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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Urban Exposome“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 29. März 2025

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Andrianou, Xanthi D., und Konstantinos C. Makris. „The framework of urban exposome: Application of the exposome concept in urban health studies“. Science of The Total Environment 636 (September 2018): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.329.

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Andrianou, Xanthi D., Chava van der Lek, Pantelis Charisiadis, Solomon Ioannou, Kalliopi N. Fotopoulou, Zoe Papapanagiotou, George Botsaris, Carijn Beumer und Konstantinos C. Makris. „Application of the urban exposome framework using drinking water and quality of life indicators: a proof-of-concept study in Limassol, Cyprus“. PeerJ 7 (24.05.2019): e6851. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6851.

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Background Cities face rapid changes leading to increasing inequalities and emerging public health issues that require cost-effective interventions. The urban exposome concept refers to the continuous monitoring of urban environmental and health indicators using the city and smaller intra-city areas as measurement units in an interdisciplinary approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods from social sciences, to epidemiology and exposure assessment. Methods In this proof of concept study, drinking water and quality of life indicators were described as part of the development of the urban exposome of Limassol (Cyprus) and were combined with agnostic environment-wide association analysis. This study was conducted as a two-part project with a qualitative part assessing the perceptions of city stakeholders, and quantitative part using a cross-sectional study design (an urban population study). We mapped the water quality parameters and participants’ opinions on city life (i.e., neighborhood life, health care, and green space access) using quarters (small administrative areas) as the reference unit of the city. In an exploratory, agnostic, environment-wide association study analysis, we used all variables (questionnaire responses and water quality metrics) to describe correlations between them. Results Overall, urban drinking-water quality using conventional indicators of chemical (disinfection byproducts-trihalomethanes (THM)) and microbial (coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococci) quality did not raise particular concerns. The general health and chronic health status of the urban participants were significantly (false discovery rate corrected p-value < 0.1) associated with different health conditions such as hypertension and asthma, as well as having financial issues in access to dental care. Additionally, correlations between THM exposures and participant behavioral characteristics (e.g., household cleaning, drinking water habits) were documented. Conclusion This proof-of-concept study showed the potential of using integrative approaches to develop urban exposomic profiles and identifying within-city differences in environmental and health indicators. The characterization of the urban exposome of Limassol will be expanded via the inclusion of biomonitoring tools and untargeted metabolomics.

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Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J., Lydiane Agier, Xavier Basagaña, Jose Urquiza, Ibon Tamayo-Uria, Lise Giorgis-Allemand, Oliver Robinson et al. „Influence of the Urban Exposome on Birth Weight“. Environmental Health Perspectives 127, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 047007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp3971.

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Ohanyan, Haykanush, Lützen Portengen, Anke Huss, Eugenio Traini, Joline W. J. Beulens, Gerard Hoek, Jeroen Lakerveld und Roel Vermeulen. „Machine learning approaches to characterize the obesogenic urban exposome“. Environment International 158 (Januar 2022): 107015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107015.

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Robinson, Oliver, Ibon Tamayo, Montserrat de Castro, Antonia Valentin, Lise Giorgis-Allemand, Norun Hjertager Krog, Gunn Marit Aasvang et al. „The Urban Exposome during Pregnancy and Its Socioeconomic Determinants“. Environmental Health Perspectives 126, Nr. 7 (Juli 2018): 077005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp2862.

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X, Andrianou, Charisiadis P und Makris K. „The urban exposome framework and a proof-of-concept study“. Environmental Epidemiology 3 (Oktober 2019): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ee9.0000608732.36531.e1.

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Maitre, Léa, Jeroen de Bont, Maribel Casas, Oliver Robinson, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Lydiane Agier, Sandra Andrušaitytė et al. „Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) study: a European population-based exposome cohort“. BMJ Open 8, Nr. 9 (September 2018): e021311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021311.

