Zeitschriftenartikel: „Urban garden waste“

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Eades, Paul, Sigrid Kusch-Brandt, Sonia Heaven und Charles J. Banks. „Estimating the Generation of Garden Waste in England and the Differences between Rural and Urban Areas“. Resources 9, Nr. 1 (16.01.2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9010008.

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Garden waste arising from private households represents a major component of the biodegradable municipal waste stream. To design effective waste valorisation schemes, detailed information about garden waste is a prerequisite. While the biochemical composition of this material is well documented, there is a lack of knowledge regarding both the quantities arising, and quantities entering the services operated by waste management authorities. This work studied the quantities of garden waste arisings at urban and rural households along with the disposal methods used. A door-to-door interview survey, an analysis of kerbside collections of garden waste, and an assessment of materials brought by citizens to a waste recycling site were carried out in Hampshire, UK. If extrapolated nationally, the results indicate that households in England produce an average of 0.79 kg of garden waste per day, or 288 kg per year. On a per capita basis, this corresponds to an annual arising of 120 kg per person, out of which around 70% enters the collection schemes of the waste management authorities. The quantity generated by rural and urban households differed substantially, with rural households producing 1.96 ± 1.35 kg per day and urban households 0.64 ± 0.46 kg per day. Rural households adopted self-sufficient methods of garden waste management such as home composting or backyard burning to a much greater extent compared with urban households. Less than half of the generated rural garden waste entered services operated by the waste collection authorities, while urban households strongly relied on these services. A detailed breakdown of the disposal routes chosen by urban and rural householders can support authorities in tailoring more effective waste management schemes.

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Small, Gaston E., Sara Osborne, Paliza Shrestha und Adam Kay. „Measuring the Fate of Compost-Derived Phosphorus in Native Soil below Urban Gardens“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 20 (19.10.2019): 3998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203998.

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The heavy reliance on compost inputs in urban gardening provides opportunities to recycle nutrients from the urban waste stream, but also creates potential for buildup and loss of soil phosphorus (P). We previously documented P in leachate from raised-bed garden plots in which compost had been applied, but the fate of this P is not known. Here, we measured P concentrations in soils below four or six-year-old urban garden plots that were established for research. We hypothesize that the soil P concentration and depth of P penetration will increase over time after gardens are established. Soil cores were collected in five garden plots of each age and quantified for inorganic weakly exchangeable P. Inorganic weakly exchangeable P was significantly elevated in native soil below garden plots (>35 cm deep) relative to reference soil profiles, and excess P decreased with increasing depth, although differences between garden plots of different ages were not significant. Our analysis shows that excess P from compost accumulates in native soil below urban garden plots. While urban agriculture has the potential to recycle P in urban ecosystems, over-application of compost has the potential to contribute to soil and water pollution.

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Suwantoro, Hajar, und Nurman Achmad. „EDU-GARDEN TRAINING FOR SUPPORTING ISLAMIC BASIC EDUCATION IN MEDAN“. ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, Nr. 2 (02.10.2019): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v3i2.4038.

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Community service activities are focused on the problem of enriching the understanding and practice of making governance a simple garden, edu-garden, which can be done by the students of primary school in Medan city rural areas, with the conditions of the lack of urban green areas as well as the mandate of the national education, 2013 to make education sustainable environment-based vocational called as Adiwiyata school. Partnering with school teachers MIS Al Hidayah Medan Johor and Medan Selayang, be forming edu-garden as an alternative to the procurement of the garden utilizing household waste. Minimal conditions to the availability of land recycling infrastructure can be used for urban green movement through practical training programs edu-garden forming by utilizing waste for gardening activities. The result is the creation of edu-garden forming by teachers and students as teaching materials module based educational environment. The results of the simulation training and edu-garden forming this a viable alternative layout creation of urban green neighborhoods in order to achieve environmental health and public welfare.

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Zhang, Qiao-Chu, Cheng-Chen Wang, Jin-Hua Cheng, Cheng-Liang Zhang und Jing-Jing Yao. „Removal of Cr (VI) by Biochar Derived from Six Kinds of Garden Wastes: Isotherms and Kinetics“. Materials 14, Nr. 12 (11.06.2021): 3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123243.

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Garden waste is one of the main components of urban solid waste which affects the urban environment. In this study, garden waste of Morus alba L. (SS), Ulmus pumila L. (BY), Salix matsudana Koidz (LS), Populus tomentosa (YS), Sophora japonica Linn (GH) and Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (CB) was pyrolyzed at 300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C to obtain different types of biochar, coded as SSB300, SSB500, SSB700, BYB300, etc., which were tested for their Cr (VI) adsorption capacity. The results demonstrated that the removal efficiency of Cr by biochar pyrolyzed from multiple raw materials at different temperatures was variable, and the pH had a great influence on the adsorption capacity and removal efficiency. GHB700 had the best removal efficiency (89.44%) at a pH of 2 of the solution containing Cr (VI). The pseudo second-order kinetics model showed that Cr (VI) adsorption by biochar was chemisorption. The Langmuir model showed that the adsorption capacity of SSB300 was the largest (51.39 mg·g−1), BYB500 was 40.91 mg·g−1, GHB700, CBB700, LSB700, YSB700 were 36.85 mg·g−1, 36.54 mg·g−1, 34.53 mg·g−1 and 32.66 mg·g−1, respectively. This research, for the first time, used a variety of garden wastes to prepare biochar, and explored the corresponding raw material and pyrolysis temperature for the treatment of Cr (VI). It is hoped to provide a theoretical basis for the research and utilization of garden wastes and the production and application of biochar.

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Figueroa-Escamilla, Lorena, Simon Gonzalez-Martinez, Rosalinda Campuzano und Idania Valdez-Vazquez. „Methane production and bromatological characteristics of the different fractions of organic municipal solid waste“. Detritus, Nr. 15 (30.06.2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15095.

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In some countries, garden trimmings are not considered part of urban solid wastes. Lignocellulosic substances contribute to heterogeneity, complicating the analysis of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and, subsequently, for methane production. Some of the substances contained in OFMSW are readily biodegradable, and others are not. This work analyses OFMSW from Mexico City and the methane production from its separate components. From OFMSW, nine fractions were visually identified and separated. Including bromatological and fibre analysis, the characterisation of OFMSW and its components was made to determine how the different substances influence methane production. Together, branches, dry leaves, fresh garden trimmings, unsorted wastes (mainly garden trimmings), kitchen paper, and waste vegetables represent 56 % of OFMSW in weight. Fruit waste and unsorted organics contribute to 60 % of the total methane production. Except for branches and dry leaves, methane production increases inversely with the content of lignocellulosic compounds. Animal waste, having the highest concentrations of proteins and lipids and the lowest in lignocellulosic substances, is characterised by the highest level of methane production. Fibre-rich fractions in OFMSW contributed with little or no methane production. Higher concentrations of lignocellulosic substances in the fractions resulted in lower methane production rates.

