Thematische Bibliographien / Various atmospheres

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Various atmospheres“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 8. Februar 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Various atmospheres"

Kotobuki, Masashi, Binngong Yan, Li Lu, Emil Hanc und Joanna Molenda. „Study on stabilization of cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 by Ge substitution in various atmospheres“. Functional Materials Letters 09, Nr. 06 (Dezember 2016): 1642005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604716420054.

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Stabilization of high Li ion conductive cubic Li7La3Zr2O[Formula: see text] (LLZ) by Ge substitution in air, N2/O2 and N2 atmospheres are studied by high temperature XRD (HT-XRD) of Ge-added tetragonal LLZ (Ge-LLZ). A formation of low temperature cubic phase caused by CO2 absorption during storage of the Ge-LLZ is observed at about 160[Formula: see text]C in all atmospheres. Additionally, impurity formation of La2Zr2O7 and La2O3 also occurs in all atmospheres. On the other hand, stabilization of cubic phase by substitution of Ge is largely influenced by the atmosphere. The cubic phase is observed at 40[Formula: see text]C after heating Ge-LLZ to 700[Formula: see text]C in air while only tetragonal phase appeared after heating in N2/O2. It is concluded that the heating atmosphere largely influences substitution of Ge, resulting in stabilization of the high Li ion conductive cubic phase.

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Hainich, R., V. Ramachandran, T. Shenar, A. A. C. Sander, H. Todt, D. Gruner, L. M. Oskinova und W. R. Hamann. „PoWR grids of non-LTE model atmospheres for OB-type stars of various metallicities“. Astronomy & Astrophysics 621 (Januar 2019): A85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833787.

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The study of massive stars in different metallicity environments is a central topic of current stellar research. The spectral analysis of massive stars requires adequate model atmospheres. The computation of such models is difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, spectral analyses are greatly facilitated if they can refer to existing grids of models. Here we provide grids of model atmospheres for OB-type stars at metallicities corresponding to the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds, as well as to solar metallicity. In total, the grids comprise 785 individual models. The models were calculated using the state-of-the-art Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code. The parameter domain of the grids was set up using stellar evolution tracks. For all these models, we provide normalized and flux-calibrated spectra, spectral energy distributions, feedback parameters such as ionizing photons, Zanstra temperatures, and photometric magnitudes. The atmospheric structures (the density and temperature stratification) are available as well. All these data are publicly accessible through the PoWR website.

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Miller-Ricci, Eliza, Sara Seager und Dimitar Sasselov. „The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Super-Earths“. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S253 (Mai 2008): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308026483.

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AbstractExtrasolar super-Earths (1-10 M⊕) are likely to exist with a wide range of atmospheres. While a number of these planets have already been discovered through radial velocities and microlensing, it will be the discovery of the firsttransitingsuper-Earths that will open the door to a variety of follow-up observations aimed at characterizing their atmospheres. Super-Earths may fill a large range of parameter space in terms of their atmospheric composition and mass. Specifically, some of these planets may have high enough surface gravities to be able to retain large hydrogen-rich atmosphseres, while others will have lost most of their hydrogen to space over the planet's lifetime, leaving behind an atmosphere more closely resembling that of Earth or Venus. The resulting composition of the super-Earth atmosphere will therefore depend strongly on factors such as atmospheric escape history, outgassing history, and the level of stellar irradiation that it receives. Here we present theoretical models of super-Earth emission and transmission spectra for a variety of possible outcomes of super-Earth atmospheric composition ranging from hydrogen-rich to hydrogen-poor. We focus on how observations can be used to differentiate between the various scenarios and constrain atmospheric composition.

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Adhami, Touraj, Reza Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi, Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad, Somayeh Majidi, Milad Ghorbanzadeh und Filippo Berto. „Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of TiNb2O7 and Ti2Nb10O29 Anodes under Various Annealing Atmospheres“. Metals 11, Nr. 6 (20.06.2021): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060983.

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In this study, two compounds of TiNb2O7 and Ti2Nb10O29 were successfully synthesized by mechanochemical method and post-annealing as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The effect of annealing atmosphere on the morphology, particle size, and electrochemical characteristics of two compounds was investigated. For these purposes, the reactive materials were milled under an argon atmosphere with a certain mole ratio. Subsequently, each sample was subjected to annealing treatment in two different atmospheres, namely argon and oxygen. Phase and morphology identifications were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to identify the phases and evaluate the morphology of the synthesized samples. The charging and discharging tests were conducted using a battery-analyzing device to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the fabricated anodes. Annealing in different atmospheres resulted in variable discharge capacities so that the two compounds of TiNb2O7 and Ti2Nb10O29 annealed under the argon atmosphere showed a capacity of 60 and 66 mAh/g after 179 cycles, respectively, which had a lower capacity than their counterpart under the oxygen atmosphere. The final capacity of the annealed samples in the oxygen atmosphere is 72 and 74 mAh/g, respectively.

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Park, Sang Yeup, und Hee Gon Bang. „Effect of Sintering Atmospheres on the Microstructure Evolution of Alumina/Alumina:SiC Whisker Laminate Composites“. Materials Science Forum 486-487 (Juni 2005): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.237.

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Alumina/Alumina: SiC laminate composites were fabricated by the pressureless sintering method. Although the laminate defect, such as channel crack, was observed under the sintering of oxidation atmosphere, laminate defects were eliminated by the sintering of non-oxidation atmospheres. Among various atmospheres, the vacuum atmosphere was effective in the elimination of laminate defects and also for homogeneous microstructure.

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Abbas, Ahmed A., Naser Al Falahy und Abdullah Kh Ahmed. „The Effect of Tropospheric Scintillation on Microwave Frequencies for GSM System in The Iraqi Atmosphere“. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, Nr. 3 (30.09.2022): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100355.

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Several papers have been published recently on the effects of scintillation on microwave propagation in standard atmospheres. Most of them have analyzed theoretically the influence of various parameters on the propagation, but barely a few researchers were able to extract the results from the model relying on microwave links in a nonstandard atmosphere. A method is proposed to predict the tropospheric scintillation on the space path of Earth for both standard and nonstandard atmospheres using the frequency range (20-38) GHz which is used in the Global System for Mobile (GSM). This method can be applied to the different atmospheric conditions in different regions. This work studied the effects of various parameters, such as antenna diameter, meteorological elements t (average temperature), H (relative humidity), and water vapor pressure and frequency, on the scintillation magnitude of GSM bands in Basrah and Baghdad.