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PurposeEssential to exposome research is the collection of data on many environmental exposures from different domains in the same subjects. The aim of the Human Early Life Exposome (HELIX) study was to measure and describe multiple environmental exposures during early life (pregnancy and childhood) in a prospective cohort and associate these exposures with molecular omics signatures and child health outcomes. Here, we describe recruitment, measurements available and baseline data of the HELIX study populations.ParticipantsThe HELIX study represents a collaborative project across six established and ongoing longitudinal population-based birth cohort studies in six European countries (France, Greece, Lithuania, Norway, Spain and the UK). HELIX used a multilevel study design with the entire study population totalling 31 472 mother-child pairs, recruited during pregnancy, in the six existing cohorts (first level); a subcohort of 1301 mother-child pairs where biomarkers, omics signatures and child health outcomes were measured at age 6–11 years (second level) and repeat-sampling panel studies with around 150 children and 150 pregnant women aimed at collecting personal exposure data (third level).Findings to dateCohort data include urban environment, hazardous substances and lifestyle-related exposures for women during pregnancy and their offspring from birth until 6–11 years. Common, standardised protocols were used to collect biological samples, measure exposure biomarkers and omics signatures and assess child health across the six cohorts. Baseline data of the cohort show substantial variation in health outcomes and determinants between the six countries, for example, in family affluence levels, tobacco smoking, physical activity, dietary habits and prevalence of childhood obesity, asthma, allergies and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Future plansHELIX study results will inform on the early life exposome and its association with molecular omics signatures and child health outcomes. Cohort data are accessible for future research involving researchers external to the project.

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Andrianou, Xanthi D., Anjoeka Pronk, Karen S. Galea, Rob Stierum, Miranda Loh, Flavia Riccardo, Patrizio Pezzotti und Konstantinos C. Makris. „Exposome-based public health interventions for infectious diseases in urban settings“. Environment International 146 (Januar 2021): 106246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106246.

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Gruzieva, Olena, Ayoung Jeong, Shizhen He, Zhebin Yu, Jeroen de Bont, Maria G. M. Pinho, Ikenna C. Eze et al. „Air pollution, metabolites and respiratory health across the life-course“. European Respiratory Review 31, Nr. 165 (10.08.2022): 220038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0038-2022.

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Previous studies have explored the relationships of air pollution and metabolic profiles with lung function. However, the metabolites linking air pollution and lung function and the associated mechanisms have not been reviewed from a life-course perspective. Here, we provide a narrative review summarising recent evidence on the associations of metabolic profiles with air pollution exposure and lung function in children and adults. Twenty-six studies identified through a systematic PubMed search were included with 10 studies analysing air pollution-related metabolic profiles and 16 studies analysing lung function-related metabolic profiles. A wide range of metabolites were associated with short- and long-term exposure, partly overlapping with those linked to lung function in the general population and with respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. The existing studies show that metabolomics offers the potential to identify biomarkers linked to both environmental exposures and respiratory outcomes, but many studies suffer from small sample sizes, cross-sectional designs, a preponderance on adult lung function, heterogeneity in exposure assessment, lack of confounding control and omics integration. The ongoing EXposome Powered tools for healthy living in urbAN Settings (EXPANSE) project aims to address some of these shortcomings by combining biospecimens from large European cohorts and harmonised air pollution exposure and exposome data.

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Lewis, Jori. „Exposures in the City: Looking for Socioeconomic Patterns for the Urban Exposome“. Environmental Health Perspectives 127, Nr. 4 (April 2019): 044003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp4807.

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Münzel, Thomas, Mette Sørensen, Jos Lelieveld, Omar Hahad, Sadeer Al-Kindi, Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, Billie Giles-Corti, Andreas Daiber und Sanjay Rajagopalan. „Heart healthy cities: genetics loads the gun but the environment pulls the trigger“. European Heart Journal 42, Nr. 25 (18.05.2021): 2422–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab235.

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Abstract The world’s population is estimated to reach 10 billion by 2050 and 75% of this population will live in cities. Two-third of the European population already live in urban areas and this proportion continues to grow. Between 60% and 80% of the global energy use is consumed by urban areas, with 70% of the greenhouse gas emissions produced within urban areas. The World Health Organization states that city planning is now recognized as a critical part of a comprehensive solution to tackle adverse health outcomes. In the present review, we address non-communicable diseases with a focus on cardiovascular disease and the urbanization process in relation to environmental risk exposures including noise, air pollution, temperature, and outdoor light. The present review reports why heat islands develop in urban areas, and how greening of cities can improve public health, and address climate concerns, sustainability, and liveability. In addition, we discuss urban planning, transport interventions, and novel technologies to assess external environmental exposures, e.g. using digital technologies, to promote heart healthy cities in the future. Lastly, we highlight new paradigms of integrative thinking such as the exposome and planetary health, challenging the one-exposure-one-health-outcome association and expand our understanding of the totality of human environmental exposures.