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Stuefer-Powell, Cindy, Patrick Shea, Laurie Hodges und Garald Horst. „Impact of Pesticide Residues in Composted Lawn Waste Compost on Vegetable Crops“. HortScience 31, Nr. 4 (August 1996): 669e—669. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.669e.

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To conserve space in the Lincoln city landfill, a program for composting urban yard waste was initiated in 1992. Analysis of the first year's compost showed pesticide residues, including chlordane, DDT, DDE, and pendimethalin. We are investigating the concerns of the City Health officials regarding the risk of returning the compost to an urban environment, including use as a soil amendment for garden crops. To determine background levels of the contaminants, a survey was conducted of foundation, lawn, and garden soils of Lincoln properties. Sampling was based on the age of the house: 1 to 24, 25 to 49, 50 to 74, and 75 to 100+ years with three samples taken from each foundation, lawn, and garden. Higher residues were found in the soils of the 25 to 100+ houses than were found in the compost. No pesticide residues were found in the soil from the 1- to 24-year-old houses, with the exception of foundation samples. Chlordane (523 ppb) and heptachlor (44 ppb) were detected in these samples. Greenhouse garden crop studies showed no adverse growth of tomato, petunia, marigold, or sweet corn. Root crops are being analyzed for bioaccumulation.

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EL-GHANI, Monier Abd, Reinhard BORNKAMM, Nadia EL-SAWAF und Hamdiya TURKY. „Heterogeneity of Soil and Vegetation in the Urban Habitats of New Industrial Cities in the Desert Landscape of Egypt“. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, Nr. 1 (20.03.2015): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb719433.

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The relationship between vegetation and soil supporting the habitats in 4 new industrial cities were assessed. Five main habitats were distinguished from inner city toward outskirts: lawns, home gardens, public gardens, waste lands and desert outskirts. After application of Twinspan, 26 vegetation groups were identified in the 5 recognized habitats, demonstrating that some groups are chatracteristic of a certain city, e.g. Asphodelus aestivus - Deverra tortuosa - Thymelaea hirsuta group was confined to the desert habitat of Burg El-Arab city; Thymelaea hirsuta - Linaria albifrons and Atriplex halimus - Atriplex lindleyi subsp. inflata - Suaeda vermiculata - Typha domingensis groups were found in the waste lands of Burg El-Arab city; Conyza bonariensis - Cynodon dactylon - Sonchus oleraceus group in the home garden habitat of 10th Ranadan city; Cynodon dactylon group in the lawns of Burg El-Arab city; Bassia indica - Plantago major group in the public gardens of Burg El-Arab city; Oxalis corniculata - Plantago lagopus group in the public gardens of 10th Ramadan city; Sonchus oleraceus - Cynodon dactylon and Dactyloctenium aegyptium - Leptochloa fusca - Phragmites australis groups in the public gardens of 6th October city. Silt, clay, organic matter, carbonates and carbon contents showed significant diffrences among the 5 habitats.

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Pecina, Vaclav, Martin Brtnicky, Marie Balkova, Jitka Hegrova, Martina Buckova, Tivadar Baltazar, Roman Licbinsky und Maja Radziemska. „Assessment of Soil Contamination with Potentially Toxic Elements and Soil Ecotoxicity of Botanical Garden in Brno, Czech Republic: Are Urban Botanical Gardens More Polluted Than Urban Parks?“ International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 14 (17.07.2021): 7622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147622.

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Though botanical gardens are an important and widely visited component of urban green spaces (UGS) worldwide, their pollution is rarely studied. The aim of this study was to assess botanical garden soil contamination and ecotoxicity and to evaluate whether urban botanical gardens are more contaminated than urban parks. Soil assessments showed serious contamination with Cd, Pb and Zn, emitted predominantly by traffic, agrochemicals and past construction and demolition waste. The discovery of hazardous historical ecological burden in the UGS calls for the necessity of detailed surveys of such areas. Despite prevailing moderate-to-heavy contamination, the soil was only slightly ecotoxic. Maximum immobilisation inhibition of Daphnia magna reached 15%. Growth of Sinapis alba L. was predominantly stimulated (73%), and Desmodesmus subspicatus Chodat was exclusively stimulated, possibly due to soil alkalinity and fertiliser-related nutrients. The hypothesis of a higher contamination of urban botanical gardens compared to urban parks was confirmed. However, urban parks can face a greater risk of soil ecotoxicity, hypothetically due to decreased activity of soil organisms resulting from adverse soil conditions caused by active recreation. The results highlight the need for an increased focus on botanical and ornamental gardens when assessing and managing UGS as areas potentially more burdened with contamination.

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Kenneth-Obosi, O., I. O. Amao, H. A. Adeniyi, O. O. Alabi, O. C. Emmanuel, M. O. Effi, A. A. Adawa, M. E. Okafor und L. O. Olajide-Taiwo. „Livestock production as an integral of home garden in Nigeria“. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, Nr. 2 (17.12.2020): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i2.47.

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Globally, hunger and poverty are major challenges with number of household malnourished increasing daily. Conscious integration of the home gardens strategy into peri-urban and urban development can help to achieve food security. In this regard, a total of 412 questionnaires were administered to home garden owners around the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT) in Ibadan (Southwest Nigeria), Mbato (Southeast Nigeria), Bagauda (Northwest Nigeria) and Dadinkowa (Northeast Nigeria). In all, 366 (88.8%) questionnaires were found suitable for analysis. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistical analytical tools. Majority of people involved in the practice of home gardening were male (78%) and young <50 years (53%), implying that they were capable of handling more tedious activities than the female and the elderly respectively. Land and house ownership were found to be the most important factor in home gardening. Goat (77.1%), sheep (58.7%) and local fowl (49.7%) were the dominant livestock in the areas investigated.Most of the livestock were fed with household waste and crop residues which ought to have caused great problem through microbial build up, while the animal wastes were usually incorporated into the soil to serve as soil amendments. Some of the livestock owners were also mindful of zoonosis.

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Kim, Ree Ho, Jinwoo Jeong, Sang Ho Lee und Chae Sung Gee. „Use of Bauxite Minerals to Control Pollutant Outflow in Urban Areas“. Materials Science Forum 510-511 (März 2006): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.922.

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Enormous use of ground for various purposes in urban areas has led to disappearance of green-planted surfaces. Considering space constraints, planted roofs become one promising and stabilizing choice to improve amenity and reduce the thermal loads on the building’s shell. However, a critical issue for rooftop garden is the release of pollutants in urban runoff. Not only particles but also dissolved pollutants should be removed from building drainage because of their potential impact on water environment. To add functions for the control of pollutant outflow, bauxsite minerals made of red waste from alumina refineries were incorporated in the rooftop garden as a special soil. The minerals have high trapping capacities for trace metals and other soluble species. Moreover, they are easy to integrate with rooftop garden systems. Based on their equilibrium capacity for removing pollutants, an optimum amount of bauxsite minerals is suggested. The characteristics of rainwater runoff and pollutants release were compared for normal and modified rooftop garden in laboratory scale. As expected, the green roof system with the bauxsite layer reduces the concentration of heavy metals. The technique used in this study is also likely to be implemented in other green surfaces in housing complexes.