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Kaźmierczak-Bałata, Anna, Jerzy Bodzenta, Piotr Szperlich, Marcin Jesionek, Anna Michalewicz, Alina Domanowska, Jeyanthinath Mayandi, Vishnukanthan Venkatachalapathy und Andrej Kuznetsov. „Impact of Annealing in Various Atmospheres on Characteristics of Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Layers towards Thermoelectric Applications“. Materials 17, Nr. 18 (20.09.2024): 4606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184606.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of modifying the physical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) layers by annealing them in different atmospheres and temperatures. Samples were annealed in vacuum, air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and a mixture of nitrogen with hydrogen (NHM) at temperatures from 200 °C to 400 °C. Annealing impact on the crystal structure, optical, electrical, thermal and thermoelectric properties was examined. It has been found from XRD measurements that for samples annealed in air, nitrogen and NHM at 400 °C, the In2O3/In4Sn3O12 share ratio decreased, resulting in a significant increase of the In4Sn3O12 phase. The annealing at the highest temperature in air and nitrogen resulted in larger grains and the mean grain size increase, while vacuum, NHM and carbon dioxide atmospheres caused the decrease in the mean grain size. The post-processing in vacuum and oxidizing atmospheres effected in a drop in optical bandgap and poor electrical properties. The carbon dioxide seems to be an optimal atmosphere to obtain good TE generator parameters—high ZT. The general conclusion is that annealing in different atmospheres allows for controlled changes in the structure and physical properties of ITO layers.

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Madhusudhan, Nikku. „Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges, and Prospects“. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 57, Nr. 1 (18.08.2019): 617–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051846.

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Exoplanetary science is on the verge of an unprecedented revolution. The thousands of exoplanets discovered over the past decade have most recently been supplemented by discoveries of potentially habitable planets around nearby low-mass stars. Currently, the field is rapidly progressing toward detailed spectroscopic observations to characterize the atmospheres of these planets. Various surveys from space and the ground are expected to detect numerous more exoplanets orbiting nearby stars that make the planets conducive for atmospheric characterization. The current state of this frontier of exoplanetary atmospheres may be summarized as follows. ▪ We have entered the era of comparative exoplanetology thanks to high-fidelity atmospheric observations now available for tens of exoplanets. ▪ Recent studies reveal a rich diversity of chemical compositions and atmospheric processes hitherto unseen in the Solar System. ▪ Elemental abundances of exoplanetary atmospheres place important constraints on exoplanetary formation and migration histories. ▪ Upcoming observational facilities promise to revolutionize exoplanetary spectroscopy down to rocky exoplanets. ▪ The detection of a biosignature in an exoplanetary atmosphere is conceivable over the next decade. In the present review, we discuss the modern and future landscape of this frontier area of exoplanetary atmospheres. We start with a brief review of the area, emphasising the key insights gained from different observationalmethods and theoretical studies. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the state of the art, challenges, and future prospects in three forefront branches of the area.

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Kuzucan, Asena, Emeline Bolmont, Guillaume Chaverot, Jaqueline Quirino Ferreira, Bastiaan Willem Ibelings, Siddharth Bhatnagar und Daniel Frank McGinnis. „The Role of Atmospheric Composition in Defining the Habitable Zone Limits and Supporting E. coli Growth“. Life 15, Nr. 1 (10.01.2025): 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010079.

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Studying exoplanet atmospheres is essential for assessing their potential to host liquid water and their capacity to support life (their habitability). Each atmosphere uniquely influences the likelihood of surface liquid water, defining the habitable zone (HZ)—the region around a star where liquid water can exist. However, being within the HZ does not guarantee habitability, as life requires more than just liquid water. In this study, we adopted a two-pronged approach. First, we estimated the surface conditions of planets near the HZ’s inner edge under various atmospheric compositions. By utilizing a 3D climate model, we refined the inner boundaries of the HZ for planets with atmospheres dominated by H2 and CO2 for the first time. Second, we investigated microbial survival in these environments, conducting laboratory experiments on the growth and survival of E. coli K-12, focusing on the impact of different gas compositions. This innovative combination of climate modeling and biological experiments bridges theoretical climate predictions with biological outcomes. Our findings indicate that atmospheric composition significantly affects bacterial growth patterns, highlighting the importance of considering diverse atmospheres in evaluating exoplanet habitability and advancing the search for life beyond Earth.

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Turner, Jennifer, Dominique Moran und Yvonne Jewkes. „‘It's in the air here’: Atmosphere(s) of incarceration“. Incarceration 3, Nr. 3 (03.08.2022): 263266632211107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26326663221110788.

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Contrary to descriptions of a desensitising situation – with restrictions on movement, monotonous regimes and sparse surroundings – much research highlights imprisonment as sensorially and emotionally powerful. Following work within the ‘turn to affect’ that focuses on non-verbal, non-conscious and, often, non-human embodied experiences, scholars have attended to how such elements cohere into ‘atmospheres’. Whilst the language of atmosphere is synonymous with the prison – a space that is widely anecdotally considered to conjure a particular ‘feeling’ – discussion of the mechanisms for and experiences of atmospheric production and consumption in this space has, thus far, evaded scholarly attention. Atmosphere is a word often used in prison literature, but it is rarely analytically unpacked. Accordingly, drawing on qualitative research data from individuals designing, and working and living in prisons, we focus on how various components – including aesthetics, olfaction, temperature, and the performances that arise from them – comprise sensory atmospheric affects in prison. In doing so, we find atmosphere(s) emerge – not simply from the materiality of the prison itself, but from cultural constructions of carceral and non-carceral landscapes and in conjunction with personal practice and preference. Accordingly, the prison is tied to particular constructions about what a prison should feel like and how people should (re)act to/in such spaces. In some cases, prison designers attempt to engineer particular atmospheres that cohere with wider political motivations around penal philosophies. However, despite the common reflection that prisons generate some kind of atmosphere, respondents are unable to offer a concrete description of what this may be, and much of our data highlights a definite precarity and changeability to atmospheric affect, which is likely to raise ambiguity around attempts to design carceral atmospheres.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Various atmospheres"

Gil, Tae Kyung. „The kinetics of liquid lithium reaction with various atmospheres“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15068.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE
Bibliography: leaves 143-144.
by Tae Kyung Gil.
M.S.

