Dissertationen zum Thema „Urban space use“

In recent years, cities worldwide have employed various tactics to control homeless people's use of urban space. Yet such measures never fully accomplish their goal, because homeless people develop ways to adapt the hostile landscape. In so doing, they not only respond to tactics of spatial control but they also create their own conceptions of urban space that serve to compensate for the structural systems that fail or even punish them. Thus, just as legal categories of property ownership leave homeless people without access to private spaces, they in turn create their own concepts of ownership and continually seek to privatize public space. Whereas legal restrictions are passed that criminalize homelessness in order to protect housed urban residents' "quality-of-life," homeless people develop tactics to protect themselves from the dangers of street life. Just as municipal authorities remove various amenities and add deterrents to try to prevent the use of certain locations, homeless people are attracted and repelled by features that are often beyond the control of authorities. While social services are relocated to encourage either spatial dispersion or concentration, homeless people build internal support networks that often serve their short-term needs better than social services. In short, homeless people not only respond to spatial control tactics in a variety of ways but also create their own landscape that often frustrates attempts to control their use of space. Drawing on interviews with 60 homeless people in Tucson, Arizona, this dissertation attempts to shed light on both these facets of street life, revealing that homeless people constantly strategize to find or make private, safe, functional, comfortable, and supportive places for themselves in a landscape designed to exclude them. Findings indicate that restrictive urban polices aimed at controlling the movements and actions of street people are not only ineffective but also exacerbate the problem of homelessness. These policies have the greatest impact on newly homeless individuals, pushing them toward existing street community in order to access vital information and support networks.

Certain urban public spaces seem to embody the cities in which they are found, helping to make those cities the vibrant places they are. This project explores how urban public spaces can be created to reflect the vitality of the city by embracing the culture and the people who reside in it. Through literature review and case studies, a framework is developed focusing on the areas of identity and use in the design of public spaces. Identity is looked at in terms of place attachment, spatial identity, and how surrounding uses affect the identity of a space. Use is explored in terms of designing a public space to encourage a diversity of uses at different times. Identity and use are inevitably linked: much of a spaceâ s identity depends on the uses that take place there and whether or not the space meets the needs of its users. In the same way, a space will not be used unless potential users can identify with it and feel a connection to it. A design project is carried out in an urban neighborhood based on this framework to create a space that is connected to its users and its city.
Master of Landscape Architecture

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cities in Malawi continue to be sites and spaces of resistance, struggle and contest over urban spaces. Since the introduction of colonial modernist planning with its adherence to segregation through functional zoning, homogenisation, and fragmentation of urban areas, squatting and land invasions on urban land have remained one of the widespread struggles for space in urban Malawi. Continued occurrence of squatting, land invasions, and encroachments on urban land reflect the inability of urban planning and its attendant land policies to provide land and housing to the majority of urban dwellers mainly the middle income as well as the marginalised urban poor. Over the years, government efforts have not decisively addressed the issue of land contestations in urban areas in spite of numerous reports of increasing cases of conflicts and competing claims over urban land in Malawi including land dispossessions, conflicts over land uses in urban and peri-urban areas and most significantly contestations manifested in squatting and land invasions on state land leading to growth of spontaneous settlements. In urban areas, efforts to address these competitions have included relocation; titling programmes, sites-and-services schemes, land reform programmes, and forced evictions, but struggles such as squatting and land invasions persist. In urban Malawi, the question is: why is urban planning, as it is conceived and acted upon (i.e. as mode of thought and spatial practice), a creator and not a mediator of urban land conflicts? The study aimed to answer this question, by using Lefebvre’s conceptual triad of social production of space, to gain an in-depth understanding of how the contradictions between people’s perceptions and daily life practices in relation to space, on one hand, and planner’s conceptions of space as informed by colonial, post-colonial, and neoliberal perceptions of space, generate perpetual struggle for urban space in Malawi. The study also investigated spatial strategies and tactics which urban residents employ to shape, produce and defend urban spaces from possible repossession by the state. Finally, the study explored lived experiences and the multiple meanings that urban residents attach to spaces they inhabit and these are used to contest imposition of space by state authorities while at the same time to produce their own spaces. Mixed method approaches were used to gather geodata, quantitative and qualitative data in the two neighbourhoods of Soche West (Blantyre city) and Area 49 (Lilongwe city) where there are on-going tensions over land between state authorities and urban residents. Primary sources of data included household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, documentary sources, observations, and electronic and print media. In view of the magnitude of the data, three software were used namely, SPSS, ATLAS.ti, and ArcGIS 9.3TM GIS for quantitative, qualitative, and spatial data respectively. Content and discourse analysis were also used to analyse government documents and newspapers. The research found that although planning thought and practice is dominated by imported modernist conceptions of space, planning authorities in Malawi are unable to impose this space on urban residents. Specifically, the research identified a number of constraints faced by planning authorities ranging from human and technical capacity, corruption, cumbersome and bureaucratic procedures, archaic, rigid and contradictory in laws and policies, complexity of land rights, poor enforcement, political influence and emergence of democracy, incomplete reclassification of rural authority into urban authority and shortage of financing mechanisms. In view of these state incapacities coupled with peoples’s perception of the illegitimacy of the state to control urban land, the study found that ‘dobadobas’ (that is middlemen, conmen and tricksters) have taken over to contest planning practices of the state by employing both violent and non-violent spatial tactics to appropriate, and defend their claim for urban spaces, thereby generating conflicts between the state and users of space. Consistent with our argument regarding representations of spaces and representational spaces, the research found that in both Lilongwe and Blantyre cities, the multiple meanings attached to spaces represent divergent but true lived experiences that involve different core values that may or may not be recognised by those residents who do not share them. Finally, planners, therefore, have to reconcile the contradictions between planners’ visions and the experiences of those who experience the city in their everyday life. By way of recommendation, planners, therefore, have to reconcile the contradictions between planners’ visions and the experiences of those who live in the city. Planners’ emphasis on abstract spaces and their modernist images of order imply that viable alternative place-making processes are not well understood, partially because formal discourse in planning and place-making revolves around largely iterative representations of space and the persuasive capacities of one or another representation. Rather, this researcher recommends continued use of the conceptual triad to enable researchers to become more fully aware of complexity in the human dimensions of space before planning. In the same way, by focusing on the two neighbourhoods, the researcher recommends that planning requires considerable time and effort and that it should priotise the human or the micro scale. Planning ought to bring on board the multiple meanings of space as discussed in the study as these are the multiple dimensions that planning has to grapple with in its quest to organise and produce urban space. Since space is never empty as it always embodies meaning, it is imperative to understand various meanings that people attach to the spaces they inhabit and their attachment to these spaces. In the study the fact that spaces carry multiple meanings encompassing exchange value, use value, emotional value, historical value, and sacred values among others, has been explored. Continued advancement of colonial modernist conceptions of orderliness, segregation, functional zoning and commodification which are constructed largely, by dominant economic and political elites, provokes resistance by groups who defend and seek to reconstruct lived space. Also, in view of the incapacity of the state to impose its conceptions of urban space through spatial practice of planning, urban residents continue to devise their own spatial strategies and tactics violent and nonviolent, to shape their own space. In conclusion, the paper stresses that spaces are not exclusively shaped or moulded by planners and planning practices of the state only, but also by spatial practices of everyday life albeit clandestine and unofficial. In this regard, in Malawi, cities including the post-colonial city of Lilongwe should not be understood as being shaped by planners’ space only but also the changing experiences of the city and everyday life and ambiguities of the users of urban space. Thus plans and documents as conceived spaces should not be understood as the only mechanism to shape and organise urban space but also the changing experiences of the city and everyday life and ambiguities of the users of urban space.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stede in Malawi is nog steeds plekke en ruimtes waar daar weerstand, worsteling, en konflik i.v.m. grond plaasvind. Sedert die invoer van koloniale, modernistiese beplanning wat assosieer word met segregasie deur middel van funksionele streekindeling, homogenisasie,en fragmentasie van stadsgebied, is plakkery en beslaglê op grond in stede algemeen in die stede van Malawi. Die aanhoudendende voorkoms van plakkery, indringing en oortreding op grond reflekteer die die onvermoë van stedelike beplanning en grond beleid om grond en behuising aan die meerderheid van die stedelike burgers , meestal die middelinkomste klas en die gemarginaliseerde stedelike armes te verskaf. Die regering het nie oor die jare daarin geslaag om die kwessie van konflik oor grond in stedelike areas suksesvol aan te spreek nie, dit ten spite van die feit dat daar toenemend meer gevalle van konflik en meededingende grondeise bestaan, asook onteiening in stedelike en omstedelike gebiede. Hierdie konflikte manifesteer in plakkery en indringery in staatsgrond wat lei tot die totstandkoming van nie-amptelike nedersettings. In stedelike gebiede het pogings om hierdie kwessies aan te spreek gelei tot onteiening,eiendomsreg-programme, grondhervormings-programme, gedwonge uitsettings, asook gebiede waar daar net grond en dienste verskaf word. Nogtans vind daar plakkery en indringing plaas. Met betrekking tot stedelike Malawi is die vraag: Hoekom is stedelike beplanning soos dit begryp word (d.w.s. as ’n denkwyse en ruimte-praktyk) die skepper en nie die bemiddelaar van konflik oor grond in stede nie? Daar is gepoog om hierdie vraag te beantwoord deur gebruik te maak van Lefebvre se drieledige konsep van die produksie van ruimte, om sodoende ’n in-diepte begrip te verkry van die teenstellings tussen mense se konsepsies en alledaagse praktyke met betrekking tot ruimte, en die beplanners se konsepte van ruimte wat die gevolg is van koloniale, post-koloniale en neoliberale sienings, en hoe dit lei tot ’n aanhoudende konflik oor stedelike grondgebied in Malawi. Strategieë en taktieke wat deur inwoners gebruik word om ruimte te skep en te verdedig teen moontlike onteiening deur die staat, word ondersoek. Laastens word die lewende ondervindings van die stadsbewoners ondersoek, asook die veelvoudige betekenisse wat hulle heg aan die ruimtes wat hulle bewoon. Hoe hulle hierdie betekenisse gebruik om die oorname van hierdie spasies deur die staat, te beveg en terselfdertyd hulle eie ruimtes te skep. Die gemengde-metode benadering is gebruik om geodata, kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data in die twee buurtes van Soche West (Blantyre ) en Area 49 (Lilongwe ) waar daar aanhoudende spanning oor grond tussen die staat en die stadsbewoners is, aan te spreek. Primêre bronne van data sluit huishoudelike opnames, fokus groepbesprekings, sleutelinformant onderhoude, dokumentêre bronne, observasie,en elektroniese en gedrukte media in. Omdat daar so baie data is, is drie sagtewares, naamlik SPSS, ATLAS.ti, and ArcGIS 9.3TM GIS gebruik vir die ontleding van kwantitiewe, kwalitatiewe en ruimtelike data onderskeidelik. Inhouds- en diskoers analise is ook gedoen om die regeringsdokumente en koerantartikels te ontleed. Daar is gevind dat alhoewel beplanningsdenke en –praktyk oorheers word deur ingevoerde, modernistiese konsepte van ruimtes, kry die owerhede dit nie reg om die bewoners te oorreed om hulle siening van stedelike ruimte te aanvaar nie. Daar is tydens die navorsing bevind dat die owerhede die volgende kwessies moet aanspreek: menslike en tegniese bekwaamdede, korrupsie, lomp burokratiese prosedures, uitgediende en weersprekende wette en beleide, die kompleksiteit van grondregte, swak toepassing van wette, politieke invloed, en die opkoms van die demokrasie, onvoltooide reklassifikasiwe van landelike owerhede, en ’n tekort aan finanseringsmeganismes. Die staat se onbekwaamheid tesame met die mense se persepsie dat die staat nie volgens wet stedelike grond kan beheer nie, het gelei daartoe dat Doba Dobas (d.w.s. die middelman, en die skelms) die beplanning van konflik oorgeneem het en geweldadige en nie-geweldadige taktiek gebruik om grond te bekom en te verdedig, en sodoende konflik tussen die staat en die mense laat toeneem. Daar kan gesê word dat in beide Lilongwe en Blantyre die veelvoudige betekenisse wat aan ruimte geheg word, die werklike ondervindinge van die mense verteenwoordig. Hierdie ondervindings behels verskillende kernwaardes wat dalk nie deur ander gedeel word nie. Dit bevestig ook Lefebvre se argumente oor die ruimtes. Laastens moet die beplanners die beplanners se toekomsplanne en die alledaagse ondervindings van die burgers, versoen. Daar word dus aanbeveel dat die beplanners die klem op abstrakte ruimtes en die modernistiese beeld van orde moet versoen met die ondervindings van diegene wat in die stad woon. Die beplanners se klem op abstakte ruimtes en hulle modernistiese beeld van orde impliseer dat lewensvatbare alternatiewe plekmaak prosesse nie goed verstaan word nie, gedeeltelik omdat die formele diskoers in beplanning en plekmaak grootliks draai om herhaaldelike voorstellings van ruimte en die oorrredingskrag van die een of ander voorstelling. Hierdie navorser stel voor dat Lefebvre se drie konsepte liewer gebruik moet word om dit vir navorsers moontlik te maak om voor beplanners bewus te word van die kompleksiteit van die menslike dimensies van ruimte, Nadat hy gefokus het op die twee stede, besef die navorse dat beplanning baie tyd en moeite behels en dat die menslike of die mikroskaal voorrang moet geniet. Die veelvoudige betekenisse van ruimte, soos bespreek, moet in ag geneem word tydens die organiseer en skep van stedelike ruimte. Aangesien ruimte nooit leeg is nie en altyd betekenis het, is dit belangrik om die verskillende betekenisse wat mense aan die plekke waar hulle bly heg, te verstaan, asook hulle gehegtheid aan hierdie plekke. In hierdie studie word die verskillende betekenisse van ruimte, naamlik ruilwaarde, gebruikwaarde, emosionele waarde, historiese waarde, en gewyde waarde. Die bevordering van koloniale.modernistiese konsepte van orde, segregasie, funksionele sonering en kommodifikasie,. grootliks deur die dominante ekonomiese en politiese elite, lei tot weerstand deur groepe wat die ruimtes waarin hulle lewe wil verdedig en rekonstrueer. Omdat die staat nie deur middel van die ruimtelike praktyke van beplanning, sy siening van stedelike ruimte aan die bewoners kan oordra nie, hou die stedelike bewoners aan om hulle strategieë en taktieke, geweldadig en nie-geweldadig, te gebruik, om hul eie ruimtes te skep. Ten slotte word daar tot die slotsom gekom dat ruimte nie eksklusief deur beplanners geskep word nie, maar deur die praktyke van die alledaagse lewe, al is dit ongeoorloofd en nieamptelik. Die stede in Malawi, insluitende die post-koloniale stad, Lilongwe, moet nie beskou word as gevorm alleenlik deur die stadsbeplanners nie, maar ook deur die veranderende ondervindings van die stad en die alledaagse lewe en die dubbelsinnigheid van die gebruikers van stedelike ruimte. Planne en dokumente moet dus nie gesien word as die enigste meganisme wat stedelike ruimte vorm en organiseer nie.

