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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Urea oxidation reaction“

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Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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1

Sun, Wenbin, Jiechen Li, Wen Gao, Luyao Kang, Fengcai Lei und Junfeng Xie. „Recent advances in the pre-oxidation process in electrocatalytic urea oxidation reactions“. Chemical Communications 58, Nr. 15 (2022): 2430–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc06290e.

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In this feature article, we discuss the significant role of the pre-oxidation reaction during urea electro-oxidation, and summarize the detailed strategies and recent advances in promoting the pre-oxidation reaction.

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2

Gan, Lina, Yang Liu, Peng Ye, Hejingying Niu und Kezhi Li. „Reaction Mechanism for the Removal of NOx by Wet Scrubbing Using Urea Solution: Determination of Main and Side Reaction Paths“. Molecules 28, Nr. 1 (25.12.2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010162.

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Secondary problems, such as the occurrence of side reactions and the accumulation of by-products, are a major challenge in the application of wet denitrification technology through urea solution. We revealed the formation mechanism of urea nitrate and clarified the main and side reaction paths and key intermediates of denitrification. Urea nitrate would be separated from urea absorption solution only when the concentration product of [urea], [H+] and [NO3−] was greater than 0.87~1.22 mol3/L3. The effects of the urea concentration (5–20%) and reaction temperature (30–70 °C) on the denitrification efficiency could be ignored. Improving the oxidation degree of the flue gas promoted the removal of nitrogen oxides. The alkaline condition was beneficial to the dissolution process, while the acidic condition was beneficial to the reaction process. As a whole, the alkaline condition was the preferred process parameter. The research results could guide the optimization of process conditions in theory, improve the operation efficiency of the denitrification reactor and avoid the occurrence of side reactions.

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3

Wu, Tzu-Ho, Yan-Cheng Lin, Bo-Wei Hou und Wei-Yuan Liang. „Nanostructured β−NiS Catalyst for Enhanced and Stable Electro−oxidation of Urea“. Catalysts 10, Nr. 11 (04.11.2020): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10111280.

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Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) has received a high level of recent interest since electrochemical oxidation of urea can remediate harmful nitrogen compounds in wastewater and accomplish hydrogen fuel production simultaneously. Thus, urea is considered to be potential hydrogen energy source that is inherently safe for fuel cell applications. However, the catalytic reaction suffers from slow kinetics due to six electron transfer in UOR. In this work, β phase NiS is successfully prepared through facile hydrothermal reaction, in which diethanolamine (DEA) was added as chelating agent leading to 3D nanoflower morphology. The crystal structure, surface morphology, and chemical bonding of the β−NiS were characterized by X–ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X−ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The UOR performance of NiS was evaluated by means of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), Tafel analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry in 1 M KOH electrolyte containing 0.33 M urea. Compared to the Ni(OH)2 counterpart, NiS exhibits lower onset potential, increased current responses, faster kinetics of urea oxidation, lower charge transfer resistance, and higher urea diffusion coefficient, leading to the enhanced catalytic performance toward UOR. Moreover, the developed NiS catalyst exhibits superior stability and tolerance towards urea electro−oxidation in 10,000 s test.

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4

Martincigh, Bice S., Morgen Mhike, Kayode Morakinyo, Risikat Ajibola Adigun und Reuben H. Simoyi. „Oxyhalogen–Sulfur Chemistry: Oxidation of a Thiourea Dimer, Formamidine Disulfide, by Chlorine Dioxide“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, Nr. 3 (2013): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12181.

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The oxidation of formamidine disulfide, FDS, the dimer of thiourea, by aqueous chlorine dioxide has been studied in highly acidic and mildly acidic media. FDS is one of the possible oxidation intermediates formed in the oxidation of thiourea by oxyhalogens to urea and sulfate. The reaction is exceedingly slow, giving urea and sulfate with a stoichiometric ratio of 5 : 14 FDS to chlorine dioxide after an incubation period of up to 72 h and only in highly acidic media which discourages the disproportionation of chlorine dioxide to the oxidatively inert chlorate. Mass spectrometric data suggest that the oxidative pathway proceeds predominantly through the sulfinic acid, proceeding next to the products sulfate and urea, while by-passing the sulfonic acid. Transient formation of the unstable sulfenic acid was also not observed.