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Rhein, Willy. „A study of neutral and charged polonium-216 in various atmospheres“. Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338349.

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Yuzbasi, Nur Sena. „Pyrolysis And Combustion Behaviour Of Various Fuels In Oxygen-enriched Air And Co2 Atmospheres“. Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612944/index.pdf.

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Oxy-fuel combustion technology, which is based on burning coal in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas (RFG), is suggested as one of new promising technologies for capturing CO2 from power plants. In this thesis study, the pyrolysis and combustion behaviour of various fuels including imported coal, petroleum coke, two different types of indigenous lignites, olive residue and their blends with different proportions in air and oxy-fuel conditions were investigated by using non-isothermal thermogravimetric method (TGA) coupled with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Pyrolysis tests were carried out in nitrogen and carbon dioxide environments, which are the main diluting gases of air and oxy-fuel environment, respectively. Pyrolysis results reveal that weight loss profiles are similar up to high temperature zone in both pyrolysis environments, indicating that CO2 behaves as an inert gas in this temperature range. However, further weight loss takes place in CO2 atmosphere v after 700oC due to CO2-char gasification reaction which is observed in pyrolysis of all fuel samples. Combustion experiments were carried out in four different atmospheres
air, oxygen-enriched air environment (30 % O2 &ndash
70 % N2), oxy-fuel environment (21 % O2 &ndash
79 % CO2) and oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel environment (30 % O2 &ndash
70 % CO2). Combustion experiments show that replacing nitrogen in the gas mixture by the same concentration of CO2 does not affect the combustion process significantly but leads to slight delay (lower weight loss rate and higher burnout temperature) in combustion. Overall comparison of weight loss profiles shows that higher oxygen content in the combustion environment is the dominant factor affecting the combustion rather than the diluting gas. As O2 concentration increases profiles shift through lower temperature zone, peak and burnout temperatures decrease, weight loss rate increases and complete combustion is achieved at lower temperatures and shorter times. Pyrolysis and combustion behaviour of three different fuel blends were also investigated. Results reveal synergistic interactions in combustion tests of all blends in all combustion environments. During pyrolysis and combustion tests gaseous products CO2, CO, H2O, CH4, SO2 and COS were identified in flue gas and analyzed by using FTIR. Results indicate that higher CO and COS formation take place during pyrolysis tests due to gasification reaction in CO2 atmosphere at high temperature zone. Gaseous species evolution trends in combustion tests are found specific for each fuel. However, evolution trends slightly shift to lower temperatures in oxygen-enriched conditions.

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Wilson, Shawn. „Oxidation of Manganese-Containing Aluminium Alloys : Oxidation of Molten Mn-Containing Al Alloys in Various Atmospheres“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for materialteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22707.

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An oxidation study was performed on 99.99% Al, Al1%Mn and Al5%Mn materials, both ina thermogravimetric furnace, and in a muffle furnace. The mass gain behaviour for thesematerials was studied and compared for dierent temperatures and surface preparations,and was compared to previous work on Al1Mn.Curve fitting was used with the thermogravimetric data in an attempt to develop a math-ematical model to describe oxidation in the Al1%Mn materials, but a satisfactory modelcould not be found.The oxidized materials were then analyzed in the Scanning Electron Microscope usingEDS and Auger microprobe analysis, both for chemical composition and to analyze thestructure of the oxide that was formed.The main findings from the thermogravimetric work are as follows:1. Error analysis showed that the mass measurement errors were at least two orders ofmagnitude smaller than the mass measurements, so any dierences between sampleswas due to dierent oxidation behaviour in the sample.2. There was inconsistent oxidation behaviour for the Al1Mn surface-cleaned TGAsamples; for six identical samples and experiments, ve samples showed comparableresults, while one sample showed much larger mass gain.3. Sample preparation has a large inuence on oxidation behaviour in the mue fur-nace.4. Mn content has an inuence on oxidation behavior; there was a trend of increasingoxidation with increasing Mn content in the mue furnace samples.The main ndings from the SEM analysis of the oxidized 99.99% Al, Al1%Mn andAl5%Mn materials are as follows:1. The oxides formed on the Al1Mn and Al5Mn materials were thicker and dierentthan those found on 99.99% Al2. The oxides formed on the Al1Mn and Al5Mn materials did not contain Mn oxides3. The oxides formed on the Al1Mn and Al5Mn materials had small particles of Mnmetal completely surrounded by Al2O34. Mn-rich particles were found in the interior of the Al1Mn and Al5Mn samples5. Small clusters of Mn metal were found among the Al2O3 particles on the surface ofthe Al1Mn and Al5Mn samplesGlow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy showed that there was no measurable Mnon the surface of an as-extruded Al1Mn strip, and the Mn was decient to a depth ofsome 100nm from the surface. A similar Al1Mn extruded strip that had 50m of thesurface mechanically removed also did not contain Mn on the surface, and had a similarMn prole to the as-extruded strip.A qualitative physical model of oxidation was suggested, based on thermogravimetricdata.

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Choucha, Sam E. „Color and shelf-life studies of fresh beef packaged in various gas atmospheres and stored at refrigerated temperature“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0024/MQ37108.pdf.

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Al-Zenki, Sameer F. „The combined effect of MAP and other barriers on the growth of Salmonella enteritidis in packaged chicken thighs under various storage conditions /“. Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27269.