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Sangster, Jodi Lynn, Andrew Nelson und Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt. „THE OCCURRENCE OF LEAD IN SOIL AND VEGETABLES AT A COMMUNITY GARDEN IN OMAHA, NEBRASKA“. International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 7, Nr. 1 (30.05.2012): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v7i1.4231.

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Abstract – Lead is a persistent and ubiquitous pollutant in urban environments and is of significant importance to public health. Elevated lead concentrations in soil may be due to the use of lead-based paints, emissions from the combustion of leaded gasoline, industrial emissions, waste incineration, and pesticide application. One potential pathway for exposure to lead can be consumption of produce grown in lead-contaminated soil. This may be of increasing concern as urban community gardens experience a resurgence in popularity and demand for locally grown produce increases. For this project, soil and vegetable samples were collected from a community garden with known soil lead contamination. Soil and vegetable samples were evaluated for total lead content using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of lead measured in soil ranged from 4 to 574 parts per million (ppm), with an average lead concentration in the growing beds of 128.4 ppm and in the OmaGro compost of 31.5 ppm. Additionally, lead was present in vegetable samples at or below 16.25 ppm.

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Nsimbe, Pius, Hilbert Mendoza, Solomon Tsebeni Wafula und Rawlance Ndejjo. „Factors Associated with Composting of Solid Waste at Household Level in Masaka Municipality, Central Uganda“. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (19.11.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1284234.

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The domestic solid waste stream composition of urban settings in many developing countries including Uganda is largely biodegradable in nature, and thus, composting provides the most suitable solid waste management option for these wastes. However, there is limited information about waste composting at the household level and associated determinants in Uganda. A cross-sectional study was employed to collect quantitative data from 368 residents of Masaka municipality, Central Uganda. A semistructured interviewer administered questionnaire was used which assessed knowledge, perceptions, and practices of composting. Data were analysed using STATA 13.0, and binary logistic regression was used to determine the factors that influence composting at the household level. Of the 368 participants, 11.4% were engaged in composting. Factors associated with household level composting were age of 46 years and above (aOR = 2.69, 95% CI = (1.06–6.80)), possession of a garden (aOR = 28.88, 95% CI = (3.85–216.72)), engagement in waste segregation (aOR = 5.56, 95% CI = (2.25–13.86)), and periurban residence (aOR = 3.81, 95% CI = (1.78–8.16)). The practice of composting at the household level was low. This therefore highlights the need for urban authorities to develop initiatives for promoting composting at the household level while considering the identified predictors associated with composting.

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Mistry, Anjali, und Manfred Spocter. „Production of Edibles and Use of Garden Waste in Domestic Gardens of a Middle-Class Suburb in Cape Town, South Africa“. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 13, Nr. 1 (29.04.2019): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2019.1608286.

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Paltseva, Anna A., Zhongqi Cheng, Sara Perl Egendorf und Peter M. Groffman. „Remediation of an urban garden with elevated levels of soil contamination“. Science of The Total Environment 722 (Juni 2020): 137965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137965.

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de Kraker, Jeltsje, Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld, Marcelo J. Villena und Claudia Pabón-Pereira. „Decentralized Valorization of Residual Flows as an Alternative to the Traditional Urban Waste Management System: The Case of Peñalolén in Santiago de Chile“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 22 (06.11.2019): 6206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226206.

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Urban residual flows contain significant amounts of valuable nutrients, which, if recovered, could serve as input for the own city needs or those of its immediate surroundings. In this study, the possibilities for decentralized recovery of nutrient rich residual flows in Santiago, Chile, are studied by means of a case study considering technical and socio-economic criteria. In particular, we calculate circularity indicators for organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) and cost–benefits of household and community on-site technological alternatives. Kitchen waste (KW) and garden residues (GR) as well as urine were considered as system inputs whereas urban agriculture, municipality green, or peri-urban agriculture were the considered destinations for nutrients recovered. The technologies studied were anaerobic digestion, vermicomposting, and composting, while urine storage and struvite precipitation were considered for nutrient recovery from urine. Material flow analysis was used to visualize the inputs and outputs of the baseline situation (the traditional urban waste management system), and of the different household and municipality resource recovery scenarios (the decentralized valorization systems). Our findings show that decentralized valorization of KW and GR are a clear win–win policy, since they can not only produce important environmental benefits for the city in the long run, but also important cost savings considering the landfill fees and residues transportation of the current centralized waste management system.

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Clark, Heather F., Daniel J. Brabander und Rachel M. Erdil. „Sources, Sinks, and Exposure Pathways of Lead in Urban Garden Soil“. Journal of Environmental Quality 35, Nr. 6 (November 2006): 2066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0464.

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Gavare, Nora. „From global problems to the local action in the Community Garden “AUDZˮ“. Landscape architecture and art 17 (14.03.2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.17.06.

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The community garden “AUDZ” which is accessible for everyone was created as a local small scale response to the problems of the 21st century – the depletion of natural resources, air pollution, increase in industrial production, a destructive amount of waste, aging of society, the lack of a sustainable society, etc. Nora Gavare, a designer, participated in the ERASMUS+ international training mobility visit “Development of urban environment” in Hong Cong where she acquired experience and new insights into over-population, rapid growth of urban areas at the expense of the natural habitat and a sharp increase in demand for food products. These trends are not yet evident in Latvia, but they are relevant in the context of the forthcoming climate crisis. At the same time, the demand for healthy locally grown food and zero waste products has increased noticeably. Residents of cities and towns are eager to buy products of known origin, quality and processing factories. However, the only way how to be fully convinced of the quality and “transparency” of the food products is to grow and prepare food stuffs on our own. There are the following questions to be answered: “Do we have enough knowledge how to grow, for example, tomatoes? Haven’t people forgotten natural processes while using the advantages of the development of technologies? What would happen if we created PLACES where people could both explore and learn, share and experience?” As regards such towns in Latvia as Sigulda, where there is a rapid growth of the population and the number of declared residents, it is necessary to promote the creation of the sense of community and education processes due to the lack of the communication opportunities which would promote the interaction of different social groups and enhance the formation of a sustainable society. Such a conclusion was made by performing a photo mapping of Sigulda’s public environment in different periods.

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Šipek, Mirjana, und Nina Šajna. „Public opinions and perceptions of peri-urban plant invasion: the role of garden waste disposal in forest fragments“. Management of Biological Invasions 11, Nr. 4 (2020): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2020.11.4.08.