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5

Lin, Chong, Zhengfei Gao, Feng Zhang, Jianhui Yang, Bin Liu und Jian Jin. „In situ growth of single-layered α-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets on a carbon cloth for highly efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of urea“. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, Nr. 28 (2018): 13867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta05064c.

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6

Yu, Hua, Wei Xu, Hongchao Chang, Guangyao Xu, Lecong Li, Jiarong Zang, Rong Huang, Luxia Zhu und Binbin Yu. „Electrocatalytic Ni-Co Metal Organic Framework for Efficient Urea Oxidation Reaction“. Processes 11, Nr. 10 (22.10.2023): 3035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11103035.

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Energy shortage and environmental pollution have become the most serious problems faced by human beings in the 21st century. Looking for advanced clean energy technology to achieve sustainable development of the ecological environment has become a hot spot for researchers. Nitrogen-based substances represented by urea are environmental pollutants but ideal energy substances. The efficiency of urea-based energy conversion technology mainly depends on the choice of catalyst. The development of new catalysts for urea oxidation reaction (UOR) has important application value in the field of waste energy conversion and pollution remediation based on UOR. In this work, four metal–organic framework materials (MOFs) were synthesized using ultrasound (NiCo-UMOFs) and hydrothermal (NiCo-MOFs, Ni-MOFs and Co-MOFs) methods to testify the activity toward UOR. Materials prepared using the hydrothermal method mostly form large and unevenly stacked block structures, while material prepared using ultrasound forms a layer-by-layer two-dimensional and thinner structure. Electrochemical characterization shows NiCo-UMOFs has the best electrocatalytic performance with an onset potential of 0.32 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), a Tafel slope of 51 mV dec−1, and a current density of 13 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V in a 1 M KOH electrolyte with 0.7 M urea. A prolonged urea electrolysis test demonstrates that 45.4% of urea is removed after 24 h.

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7

Zhu, Dongdong, Chunxian Guo, Jinlong Liu, Liang Wang, Yi Du und Shi-Zhang Qiao. „Two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks with high oxidation states for efficient electrocatalytic urea oxidation“. Chemical Communications 53, Nr. 79 (2017): 10906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc06378d.

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8

Li, Jiaxin, Hongyi Cui, Xiaoqiang Du und Xiaoshuang Zhang. „The controlled synthesis of nitrogen and iron co-doped Ni₃S₂@NiP₂ heterostructures for the oxygen evolution reaction and urea oxidation reaction“. Dalton Transactions 51, Nr. 6 (2022): 2444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt03933d.

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9

Sreekanth, T. V. M., G. R. Dillip, X. Wei, K. Yoo und J. Kim. „Binder free Ni/NiO electrocatalysts for urea oxidation reaction“. Materials Letters 327 (November 2022): 133038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2022.133038.

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10

Patzer, John F., S. K. Wolfson und S. J. Yao. „Reactor control and reaction kinetics for electrochemical urea oxidation“. Chemical Engineering Science 45, Nr. 8 (1990): 2777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(90)80170-j.

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11

Zequine, Camila, Fangzhou Wang, Xianglin Li, Deepa Guragain, S. R. Mishra, K. Siam, P. Kahol und Ram Gupta. „Nanosheets of CuCo2O4 As a High-Performance Electrocatalyst in Urea Oxidation“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 4 (24.02.2019): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9040793.