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Salmonella enteritidis has recently emerged as a potential pathogen in poultry products. The growth of S. enteritidis in poultry is affected by several factors such as storage temperature, pH, water activity, modified atmosphere and the presence of preservatives. All of these factors may act alone or in combination with each other resulting in a synergistic, antimicrobial effect.
In this research, initial storage studies were done to determine the effect of various atmospheres (air, vacuum, oxygen absorbent and gas packaging) on the microbial changes of packaged chicken thighs followed by challenge studies with a strain of S. enteritidis$ sp{ rm{NAST}}$. Chicken thighs were packaged in Cryovac bags and stored at 4 and 12$ sp circ$C for up to 28d. Changes in headspace gas composition, pH, drip loss, color and odor were monitored at each sampling day.
The effect of various packaging treatments, dipping solutions (chitosan (0.2%w/v) and potassium sorbate (0.2%w/v)) and low dose irradiation (1.5 & 3.0 kGy) on the growth of S. enteritidis$ sp{ rm NAST}$ and on the shelf-life of chicken thighs stored at 4 and 12$ sp circ$C was also investigated. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Tang, Yi. „Atmospheric fate of various fluorocarbons“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10598.

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Mathieu, Manon. „Gazéification autotherme de biomasse en lit fixe co-courant pour la production de syngaz sans azote“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EMAC0012.

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Pour répondre aux enjeux de la transition énergétique, il est communément admis qu'il est nécessaire de changer notre façon de produire de l'énergie. Parmi les sources renouvelables, la biomasse est la plus prometteuse de part sa grande disponibilité partout dans le monde, ainsi que ses usages multiples (production de chaleur, de biogaz et de bioproduits). La gazéification de biomasse est une voie de valorisation thermochimique qui permet de convertir les biomasses non fermentescibles en un gaz de synthèse appelé syngaz. Ce syngaz est majoritairement composé d'hydrogène, de monoxyde de carbone, de méthane, de dioxyde de carbone et d'eau. De nombreux gisements de biomasse sont de taille restreinte. Pour les valoriser, il est important de développer des technologies de petite échelle (production <1MW) qui restent énergétiquement intéressantes. Le procédé de gazéification à lit fixe autotherme est la technologie la plus pertinente pour répondre à ce besoin. En effet, l'autothermicité garantit le déroulement des réactions chimiques sans apport d'énergie extérieur. Pour assurer cette autothermicité, il est nécessaire d'apporter de l'oxygène dans le réacteur via l'agent gazéifiant. L'air est l'agent de gazéification principalement utilisé à ce jour. L'azote de l'air utilisé, inerte dans le procédé, devient alors l'espèce majoritaire du syngaz produit. Ceci rend la valorisation du syngaz en biocarburant particulièrement difficile. Pour pallier ce problème tout en conservant l'autothermicité, l'utilisation de nouveaux agents de gazéification peut être envisagée : mélange vapeur d'eau - oxygène, dioxyde de carbone - oxygène, air enrichi (> 21 %vol d'oxygène). Le but de cette thèse est d'anticiper les changements induits par l'utilisation de nouvelles atmosphères sur le procédé de gazéification de biomasse en lit-fixe co-courant. Pour cela, une étude numérique a été menée à l'aide de modèles thermodynamique et cinétique. Nous avons voulu comprendre plus en détail certains phénomènes du processus de gazéification à lit fixe co-courant. L'impact de l'atmosphère sur la vitesse de pyrolyse oxydante, avec ces nouvelles atmosphères, a été étudié expérimentalement par des études thermogravimétriques à l'échelle de la particule. Une seconde étude expérimentale s'est focalisée sur l'évolution de la taille de particules lors de leur gazéification en lit fixe co-courant et leur influence sur la perte de charge du lit dans le réacteur. Celle-ci permet en effet de piloter correctement le procédé et rend compte de son efficacité
It is well known that changing the way to produce energy is mandatory to meet the energetic transition needs. Among the renewable resources, biomass is the more promising thanks to its availability all around the world and its various uses (heat, biogas or bioproducts production). Biomass gasification is a thermochemical way to transform drought biomass into synthesis gas called syngas. Syngas is mainly composed of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water. Most of biomass deposits are small-size. To valorise them, small-scale technologies (< 1MW) must be developed. Autothermal downdraft fixed-bed gasification fits the best to meet this need. Indeed, autothermal behaviour enables kinetic reactions to take place without external sources of energy. Autothermal behaviour is ensured by feeding oxygen into the reactor via the gasifying agent. Nowadays, the most commonly used gasifying agent is air. Inert nitrogen from air then becomes the more abundant compound of the syngas. This makes syngas valorisation into biofuels particularly challenging. To fix this issue while keeping the autothermal behaviour, the use of new gasifying agents is considered: mixture of O2-H2O, mixture of O2-CO2 or enriched air (> 21 %vol O2). The aim of this thesis is to investigate and anticipate the changes induced by using these new atmospheres on the biomass downdraft gasification process. To reach this goal, a numerical study based on equilibrium and kinetic models has been led. More specific phenomena of the downdraft gasification process have also been investigated. Impact of these new atmospheres on the oxidative pyrolysis kinetic of a particle has been studied. It has been carried out thanks to a macro-thermogravimetric device. Another experimental study focused on the particles size evolution during downdraft gasification process and how they influence pressure drops though the bed in the reactor. Pressure drops enables to drive the process and is a relevant indicator of the process efficiency

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Jeong, Yu Seon, Atri Bhattacharya, Rikard Enberg, C. S. Kim, Mary Hall Reno, Ina Sarcevic und Anna Stasto. „Prompt atmospheric neutrino flux from the various QCD models“. E D P SCIENCES, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625070.

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We evaluate the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux using the different QCD models for heavy quark production including the b quark contribution. We include the nuclear correction and find it reduces the fluxes by 10% - 50% according to the models. Our heavy quark results are compared with experimental data from RHIC, LHC and LHCb.

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Koo, Ja-Ho. „The patterns of polar near-surface ozone associated with various atmospheric conditions“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53418.