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Attanayake, Chammi P., Ganga M. Hettiarachchi, Qing Ma, Gary M. Pierzynski und Michel D. Ransom. „Lead Speciation and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Compost-Amended Urban Garden Soils“. Journal of Environmental Quality 46, Nr. 6 (November 2017): 1215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2017.02.0065.

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Sprafke, Jan, Nils Engler, Qahtan Thabit, Michael Nelles und Andrea Schuech. „INCREASING THE BASELOAD CAPACITY OF BIOWASTE FERMENTATION PLANTS THROUGH OPTIMISED SUBSTRATE MANAGEMENT“. Volume 09 - March 2020, Nr. 9 (11.02.2020): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2020.13905.

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This paper presents a survey to determine the influence of impurities and green waste on anaerobic biowaste treatment, comparing the current common biowaste management system with a proposed future system. The results imply that it is possible to increase the specific biogas yield and the baseload capacity by means of an adapted biowaste management system. To analyse a possible correlation between biogas yield and biowaste composition from urban or rural areas the quality and quantity of biowaste was evaluated in a long-term research programme. August was the month with the maximum percentage of 69% green waste in biowaste, compared to February with a minimum proportion of 14%. The specific biogas yield of biowaste is in the range of 91 to 160 m³/tOS. The evaluation showed that, as expected, seasonal fluctuations in weather affected the proportion of garden and park waste (green waste) as well as impurities. Moreover, the proportion of green waste and impurities affects the substrate quality and degradability of biowaste. The investigated biowaste fermentation plant is not able to generate sufficient baseload for the reasons described above. Other reasons for this limitation include maintenance work, plant operation in part-load range and plant capacity limitations concerning the CHP module, digester capacity and pipes for gas transportation. The best ratio between organic fraction and impurities is obtained from biowaste from rural areas, while gas yields from urban areas are more constant and less volatile. Based on these findings, the increasing of the baseload capacity of waste fermentation plants can be achieved by: Optimisation of process flows (substrate management, preparation, post-treatment); Use of co-substrates in compliance with legal requirements; Determination and consideration of key figures.

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Irimia-Hurdugan, Oriana. „The Economic and Ecological Potential of Macrophytic Vegetation in Urban Lakes“. Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 15, Nr. 2 (01.12.2013): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2013-0021.

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ABSTRACTThis paper considers certain elements relating to the ecological and economic importance of the aquatic macrophytes common in the Câmpia Română/Romanian Plain lakes, especially those species belonging to the genera Myriophyllum and Potamogeton, common in Bucharest’s urban lakes. At present, the macrophytes of the Bucharest lakes are collected by personnel of the Lakes, Parks and Leisure Administration of Bucharest by mechanised and manual methods, which are sun-dried and transported as waste and deposited in a landfill. Thus these macrophytes are merely generating costs through harvest, transport and storage, instead of being a direct revenue source for the City hall. This study presents a review of international literature in support of the economic potential as fertiliser for open field crop, orchard and garden crop application, as well as food for farm animals. The last portion of the paper argues the vital need for the preservation of macrophyte stands in the lacustrine habitat for green, sustainable and integrated management of the urban lakes used for leisure and fishing.

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Attanayake, Chammi P., Ganga M. Hettiarachchi, Ashley Harms, DeAnn Presley, Sabine Martin und Gary M. Pierzynski. „Field Evaluations on Soil Plant Transfer of Lead from an Urban Garden Soil“. Journal of Environmental Quality 43, Nr. 2 (März 2014): 475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.07.0273.

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Si, Liqing, Xiawei Peng und Jinxing Zhou. „The suitability of growing mulberry (Morus alba L.) on soils consisting of urban sludge composted with garden waste: a new method for urban sludge disposal“. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, Nr. 2 (13.11.2018): 1379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3635-1.

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Egerer, Monika H., Brenda B. Lin, Caragh G. Threlfall und Dave Kendal. „Temperature variability influences urban garden plant richness and gardener water use behavior, but not planting decisions“. Science of The Total Environment 646 (Januar 2019): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.270.

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Vázquez, M. A., R. Plana, C. Pérez und M. Soto. „Development of Technologies for Local Composting of Food Waste from Universities“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 9 (01.05.2020): 3153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093153.

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The amount of biowaste generated by university canteens (BWUC) in the faculties of the University of A Coruña (UDC) varies between 6 and 100 kg/day. In addition, the gardening services of the campus generate even higher amounts of garden waste (GrW), including pruning, which, once crushed, serves as bulking material for composting the biowaste from the canteens. Decentralized composting has been chosen with the aim of producing high quality organic fertilizers for university urban gardens while reducing the environmental burdens of both waste management and agricultural practice. Small static home composters of 340 L (SHC) for smaller amounts of generation (up to 20 kg BWUC/day) were used, while, for faculties of higher generation (up to 40 kg BWUC/day on average), the first composting stage was carried out in a closed and dynamic composter (DC). The dynamic composter was designed and built specifically for this project and its features were improved and optimized throughout the study. The pilot project was carried out in two centers of the UDC, which are known as the Philology Faculty (PF) and the School of Architecture (SA). All the organic waste generated by the canteens of these two colleges from January 2011 to July 2011 (approximately 3000 kg) was treated. Composting in SHC included a thermophilic phase that extended one month beyond the loading period for which thermophilic temperatures were also recorded. The use of the DC as the first stage in combination with static composters (SC) for the maturation stage reduced the overall thermophilic phase to 6–8 weeks. The complete maturation (Rottegrade class IV-V) was achieved after about four months in SHC and after two months when using the combined DC-SC system, if the right conditions of moisture were maintained. The chemical quality of the compost produced was compatible with Class A of Spanish legislation (equivalent to organic farmer quality) and the C/N ratio ranged from 9 to 15 depending on the relation BWUC:GrW.

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Huang, Hao-Cheng, und Yeng-Horng Perng. „Multi-Criteria Decision Support System for Green Commercial Space Design“. Open House International 43, Nr. 4 (01.12.2018): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2018-b0002.

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Commercial space features essential characteristics of attracting clients and creating profits; thus, the exterior and interior designs of conventional commercial space were often made to look grandiose and overdecorated. Over time, according to commercial attributes, operator preferences, and style of the designer, commercial spaces have constantly undergone renovation into varied styles. However, the physical renovation processhas caused multiple and composite types of environmental pollution, such as waste and noise pollution caused by breaking of walls or partitions, anddecorative paint pollution, as well as the use of high-energy-consuming lighting equipment, air-conditioning systems, and decorative materials. Global pollution has caused climate change, endangering living organismsand human life. Furthermore, no effective method exists to control the problem of high greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this study used energy-saving design concerns of a garden-type commercial space to propose an energy-saving evaluation model. The study combined three methodologies, the Delphi method, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy logic theory, to construct a multi-criteria decision support system for designing green commercial spaces, and used the green spatial design of a garden café as an example to illustrate the high objectivity and adaptability of the proposed model in practical application. The study also used an international award-winning case to validate that the proposed model had practical value as a reference to support key design decisions.