Urban regeneration has been accompanying urban development since the earliest human settlement, and was emphasized after the World War Two. Several decades' experience and billions of dollars forced the decision makers to realize the importance of urban image, quality of life, and urban environment, which were recognized as prerequisites and catalysts for the economic development of cities. In this circumstance squares have been involved in urban regeneration projects to create symbol of the city and to provide space for residents, and have been proved to be effective for urban regeneration by many western countries. Dalian, a coastal city in Northeast China presented to be a successful case in the country in involving the construction of squares in regenerating central city to transform the city from a heavy industrial city to a garden city. In the circumstance of urban beautification movement in China, which began in 1990s and was partly symbolized by the construction of fancy, large, but under-used squares, a study on the success of Dalian is indeed needed. This study shed light on the major concerns of Dalian government to create squares in central city, the land use issues of squares, the usage on the squares, and the perception of squares by users. Through the application of key-informant interview, questionnaire survey, and onsite observation, the paper concluded that the construction of squares was part of the urban regeneration policies in Dalian, the major concern was to provide local residents with public open space to enjoy public life, and to improve urban environment. The construction of squares was carefully and systematically planned, the location of squares was pertinent to the land use pattern nearby and to the function of each of the three districts in central city, the squares are fully utilized, and are appreciated by both local residents and tourists. The squares were considered as catalyst in urban environment improvement, urban image enhancement, and tourism and economic development from the perspective of government officials, local residents, and tourists. Implication was provided for other cities in China based on the major findings and reviewed literature, future research opportunities were also suggested.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-89).
Today appropriately designed architectural settings that adequately serve the function of supporting public life are rare. Sociologists and psychologists have consistently observed the alienating effects of modernity, and of modern attitudes to life, on community and society. It is believed that as a result of these attitudes of extreme invidualism, public life in American cities has declined over the last few decades. The urban square, as the classic example of a public space, is studied here in the present context of an American city. While it is clear that the reasons for this decline in public life are much deeper than merely architectural, the underlying premise is that it is at least partly due to the inappropriateness of its physical and programmatic design that the square no longer plays an active role in the public realm. Public space is being designed without people in mind and hence has become merely an empty symbol of public life. The Government Center Plaza in Boston is used as the specific example for the study. A comparative analysis of the various plans proposed for it illustrates that though it is partially the prevailing theories of urban renewal in the 60's and modernist city planning ideals that are responsible for the current unsatisfying square, it is, as evidenced by the plan proposed by Kevin Lynch and John Myer, among others, with the firm of Adams, Howard and Greeley, still entirely possible to design satisfying urban public spaces which attempt to bridge between the planning approaches of the past and those which meet the functional demands of our times. That this plan was not the one eventually built is itself indicative of the problems in the urban design attitudes of that period.
by Serena C. Keswani.
M.S.