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Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of near-surface ozone is the key part of polar atmospheric environment. The near-surface ozone can be depleted by the catalytic bromine chemistry in the heterogeneous phase but produced due to the snow photochemistry of nitrogen. In addition to the local chemistry, ozone pattern is also affected by regional meteorology and air-mass transport. Since the polar region is quite sensitive to the climate change, these conditions can be also affected by climate change and variability. Based on the analysis of large amount of dataset combined with in-situ observations, satellite measurements, model simulations, and global reanalysis data, the characteristics of polar ozone pattern and relation to the regional and large-scale atmospheric situations were investigated. At first, the characteristics of tropospheric ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the Arctic spring (April 2008) with satellite measured BrO and backtrajectories. Analysis of these data shows that the ODEs are due to either local halogen chemistry or short-range transport from adjacent high-BrO regions. Sometimes local ozone loss is surprisingly deep, particularly the unstable boundary layer at Churchill seems contribute to free-tropospheric BrO. Continually the influences of large-scale atmospheric patterns to the polar surface ozone are investigated. In years with frequent ODEs at Barrow and Alert, the WP teleconnection pattern is usually in its negative phase, during which the Pacific jet is strengthened but the storm track from western Pacific is weakened. Both factors tend to reduce the transport of ozone-rich airmass from mid-latitudes to the Arctic, creating a favorable environment for the Arctic ODEs. Comparison between Barrow and Alert shows the initiation of ODEs in spring is decided by the solar intensity and the termination is by the surface air temperature. Monthly frequency of ODEs also indicate the wind strength from the Arctic Ocean is largely influential to ODEs. The surface ozone at South Pole reveals year-round reversal trends during 3 decades, which is consistent with what lower-tropospheric temperature shows. Their strong correlation implies the possibility of large meridional mixing in warm conditions, which enhances the background level of ozone and nitrogen at South Pole.

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Bücher zum Thema "Various atmospheres"

Caldiero, Alex. Various atmospheres: Poems and drawings. Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998.

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H, Wang A., und United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. Numerical modeling of coronal mass ejections based on various pre-event model atmospheres. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. [High resolution infrared absorption spectra of various trace gases present in the upper atmosphere of the earth. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Banin, Amos. N₂O fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface in various ecosystems, and the global N₂O budget: Final report. Los Altos, CA: Seti Institute, 1987.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., Hrsg. N₂O fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface in various ecosystems, and the global N₂O budget: Final report. Los Altos, CA: Seti Institute, 1987.

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Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.) und Summer Science Institute (1993 : Boulder, Colo.), Hrsg. Weather II: Studies concerning the science of meteorology on various scales : a product of the 1993 Summer Science Institute with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL). [Boulder, Colo: The Laboratories, 1996.

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Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.) und Summer Science Institute (1993 : Boulder, Colo.), Hrsg. Weather I: Studies concerning the science of meteorology on various scales : a product of the 1993 summer science institute with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL). [Boulder, Colo: The Laboratories, 1996.

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Mölder, Meelis. Parameterization of the interaction between the atmosphere and the land surface by means of roughness lengths: An experimental study over various surfaces. Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen för ekologi och miljövård, 1993.

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Holzhey, Christoph F. E., und Arnd Wedemeyer, Hrsg. Weathering. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-17.

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Weathering is atmospheric, geological, temporal, transformative. It implies exposure to the elements and processes of wearing down, disintegration, or accrued patina. Weathering can also denote the ways in which subjects and objects resist and pass through storms and adversity. This volume contemplates weathering across many fields and disciplines; its contributions examine various surfaces, environments, scales, temporalities, and vulnerabilities. What does it mean to weather or withstand? Who or what is able to pass through safely? What is lost or gained in the process?

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Buchteile zum Thema "Various atmospheres"

Nickel, Vadim. „Generative Atmospheres“. In Mental Health | Atmospheres | Video Games, 195–208. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839462645-015.

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Playing computer games is an active pastime: players are presented with a dynamic game scenario that requires various inputs in order to engage with its core game loop. To do so, the player must constantly pay attention to the game while performing actions to propel gameplay. However, some games can be experienced over multiple levels of engagement. Such games feature levels of engagement that may not require the constant provision of input to offer a meaningful experience. In these games, atmosphere reveals itself as the underlying structure, intricate enough to be experienced in its own right. Ambient music, a term coined by musician Brian Eno, is a genre that is meant to allow for different levels of engagement. This may reach from ambient music being a background accompaniment in a given setting, to being the center of listener attention. This article will identify a type of game that can be perceived in a similar vein. Such a game offers ambient modes of experience: It allows to be experienced over varying levels of engagement and intensities of interactions. The term ambient game is relevant in this context since the music genre of the same name is referenced here. This article will present existing definitions of ambient games that identify parallels between the creation and perception of ambient music and various modes of experiencing digital games. Based on these findings, this article will propose three ambient modes of experience that represent the varying intensities of player interaction within the diegetic boundaries of games.

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Johansson, A., E. Solberg, M. Skramstad, T. Kvande, J. Lodin, N. Smith, M. Syvertsen und A. Kvithyld. „Small Scale Oxidation Experiments on AlMg Alloys in Various Gas Fired Furnace Atmospheres“. In Light Metals 2020, 923–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36408-3_124.

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Gong, Huashi, und Stein Nilsen. „Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis and Turnover of the 32 kD Chloroplast Protein in Various Atmospheres“. In Current Research in Photosynthesis, 1357–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_313.

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Wada, Satoshi, Masanori Ohishi, Kayo Takizawa, Takuya Hoshina, Hirofumi Kakemoto und Takaaki Tsurumi. „Size Dependence of Dielectric Properties for Barium Titanate Nanoparticles Prepared under Various Vacuum Atmospheres“. In Electroceramics in Japan IX, 139–42. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-411-1.139.

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Lodin, Johannes, Martin Syvertsen, Anne Kvithyld, Anders Johansson, Egil Solberg und Thomas Kvande. „Study of the Oxidation of an Al-5Mg Alloy in Various Industrial Melting Furnace Atmospheres“. In Light Metals 2020, 930–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36408-3_125.

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Yamauchi, Yasuhiro, Tadahisa Nagami, Satoru Kishida und Heizo Tokutaka. „X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy Single Crystal Surfaces Heated in Various Atmospheres“. In Advances in Superconductivity XI, 447–50. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66874-9_101.

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Roy, Indrani. „Teleconnection Among Various Modes“. In Springer Atmospheric Sciences, 39–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77107-6_4.