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Basalp, Dildare, Funda Tihminlioglu, Sait C. Sofuoglu, Fikret Inal und Aysun Sofuoglu. „Utilization of Municipal Plastic and Wood Waste in Industrial Manufacturing of Wood Plastic Composites“. Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, Nr. 10 (02.03.2020): 5419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-00986-7.

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Abstract In this study, Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) were produced from post-consumer bulky wastes of recycled plastic and wood in order to minimize waste, decrease environmental effects of plastics, reserve natural resources, and support circular economy for sustainable production and consumption. Five different types of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) based recycled plastics and wood obtained from urban household bulky wastes were used in the production of recycled WPC composites, r-WPCs. Virgin WPC (v-WPC) and r-WPC compounds were prepared with wood flour (WF) and maleic anhydride grafted compatibilizer (MAPP or MAPE) to evaluate the effect of recycled polymer type and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties. It was found that tensile strength properties of r-WPCs produced from recycled PP (r-PP) were higher than that of the r-WPCs produced from mixed polyolefins and recycled PE. r-WPCs containing anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers, and compatibilizer with different WF compositions were produced from only recycled garden fraction PP (PPFGF) to determine the optimum composition and processing temperature for pilot scale manufacturing of r-WPCs. Based on tensile, impact, flexural, and water sorption properties of r-WPC compounds with different formulations, the optimum conditions of r-WPC compounds for industrial manufacturing process were determined. Surface morphology of fractured surfaces as well as tensile, flexural and density results of r-WPC compounds revealed the enhancement effect of MAPP on interfacial adhesion in r-WPCs. r-WPC products (crates and table/chair legs) based on bulky wastes were produced using an injection molding process at industrial scale by using 30 wt% WF-filled r-WPC compound. This study demonstrated that r-WPC compounds from recycled bulky plastic and wood wastes can be used as a potential raw material in plastic as well as WPC industry, contributing to circular economy. Graphic Abstract

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Ramirez-Andreotta, Monica, Abigail Tapper, Diamond Clough, Jennifer Carrera und Shana Sandhaus. „Understanding the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Associated with Community Gardening to Improve Environmental Public Health Prevention and Intervention“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 3 (11.02.2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030494.

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Considering that community members continue to garden in and near environments impacted by pollutants known to negatively impact human health, this paper seeks to characterize the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of a gardener and elucidate their perception of soil quality and environmental responsibility, awareness of past land use, and gardening behavior. Via semi-structured interviews with community gardeners in the Boston area (N = 17), multifactorial motivations associated with gardening as well as ongoing environmental health challenges were reported. Gardeners are knowledgeable about their garden’s historical past and are concerned with soil quality, theft, trash maintenance, animal waste, and loss of produce from foraging animals. Study findings directly inform the field of environmental health exposure assessments by reporting gardening duration, activities that can lead to incidental soil ingestion, and consumption patterns of locally grown produce. This information combined with an understanding of a gardener’s intrinsic and extrinsic motivations can be used to develop urban agricultural infrastructure and management strategies, educational programming, and place-based environmental public health interventions.

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Gaggero, Elisa, Mery Malandrino, Debora Fabbri, Giorgio Bordiglia, Anna Fusconi, Marco Mucciarelli, Paolo Inaudi und Paola Calza. „Uptake of Potentially Toxic Elements by Four Plant Species Suitable for Phytoremediation of Turin Urban Soils“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 11 (06.06.2020): 3948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113948.

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This study investigated the concentrations of 22 elements in two Turin urban soils located in the city center (Campana Street garden (CA)) and in a peripheral area (Nobile Park (NOB)). The former was found contaminated by Pb, Zn, Ba, Cr and Ni and, to a lower degree, by As, Co, Cu and Cd, while the latter showed high concentrations of Co, Cr and Ni. The nature of Cr, Ni and Co in both sites is mainly geogenic, whereas the high content of Pb, Zn, Ba, As, Cu and Cd in the CA soil is probably due to exposure to atmospheric deposition linked to emissions from motor vehicles, domestic and industrial burning of fossil fuels and industrial emissions. We evaluated the uptake of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by four plant species suitable for phytoremediation (Brassica juncea, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays and Pteris vittata) in controlled conditions in CA and NOB soils in order to assess their efficiency in the absorption of PTEs and suitability to restore the CA site. Results highlighted a different uptake ability of the plants according to the considered element; for example, Brassica juncea demonstrated a great capability in cadmium uptake. The effect of a soil improver, derived from the composting of green and organic waste, on absorption efficiency was also studied and it altered uptake preferences of specific elements by the tested plant species, thus suggesting that its use has to be evaluated according to the target.

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Gaggero, Elisa, Paola Calza, Debora Fabbri, Anna Fusconi, Marco Mucciarelli, Giorgio Bordiglia, Ornella Abollino und Mery Malandrino. „Assessment and Mitigation of Heavy Metals Uptake by Edible Vegetables Grown in a Turin Contaminated Soil Used as Vegetable Garden“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 13 (29.06.2020): 4483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134483.

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In this study we evaluated the concentration of 22 elements, namely Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and their uptake by edible plants in soils collected in a green urban area. The results highlighted a high yield of those heavy metals typical for anthropic pollution, such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Ba and Co, likely due to the intensive vehicular traffic. The uptake of metals by edible plants was analyzed on two broadleaf plants, Lactuca sativa and Brassica oleracea, grown in this soil and in an uncontaminated Turin soil in a growth chamber with and without the addition of a soil improver, provided by a local Organic Waste Treatment Plant. The subsequent analysis of their aerial part and roots highlighted the absorption of the main potentially toxic elements (PTEs) by the vegetables grown in the contaminated soil, whereas their concentration was lower if cultivated in the comparison soil, which was free of pollutants. The use of a soil amendment did not decrease the uptake of PTEs by Lactuca sativa and Brassica oleracea, but it caused a strong reduction in their translocation from the roots to the edible part, which consisted of the aerial part.

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Aleksić, Natalija, und Vanja Šušteršič. „Analysis of application of aquaponic system as a model of the circular economy: A review“. Reciklaza i odrzivi razvoj 13, Nr. 1 (2020): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ror2001073a.

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In a time of limited water resources, climate change, and significant reductions in fish and plant species, aquaponics systems can play an important role in the future of ecologically and socio-economically sustainable smart cities. The paper aims to investigate the available literature that deals with the topic and current situation related to aquaponics systems - their application, effects of work, perspectives, and shortcomings, as a model of the circular economy. The exploratory method includes a literature review and the analysis of interviews with the pioneers in aquaponics in the Republic of Serbia. The main criterion for reviewing the literature was to find successful examples of aquaponics in the world and the Republic of Serbia. The result of the research is that aquaponics systems, due to the circular way of production, can be included as the model of the circular economy. Among a growing number of aquaponics pioneers, BIGH Farm, ECF Farmsystems, Urban Farmers, Bioaqua Farm, Tilamur, and Water garden currently have a successful implementation of the circular economy. These firms produce food with no waste production, they minimize energy input, and have a positive environmental impact, which are the main aims of the circular economy.