This thesis is an exercise in ideas of two realms, theoretical and practical, and an effort to mix the two to create architecture. The theoretical thesis is exemplified in the pairings of photos seen on the bottom of each page, taken from Second View: The Rephotographic Survey Project. As the reader examines the pairs of photos changes over time can be seen in each. Typically the greatest changes are manifestations of man's existence. I have treated this as a point of departure for the technical thesis of Permanence and Temporality. Man's temporal existence creates permanent reminders in the permanent structure of the earth. This thesis explores the nature of permanence and temporality in materials and uses them to express the classic dichotomy of service and served. As a practical thesis the project focuses on providing better urban living through natural light, natural ventilation, and the provisions for community and interaction with nature. A modification of Le Corbusier's Unite d'Habitation was explored by narrowing the building to bring natural light further into the unit while widening the unit to get natural light and ventilation even to the service spaces.
Master of Architecture

This study investigates the relationship between law and space by focusing on the role of the land-use planning system in producing the space of Australian urban regions. The primary aim of the project is to demonstrate the significance of the theoretical and sociological framework of Henri Lefebvre for an emerging field of socio-legal studies concerned with the relationship between law and geography. To this point very few contributions to this field have considered the theoretical connections between law and space in any depth. This thesis demonstrates how Lefebvre's sophisticated theory of the socially produced nature of space can broaden the scope of 'law and geography' research. It does so through a detailed survey of Lefebvre's work and a deployment of his ideas in a series of inquiries into the production of space in Australia. This endeavour is pursued in two stages. Part I of the thesis begins by examining how explanatory models within the social sciences have become increasingly concerned with the spatial dimensions of social life. This 'spatial turn' is reflected in a small, but growing literature within socio-legal studies which focuses on the interdisciplinary connections between law and geography. However the theoretical foundations of this field remain underdeveloped. Through an analysis of Lefebvre's writings, this thesis identifies an anti-reductionist methodological approach to space and its social production. This is used to establish a theoretical framework for the study of the spatial dimensions of law. Part II of the thesis uses this framework to address two questions about the law-space relationship. The first of these is concerned with how law is involved in the production of space. This is considered through three linked studies of the production, planning and legal regulation of space. The starting point for this investigation is the geographical site of suburbia. Lefebvrean categories are used to redescribe Australian suburbia as a form of abstract space - simultaneously fragmented, homogeneous and hierarchically organised. The thesis then argues that the land-use planning system in the post-war decades played a significant role in the development of this form of settlement space, by adhering to a form of bureaucratic thinking that Lefebvre characterises as the rationality of habitat. This rationality embodied technocratic functionalism, a visualised formalism and a structural imposition of expert authority in planning decision-making. With the shift to a neoliberal state form in the last two decades, there have been significant changes to spatial planning. Through an analysis and critique of the Integrated Planning Act 1997 (Qld), it is demonstrated that under neoliberalism there has been a reformulation of the rationality of habitat. In particular, the Integrated Planning Act relies on two new formal strategies, the exchange form and the integrative form, in instituting its changes to planning practice. The exchange form abolishes the technique of land-use 'zoning' and increases the use of market mechanisms in the designation of spatial uses. The integrative form restructures the relationships between local and State government agencies and attempts to channel most forms of public participation into the early stages of policy formation. This thesis argues that rather than changing the spatial outcomes of land-use planning, by commodifying space and restructuring the hierarchies of state decision-making, the Integrated Planning Act will continue to reproduce the social relations of abstract space. The second question in Part II deals with how Lefebvre's ideas can contribute to critical thinking about public law in general. It is argued that while law plays a significant role as a producer of space through the planning system, processes of spatial production also shape and structure state institutions. Two areas of research which could benefit from a Lefebvrean theoretical framework are identified. The first area concerns explanations of the effects on public law of the reterritorialised state form that has emerged under neoliberalism. The second is the renewal of critical theory in public law. In particular, the thesis makes the case that the spatial contradiction between the use and exchange values that are attached to space, challenges the normative orthodoxy within public law scholarship which relies on the values of participation and accountability. This thesis contributes to socio-legal research in three important ways. Firstly, it uses Lefebvre's theoretical approach to develop a critical planning law, linking state planning to the process of the production of space. Secondly, the thesis uses Lefebvrean categories to link the study of public law to political struggles which surround spatial production. It suggests a new way for critical legal scholarship to conceptualise public law in terms of the relationship between state power and the inhabitance of space. Lastly, these inquiries demonstrate the importance and relevance of Lefebvre's social theory for the discipline of socio-legal studies. By grounding the concept of 'space' in material processes of production, a Lefebvrean approach provides an alternative to existing theoretical accounts within law and geography research and will deepen our understanding of the relationships between legal and spatial relations.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 67).
Households make decisions on housing based on their budgets, preferences, and the family lifecycle. The outcomes we observe are very diverse. This thesis explores the causes and effects of these heterogeneous housing choices by looking at family characteristics including income, occupations, and ages of family -members. It looks at outcomes by examining floor plans of the houses they build and alter over time. Housing choices are explored in terms of four major issues: crowding, tenure rights, time (time-span in a house and house owners' age), and home-based enterprises (HBEs). The study was carried out at two sites in San Fernando, the Philippines: a government relocation settlement and an informal squatter settlement. This study shows how family needs and values produce a variety of housing decisions in both the resettlement and squatter sites. The data show how the residents' housing choices reflect their limited economic resources and different personal and tenure security needs and preferences. In these two survey sites, many factors enter into the tradeoffs households make, including land title, household size, plot size (and the uniform plot design in the resettlement site), and a desire for personal security against natural disasters. In this study we see how households can utilize their dwellings for small business activities to gain income with little risk: some families surveyed, especially in the resettlement site, had created thriving HBEs. Thus mixed land-use in the residential site can help families survive the uncertain economic conditions such as families often face in resettlement. I argue that this should be incorporated in future housing policies. Settlers build a variety of housing types: squatter shanties, shacks expanded into sturdy two-story dwellings, houses with businesses. The numerous and sometimes unrelated variables which determine their choices can make it difficult for planners and government officials who depend on statistics to formulate solutions. However, the outcomes we observe reflect how families adapt to their environment to sustain themselves with limited resources. Above all, planners need first to examine the reality of a neighborhood and then to make room for households' heterogeneous choices and tradeoffs in their plans.
by Masako Niimi.
M.C.P.

Através da retomada de concepções clássicas dos estudos urbanos, que permeiam a geografia, a sociologia e o urbanismo, tentaremos estabelecer uma relação entre os aspectos da organização social e a conformação espacial da cidade. Enfocaremos algumas das forças presentes na transformação do uso do solo no intuito de compreender os processos de obsolescência e renovação urbana, especialmente onde tais processos são mais intensos, no core das aglomerações urbanas. Para tanto, tomaremos como estudo de caso o distrito da Liberdade, área central da cidade de São Paulo. Buscaremos as bases teóricas que dão sustentação à idéia de estrutura urbana, apontando diferentes estratégias de trabalho intelectual para promover um confronto interpretativo entre linhas de pensamento que oferecem modelos de explicação sobre o crescimento urbano e suas implicações, apontando algumas das forças presentes na transformação do uso do solo.
By retaking urban studies classical conceptions, that permeate Geography, Sociology and Urbanism, well try to establish the relationship between the aspects of social organization and the citys spatial conformation. Well focus some of the forces behind land use transformation, as an effort to comprehend the processes of urban obsolescence and renewal, especially where these processes are more intense, i. e. in the core of urban agglomerations. Therefore, well take the district of Liberdade, in the central area of São Paulo, as a case study. Well seek the theoretical grounds that support the idea of urban structure, pointing out different intellectual work strategies to foster the interpretative confront between lineages of thought that offer explanation models to urban growth and its implications, indicating some of the forces that take part on land use transformation.

One of the challenges confronting cities innon-industrialised countries today is the fact that cities aregrowing at unprecedented rates, sizes and densities. Growthtrends in these cities are largely unregulated. In thesecountries, cities have changed in at least four major ways:their size, spatial organisation or morphology, the quality anddistribution of public services and infrastructure and theiremployment base. While this situation can be attributed toglobal urbanisation trends, the general poor knowledge on howthese cities develop, densify and acquire certain physicalcharacteristics has limited effective urban planning andmanagement. At times, the pervasive knowledge gap has beenassociated with the lack of relevant theories and concepts toexplain the evolution, growth and prevailing spatial qualities.However, the limited research in this field has alsocontributed to this problem. The other problem that confrontsthe rapidly urbanising city is continued sprawl that has beenmanifested in externalities of inadequate infrastructureprovision and under-utilisation of scarce resourcesparticularly land.

This thesis is an attempt to contribute towards addressingthese two problem areas. The main field of study is on urbantypes within a rapidly urbanising city context. Dar es Salaamcity was selected a case study area. The study exploresthetheoretical framework for classification and analysis ofsettlements. The relevance of this framework in the studycontext is examined. At low scale level, the study provides ananalysis of house forms, density, plot characteristics, spacesand space uses in formal and informal settlements.