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The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is a possible solution to solve the world’s energy crisis. Fuel cells have been used in the UOR to generate hydrogen with a lower potential compared to water splitting, decreasing the costs of energy production. Urea is abundantly present in agricultural waste and in industrial and human wastewater. Besides generating hydrogen, this reaction provides a pathway to eliminate urea, which is a hazard in the environment and to people’s health. In this study, nanosheets of CuCo2O4 grown on nickel foam were synthesized as an electrocatalyst for urea oxidation to generate hydrogen as a green fuel. The synthesized electrocatalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electroactivity of CuCo2O4 towards the oxidation of urea in alkaline solution was evaluated using electrochemical measurements. Nanosheets of CuCo2O4 grown on nickel foam required the potential of 1.36 V in 1 M KOH with 0.33 M urea to deliver a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The CuCo2O4 electrode was electrochemically stable for over 15 h of continuous measurements. The high catalytic activities for the hydrogen evolution reaction make the CuCo2O4 electrode a bifunctional catalyst and a promising electroactive material for hydrogen production. The two-electrode electrolyzer demanded a potential of 1.45 V, which was 260 mV less than that for the urea-free counterpart. Our study suggests that the CuCo2O4 electrode can be a promising material as an efficient UOR catalyst for fuel cells to generate hydrogen at a low cost.

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12

Zhang, Jingfang, Fei Xing, Hongjuan Zhang und Yi Huang. „Ultrafine NiFe clusters anchored on N-doped carbon as bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient water and urea oxidation“. Dalton Transactions 49, Nr. 40 (2020): 13962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02459g.

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13

ZHOU, MAO, und YUQING MIAO. „ELECTROCATALYSIS OF THE NEEDLE-LIKE NiMoO4 CRYSTAL TOWARD UREA OXIDATION COUPLED WITH H2 PRODUCTION“. Surface Review and Letters 25, Nr. 02 (Februar 2018): 1850061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18500610.

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In the International Space Station, urine is considered something to be treated. However, urine is mainly composed of water and urea, while they have been demonstrated as an excellent hydrogen carrier for sustainable energy supply. Through the simple chemical coprecipitation and hydrothermal reaction, the needle-like NiMoO4 crystals were synthesized with the average width around 500[Formula: see text]nm and length up to 4[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. The resulted products were thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectrum. The needle-like NiMoO4 crystals exhibited excellent electrocatalytic oxidation toward urea at anode in alkali solution, leading to the increased performance of hydrogen evolution reaction at cathode with the lower electrochemical potential and energy consumption required to drive the reaction. The high electrocatalysis of the needle-like NiMoO4 crystals toward urea oxidation reveals their great potential for future application to clean the urine/urea-rich wastewater and to produce hydrogen in space station and environmental wastewater.

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14

Ma, Yaming, Chenxiang Ma, Yingche Wang und Ke Wang. „Advanced Nickel-Based Catalysts for Urea Oxidation Reaction: Challenges and Developments“. Catalysts 12, Nr. 3 (16.03.2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12030337.

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The electrochemical urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is crucial for determining industrial and commercial applications of urea-based energy conversion devices. However, the performance of UOR is limited by the dynamic complex of the six-electron transfer process. To this end, it is essential to develop efficient UOR catalysts. Nickel-based materials have been extensively investigated owing to their high activity, easy modification, stable properties, and cheap and abundant reserves. Various material designs and strategies have been investigated in producing highly efficient UOR catalysts including alloying, doping, heterostructure construction, defect engineering, micro functionalization, conductivity modulation, etc. It is essential to promptly review the progress in this field to significantly inspire subsequent studies. In this review, we summarized a comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms of oxidation or poisoning and UOR processes on nickel-based catalysts as well as different approaches to prepare highly active catalysts. Moreover, challenges and prospects for future developments associated with issues of UOR in urea-based energy conversion applications were also discussed.

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15

Ao, Dana, Yue Shi, Shuyuan Li, Ying Chang, Aiju Xu, Jingchun Jia und Meilin Jia. „3D Co-Ni-C Network from Milk as Competitive Bifunctional Catalysts for Methanol and Urea Electrochemical Oxidation“. Catalysts 11, Nr. 7 (14.07.2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070844.

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Methanol oxidation (MOR) and urea oxidation (UOR) have been considered for new types of fuel cells, but the lack of highly active nonnoble metal catalysts restricts such cells. A NiCo-modified biomass carbon (milk as the carbon source)-based catalyst with a 3D structure is synthesized by using salt templates. The results show that 3D-C-NiCo (1:1) exhibits excellent MOR and UOR properties with a potential of 1.33 V vs. RHE and 1.35 V vs. RHE at 10 mA cm−2, respectively. MOR and UOR reactions not only can replace the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in consumption of electrolytic water but also can effectively degrade wastewater pollution rich in methanol and urea.