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Roy, Indrani. „Influence of Various Other Solar Outputs“. In Springer Atmospheric Sciences, 207–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77107-6_18.

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Cracknell, Arthur P., und Costas A. Varotsos. „Intercomparisons between various atmospheric ozone datasets“. In Remote Sensing and Atmospheric Ozone, 149–254. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10334-6_3.

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Bosoni, Giampiero. „For a Novel and Transversal Narration of Extemporaneous Places of Artistic and Design Thinking“. In Springer Series in Design and Innovation, 595–602. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49811-4_56.

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AbstractMany public places in our cities, such as cafés, restaurants, dairies, theatre foyers, wine bars, brothels, bookshops, discos, art galleries, street corners and squares, have been historic and ritual points of reference for artists communities. Such environments whose particular “atmospheres” have created ideal places where these authors have met, known, admired, fought, and enjoyed themselves. Places in which they may also have shared fundamental moments as well as artistic and design intuitions. For different eras, yesterday as today, we pinpoint historical maps of the various cities with all the design studios together with the residences of the artists and architects themselves. If we draw the lines connecting these points, folding them along the different streets and squares these personalities might encountered, we then have created an intricate network of paths full of exciting twists and turns. It is easy to discover that some of these intersections correspond to public places where these personalities, more or less consciously, shared their lives, their passions and at the same time their projects and artistic researches.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Various atmospheres"

POPA, Catalin Miha, Emilian GHICIOI, Florin Adrian PAUN und Dan Sorin GABOR. „ANALYSIS OF LABORATORY METHODS USED FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMUM IGNITION ENERGY IN THE CASE OF AIR/FUEL DUST MIXTURES“. In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 203–10. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/1.1/s03.28.

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The continued development of human society, from the technical and economic point of view, has led to the need for the increasingly widespread use in the various existing industrial branches of chemical substances and compounds in the form of combustible dust and dust. The processing, handling and storage of these pulverized substances often leads to the emergence of complex explosive mixtures whose explosiveness characteristics cannot be assimilated with the data available in the literature. In places where the probability of the occurrence of potentially explosive atmospheres generated by the mixture of combustible dust with air is high, it is necessary to ensure an acceptable level of protection, in accordance with the rules in force, materialized mainly by the use of protected technical equipment in the respective areas suitable. The safety requirements of technical equipment that can be used in areas with combustible dust are established after knowing the type of combustible dust and its sensitivity to ignition, defined mainly by determining the minimum ignition energy of the combustible dust. The paper presents two methods for determining the minimum ignition energy, with a description of the equipment used and the principles of operation. Also, the results obtained from laboratory tests to determine the minimum ignition energy in the case of a combustible powder (nystatin) are presented, using the two methods.

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Meng, Guodong, Yimeng Li, Junyi She und Linghan Xia. „Pulsed Breakdown Behaviors across Microgaps at Various Atmospheres“. In 2021 29th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdeiv46977.2021.9587063.

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Lee, Y. S., D. J. Lee, Y. K. Seo, J. H. Park, K. J. Yee, Jisoon Ihm und Hyeonsik Cheong. „Photoluminescence Spectra of ZnO Nanorods in Various Gas Atmospheres“. In PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTORS: 30th International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3666485.

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Castaldi, Marco J., und Eilhann Kwon. „Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Combustion and Gasification of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer (SBR)“. In 13th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec13-3149.

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An investigation has been initiated to determine the effects of various atmospheres (6.9% O2/N2, 21% O2/N2 (air), 30% O2/N2, 3% H2/N2 and pure N2) on the efficiency of gasifying or combusting rubber waste to produce synthesis gas or generate steam or power. This paper reports on the findings from a series of TGA experiments at various heating rates on styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), which is the main starting component for tire manufacturing. The results indicate that oxygen enhanced atmospheres have a significant effect on increasing combustion efficiency at the tested heating rates. A hydrogen-spiked atmosphere, surprisingly, did not have a significant effect on the gasification rates of SBR at any heating rate; in addition, this atmosphere resulted in a carbon residual that remained in the sample carrier, something that was not observed in the other atmospheres, including pure nitrogen. An unexpected result of the N2-O2 tests was the development of a plateau in the mass-loss versus temperature curves, at temperatures near 500°C.

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Kwon, Eilhann, Kelly J. Westby und Marco J. Castaldi. „An Investigation Into the Syngas Production From Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Gasification Under Various Pressures and CO2 Concentration Atmospheres“. In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2351.

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The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) gasification process is a promising candidate for both MSW disposal and syngas production. The MSW gasification process has been characterized thermo-gravimetrically under various experimental atmospheres in order to understand syngas production and char burnout. This preliminary data shows that with any concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere the residual char is reduced about 20% of the original mass (in an inert atmosphere) to about 5%, corresponding to a significant amount of carbon monoxide production (0.7% of CO was produced from a 20mg sample with 100ml/min of purge gas at 825°C). Two main steps of thermal degradation have been observed. The first thermal degradation step occurs at temperatures between 280∼350°C and consists mainly of the decomposition of the biomass component into light C1–3-hydrocarbons. The second thermal degradation step occurs between 380∼450°C and is mainly attributed to polymer components, such as plastics and rubber, in MSW. The polymer component in MSW gave off significant amount of benzene derivatives such as styrene. In order to identify the optimal operating regime for MSW gasification, a series of tests covering a range of temperatures (280∼700°C), pressures (30∼45 Bar), and atmospheres (100% N2, 0∼20%CO2+Bal. N2 with/without steam) have been done and the results are presented here.

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Malina, Ondrej, Josef Kaslik, Jiri Tucek, Jan Cuda, Ivo Medrik und Radek Zboril. „Thermally-induced solid state transformation of β‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles in various atmospheres“. In MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY IN MATERIALS SCIENCE - 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4898615.

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Pérez, Francisco Javier, María Teresa de Miguel, María Isabel Lasanta, Víctor Encinas-Sánchez, Gustavo García-Martín und Rubén De Arriba. „Degradation of a commercial ternary molten salt under various atmospheres for CSP applications“. In SOLARPACES 2018: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117742.