The analysis shows that urbanisation under poverty andlow-density urban types greatly influence the sprawlingcharacter of the city. The increasing market-led housingdevelopment and ineffective planning responses are contributingfactors to the observed unguided densification anddeteriorating spatial qualities. It has also been shown thatwhile theoretical frameworks developed from most industrialisedcountries can be adapted to analyse urban types innon-industrialised countries, these theories are limited incomprehending fully the growth and character of rapidlyurbanising cities.

Key words:Urban types, house forms, density, plotcharacteristics, spaces and space use, spatial quality, formaland informal settlements, Dar es Salaam.

Allt fler människor väljer att bosätta sig i städer. Samtidigt lever vi i en tid där hållbarhetsmål är viktigare än någonsin att uppnå. Städers ökande antal invånare gör att allt fler människor vistas på gator, torg, parker och andra grönområden i staden, vilket ställer höga krav på det offentliga rummet. För att bemöta detta krävs hållbara, livskraftiga, säkra och hälsosamma offentliga rum, med syfte att skapa en jämställd stadsmiljö som involverar alla människor. Dessa platser kräver smarta lösningar för att främja hållbar stadsutveckling.Stadsutvecklingen gör att de offentliga rummen ständigt förändras. Ett område som står inför förändring kan ta flera år att färdigställa, vilket gör att offentliga rum från och till infinner sig i ett slags mellanläge. Platsen används då inte längre som tidigare, och har ännu inte fått sin nya användning. Detta kan skapa tillfälligt otrygga eller oinbjudande kvaliteter i det offentliga rummet, till exempel brist på belysning och få människor i rörelse. För att motverka detta kan stadsplanerare och arkitekter implementera temporära installationer för att ge platsen en ny identitet och användning.För att undersöka om tillämpandet av temporär användning kan bidra till hållbar stadsutveckling, utförs en interventionsstudie på en offentlig plats som genomgår förändring. Denna interventionsstudie innefattar en beskrivande planeringsprocess samt en fältstimulering där en temporär paviljong med odlingsmöjligheter byggs upp i det offentliga rummet. Studiens empiriska del innefattar även en platsanalys för att undersöka hur paviljongen påverkar, och påverkas av, dess kontext. Dessutom tillämpar studien en enkätundersökning för att undersöka allmänhetens attityder till det offentliga rummet. Detta, tillsammans med kvalitativa intervjuer med experter inom området, ger oss en inblick i hur en intresserad person utan en formell roll kan delta i planeringsprocessen och utformningen av en offentlig plats. Resultatet beskriver planeringsprocessen och uppförandet av den temporära paviljongen. Detta beskriver i sin tur hur temporär användning kan bidra till inkludering och hållbarhet i stadsrummet.
Increasingly more people are choosing to settle in cities. At the same time, we live in a time where achieving sustainability goals are more important than ever. The increase in residents in urban environments has created a build up of people passing through the streets, squares, parks, and other green areas in the city, putting a huge strain on public spaces. In response to this, renewable, viable, safe and healthy public spaces are needed, with the aim of creating an equal urban environment open to all. These public spaces require inventive solutions to develop the urban environment to a sustainable future.Urban development is not only inevitable, but a must for progression, however, to the average citizen this creates ever shifting, ever changing surroundings for them to work and live in. During these, sometimes years long, periods of change, public spaces can fall into a form of middle ground, where the previous purpose of the space has been lost, and the new purpose has yet to be gained. This can temporarily create unsafe and uninviting qualities in the public space, for example due to lack of lighting and people. To challenge this, city planners and architects can look to implement temporary installations to give the site a new identity and use, bridging the gap between old and new.To investigate whether temporary use can contribute to sustainable urban development, an intervention study was conducted at a public space that is under-going change. This intervention study includes a descriptive planning process as well as a field stimulation where a temporary pavilion with cultivation opportunities is built up in the public space. The empirical part of the study also includes a site analysis to investigate how the pavilion affects, and is affected by, its context. In addition, the study applies a survey to examine the attitudes of the citizens regarding the public space. This, together with qualitative interviews with experts in the field, gives us an insight into how an interested person without a formal role can participate in the planning process and the design of a public place. The result describes the planning process and construction of the temporary pavilion. The approach, in turn, describes how temporary use can contribute to inclusion and sustainability in the urban.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-171).
In globalizing cities around the world, middle class women are departing from their traditional domestic roles in child rearing and home management. This activity change creates a large influx of young, single and lower income female workers from developing nations such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia and others into Hong Kong, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur to serve as domestic workers. Because most female domestic foreign workers reside in the employers' homes, they seek a space elsewhere to meet their needs for privacy, familiarity and companionship on non-working days. As a result, there is an emerging phenomenon where large numbers of female foreign domestic workers gather in public spaces around the city to socialize and to enjoy a brief moment of privacy away from their employers. In these spaces, domestic workers form ephemeral cities. They transform public spaces by assigning areas for food consumption and production, areas to conduct recreational activities such as dancing and singing, places to exchange currencies to send back to their homes abroad and other spaces to fulfill their needs in a foreign city. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is often seen by local citizens as a form of nuisance, inconvenience or even threat, thus causing tension and sometimes conflict between locals and foreign workers. In this thesis, I carried out observation studies on FDW gathering sites in Hong Kong, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.
(cont.) Through this observation study, I found similar and different physical spatial characteristics across all three cities. Stakeholders also play varying roles in influencing the FDW gathering spaces in these cities. From this comparative study, I learned that the accommodation of FDWs in public spaces varies depending on various factors such as culture, demographics and city branding in each city. With the current exponential growth of transnational foreign domestic labor in the region and world, I hope that this study will inform sustainable humanitarian strategies in accommodating female foreign domestic workers around the world.
by Cha-ly Koh.
M.C.P.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-211).
This dissertation uses the disparate spatial practices of radiologists and outpatient physicians to frame a study of the relationship between space, information technology use and workplace change, with a particular focus on relationships of control. Drawing from diverse urban, organization and economic literatures, I propose a spatial structuring approach to examining issues of space and work practices. From this perspective, spatial practices are seen as both shaping and being shaped by information technology use. The spatial practices of outpatient physicians prior to adopting Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) shaped the implementations of the EMRs in that they led to a series of problems in coordinating outpatient work, problems that EMRs were adopted in part to solve. The EMRs, in turn, were successfully used to further extend physician work in time and space, as well as to better coordinate and control their work. For radiologists, their historic spatial practices shaped the way they used teleradiology applications to respond to a recent, and overwhelming, scarcity of radiologists. Radiologists were able to successfully exert control over the offshoring of their work, in part due to their long history of working at a distance from their patients and other physicians.
(cont.) Radiology work has been done remotely since the inception of their profession, so the fact that it can now be done from thousands of miles away, rather than a hundred yards away, did not appreciably lessen their ability to exert professional control. This research also links spatial practices at work to temporal practices at work. I use a comparison of the ways in which outpatient physicians and radiologists work in space and time to highlight the importance of these practices in shaping and being shaped by the use of information technologies. In both cases, information technologies that enabled physicians to extend their work in space were used to extend their work in time, as well. Once again I link these complex dynamics to issues of control, both of the information technologies in question, and of medical work more generally.
by Ari Goelman.
Ph.D.

The study investigates the development of church infrastructure within the urban environment. A symbiotic interaction between church form and urban conditions is proposed and contextualised through analysis of existing church models and current spatial concerns within Pretoria’s inner-city. The potential of church as agent for urban renewal and community development is identified and the study generates a spatial and programmatic model aligned with the inner-city’s need for meaningful and integrated interventions. A systemic definition of church proposes a multi-layered programme based on partnership and interaction while alternative church positioning suggests the concept of re-claiming inner-city spaces, applied through the re-development of the Schubart Park housing complex. AFRIKAANS : Hierdie studie ondersoek die ontwikkeling van kerk infrastruktuur in die stedelike omgewing. ‘n Simbiotiese interaksie tussen kerkvorm en stedelike kondisies word voorgestel en gekontekstualiseer deur analise van bestaande kerk modelle en ruimtelike kwessies in die middestad van Pretoria. studie identifiseer die potensiaal van kerk as agent vir stedelike hernuwing en gemeenskapsontwikkeling en vervolgens word n ruimtelike en programmatiese model in lyn gestel met die middestad se tekort aan betekenisvolle en geintegreerde ingrypings. Sistemiese definisie van kerk stel n gelaagde program voor gebasseer op vennootskap en interaksie terwyl alternatiewe plasing van die hergebruik van stedelike ruimtes voorstel wat toegepas word deur die herontwikkeling van die Schubart Park behuisings kompleks.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted