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Asowata, Timothy Iyobosa, und Akinade Shadrach Olatunji. „Tracking Lead in Environmental Media in the City of Onitsha, Southeast Nigeria“. Journal of Health and Pollution 9, Nr. 24 (27.11.2019): 191202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191202.

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Background. The enrichment of lead (Pb) in a rapidly expanding urban environment is largely caused by industrial and anthropogenic activities. However, very few studies have come from sub-Sahara Africa as a whole, in spite of the increased rate of population, industrialization and urbanization in this region. The city of Onitsha is the commercial heartland of southeast Nigeria. Objectives. To determine the concentration of Pb in soils and sediments in Onitsha and the surrounding area and to identify the possible sources of Pb content in the environmental media. Methods. One hundred and sixty-two (162) samples (120 top and subsoils, and 42 stream and side drain sediments) were collected from the city of Onitsha, Nigeria to determine Pb concentrations, identify the main sources of Pb in this region, and determine its fate in soil and sediments using Pb isotopes. Thirty (30) 15 g clay fractions of soil and sediment samples, and a sample each of galena (from the Lower Benue Trough), coal and soot from vehicle exhaust and battery cells were collected from the city and analyzed for lead isotopes (Pb204, Pb206, Pb207 and Pb208) using ultra-trace inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Results. The distribution and concentration of Pb in the soil of Onitsha was observed to be influenced by land use patterns with very elevated concentrations of Pb observed for mechanic and metal workshop samples (1444.3, 1067.5, 1048.1, 1730.5 and 580.5 ppm); active waste dump samples (448.4 and 311.9 ppm); and farmland and garden samples (366.2 ppm). The concentration of Pb in the sediments also showed varying elevated concentrations across locations, ranging from 45.7–540.1 ppm. A comparison with the control samples revealed that the Pb concentrations measured in the environmental media were several folds higher than that of the control. The Pb isotope analysis indicated that most of the Pb in environmental media was anthropogenic in origin and had been predominantly contributed by unsustainable environmental practices such as indiscriminate waste dumps, hydrocarbonbased products emissions, by-products from mechanical workshops that have been haphazardly constructed in the city, and industrial plants located within urban areas. Conclusions. The relatively higher concentrations of Pb in soils and sediments were found to be influenced by land use, as also observed in the Pb isotope readings, which will, over time, adversely affect environmental media and biota. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Kozhin, Michail N., Evgeny A. Borovichev, Aleksey V. Kravchenko, Ksenia B. Popova und Anna V. Razumovskaya. „Addition to the non-native flora of Murmansk Region“. Turczaninowia 23, Nr. 4 (28.12.2020): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.23.4.11.

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This article presents data on 18 new non-native species to Murmansk Region: Aconitum neomontanum Wulfen. (Rybachy Peninsula), Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (Apatity Town), Blitum virgatum L. (Apatity Town), Brassica oleracea L. (Umba Settlement), Campanula barbata L. (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Chelidonium majus L. (Kandalaksha Town), Crocus vernus (L.) Hill (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. et Schenk) Nyman (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Epilobium bergianum A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City), Epilobium pseudorubescens A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City, Apatity Town), Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Rayakoski Settlement), Lilium maculatumThunb. (Kandalaksha Town), Lilium martagon L. (Rybachy Peninsula), Lychnis chalcedonica L. (Kandalaksha Town), Medicago × varia Martyn. (Apatity Town), Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (Kandalaksha Town, vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Rayakoski Settlement), Nepeta cataria L. (Apatity Town), Papaver croceum Ledeb. (vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Kandalaksha Town), Senecio subalpinus K. Koch (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Verbascum nigrum L. (Kirovsk Town), Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. et Buttler (vicinity of Kovda Settlement). The information on the new locations and distribution of 32 rare alien species in the region is provided. According to our preliminary assessment, the alien flora of the region includes 502 species, which is quite a lot for such a northern territory. The high diversity is associated with different pathways and time of introduction due to various aspects of human activity. Over the last decades, the most active colonization by non-native species of Murmansk region is associated with modern household plots, urban gardening, plant introduction in the Polar-alpine botanical garden-institute, places of storage of solid household waste and the use of imported soils for siding road slopes. The most remarkable occurrences of non-native species are at the sites of the abandoned settlements of the Finns and Norwegians, as well as at the places of military operations during the Second World War.

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Kozhin, Michail N., Evgeny A. Borovichev, Aleksey V. Kravchenko, Ksenia B. Popova und Anna V. Razumovskaya. „Addition to the non-native flora of Murmansk Region“. Turczaninowia 23, Nr. 4 (28.12.2020): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.23.4.11.

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This article presents data on 18 new non-native species to Murmansk Region: Aconitum neomontanum Wulfen. (Rybachy Peninsula), Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara et Grande (Apatity Town), Blitum virgatum L. (Apatity Town), Brassica oleracea L. (Umba Settlement), Campanula barbata L. (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Chelidonium majus L. (Kandalaksha Town), Crocus vernus (L.) Hill (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. et Schenk) Nyman (vicinity of Kovda Settlement), Epilobium bergianum A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City), Epilobium pseudorubescens A. K. Skvortsov (Murmansk City, Apatity Town), Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (Rayakoski Settlement), Lilium maculatumThunb. (Kandalaksha Town), Lilium martagon L. (Rybachy Peninsula), Lychnis chalcedonica L. (Kandalaksha Town), Medicago × varia Martyn. (Apatity Town), Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (Kandalaksha Town, vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Rayakoski Settlement), Nepeta cataria L. (Apatity Town), Papaver croceum Ledeb. (vicinity of Kovda Settlement, Kandalaksha Town), Senecio subalpinus K. Koch (vicinity of Kirovsk Town), Verbascum nigrum L. (Kirovsk Town), Viola × wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. et Buttler (vicinity of Kovda Settlement). The information on the new locations and distribution of 32 rare alien species in the region is provided. According to our preliminary assessment, the alien flora of the region includes 502 species, which is quite a lot for such a northern territory. The high diversity is associated with different pathways and time of introduction due to various aspects of human activity. Over the last decades, the most active colonization by non-native species of Murmansk region is associated with modern household plots, urban gardening, plant introduction in the Polar-alpine botanical garden-institute, places of storage of solid household waste and the use of imported soils for siding road slopes. The most remarkable occurrences of non-native species are at the sites of the abandoned settlements of the Finns and Norwegians, as well as at the places of military operations during the Second World War.

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Marble, S. Christopher, Jeff L. Sibley, Charles H. Gilliam und H. Allen Torbert. „Application of Composted Poultry Litter as a Fertilizer for Landscape Bedding Plants“. HortScience 46, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2011): 1367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.10.1367.