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16

Zhu, Dongdong, Huaiyu Zhang, Juhong Miao, Fangxin Hu, Liang Wang, Yujia Tang, Man Qiao und Chunxian Guo. „Strategies for designing more efficient electrocatalysts towards the urea oxidation reaction“. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, Nr. 7 (2022): 3296–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta09989b.

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17

Ranjani, M., N. Senthilkumar, G. Gnana kumar und Arumugam Manthiram. „3D flower-like hierarchical NiCo2O4architecture on carbon cloth fibers as an anode catalyst for high-performance, durable direct urea fuel cells“. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, Nr. 45 (2018): 23019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08405j.

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A 3D NiCo₂O₄hierarchical architecture composed of interlaced and self-stacked 2D nanoflakes is realized as a urea oxidation reaction catalyst for the generation of green energy in direct urea fuel cells.

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18

Aladeemy, Saba A., Abdullah M. Al-Mayouf, Mabrook S. Amer, Nouf H. Alotaibi, Mark T. Weller und Mohamed A. Ghanem. „Structure and electrochemical activity of nickel aluminium fluoride nanosheets during urea electro-oxidation in an alkaline solution“. RSC Advances 11, Nr. 5 (2021): 3190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra10814f.

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19

Ma, Xiaohong, Huan Chen, Ruihuan Chen und Xiaojun Hu. „Direct and Activated Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation for Micropollutant Abatement: A Review on Kinetics, Reactive Sites, and Degradation Pathway“. Water 14, Nr. 13 (24.06.2022): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132028.

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Recently, ClO2-based oxidation has attracted increasing attention to micropollutant abatement, due to high oxidation potential, low disinfection byproduct (DBPs) formation, and easy technical implementation. However, the kinetics, reactive sites, activation methods, and degradation pathways involved are not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed current literature on ClO2-based oxidation in micropollutant abatement. In direct ClO2 oxidation, the reactions of micropollutants with ClO2 followed second-order reaction kinetics (kapp = 10−3–106 M−1 s−1 at neutral pH). The kapp depends significantly on the molecular structures of the micropollutant and solution pH. The reactive sites of micropollutants start with certain functional groups with the highest electron densities including piperazine, sulfonyl amido, amino, aniline, pyrazolone, phenol groups, urea group, etc. The one-electron transfer was the dominant micropollutant degradation pathway, followed by indirect oxidation by superoxide anion radical (O2•−) or hydroxyl radical (•OH). In UV-activated ClO2 oxidation, the reactions of micropollutants followed the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics with the rates of 1.3 × 10−4–12.9 s−1 at pH 7.0. Their degradation pathways include direct ClO2 oxidation, direct UV photolysis, ozonation, •OH-involved reaction, and reactive chlorine species (RCS)-involved reaction. Finally, we identified the research gaps and provided recommendations for further research. Therefore, this review gives a critical evaluation of ClO2-based oxidation in micropollutant abatement, and provides recommendations for further research.

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20

Zhao, Huipeng, Xiaoqiang Du und Xiaoshuang Zhang. „Interfacing or doping? Role of Ce in water oxidation reaction and urea oxidation reaction of N-Ni3S2“. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 925 (Dezember 2022): 166662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166662.

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21

Anuratha, Krishnan Shanmugam, Mia Rinawati, Tzu-Ho Wu, Min-Hsin Yeh und Jeng-Yu Lin. „Recent Development of Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts for Urea Electrolysis in Alkaline Solution“. Nanomaterials 12, Nr. 17 (27.08.2022): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12172970.