No coração do bairro de Pinheiros, sete quilômetros a sudoeste do centro de São Paulo, está o Largo da Batata, um subcentro urbano de expressão metropolitana. A formação do caráter comercial da área esteve ligada ao comércio atacadista de produtos agrícolas no início do século XX e, mais recentemente, à presença massiva de trabalhadores que faziam baldeações no terminal de ônibus instalado no local, com linhas conectando a região central às periferias a oeste do rio Pinheiros. Apesar de sua estrutura física precária, a vitalidade e os aspectos distintivos da área estiveram, até recentemente, baseados numa pujante atividade comercial de diferentes escalas e temporalidades. Há tempos percebido e representado como um foco de degradação em meio a bairros sofisticados, o Largo da Batata tem recebido, na última década, uma série de intervenções do poder público visando à sua \"reconversão urbana\". Entre estas figuram a extensão da avenida Faria Lima, a relocação do terminal de ônibus, a transformação de duas quadras em uma ampla praça, e uma estação de metrô. Comerciantes locais foram afetados negativamente pelas obras viárias e pela reorganização do transporte coletivo, tendo perdido parte de sua clientela. Ademais, os lojistas também têm sido pressionados pela alta dos aluguéis na região. Vários donos de estabelecimentos comerciais também foram despejados para dar espaço a empreendimentos imobiliários que guardam pouca relação com o pequeno comércio e o comércio popular da região, apontando na direção da construção de uma cidade global e exclusiva. O surgimento repentino de um espaço aberto tem estimulado uma diversidade de iniciativas artísticas e culturais que ocupam a nova praça com atividades por vezes críticas à transformação do bairro. A praça também se tornou um importante ponto de concentração para manifestações políticos de variados matizes ideológicos. Mesmo diante dessa conjuntura, muitos comerciantes têm conseguido se manter em atividade, seja cativando sua clientela ou se adaptando a um público diferente. Por outro lado, um novo tipo de comércio, voltado para o consumo das classes média e alta, tem se estabelecido nas franjas da região, aproximando-se gradualmente do Largo da Batata. De todo modo, o vigor do caráter comercial da área persiste, assim como persiste o papel da região na rede de transportes da região metropolitana.
At the heart of the Pinheiros district, 7 km southwest of downtown São Paulo, Brazil, lies the so-called Largo da Batata (\"Potato Square\"), the core of an urban subcenter of metropolitan expression. The neighborhood\'s formation as a commercial area was linked to wholesale greengrocers in the early 20th century and, more recently, to the working-class crowds of commuters transferring in and around the local bus terminal that served as a transit hub connecting central São Paulo to its western suburbs. In spite of the area\'s precarious physical structure, until recently its vitality and distinctive urban aspect had been supported by bustling commercial activity of different scales and temporalities. Long perceived as an urban eyesore squeezed in between posh residential, business, and night-life districts, Largo da Batata has been targeted over the past decade by a series of interventions aimed at its \"urban reconversion\". These have included the removal of the bus terminal, the extension of one of the city\'s main financial thoroughfares through the neighborhood, the reshaping of two-odd city blocks into an enlarged square, and a subway station. Pressured by rising rents and enduring a dwindling clientele after years of disruption by the public works, local retailers have also felt the loss of a significant portion of their bus-commuter patrons. Many tenants have also been evicted to give way to real estate projects that relate not to the area\'s characteristic working-class, small- scale uses, but to shiny prospects of an exclusive and motorized global city where poverty and its signs do not meet the eyes of affluent citizens. The sudden appearance of a raw, wide open space has spurred the emergence of several artistic and cultural initiatives occupying the new square, some of which critical of the upscaling of the neighborhood. The square has also become an important meeting point for political rallies and demonstrations that fall within a wide ideological gamut. Even against that backdrop, many shop owners have managed to put up with the new circumstances either by captivating their regular customers or by adapting to a different public. On the other hand, new, upmarket stores have established at the fringe of the region, gradually approaching Largo da Batata. In any case, the strong commercial character of the area persists, as does its role in the transportation network of the metropolitan area.

This dissertation will explore ways in which abandoned space, and spaces between buildings, can be reconnected with their surroundings to enrich and contribute to the everyday experience of the user. The intervention takes place along the edges of the Pretoria CBD, adjacent to an abandoned canalized urban river (Walkerspruit). The site hosts elements of historic importance and memory which have become fragmented from the everyday experience of the user in the city. The hypothesis investigates the understanding of space and place - whether the above mentioned spaces can be fused together as a series of experiences to enhance the character of the site and its important historic elements. The proposed development is made up of layered, mixed use activities catered toward a facility for T.U.T post graduate art students and other visiting artists. The building should create an opportunity for the public to engage with the process of making art and at the same time give students the opportunity to exhibit their work whilst engaging with their community. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Meyer, T 2011, Fusing space and place : a mixed use art facility for T.U.T post graduate students, MArch(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12012011-112515 / > C12/4/29/gm
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Architecture
unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how parametrization of large-scale person movement data can contribute to describing the use of urban space. Given anonymous coordinate and timestamp data from a sensor observing an open-air mall, movement-based parameters are selected according to public life studies, behavioral mapping, and space syntax tools. The thesis aim is operationalized by answering how well the parametrizations perform in capturing urban space use, as well as investigating how the use is described when applying the parameterized data in selected urban space use tools. Also, the parameterized data are evaluated as time series to investigate possible further understanding of urban space use. The parametrization performance is evaluated by accuracy and F1-score and time series forecasts are evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The results indicate a parametrization accuracy of 93% or higher, while a high yet fluctuating F1 -score indicates that the parameterizations might be sensitive to imbalanced data, and that accuracy alone might not be sufficient when evaluating urban data. The parameterized data applied in the selected urban space use tools highlights the granularity achieved from sensor-based data. In the time series analysis, a Facebook Prophet forecast model is implemented, with an MAE of 8.6% and RMSE of 11.7%, outperforming a seasonal naïve forecast implementation with an MAE of 14.1% and RMSE of 18.8%. The thesis finds that time series modelling adds to understanding patterns and changes of use over time and that the approach could be developed further in future studies. In answering how the urban space is used, the thesis develops a new methodology. This methodology combines human-scale understanding of urban space use with large-scale data, generating citizen passive feedback.
Vikten av att förstå hur en plats, eller ett stadsrum, faktiskt används härstammar ur det faktum att användningen ofta avviker från vad som var planerat. Genom en utökad förståelse för användningen av en plats går det exempelvis att anpassa platsens utformning efter faktisk användning. För att uppnå denna djupare förståelse finns flera olika tillvägagångssätt. Ett sätt är att använda de analoga teorier och verktyg som under lång tid har utvecklats av arkitekter och stadsplanerare, med avsikt att förstå sig på människors beteenden i olika stadsrum. Dessa urbana analysverktyg innefattar exempelvis ramverk för att kartlägga människors aktivitet. Ett annat sätt är att analysera stora datamängder för att utvinna generella rörelsemönster eller detaljerade trender. I denna uppsats presenteras en metod som kombinerar dessa två tillvägagångssätt i syfte att väva in de analoga teoriernas mänskliga utgångspunkt med de möjligheter som uppstår vid analys av stora datamängder. Genom att utveckla algoritmer kan rörelse-baserad information utvinnas, eller parametriseras, ur data från människors rörelse. Metoden innebär i kontexten av denna studie således en parametrisering av rörelse-data från en sensor uppsatt på shoppinggatan Kompassen i Göteborg. Urvalet av parametriseringar har baserats på de urbana analysverktygen. Detta sammanfattas i studiens övergripande syfte: att undersöka hur parametrisering av storskalig rörelsedata kan bidra till att förklara användningen av stadsrum. För att uppnå detta syfte besvaras tre frågeställningar. Först utvärderas hur väl det parametriserade rörelsedatat kan fånga upp användningen av stadsrum. Sedan undersöks hur användningen gestaltas genom att det parametriserade datat appliceras i utvalda urbana analysverktyg. Till sist analyseras datat som tidsserier i syfte att undersöka hur en förståelse över tid kan öka förståelsen för användningen av stadsrum. Genom att utgå från rörelsedata utvanns personers hastighet, startpunkt, och destination. Vidare parametriserades klasserna butiksinteraktion, grupptillhörighet, och stillastående i enlighet med de urbana analysverktygen. Vid utvärdering av dessa tre klasser visar studiens resultat att användningen av stadsrummet fångas upp till hög grad och uppnår åtminstone 93% i precision. Dock visar resultaten även att träffsäkerheten minskar ju mer obalanserat datat är. Detta innebär att ju lägre frekvent en klass är i datat desto svårare är den att fånga upp.    När det parametriserade datat används i de urbana analysverktygen, visar resultaten att det utvunna datat bidrar med en högre upplösning som kan bana väg för ny förståelse för hur stadsrum används. Den högre upplösningen möjliggör även för tidsserieanalys av det parametriserade datat. Resultaten pekar på en mer detaljerad förståelse för trender och användningen av stadsrummet över tid. Till exempel implementeras verktyget Facebook Prophet som i detta fall prognostiserar andelen med grupptillhörighet. För en prognos på två veckor uppnås ett genomsnittligt absolutfel på 8.6%, vilket anses vara ett träffsäkert resultat. På så sätt medför möjligheten att prognostisera användning och identifiera avvikelser från trender ett ytterligare bidrag till förståelsen för hur platsen används. Tidsserieanalysen uppvisar stor potential och tolkningar från såväl tidsserierna som prognosmodeller har utrymme att vidareutvecklas. I framtida studier bör även algoritmer för fler aktivitetsbaserade parametrar, till exempel sittande eller samtalande, utvecklas. Uppsatsens fokus kretsar kring att skapa förståelse för hur ett stadsrum används och lämnar således frågan varför åt framtida studier, där resultat från denna studie kan fungera som viktigt underlag. Studiens metod tillför ett mänskligt perspektiv till stora datamängder och bidrar på så sätt till ett bredare underlag för hur stadsrum används. Med utgångspunkt i urbana analysverktyg har insamlad sensordata parametriserats till viktiga rörelse-baserade klasser. Detta underlag motsvarar en passiv återkoppling från användarna av stadsrummet som därigenom förklarar hur en plats faktiskt används.