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Kawakami, Yuji, und Eiichi Ozawa. „Progressive growth of tungsten microcones using nanosecond pulsed-Nd:YAG laser irradiation in various atmospheres“. In Second International Symposium on Laser Precision Micromachining, herausgegeben von Isamu Miyamoto, Yong Feng Lu, Koji Sugioka und Jan J. Dubowski. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.456847.

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Whitlock, C. H., J. T. Suttles, B. R. Barkstrom und S. R. LeCroy. „Determination of Spectral Properties of the Earth Radiation Budget at Selected Sites“. In Optical Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ors.1985.tuc12.

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The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) satellite system is concerned with the measurement of total radiation both entering and leaving the Earth-atmosphere system. In order to improve scientific understanding of radiation phenomena, optical experiments are being conducted in support of the satellite measurements to better determine both stratospheric and tropospheric components for specific atmospheric and surface albedo conditions. Such data may also be used to validate various radiative transfer models which are used to analyze data from other satellite systems. This paper describes the combination of radiometric and lidar measurements as well as analytical procedures which are used for spectral characterization of both downwelling and upwelling radiation in stratified atmospheres. Results are given from the first in the series of experiments.

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Ferguson, Helen A., S. A. Mehta, R. Gordon Moore, Nancy E. Okazawa und Matthew G. Ursenbach. „Oxidation Characteristics of Light Hydrocarbons for Underbalanced Drilling Applications“. In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/cae-29066.

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This investigation is directly relevant to various applications associated with the safety aspects of underbalanced drilling operations where de-oxygenated air may be co-injected with oil-based drilling fluid. However, de-oxygenated air often still contains up to 5% oxygen by volume. This residual oxygen can react with oil during the drilling process, thereby forming potentially hazardous oxidized hydrocarbons and compromising the safety of drilling operations. This article examines the conditions and processes by which oxidation reactions occur and may be helpful in reducing risk in drilling operations. This project characterizes the oxidation behaviour of several oils and a typical oil-based drilling fluid at atmospheric and elevated pressures using thermogravimetry (TG) and pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Tests performed on mineral matrix (core) from the oil reservoirs showed no reactivity in both inert and oxidizing atmospheres. In an inert atmosphere, tests on all hydrocarbon samples showed only vapourization, no reactivity. In an oxidizing environment, the tests on hydrocarbons showed several oxidation regions. The presence of core had no effect on the behaviour of the hydrocarbons tested in an inert atmosphere but accelerated the higher temperature oxidation reactions of the oil samples. The oil-based drilling fluid exhibited the opposite effect — the presence of core material retarded the oxidation reactions. This is perhaps due to the presence of an oxygen scavenger reacting with oxygen containing clays present in the mineral matrix. In all tests performed on mixtures of hydrocarbon and core in oxidizing atmospheres, elevated pressures resulted in acceleration of the lower and higher temperature reaction regions.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Various atmospheres"

McCarty, Robert. NGXLNGD-R01 A Comparison of Mathematical Models for the Prediction of LNG Densities. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), Januar 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011774.

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The purpose of this study was to optimize and compare several different mathematical models using the experimentally determined PVTx density data of Haynes, et al. (1976), Haynes and Hiza (1976), Hiza, et al. (1976), and Hiza (1976). These data are for the liquid phase of methane, ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane and nitrogen, and various mixtures thereof. The temperature range of the correlations was limited (95-150 K) and the pressures to those of saturation, the range of which was about 0 to 20 atmospheres. The goals of the study were to produce one or more computer models which would predict a density of LNG (liquefied natural gas) to within 0.1% of the true value when the temperature, pressure, and composition of the LNG are specified.

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Huang, C. H. Pasquill`s influence: on the evaporation from various liquids into the atmosphere. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/245073.

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Wilson, D., Vladimir Ostashev und Max Krackow. Phase-modulated Rice model for statistical distributions of complex signals. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47379.

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The basic Rice model is commonly used to describe complex signal statistics from randomly scattered waves. It correctly describes weak (Born) scattering, as well as fully saturated scattering, and smoothly interpolates between these extremes. However, the basic Rice model is unsuitable for situations involving scattering by random inhomogeneities spanning a broad range of spatial scales, as commonly occurs for sound scattering by turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer and other scenarios. In such scenarios, the phase variations are often considerably stronger than those predicted by the basic Rice model. Therefore, the basic Rice model is extended to include a random modulation in the signal phase, which is attributable to the influence of the largest, most energetic inhomogeneities in the propagation medium. Various joint and marginal distributions for the complex signal statistics are derived to incorporate the phase-modulation effect. Approximations of the phase-modulated Rice model involving the Nakagami distribution for amplitude, and the wrapped normal and von Mises distributions for phase, are also developed and analyzed. The phase-modulated Rice model and various approximations are shown to greatly improve agreement with simulated data for sound propagation in the near-ground atmosphere.

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Dewan, Edmond M. An Experimental Test to Compare Viability of Various Theories of Atmospheric Velocity Fluctuations. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juni 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407863.

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Xavier, Prince, Martin Willett, Tim Graham, Paul Earnshaw, Dan Copsey, Charline Marzin, Alistair Sellar et al. Assessment of the Met Office Global Coupled model version 4 (GC4) configurations. Met Office, Juni 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62998/uzui3766.

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The Global Coupled model version 4 (GC4) is an upgraded configuration of the MetUM system, building upon its predecessor, GC3.0/3.1. It incorporates various improvements and changes in the atmospheric and land components (Global Atmosphere 8 and Global Land 9 - GA8GL9) while keeping the ocean component (Global Ocean 6 - GO6) unchanged, except for minor bug fixes. The GC4 model introduces several enhancements, such as the drag package for land surface and hydrology, improvements in radiation and large-scale precipitation parametrisations, advancements in the boundary layer and convection representation (including the prognostic-based convective entrainment rate - ProgEnt), and updates in aerosol properties. Additionally, the inclusion of a multi-grid solver in the dynamics module aims to improve model stability and reduce computational costs. Key improvements in GC4 include better representation of the diurnal cycle of convection over land, reduced Southern Ocean warm bias, increased rainfall over India during the JJA season, improved distribution of precipitation, enhanced representation of low-medium clouds over Northern Europe, and positive impacts of atmosphere-ocean coupling on NWP scores. However, challenges and areas for further improvement persist, including excessive global precipitation, warm biases over coastal regions of East Asia, wet biases over East Asia, weak cloud forcing over certain regions, hydrological cycle discrepancies, biases in gross primary productivity, persistent Southern Ocean biases, enhanced warming and weakened trade winds in the equatorial east Pacific, excessive surface warming in the North Atlantic, weakening of monsoon low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones, drying over Africa, and excessive thick cloud biases in mid-latitudes. The next version of GC (GC5) will attempt to address some of these biases in the next development and assessment cycle with inputs from relevant evaluation groups and partners.