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Recently, urea electrolysis has been regarded as an up-and-coming pathway for the sustainability of hydrogen fuel production according to its far lower theoretical and thermodynamic electrolytic cell potential (0.37 V) compared to water electrolysis (1.23 V) and rectification of urea-rich wastewater pollution. The new era of the “hydrogen energy economy” involving urea electrolysis can efficiently promote the development of a low-carbon future. In recent decades, numerous inexpensive and fruitful nickel-based materials (metallic Ni, Ni-alloys, oxides/hydroxides, chalcogenides, nitrides and phosphides) have been explored as potential energy saving monofunctional and bifunctional electrocatalysts for urea electrolysis in alkaline solution. In this review, we start with a discussion about the basics and fundamentals of urea electrolysis, including the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and then discuss the strategies for designing electrocatalysts for the UOR, HER and both reactions (bifunctional). Next, the catalytic performance, mechanisms and factors including morphology, composition and electrode/electrolyte kinetics for the ameliorated and diminished activity of the various aforementioned nickel-based electrocatalysts for urea electrolysis, including monofunctional (UOR or HER) and bifunctional (UOR and HER) types, are summarized. Lastly, the features of persisting challenges, future prospects and expectations of unravelling the bifunctional electrocatalysts for urea-based energy conversion technologies, including urea electrolysis, urea fuel cells and photoelectrochemical urea splitting, are illuminated.

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22

Wang, Qingqing, Yongdan Li und Cuijuan Zhang. „Amorphous Nickel Oxide as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Urea Oxidation Reaction“. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, Nr. 7 (01.07.2021): 076502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0ec4.

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23

XIONG, Youling L., und John E. KINSELLA. „Evidence of a urea-induced sulfhydryl oxidation reaction in proteins.“ Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54, Nr. 8 (1990): 2157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.54.2157.

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24

Xiong, Youling L., und John E. Kinsella. „Evidence of a Urea-induced Sulfhydryl Oxidation Reaction in Proteins“. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 54, Nr. 8 (August 1990): 2157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1990.10870274.

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25

Zhang, Longsheng, Liping Wang, Haiping Lin, Yunxia Liu, Jinyu Ye, Yunzhou Wen, Ao Chen et al. „A Lattice‐Oxygen‐Involved Reaction Pathway to Boost Urea Oxidation“. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, Nr. 47 (18.11.2019): 16820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201909832.

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26

Zhang, Longsheng, Liping Wang, Haiping Lin, Yunxia Liu, Jinyu Ye, Yunzhou Wen, Ao Chen et al. „A Lattice‐Oxygen‐Involved Reaction Pathway to Boost Urea Oxidation“. Angewandte Chemie 131, Nr. 47 (18.11.2019): 16976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201909832.

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27

Liu, Haipeng, Peike Wang, Xue Qi, Jiang Liu, Ao Yin, Yuxin Wang, Yang Ye et al. „An amorphous nickel carbonate catalyst for superior urea oxidation reaction“. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 949 (November 2023): 117856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117856.

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28

Huang, Wen, Kaili Wang, Qiuhan Cao, Yongjie Zhao, Xiujuan Sun, Rui Ding, Enhui Liu, Ping Gao und Gaijuan Li. „Hierarchical NiCo pearl strings as efficient electrocatalysts for urea electrooxidation“. New Journal of Chemistry 45, Nr. 6 (2021): 2943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj06045c.

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29

Shi, Wei, Xiujuan Sun, Rui Ding, Danfeng Ying, Yongfa Huang, Yuxi Huang, Caini Tan, Ziyang Jia und Enhui Liu. „Trimetallic NiCoMo/graphene multifunctional electrocatalysts with moderate structural/electronic effects for highly efficient alkaline urea oxidation reaction“. Chemical Communications 56, Nr. 48 (2020): 6503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02132f.

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Jadhav, Rohit G., und Apurba K. Das. „Pulse electrodeposited, morphology controlled organic–inorganic nanohybrids as bifunctional electrocatalysts for urea oxidation“. Nanoscale 12, Nr. 46 (2020): 23596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr07236b.

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Pulse-electrodeposited organic–inorganic nanohybrids (BSeFL/Ni(OH)₂), which act as electrocatalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR), have been synthesised at different reduction potentials.

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Wang, Genxiang, Junxiang Chen, Yan Li, Jingchun Jia, Pingwei Cai und Zhenhai Wen. „Energy-efficient electrolytic hydrogen production assisted by coupling urea oxidation with a pH-gradient concentration cell“. Chemical Communications 54, Nr. 21 (2018): 2603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc09653d.