This thesis examines historic and contemporary relationships between landscape design, housing and everyday uses of green space in urban China. In doing so, it draws together writing focused on theorizing nature and everyday life, to offer critical insights into urban political, economic, social and cultural change in Chinese cities. The thesis begins with a review of religious philosophies and cultural traditions relating to the development of Chinese gardens and then discusses the impact of the introduction of ‘western’ style public parks alongside the emergence of modern urban planning and design, in order to understand urban change in China. It then critically considers the contemporary political, economic and policy context and everyday practices associated with housing development and green space and residential life at different urban spatial scales. Evidence from in-depth interviews with key stakeholders and local residents highlights the diversity and complexity of everyday relationships between urban planning, housing and the use of green space, and shows that changing notions of nature and everyday life can be mapped onto housing development and associated urban, social and spatial inequalities. The thesis concludes with theoretical insights and also offers key recommendations for policy and practice based on empirical evidence which highlights routes to developing a more progressive relationship between landscape design, housing and the everyday use of green space in Chinese cities.

During the modern era, the urbanization of water has been facilitated by various privileged discourses, which valorize major engineering interventions for the sake of continued urban growth. This research examines discourse surrounding the 2-th Century proposal and construction of a reservoir near the then-tiny farming community of Grapevine, Texas, for the benefit of urban interests. I argue that urban interests produced Grapevine space as nothing more than a container for city water, by rendering meaningless any conception of space that was not directly articulated with urban economic networks. Modern discourse collapsed Denton Creek space from a watershed and landscape into a dimensionless node in the urban space of flows. In return, rural inhabitants were encouraged to progress and to modernize their own spaces: to become urban. Whereas urban discourse entails an implicit spatial imaginary of networks, I deploy the conceptual framework of settler colonialism to show that a core-periphery relationship remains relevant, and is not reducible to a network spatial ontology.

The project proposes the investigation into the adaptive re-use of abandoned and unused buildings in the Pretoria CBD to develop social housing that makes use of existing infrastructure, structures, economic activity and transport networks. This is done as a response to the need for social housing in the medium income market. Most developments for this market are built outside city limits and use precious resources and unnecessary new materials. This project focuses on what is currently known as Huis Potgieter, on the UNISA Sunnyside Campus, as a testing ground to develop theories and approaches that can be used in the development of future developments. Throughout the research conducted into the project, the residents have been emphasised as the main design informant, specifically by the regulations set out by the national government. Considering the highly user-centred approach as identified by the regulations, it is appropriate to approach it from an interior design knowledgebase. Looking firstly at the resident’s needs, those in similar housing developments and income markets have identified and emphasised the need and importance of shared public spaces. Other research has confirmed that public spaces are a large contributor to both the social and psychological well-being of the residents. This project focuses on providing public spaces as integrated areas within the building, interspersed between living units, in an effort to provide comfortable, inclusive, and enjoyable public spaces that encourage a sense of place among the residents. A design proposal to integrate interior public spaces into the daily lives of the residents was developed. Various public space theories were collated and synthesised to develop a set of theory-based guidelines for use in this and future social housing projects. The project aims to develop a proposal that considers all users in the development, both in their physical needs (in the form of an inclusive design approach), as well as their social and community needs, by providing public spaces that accommodate a wide range of users and activities. To benefit future studies and to contribute to the field of interior design, a new term, interior public spaces, was developed in order to describe the type of public spaces created. In order to create a strong identity for the building, which the users can relate and respond to in their own attachment and appropriation, the legibility of the intervention is large focus of the project. To increase the legibility of the building, the building identity – KwilaliCity - was developed to reflect strongly in the public areas of the building to create a common ground for all residents. The intervention ensures accessibility to its wide range of residents by introducing a strong inclusive design component, with a focus on wayfinding. Applying the wayfinding and inclusive approach early in the project allows for an integrated resolution that serves to strengthen the design approach. The intention that residents are encouraged to develop an attachment to KwilaliCity and their fellow residents is evident in the encouragement to appropriate specific elements in and around their homes, in order to reflect their identities and give them some control over their housing environment.
Hierdie projek neem voor om die her-gebruik van verlate en ongebruikte geboue in die Pretoria besigheidsdistrik te ondersoek, met die doel om sosiale behuising wat gebruik maak van bestaande infrastruktuur, strukture, ekonomise aktiwiteit en vervoernetwerke. Die projek het vorendag gekom as ‘n reaksie op die nood vir sosiale behuising in die medium-inkomstemark. Ontwikkelings vir hierdie mark word dikwels geplaas buite die stadperke, en gebruik waardevolle hulpbronne en onnodige nuwe material. Die projek fokus op wat tans bekend staan as Huis Potgieter, te vinde op die UNISA Sunnyside-kampus, as ‘n toetsarea waar teorieë en benaderings te ondersoek en wat in toekomstige uitbreidings gebruik kan word. Tydens die navorsing wat afgelê is vir die projek, is die inwoners beklemtoon as die hoof ontwerpinformant, hoofsaaklik deur die regulasies uiteengesit deur die nasionale regering. Met hierdie hoogs gebruiker-geörienteerde benadering, soos geïdentifiseer deur die regulasies, is dit toepaslik om gebruik te maak van die interieurontwerp kennisbasis. Eerstens word daar gekyk na die inwoners se behoeftes. Inwoners in soortgelyke behuising en inkomstemark het die behoefte en belangrikheid van gedeelde openbare ruimtes uitgelig en beklemtoon. Verdere navorsing het bevestig dat openbare ruimtes ‘n groot bydraende faktor is in die sosiale en sielkundige welstand van die inwoners. Die projek fokus op die voorsiening van openbare ruimtes as integreerde areas binne die gebou, verweef tussendeur die leefeenhede, in ‘n poging om gemaklike, toeganklike, en aangename openbare ruimtes te skep wat ‘n gevoel van plek by die inwoners aanwakker. ‘n Ontwerpvoorstel om die interieur openbare ruimtes te integreer met die daaglikse lewens van die inwoners is ontwikkel. Verskeie teorieë wat handel oor openbare ruimtes is versamel en saamgevat om ‘n stel teorie-gebasseerde riglyne te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word in hierdie en toekomstige sosiale behuisingskemas. Die projek poog om ‘n voorstel te ontwikkel wat alle inwoners in ag neem, beide in hul fisiese behoeftes (in terme van ‘n inklusiewe ontwerpbenadering), sowel as hul sosiale en gemeenskapsbehoeftes deur inwoners van openbare ruimtes te voorsien wat ‘n wye spectrum van gebruikers en aktiwiteite kan akkommodeer Om toekomende interieurontwerpstudies te baat, is ‘n nuwe term, interieuropenbare ruimtes, ontwikkel om die soort openbare ruimtes, soos geskep in hierdie projek, te beskryf. Ten einde ‘n sterk identiteit te ontwikkel vir die gebou, wat die inwoners in staat sal stel om verband te hou en te reageer daarop deur hul aanhegtig en bewilliging, is die leesbaarheid van die ingryping ‘n groot fokus van die projek. Om die leesbaarheid van die gebour te verbeter, is ‘n gebou-identiteit – KwilaliCity – ontwikkel. Dit kom sterk voor in die openbare areas van die gebou om ‘n gelyke grondslag vir alle inwoners te skep. Die ingryping verseker die inklusiwiteit vir die wye reeks inwoners deur ‘n sterk inklusiewe ontwerpkomponent in te bring, wat fokus op die navigasie en leesbaarheid van die ruimtes. Deur hierdie benadering toe te pas vanaf die begin, maak voorsiening vir ‘n geïntegreerde oplossing wat help om die ontwerbenadering te versterk. Die bedoeling is dat inwoners aangemoedig word om aanhegting met KwilaliCity en hul mede-inwoners, en is aangebring in die aanmoediging om spesifieke elemente om hul eenhede te bewillig, in ‘n poging om hul identiteit te weerspieël en bietjie beheer te gee oor hul huislike omgewing.
Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Architecture
MInt (Prof)
Unrestricted