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Each year, over 16 million tons of poultry litter is produced in the United States. Federal and state regulations now limit the amount of poultry litter that can be land-applied, making it difficult to store and dispose of poultry litter. The objective of this study was to evaluate composted poultry litter (CPL) as a fertilizer source for bedding plants at various rates in comparison with commercially available inorganic fertilizers in regard to plant growth and nutrient leaching. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate use of CPL as fertilizer for landscape annual bedding plants. Petunia spp. ‘Celebrity Red’ and Verbena hybrida ‘Quartz Scarlet’ were planted in raised beds simulating an urban landscape. Before planting, 10 inorganic fertilizer or CPL treatments were incorporated into the raised beds, including Peafowl® brand garden-grade fertilizer 13N–5.6P–10.9K (13-13-13) at rates of 4.9 g N/m2 and 9.8 g N/m2, Polyon® 13N–5.6P–10.9K (13-13-13) at rates of 4.9 g N/m2 and 9.8 g N/m2, and CPL at rates of 4.9 g N/m2, 9.8 g N/m2, 19.6 g N/m2, 29.4 g N/m2, 39.2 g N/m2, and 49 g N/m2. Use of CPL incorporated into landscape planting beds as a fertilizer source resulted in plants equal to or larger than plants grown with conventional inorganic fertilizers. Nitrate (NO3) and ammonia (NH4) levels in leachates from plots amended with CPL were comparable with plots amended with commercial inorganic fertilizers and nitrogen (N) levels were in most cases less in plots fertilized with CPL when compared with inorganic fertilizers when the same N rate was applied. Composted poultry litter may not be able to fully replace inorganic fertilizers, but it can reduce inorganic fertilizer requirements and provide an environmentally sound alternative to poultry waste disposal as well as provide beneficial aspects for plant growth in annual bedding plants.

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wan, Jiekun, und xiaojuan wei. „Based on the concept of “city double repair” under the application strategy of urban waste“. E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 04031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019804031.

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As an important part of the development and modernisation in China, the construction and development of urban landscape is always our focus. In the process of landscape design, urban waste is taking up space, and may also pollute the environment, however, some of the waste can be recycled and reused in construction. This paper provides certain strategies applied in the urban design to enlarge the material options and scenarios using the waste in order that these abandoned material can be recycled second time during cities’ construction thus realizes a sustainable development, with more avant-garde landscape conceptions and more valuable references.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. „Testing the ability of Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt 1833) Isopoda Crustaceans to decompose and consume cellulosean wastes in different ecosystems“. Baghdad Science Journal 9, Nr. 3 (02.09.2012): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.3.397-405.

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The present study was undertaken to use individual terrestrial crustacean from Isopoda such as the species Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt 1833) as environmental cleaner and that through the test of their abilities in decomposition of residues of some cellulosean wastes such as wood pieces which contain high ratio of urban wastes, and residue of Zea mays and particularly leaves as plant waste in agricultural fields and residue of Cynodon dactylon plants which compose the main wastes in most of gardens and parks. Experiments were conducted relatively in stable laboratory conditions to ensure environmental conditions similar to crustaceans' life. The results showed presence of good efficiency of these individuals in treating such wastes as they consumed 89% of wood pieces and 59% of Zea mays leaves and 27% of residue of Cynodon dactylon plants during the period of treatment. The average of each crustacean individual to consume was 0.74, 0.49 and 0.22 gram from the material mentioned respectively. So, it is recommend to conduct further experiments on different models of agricultural and civil wastes by using different species of these organisms to carry out such studies with a broad spectrum in future to treat the wastes and pollutants of environment by biological approach.

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L. de Sosa, Laura, Emilio Benítez, Ignacio Girón und Engracia Madejón. „Agro-Industrial and Urban Compost as an Alternative of Inorganic Fertilizers in Traditional Rainfed Olive Grove under Mediterranean Conditions“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 6 (16.06.2021): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061223.

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A three-year field study was conducted to evaluate the impact of two different agro-industrial byproducts on soil properties, provisioning services, olive quality and production in a traditional rainfed olive grove to assess suitable management options for recycling organic wastes and reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. The organic amendments consisted of compost (AC), made from residues from the olive oil industry (“alperujo”), and biosolid compost (BC), constituted of wastewater sludge and green waste from parks and gardens. The compost addition enhanced carbon storage, available phosphorous and potassium content overtime, whereas no effect was detected on soil hydraulics, yield and olive trees growth, partly due to the high variability encountered among plots. Beneficial effects, especially carbon storage, were more evident during the fourth sampling, where carbon content increased by almost 40% for BC, suggesting that compost effects need to be evaluated in the long term. Strong seasonal changes of most of the physico-chemical parameters were detected, and therefore the effect of the compost could have been partly masked. Establishing a non-climatic variation scenario would be advisable to fully detect compost effects. Our results suggest that different agro-industrial byproducts could be potentially viable and valuable source of fertilization, favoring in this way a circular economy of zero waste.

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Lehmann, Dr Steffen. „RESOURCE RECOVERY AND MATERIALS FLOW IN THE CITY“. Journal of Green Building 6, Nr. 3 (Juli 2011): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.6.3.88.

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Beyond energy efficiency, there are now urgent challenges around the supply of resources, materials, food and water. After debating energy-efficiency for the last decade, the focus has shifted to include resource and material-efficiency. In this context, urban farming has emerged as a valid urban design strategy in Europe, where food is produced and consumed locally within city boundaries, turning disused sites into productive urban landscapes and community gardens. Agricultural activities allow for effective composting of organic waste, returning nutrients to the soil and improving biodiversity in the urban environment. Urban farming will help to feed the 9 billion by 2050 (predicted population growth, UN-Habitat forecast 2009). This paper reports on best practice of urban design principles in regard to materials flow, material recovery, adaptive re-use of building elements and components (‘design for disassembly’; prefabrication of modular building components), and other relevant strategies to implement zero waste by avoiding waste creation, reducing harmful consumption and changing behaviour. The paper touches on two important issues in regard to the rapid depletion of the world's natural resources: the construction sector and the education of architects and designers. The construction sector: Prefabricated multi-story timber buildings for inner-city living can set new benchmarks for minimizing construction wastage and for sustainable on-site assembly. Today, the construction and demolition (C&D) sector is one of the main producers of waste; it does not engage enough with waste minimization, waste avoidance and recycling. Education and research: It's still unclear how best to introduce a holistic understanding of these challenges and to better teach practical and affordable solutions to architects, urban designers, industrial designers, and so on. One of the findings of this paper is that embedding ‘zero-waste’ requires strong industry leadership, new policies and effective education curricula, as well as raising awareness (education) and refocusing research agendas to bring about attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption.