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32

Diao, Yongxing, Yaosheng Liu, Guangxing Hu, Yuyan Zhao, Yuhong Qian, Hongda Wang, Yan Shi und Zhuang Li. „NiFe nanosheets as urea oxidation reaction electrocatalysts for urea removal and energy-saving hydrogen production“. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 211 (September 2022): 114380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114380.

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Li, Shuo, Shafqat Ali, Zareen Zuhra, Huahuai Shen, Jiaxiang Qiu, Yanbin Zeng, Ke Zheng, Xiaoxia Wang, Guanqun Xie und Shujiang Ding. „Cobalt Encapsulated in Nitrogen-Doped Graphite-like Shells as Efficient Catalyst for Selective Oxidation of Arylalkanes“. Molecules 29, Nr. 1 (21.12.2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29010065.

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Selective oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenne is an important process in both organic synthesis and fine chemicals diligence. The cobalt-based catalysts combined with nitrogen-doped carbon have received great attention in ethylbenzene (EB) oxidation. Here, a series of cobalt catalysts with metallic cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in nitrogen-doped graphite-like carbon shells (Co@NC) have been constructed through the one-pot pyrolysis method in the presence of different nitrogen-containing compounds (urea, dicyandiamide and melamine), and their catalytic performance in solvent-free oxidation of EB with tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP) as an oxidant was investigated. Under optimized conditions, the UCo@NC (urea as nitrogen source) could afford 95.2% conversion of EB and 96.0% selectivity to acetophenone, and the substrate scalability was remarkable. Kinetics show that UCo@NC contributes to EB oxidation with an apparent activation energy of 32.3 kJ/mol. The synergistic effect between metallic cobalt NPs and nitrogen-doped graphite-like carbon layers was obviously observed and, especially, the graphitic N species plays a key role during the oxidation reaction. The structure–performance relationship illustrated that EB oxidation was a free radical reaction through 1-phenylethanol as an intermediate, and the possible reaction mechanistic has been proposed.

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Abutaleb, Ahmed. „Electrochemical Oxidation of Urea on NiCu Alloy Nanoparticles Decorated Carbon Nanofibers“. Catalysts 9, Nr. 5 (28.04.2019): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9050397.

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Bimetallic Cu3.8Ni alloy nanoparticles (NPs)-anchored carbon nanofibers (composite NFs) were synthesized using a simple electrospinning machine. XRD, SEM, TEM, and TGA were employed to examine the physiochemical characteristics of these composite NFs. The characterization techniques proved that Cu3.8Ni alloy NPs-anchored carbon NFs were successfully fabricated. Urea oxidation (UO) processes as a source of hydrogen and electrical energy were investigated using the fabricated composite NFs. The corresponding onset potential of UO and the oxidation current density (OCD) were measured via cyclic voltammetry as 380 mV versus Ag/AgCl electrode and 98 mA/cm2, respectively. Kinetic study indicated that the electrochemical oxidation of urea followed the diffusion controlled process and the reaction order is 0.5 with respect to urea concentration. The diffusion coefficient of urea using the introduced electrocatalyst was found to be 6.04 × 10−3 cm2/s. Additionally, the composite NFs showed steady state stability for 900 s using chronoamperometry test.

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Yong, Jesus David, Ricardo Valdez, Miguel Ángel Armenta, Noé Arjona, Georgina Pina-Luis und Amelia Olivas. „Influence of Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Ga³⁺ on the iron-based trimetallic layered double hydroxides for water oxidation“. RSC Advances 12, Nr. 26 (2022): 16955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01980a.

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Dinh, Minh Tuan Nguyen, Huy Thai Thanh Le, Trung Hieu Thanh Le und Chinh Chien Nguyen. „The synthesis of γ-MnOOH nanorods as an efficient electrocatalyst for urea oxidation“. Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 12, Nr. 2 (11.07.2023): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2023.038.