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The cities come gradually being consolidated like the spaces par excellence of the human dwelling. Resulting from this fact, several processes appear, you were palpating and were not palpating, what most times are aligned, with the urbane space organization. This organization teases in there realizes the elements so much of natural order all that you structure and the dynamic processes. In this inquiry the next elements stand out: vegetable covering, areas of flood and flood, demographic density, verticalização, degree of urbanization, intensity of traffic and public spaces. The problematics concerns the relations established between the historical process of occupation of the city like influential factor in the scenery and in the environmental quality in urbane context. The delimited study area corresponds to the city limits of the Imperatriz - MA city her. Such a delimitation obeys the limits of the sectors censitários urbane when classified by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE in the demographic census of the 2010 year. Like objective elencou-se the possibility to understand the arrangement space-storm of the environmental quality of the city limits of the above-mentioned city. For so much they were considered, his process of occupation, the state of affairs of the urbane siege and the mapeamento of the urbane scenery in detail scale. The methodology includes the use of secondary data, originating from bibliographical inquiry, legislation and fountains censitárias, as well as primary data produced through products of sensoriamento remotely and when was prosecuted in Geographic Information Systems - GIS through analyses multicriterion. The results point to a process of intense occupation of this local authority, initially from 1960. Such a process, it takes place through periods, with predominance of economical activity, for which the effort happens in presenting a schematic synthesis. What concerns adequabilidade urbane, the data reveal a synthesis of what is today the urbane space of the Imperatriz - MA city her, their more impactante shows that nearly 12 % of the city new urbane occupations already presents the very degree of restriction to. As for the urbane environmental quality, the data show what Imperatriz, is situated in a belt of intermediary environmental quality, including equivalent to 66,58 km ² of his city limits. Already the values referring to good environmental quality in the extracts and bad, are respectively of 11,94 km ² and 14,13 km ². These numbers point to the necessity of there rethinks the urbane space, so that these elements already presented with intermediary environmental quality are not along next years, incorporated in the bad extract.
As cidades vêm gradativamente se consolidando como os espaços por excelência da moradia humana. Advindo desse fato, surgem diversos processos, palpáveis e não palpáveis, que na maioria das vezes estão alinhados, com a organização espacial urbana. Essa organização implica em perceber os elementos tanto de ordem natural quanto estruturais e os processos dinâmicos. Nesta pesquisa destacam-se os seguintes elementos: cobertura vegetal, áreas de inundação e enchente, densidade demográfica, verticalização, grau de urbanização, intensidade de tráfego e espaços públicos. A problemática diz respeito as relações estabelecidas entre o processo histórico de ocupação da cidade como fator influente na paisagem e na qualidade ambiental em contexto urbano. A área de estudo delimitada corresponde ao perímetro urbano da cidade de Imperatriz – MA. Tal delimitação obedece aos limites dos setores censitários urbanos classificados pelo Instituto Brasileira de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE no censo demográfico do ano 2010. Como objetivo elencou-se a possibilidade de compreender o arranjo espaço-temporal da qualidade ambiental do perímetro urbano da referida cidade. Para tanto foram considerados, o seu processo de ocupação, a conjuntura do sítio urbano e o mapeamento da paisagem urbana em escala de detalhe. A metodologia inclui a utilização de dados secundários, oriundos de pesquisa bibliográfica, legislações e fontes censitárias, bem como dados primários, produzidos por intermédio de produtos de sensoriamento remoto e processados em Sistemas de Informação Geográficas - SIG por meio de análises multicritério. Os resultados apontam para um processo de ocupação intensa deste município, inicialmente a partir de 1960. Tal processo, ocorre por meio de períodos, com predominância de atividade econômica, para o qual realiza-se o esforço em apresentar uma síntese esquemática. No que diz respeito a adequabilidade urbana, os dados revelam uma síntese do que é hoje o espaço urbano da cidade de Imperatriz – MA, o mais impactante deles mostra que cerca de 12% da cidade já apresenta grau máximo de restrição à novas ocupações urbanas. Quanto à qualidade ambiental urbana, os dados revelam que Imperatriz, situa-se em uma faixa de qualidade ambiental intermediária, englobando o equivalente a 66,58 km² de seu perímetro urbano. Já os valores referentes a qualidade ambiental nos extratos boa e ruim, são respectivamente de 11,94 km² e 14,13 km². Esses números apontam a necessidade de repensar o espaço urbano, para que esses elementos já apresentados com qualidade ambiental intermediária não sejam ao longo dos próximos anos, incorporadas no extrato ruim.

O presente estudo analisa as características urbanas, os elementos preexistentes condicionantes, e as potencialidades da região industrial ao longo da orla ferroviária da antiga Linha Santos-Jundiaí que abrange os distritos do Cambuci, Brás, Pari, Móoca, Ipiranga e Vila Prudente, do município de São Paulo, em uma perspectiva de reconhecê-la enquanto reserva urbana especial. Desta forma, investigase a lógica do capital subjacente à perda do \'valor-de-uso\' enquanto obsolescência produzida, e relacionada ao processo de substituição a outros usos. As modalidades de reprodução do espaço efetivam-se na região pelos investimentos do setor privado por meio de produtos imobiliários que negam a cidade. Do ponto de vista metodológico, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico e uma análise teórico-conceitual, incluindo um breve estudo de caso da Europa. Compreende também um levantamento de campo em São Paulo que focalizou na caracterização do uso e ocupação do solo e na obtenção de dados referentes à obsolescência e contaminação. À luz das análises levadas a efeito determinou-se que o conjunto das terras industriais constitui áreas de intrínseco valor urbano, argumenta-se a cerca do seu reconhecimento enquanto prerrogativa para definição de novos usos no âmbito da reconversão.
The study analyses the urban features, conditioning existing elements and potentiality of the industrial area along the old railway Santos - Jundiai including Cambuci, Brás, Pari, Móoca, Ipiranga e Vila Prudente districts of the municipality of Sao Paulo, aiming to qualify the area as an urban special reserve. In doing so, the study investigates the logic of capital underlying the loss in use value as produced obsolescence and related to the process of substitution for other land destination. Currently the re-production of the urban space in the area is achieved through private investments in the building sector, which generate products, that denied the city. Starting from a bibliographic research, the study assumes a conceptual and theoretical approach, develops an empiric analysis in Sao Paulo and includes European experiences, particularly in London (United Kingdom) and Turin (Italy). The field work in Sao Paulo focuses the different types of land uses and occupation and a data collection referred to the obsolescence and environmental pollution. The research highlights that the former industrial areas represent urban value land. It is argued for a formal recognition of the urban value as a precondition for a new use definition in the context of the reconversion process.

A investigação tem por objetivo aprofundar a análise de temas relacionados à recuperação de renda fundiária decorrente de investimentos públicos que tenham gerado valorização em imóveis urbanos no Brasil. A renda fundiária, capturada por instrumentos fiscais e urbanísticos, consiste em fonte adequada de financiamento ao desenvolvimento local, pois atua sobre um largo potencial de receita e não implica conflito de competência com os demais níveis de governo. Entretanto, no caso brasileiro, com o rápido desenvolvimento das cidades, foi formada uma rede urbana muito diversificada, o que resultou em problemas socioespaciais agravados com o aprofundamento da lógica capitalista sobre a terra. Neste trabalho, esses problemas são explorados em duas cidades: Diadema, em que é analisado o dilema do governo local em relação à política de habitação de interesse social e as conseqüências do processo de apropriação da renda fundiária; e Barueri, onde surgiu o emblemático produto conhecido como Alphaville, que se constitui num exemplo paradigmático de urbanização dispersa. Mesmo considerados os avanços no reconhecimento da função social da propriedade e o caráter inédito do Estatuto da Cidade, os problemas decorrentes da lógica de desenvolvimento das cidades brasileiras o modelo federativo que centra o desenvolvimento da urbanização no Município impõem dificuldades de difícil superação ao processo de recuperação da renda fundiária, que resulta fundamentalmente da aplicação do esforço coletivo coordenado pela ação do Estado sobre o território. Os casos analisados são exemplos da dissociação entre a produção do ambiente construído e a recuperação da renda fundiária que, decorrente de falhas, iniqüidades e dilemas, retorna à Administração em quantidade incipiente o que implica dificuldades crescentes para o financiamento das cidades.
This investigation has as its goals strengthening the analysis of themes related to the recovery of urban land rent originated in public investments which may have resulted in value added of urban real estate in Brazil. The urban land rent, captured through fiscal and urban instruments, consists in an adequate source of financing to local development, since it acts over a large income potential and it doesnt imply in a competency conflict with other levels of government. Therefore, in the Brazilian case, along with cities quick development, a diversified urban network was formed, which ended up creating social-spatial issues exacerbated by the increased emphasis on the capitalist rational thought over land. Those issues are examined in the Diadema city case where it is analyzed the local government dilemma in relation to the social interest housing politics and the consequences of land rent appropriation process. Also, in Barueri city case where it was originated the emblematic product known as Alphaville, which constitutes a paradigm example of disperse urbanization. Considering the advances in the recognition of the social function of property and the unforeseen aspects of the Estatuto da Cidade (main Brazilian law), the problems resulting from the thoughts on the development of Brazilian cities is examined. Also, the influence of the federal model which centers urbanization development on the municipality and ignores the process needed to coordinate among its entities. After several decades of political and administrative centralization initiated with the development politics model and seen through the military government period resulted in failure, there are many great difficulties hard to overcome in the process of recovery of land rent, which results fundamentally in the applying of collective effort coordinated by States action over land. The cases analyzed are examples of the dissociation between built environment production and the recovery of land rent; which results of failures, inequities and dilemmas; is captured in a symbolic quantity which implies in increasing difficulties for the financing of cities.