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Skar, S. L. G., R. Pineda-Martos, A. Timpe, B. Pölling, K. Bohn, M. Külvik, C. Delgado et al. „Urban agriculture as a keystone contribution towards securing sustainable and healthy development for cities in the future“. Blue-Green Systems 2, Nr. 1 (02.12.2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2019.931.

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Abstract Research and practice during the last 20 years has shown that urban agriculture can contribute to minimising the effects of climate change by, at the same time, improving quality of life in urban areas. In order to do so most effectively, land use and spatial planning are crucial so as to obtain and maintain a supportive green infrastructure and to secure citizens' healthy living conditions. As people today trend more towards living in green and sustainable city centres that can offer fresh and locally produced food, cities become again places for growing food. The scope of urban agriculture thereby is to establish food production sites within the city's sphere; for example, through building-integrated agriculture including concepts such as aquaponics, indoor agriculture, vertical farming, rooftop production, edible walls, as well as through urban farms, edible landscapes, school gardens and community gardens. Embedded in changing urban food systems, the contribution of urban agriculture to creating sustainable and climate-friendly cities is pivotal as it has the capacity to integrate other resource streams such as water, waste and energy. This article describes some of the current aspects of the circular city debate where urban agriculture is pushing forward the development of material and resource cycling in cities.

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Liu, W. K., N. F. Y. Tam, M. H. Wong und Y. H. Cheung. „Cytotoxicity of airborne particles from roadside urban gardens“. Science of The Total Environment 59 (Januar 1987): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(87)90448-7.

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Dobson, Miriam C., Philip H. Warren und Jill L. Edmondson. „Assessing the Direct Resource Requirements of Urban Horticulture in the United Kingdom: A Citizen Science Approach“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 5 (01.03.2021): 2628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052628.

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Interest in urban food production is growing; recent research has highlighted its potential to increase food security and reduce the environmental impact of food production. However, resource demands of urban horticulture are poorly understood. Here, we use allotment gardens in the United Kingdom to investigate resource demands of urban horticultural production across the country. We conducted a nationwide citizen science project using year-long allotment ‘diaries’ with allotment gardeners (n = 163). We analysed a variety of resources: transportation; time; water use; inputs of compost, manure and topsoil; and inputs of fertilisers, pest control and weed control. We found that, overall, an allotment demands 87 annual visits, travelling 139 km to and from the plot; 7 fertiliser additions; 4 pest control additions; and 2 weed control additions. On average, each kilogram of food produced used 0.4 hours’ labour, 16.9 L of water, 0.2 L of topsoil, 2.2 L of manure, and 1.9 L of compost. As interest in urban horticultural production grows, and policy makers build urban horticultural spaces into future sustainable cities, it is of key importance that this is carried out in a way that minimises resource requirements, and we demonstrate here that avenues exist for the diversion of municipal compostable waste and household-level city food waste for this purpose.

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Smyrnov, I., und Yu Bench. „LOGISTICS FACTOR IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISTIC TERRITORIES (DESTINATIONS) ON EXAMPLE OF URBAN AND RURAL TOURISM“. Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, Nr. 66-67 (2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2017.66.5.

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Revealed logistical approach to achieve sustainable development of urban and rural kinds of tourism including practical examples of the most popular tourist destinations (cities) in Ukraine – Kyiv and Lviv. Logistics approach is based on applying the concept of spatial regulation of tourist flows in cities and rural areas (worked out by one of authors – Smyrnov I.G.) and the concept of reverse logistics for recycling of waste, which volume increases as usual after tourists visits. Fulfilled comparison of logistical features of urban and rural tourism in order to ensure their sustainability. For a common goal – to achieve sustainability of the tourism industry in a particular area and at the same functional purpose – by optimization (regulation) of tourist flows in appropriate way to the specific destinations considering their tourism resource base and distribution of tourist flows differences lie in the different resource base for tourism development. In the case of rural tourism resource base is: first, the landscape (natural landscapes); second, flora and fauna; third, agricultural production; fourth, various events (ethnographic, ethnomusic, ethnogastronomic and other ethnotouristic holidays and festivals). In the case of urban tourism the resource base is equally varied and includes: first, historical and modern buildings and other points of architectural interest; second, interurban objects (castles, museums, shopping and entertainment centers etc.); third, the natural environment (parks, botanical gardens etc.); fourth, various events (international, national, city celebrations, festivals and other social and cultural activities). There is difference in the case of rural and urban tourist flows distribution along the territory: typical for rural tourism is dispersing distribution (on farms), typical for urban tourism is concentrated distribution, particularly in the central and historic districts of cities. Accordingly major logistical tasks of ensuring the sustainability of tourism are also different: for rural tourism it is, first, to determine minimum and maximum volumes of tourist flows; second, is desired the waste recycling and monitoring of environmental conditions. For urban tourism main task is to determine the maximum tourist flows volume and as a must the waste recycling whith improving of environmental conditions. Also developed scientific and practical grounds of reverse ecologistics, i.e. logistics of waste recycling remaining after the tourists stay in urban and rural destinations. Proposed mathematical approach of ecologistical optimization of waste reusing (recycling) in destinations of urban and rural tourism.

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Tam, N. F. Y., W. K. Liu, M. H. Wong und Y. S. Wong. „Heavy metal pollution in roadside urban parks and gardens in Hong Kong“. Science of The Total Environment 59 (Januar 1987): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(87)90455-4.

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Viretto, Amandine, Nathalie Gontard und Hélène Angellier-Coussy. „Urban parks and gardens green waste: A valuable resource for the production of fillers for biocomposites applications“. Waste Management 120 (Februar 2021): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.018.

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Sánchez-Camazano, M., M. J. Sánchez-Martín und L. F. Lorenzo. „Lead and cadmium in soils and vegetables from urban gardens of Salamanca (Spain)“. Science of The Total Environment 146-147 (Mai 1994): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90233-x.

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Izquierdo-Díaz, Miguel, Peter E. Holm, Fernando Barrio-Parra, Eduardo De Miguel, Jonas Duus Stevens Lekfeldt und Jakob Magid. „Urban Allotment Gardens for the Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Trace Element Pollution“. Journal of Environmental Quality 48, Nr. 2 (März 2019): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.06.0232.

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McIvor, Kristen, Craig Cogger und Sally Brown. „Effects of Biosolids Based Soil Products on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Urban Gardens“. Compost Science & Utilization 20, Nr. 4 (September 2012): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2012.10737049.

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Lin, Brenda B., Monika H. Egerer, Heidi Liere, Shalene Jha, Peter Bichier und Stacy M. Philpott. „Local- and landscape-scale land cover affects microclimate and water use in urban gardens“. Science of The Total Environment 610-611 (Januar 2018): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.091.

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Tresch, Simon, David Frey, Renée-Claire Le Bayon, Andrea Zanetta, Frank Rasche, Andreas Fliessbach und Marco Moretti. „Litter decomposition driven by soil fauna, plant diversity and soil management in urban gardens“. Science of The Total Environment 658 (März 2019): 1614–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.235.

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