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In this study, γ-MnOOH nanorods synthesized by polysaccharide- assisted hydrothermal method as an efficient electrocatalyst for urea oxidation. The γ-MnOOH structure and morphology are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The γ-MnOOH material, which contains hydroxyl groups and has an average oxidation state of Mn of three as demonstrated by XPS, exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards urea oxidation reaction (UOR) compared to bare nickel foam (NF). Specifically, the overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 for γ-MnOOH is found to be 1.05 V, which is significantly lower than that of the NF (i.e., 1.12 V). Notably, the UOR over γ-MnOOH has a potential that is 180 mV lower than observed during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) using the same electrode. These findings suggest that the γ-MnOOH nanorods could serve as a promising electro-catalyst for UOR in various energy storage and conversion applications.

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Wala, Marta, Dorota Łubiarz, Natalia Waloszczyk und Wojciech Simka. „Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Titanium in Ni and Cu Hydroxide Suspensions towards Preparation of Electrocatalysts for Urea Oxidation“. Materials 16, Nr. 6 (09.03.2023): 2191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062191.

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The increasing climate crisis requires an improvement in renewable energy technologies. One of them are fuel cells, devices that are capable of generating electricity directly from the chemical reaction that is taking place inside of them. Despite the advantages of these solutions, a lack of the appropriate materials is holding them back from commercialization. This research shows preliminary results from a simple way to prepare black TiO2 coatings, doped with Cu or Ni using the plasma electrolytic oxidation process, which can be used as anodes in urea-fueled fuel cells. They show activity toward urea oxidation, with a maximum current density of 130 μA cm−2 (@1 V vs. Hg|HgO) observed for Cu-enhanced TiO2 and low potential of only 0.742 V (Vs Hg|HgO) required for 50 μA cm−2 for Ni-enhanced TiO2. These results demonstrate how the PEO process can be used for the preparation of TiO2-based doped materials with electrocatalytic properties toward urea electrooxidation.

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Feng, S., J. Luo, J. Li, Y. Yu, Z. Kang, W. Huang, Q. Chen, P. Deng, Y. Shen und X. Tian. „Heterogeneous structured Ni3Se2/MoO2@Ni12P5 catalyst for durable urea oxidation reaction“. Materials Today Physics 23 (März 2022): 100646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2022.100646.

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39

Liu, Zailun, Fei Teng, Chen Yuan, Wenhao Gu und Wenjun Jiang. „Defect-engineered CoMoO4 ultrathin nanosheet array and promoted urea oxidation reaction“. Applied Catalysis A: General 602 (Juli 2020): 117670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2020.117670.

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40

Zhu, Bingjun, Zibin Liang und Ruqiang Zou. „Designing Advanced Catalysts for Energy Conversion Based on Urea Oxidation Reaction“. Small 16, Nr. 7 (08.01.2020): 1906133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201906133.

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41

Gao, Xintong, Xiaowan Bai, Pengtang Wang, Yan Jiao, Kenneth Davey, Yao Zheng und Shi-Zhang Qiao. „Boosting urea electrooxidation on oxyanion-engineered nickel sites via inhibited water oxidation“. Nature Communications 14, Nr. 1 (20.09.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41588-w.

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AbstractRenewable energy-based electrocatalytic oxidation of organic nucleophiles (e.g.methanol, urea, and amine) are more thermodynamically favourable and, economically attractive to replace conventional pure water electrooxidation in electrolyser to produce hydrogen. However, it is challenging due to the competitive oxygen evolution reaction under a high current density (e.g., >300 mA cm−2), which reduces the anode electrocatalyst’s activity and stability. Herein, taking lower energy cost urea electrooxidation reaction as the model reaction, we developed oxyanion-engineered Nickel catalysts to inhibit competing oxygen evolution reaction during urea oxidation reaction, achieving an ultrahigh 323.4 mA cm−2 current density at 1.65 V with 99.3 ± 0.4% selectivity of N-products. In situ spectra studies reveal that such in situ generated oxyanions not only inhibit OH− adsorption and guarantee high coverage of urea reactant on active sites to avoid oxygen evolution reaction, but also accelerate urea’s C − N bond cleavage to form CNO − intermediates for facilitating urea oxidation reaction. Accordingly, a comprehensive mechanism for competitive adsorption behaviour between OH− and urea to boost urea electrooxidation and dynamic change of Ni active sites during urea oxidation reaction was proposed. This work presents a feasible route for high-efficiency urea electrooxidation reaction and even various electrooxidation reactions in practical applications.