A city is considered as a complex system. It consists of numerous interactivesub-systems and is affected by diverse factors including governmental landpolicies, population growth, transportation infrastructure, and market behavior.Land use and transportation systems are considered as the two most importantsubsystems determining urban form and structure in the long term. Meanwhile,urban growth is one of the most important topics in urban studies, and its maindriving forces are population growth and transportation development. Modelingand simulation are believed to be powerful tools to explore the mechanisms ofurban evolution and provide planning support in growth management. The overall objective of the thesis is to analyze and model urban growth basedon the simulation of land-use changes and the modeling of road networkexpansion. Since most previous urban growth models apply fixed transportnetworks, the evolution of road networks was particularly modeled. Besides,urban growth modeling is an interdisciplinary field, so this thesis made bigefforts to integrate knowledge and methods from other scientific and technicalareas to advance geographical information science, especially the aspects ofnetwork analysis and modeling. A multi-agent system was applied to model urban growth in Toronto whenpopulation growth is considered as being the main driving factor of urbangrowth. Agents were adopted to simulate different types of interactiveindividuals who promote urban expansion. The multi-agent model with spatiotemporalallocation criterions was shown effectiveness in simulation. Then, anurban growth model for long-term simulation was developed by integratingland-use development with procedural road network modeling. The dynamicidealized traffic flow estimated by the space syntax metric was not only used forselecting major roads, but also for calculating accessibility in land-usesimulation. The model was applied in the city centre of Stockholm andconfirmed the reciprocal influence between land use and street network duringthe long-term growth. To further study network growth modeling, a novel weighted network model,involving nonlinear growth and neighboring connections, was built from theperspective of promising complex networks. Both mathematical analysis andnumerical simulation were examined in the evolution process, and the effects ofneighboring connections were particular investigated to study the preferentialattachment mechanisms in the evolution. Since road network is a weightedplanar graph, the growth model for urban street networks was subsequentlymodeled. It succeeded in reproducing diverse patterns and each pattern wasexamined by a series of measures. The similarity between the properties of derived patterns and empirical studies implies that there is a universal growthmechanism in the evolution of urban morphology. To better understand the complicated relationship between land use and roadnetwork, centrality indices from different aspects were fully analyzed in a casestudy over Stockholm. The correlation coefficients between different land-usetypes and road network centralities suggest that various centrality indices,reflecting human activities in different ways, can capture land development andconsequently influence urban structure. The strength of this thesis lies in its interdisciplinary approaches to analyze andmodel urban growth. The integration of ‘bottom-up’ land-use simulation androad network growth model in urban growth simulation is the major contribution.The road network growth model in terms of complex network science is anothercontribution to advance spatial network modeling within the field of GIScience.The works in this thesis vary from a novel theoretical weighted network modelto the particular models of land use, urban street network and hybrid urbangrowth, and to the specific applications and statistical analysis in real cases.These models help to improve our understanding of urban growth phenomenaand urban morphological evolution through long-term simulations. Thesimulation results can further support urban planning and growth management.The study of hybrid models integrating methods and techniques frommultidisciplinary fields has attracted a lot attention and still needs constantefforts in near future.

QC 20130514

Open space planning has been present within the United States for over a century. Traditionally, open space planning efforts tend to focus more exclusively on either socially-based (e.g., recreational, scenic, or park planning) or ecologically-based (e.g., preserves, habitat networks or more general conservation planning) planning efforts. This separation of ecological and social frameworks in open space planning is reinforced by a persistent cultural model, where community and conservation are seen as opposing forces instead of partners. While recent open space planning efforts have begun to integrate social and ecological frameworks into one plan, the majority of our knowledge on integrated open space planning comes from individual case studies. Thus, a synthesized toolbox for how to practice this planning field is lacking. Given this lack of synthesized knowledge of integrated open space planning, an exploratory effort was undertaken to begin to view this newer planning field through a comprehensive lens. The goal of this research was to identify the state of integrated open space planning and begin to assess whether this state was leading toward "landscape integrity," which suggests that healthy social and ecological systems must function together to be sustainable. Framed within an adapted Pressure-State-Response framework, this thesis employed mixed methods and multiple perspectives to engender a holistic framework that identifies the pressures, state of, and potential responses surrounding integrated open space planning. Pressures synthesized from practice and theory include key barriers and facilitators to achieving integration. For the first time, the state of integrated open space planning has been identified from a synthesis of thirty planning processes, practices, and tools utilized in this new planning field. This framework provides planners with a framework upon which sharing and communication can now take place regarding how integrated open space planning can be institutionalized. Finally, this understanding of the pressures and state reveals potential responses for this newer planning field, including the need for increased collaboration to build this new field of open space planning into a mainstream planning field and increased research into bridging the gaps between theory and practice identified through this thesis. This study found two integrated open space planning models and a breadth of literature supporting a movement away from the community versus conservation dichotomy. While this movement is not yet mainstream, both paradigm shifts and the rapidly changing landscapes in which we live are reinforcing this trend. With the expanded view and holistic framework illustrated by this research, planners are afforded a similar language upon which they can discuss the tools and processes central to integrated open space planning.

Urban greenbelts are considered a key instrument for shaping sustainable urban growth and protecting the environment in a large number of cities in the world. In most cities, there is a widely shared belief that urban greenbelts are beneficial to the natural environment. By contrast, there is little understanding of the underlying economic impacts of greenbelts and other green space configurations in fast growing cities. The unprecedented rate and scale of urbanisation in the emerging economies has brought the role of greenbelts into an even sharper focus. In cities within these fast growing economies, the urban population is expected to double in the coming decades, which means that greenbelts are under great pressures to adapt to the large forthcoming growth. Few existing urban models are capable of addressing the dynamic nature of the urban transformations and predicting the impacts of urban greenbelts in the developing world. This prompts us to develop a new modelling method that is capable of assessing the impacts of different configurations, scales and locations of green spaces. We then use it to examine alternative futures to the greenbelt through a case study of Greater Beijing. The method we developed is a new variant in the land use-transport interaction (LUTI) model family. This model is capable of addressing the non-equilibrium nature of urban land use and transport development and the equilibrium nature of the day-to-day adaptations made by businesses and citizens. This LUTI model aims to answer the following questions: what are the short-term and long-term economic impacts of a greenbelt on a fast growing city? Which alternative green space configuration performs better in terms of economic well-being and travel costs? Where and how much should the greenbelt land be progressively reshaped or released as the city grows? The new LUTI model is calibrated and validated using data collected for 1990, 2000 and 2010 for Greater Beijing, The model is first tested retrospectively through revisiting the past greenbelt policies in Beijing from 1990 to 2010. Then the impacts of different future green space configurations from 2010 to 2030 are predicted and assessed through quantifying economic costs/benefits and travel costs for socio-economic groups. The model results suggest that under rapid transformative urban change, the configuration, scale and location of a greenbelt have a significant impact on a city’s economic efficiency. Such impacts will transcend the greenbelt boundary, and even the boundary of Beijing Municipality, onto the entire city region. A narrow greenbelt launched in the early age of urban expansion could lead to spatial mismatch of residents and jobs. A wide and strictly controlled ring-shaped greenbelt is not the highest performing intervention either, in terms of economic well-being. The green-wedges configuration is a remedial policy that balances the economic efficiency and environmental benefits. Intensive development around metro/rail stations in the designated greenbelt could reduce spatial costs and promote sustainable travel modes. This implies that a careful siting of new development within existing designations of the greenbelt can be beneficial in terms of economic well-being and sustainable transport.

Projektet avser att undersöka hur en byggnad som ska möta en divers användning i urban miljö kan dela på resurser. Projektet avser att fungera som en tvärprogrammerad yta där olika användare växelverkar med sina aktiviteter över dygnets timmar likt ett stafettlopp där avlämningen blir en spännande kontaktyta. De kommersiella aktiviteterna över dagen ska samtidigt kunna fungera som allmän service på kvällstid. Kontaktytan för detta ska verka främjande för spontan social kontakt för både boende passerande och arbetande.

The study examines the experiences of street hawkers and contributes to the current but less represented debate on hawkers’ ways of appropriating the urban space through space modification and codification that serve greatly their capitalist purposes and how those daily activities influence their sense of belonging to the urban public space. The hawkers in the study area; La- Nkwantanang-Madina Area, Ghana show some social concerns in their informal day-to-day street activities that account for some of the relocation issues that render the repressive measures of city authorities futile. In understanding the space appropriation and sense of belonging from the hawker’s perspective, the study introduces the concept of “right to the city” for which the purpose of this study conceptualizes it as “the right to the street” so it can better attend to the experiences of place and sense of belonging by the hawkers, the informality concept and the urban citizenship. The study uses qualitative approach which included methods; participant observation, in-depth interviews and Focus group discussion to help unearth some of the issues that contribute to the debate. The research finds that although the space contestations between the street hawkers and city officials still lingers on, the hawkers are able to successfully reproduce their belonging to the urban streets through exchange value of space and the diversification of urban streets which forms part of the urban fabric without dominating the streets to obstruct the use value for other urban dwellers.