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Slone, Scott, Marissa Torres, Alexander Stott, Ethan Thomas und Robert Ibey. CRREL Environmental Wind Tunnel upgrades and the Snowstorm Library. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), Januar 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48077.

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Environmental wind tunnels are ideal for basic research and applied physical modeling of atmospheric conditions and turbulent wind flow. The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory's own Environmental Wind Tunnel (EWT)—an open-circuit suction wind tunnel—has been historically used for snowdrift modeling. Recently the EWT has gone through several upgrades, namely the three-axis chassis motors, variable frequency drive, and probe and data acquisition systems. The upgraded wind tunnel was used to simulate various snowstorm conditions to produce a library of images for training machine learning models. Various objects and backgrounds were tested in snowy test conditions and no-snow control conditions, producing a total of 1.4 million training images. This training library can lead to improved machine learning models for image-cleanup and noise-reduction purposes for Army operations in snowy environments.

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Paschen, Marius, Felix Meier und Wilfried Rickels. Working paper on the numerical modelling framework to compare different accounting schemes. OceanNETs, Dezember 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.1.

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Any integration of extra carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via terrestrial or marine sink enhancement into climate policies requires accounting for their effectiveness in reducing atmospheric carbon concentration and translating this information into the amount of carbon credits (to be used in official and voluntary emission trading schemes). Here, we assess accounting schemes in their appropriateness of assigning carbon credits. We discuss the role of temporary carbon storage and present the various ccounting methods for carbon credit assignment. We explain how we have implemented the methods numerically and analyse carbon assignments across the different accounting schemes, using stylized, model-based ocean sink enhancement experiments.

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Humpage, Owen F. On the Origins of the Federal Reserve System and Its Structure. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202317.

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The creation of the Federal Reserve System ultimately stemmed from fundamental changes in the banking industry that heightened the risks associated with shifts in the public’s liquidity preferences and that created an atmosphere of distrust between the small, traditional, country banks and the large, transforming, Wall Street banks. The severity of the Panic of 1907 became the proximate factor in the Federal Reserve’s formation. The panic, which the New York Clearing House’s slow, discriminative, and insufficient response characterized, gave credence to concerns of growing financial risks and invigorated calls for reform. The Federal Reserve’s unique structure reflects compromises reached in attempts to dampen the risks in the banking industry while easing the distrust and fears of dominance among its various stakeholders.

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Liu, Jing, Yuanmei Chen, Die Liu, Fang Ye, Qi Sun, Qiang Huang, Jing Dong Dong, Tao Pei, Yuan He und Qi Zhang. Prenatal exposure to particulate matter and term low birth weight：systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0064.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the effects of particulate matter exposure during various periods of pregnancy on low birth weight and term low birth weight. Population:pregnant women and their singleton live-births; Exposure: maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 and PM10 during the entire pregnancy or each trimesters were estimated based on ground-level atmospheric pollution monitoring stations or validated exposure models (μg/m3 ); Comparator(s): risk estimates were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with per specific increment in PM2.5; Outcomes: term LBW(≥37weeks and<2500g) or LBW(<2500g)were defined as a dichotomous variables.

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Coleman, Sean, und John A. Barth. Processing and Analysis of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US West Coast 2022 and 2023 Fisheries Survey Data: Exploring a Robust Data Processing Modus Operandi with Various Collection Methods. Oregon State University, Oktober 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1175.

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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration‘s (NOAA) Northwest Fisheries Science Center’s (NWFSC) Fishery Resource Analysis and Monitoring Division (FRAM) performs multiple fisheries surveys aboard NOAA research vessels and chartered commercial fishery vessels along the US west coast stretching from San Diego, California, to the Strait of Juan de Fuca off northern Washington. In partnership with Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Hake survey is extended north along the Canadian West Coast, to Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. Data from these surveys inform the implementation of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 2007. For the purposes of the Groundfish Survey, FRAM personnel utilize a trawl net to sample the local groundfish population at survey sites for shipboard analysis and stock assessment. In addition, Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth instruments (CTDs) are mounted to the trawl net with the purpose of acquiring oceanographic data at each survey site in conjunction with the fishery data. This form of data collection is unique to the Groundfish survey, as Hake and Hook and Line survey data are collected via traditional winch-based operations. Though other oceanographic variables are collected and analyzed, such as chlorophyll fluorescence (mg/m3) and turbidity (Normalized Turbidity Units - NTU) during survey operations, we are especially interested in dissolved oxygen (DO) data collected from the two oxygen sensors attached to the CTD payload (SBE43 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor, Aanderaa Optode 4330F Optical Dissolved Oxygen Sensor). Here, we utilize the manufacturer-recommended Sea-Bird SBE Processing pathway, and a set of scripts created within Python to process and visualize the data as a function of time, and to create near-bottom average values of all parameters. We also make maps of the concentration of DO along the seafloor over space for each year. Our results suggest that near-bottom average values of all parameters. In addition, we make maps of the concentration of DO along the seafloor over space for each year. Our results suggest that near-bottom dissolved oxygen distributions during the upwelling season are consistent with recent Pacific Northwest-wide studies inshore of the continental shelf break (~200 m). Given the widespread and increasing near-bottom hypoxia in the coastal ocean off the United States Pacific Northwest, we strongly recommend that NOAA continue to collect oceanographic data, especially dissolved oxygen data during survey operations to better understand spatial and temporal variability of hypoxic zones and their relationship to fish distributions.

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