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Guo, Fenghui, Dongle Cheng, Qian Chen, Hao Liu, Zhiliang Wu, Ning Han, Bing-Jie Ni und Zhijie Chen. „Amorphous electrocatalysts for urea oxidation reaction“. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2024.04.001.

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43

Lin, Runjia, Liqun Kang, Tianqi Zhao, Jianrui Feng, Veronica Celorrio, Guohui Zhang, Giannantonio Cibin et al. „Identification and manipulation of dynamic active site deficiency-induced competing reactions in electrocatalytic oxidation processes“. Energy & Environmental Science, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee03522c.

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A detrimental competition between the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and oxygen evolution reaction is identified. Strategies are proposed to alleviate such competition and boost the performance of the UOR and other organic compound oxidation reactions.

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Zhu, Jianping, Haibo Wu, Kaige Gui, Zhirong Li, Chao Zhang, Jingping Wang und Jingyang Niu. „POMs@ZIF-8 derived transition metal carbides for urea electrolysis-assisted hydrogen generation“. Chemical Communications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cc02875a.

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Employing urea oxidation reaction (UOR) to alternate water oxidation reaction can not only decrease the theoretic hydrogen generation cell voltage in sustainable energy conversion but also eliminate urea pollution in...

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Xu, Ziyuan, Qiao Chen, Qingxi Chen, Pan Wang, Jiaxuan Wang, Chang Guo, Xueyuan Qiu, Xiao Han und Jianhua Hao. „Interface Enables Faster Surface Reconstruction in a Heterostructured Co-Ni-S Electrocatalyst towards Efficient Urea Oxidation“. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ta05494a.

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Electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR) can be utilized as an anodic alternative reaction for water electrolysis to provide more economic electrons and high-efficiency H2 production. Nonetheless, electrocatalytic urea oxidation still...

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Sun, Mingming, Huichao Wang, Hongjing Wu, Yuquan Yang, Jiajia Liu, Riyu Cong, Zhengwenda Liang, Zhongning Huang und Jinlong Zheng. „Anion doping and interfacial effects in B-Ni5P4/Ni2P promoting urea-assisted hydrogen production in alkaline media“. Dalton Transactions, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3dt03340f.

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The bifunctional catalyst used for urea oxidation assisted hydrogen production can catalyze the urea oxidation reaction(UOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) efficiently at the same time, thus simplifying the electrolytic cell...

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Meng, Xinying, Meng Wang, Yicong Zhang, Zhihao Li, Xiaogang Ding, Weiquan Zhang, Can Li und Zhen Li. „Superimposed OER and UOR performances by the interaction of each component in Fe–Mn electrocatalyst“. Dalton Transactions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2dt02780a.

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The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and alternative urea oxidation reaction (UOR) are both important half reactions correlated with hydrogen production. Transition metal based catalysts with double metal composition exhibit excellent...

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Wu, Na, Xiaoyu Chi, Yujuan Zhang und Tuoping Hu. „The convenient synthesis and the enhanced urea oxidation of NiO-CrO@N-C“. New Journal of Chemistry, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3nj05877h.

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Ge, Weiyi, Liping Lin, Shu-Qi Wang, Yechen Wang, Xiaowei Ma, Qi An und Lu Zhao. „Electrocatalytic Urea Oxidation: Advances in Mechanistic Insights, Nanocatalyst Design, and Applications“. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ta02007j.

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The electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR) emerged as one of the promising half-reactions for energy conversion and storage devices due to its low thermodynamic potential (-0.46 V vs. SHE). However,...

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50

Fan, Jianfeng, und Xiaoqiang Du. „Role of Ce in enhanced performance of water oxidation reaction and urea oxidation reaction for NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide“. Dalton Transactions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2dt00862a.

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The atomistic doping and surface engineering affords a promising method for improving their electrochemistry performance toward the water oxidation reaction and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) for the layered double hydroxides...

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