of the hydrodynamic system related to the production of liquid milk. Similar systems may find application in various fields of engineering, such as: hydro power station construction; oil refineries construction; control systems in various chemical industries containing hydrogen atoms in the final product; in propellant flow rate systems, etc., whenever it is required to control hydrodynamic parameters by means of nuclear magnetic resonance on the relevant atoms of the products used.

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