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Hunter, Ruth F., Claire Cleland, Mike Trott, Sean O’Neill, Hüseyin Küçükali, Shay Mullineaux, Frank Kee et al. „Integrating accelerometry, GPS, GIS and molecular data to investigate mechanistic pathways of the urban environmental exposome and cognitive outcomes in older adults: a longitudinal study protocol“. BMJ Open 14, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2024): e085318. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085318.

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IntroductionMaintaining cognitive health in later life is a global priority. Encouraging individuals to make health behaviour changes, such as regular physical activity, and providing supportive urban environments can help maintain cognitive health, thereby preventing or delaying the progress of dementia and cognitive decline. However, the mechanistic pathways by which the urban environmental exposome influences cognitive health outcomes are poorly understood. The aim of this study is to use granular measures of the urban environment exposome (encompassing the built, natural and social environment) and physical activity to explore how these interact with a person’s biology to ultimately influence cognitive health outcomes.Methods and analysisThis ongoing study uses a cohort design, recruiting participants from the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal study of Ageing and the Harmonised Cognitive Assessment Protocol study. Participants (n=400 at each wave) will be aged ≥65 years and have the capacity to provide written informed consent. Measures include device-measured physical activity (Actigraph wGT3XP-BT), environmental location data (Global Positioning System, Qstarz BT-Q1000XT), linked to a battery of neuropsychological tests, including the Mini Mental State Examination and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Blood-derived biochemical, genetic and epigenetic data will be included in multimodal analyses. These data will be integrated with urban environment Geographic Information System data and analysed using causal inference and mediation methods to investigate plausible mechanistic pathways.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Queen’s University Belfast, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Research Ethics Committee (MHLS 21_72). Alongside peer-reviewed publications in high-ranking international journals, dissemination activities include conference presentations, project videos, working papers, policy briefing papers, newsletters, summaries and case study stories.

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Lutchmanen Kolanthan, Vimi, Andrew Brown, Vitisha Soobramaney, Evans Georges Philibert, Veronique Francois Newton, Muzzammil Hosenally, Bibi Nusayha Sokeechand et al. „Clinical Evaluation of Indian Sandalwood Oil and Its Protective Effect on the Skin against the Detrimental Effect of Exposome“. Cosmetics 9, Nr. 2 (23.03.2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9020035.

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The skin is constantly subject to external stressors (the exposome), including particulate matter and blue light. These can penetrate the deeper layers of the skin, inducing the release of free radicals and triggering an inflammatory cascade of events contributing to cutaneous aging and exacerbating inflammatory skin conditions. This study demonstrates the clinical efficacy of Indian sandalwood oil of varying concentrations against oxidative stress induced by urban dust and blue light. Twenty-two healthy human subjects entered and completed the study of 11 days. Test products containing 0.1%, 1% and 10% of sandalwood oil, as well as a placebo and a comparator control (α-tocopherol), were applied on the different investigational zones of the upper back of each subject. Exposure ensued on day 7, using a controlled pollution exposure system (CPES) and blue light at a wavelength of 412 nm. Sebum was sampled on each investigational zone following the last exposure. The level of squalene monohydroperoxide (SQOOH) was the primary endpoint. A dose-dependent decrease in SQOOH on the zones treated with 10%, 1% and 0.1% of the sandalwood oil formulation compared to the untreated zones was observed. The zone treated with the 10% sandalwood-containing formula demonstrated the highest protective efficacy with the lowest amount of SQOOH. Increasing the concentration of the sandalwood oil increased its protective antioxidant activity. The results collected from this intraindividual comparative is the first clinical trial to suggest that sandalwood oil at a concentration between 1% and 10% protects the skin against the oxidative stress induced by urban dust and blue light exposure.

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De Vito, Saverio, Elena Esposito, Ettore Massera, Fabrizio Formisano, Grazia Fattoruso, Sergio Ferlito, Antonio Del Giudice et al. „Crowdsensing IoT Architecture for Pervasive Air Quality and Exposome Monitoring: Design, Development, Calibration, and Long-Term Validation“. Sensors 21, Nr. 15 (31.07.2021): 5219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155219.

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A pervasive assessment of air quality in an urban or mobile scenario is paramount for personal or city-wide exposure reduction action design and implementation. The capability to deploy a high-resolution hybrid network of regulatory grade and low-cost fixed and mobile devices is a primary enabler for the development of such knowledge, both as a primary source of information and for validating high-resolution air quality predictive models. The capability of real-time and cumulative personal exposure monitoring is also considered a primary driver for exposome monitoring and future predictive medicine approaches. Leveraging on chemical sensing, machine learning, and Internet of Things (IoT) expertise, we developed an integrated architecture capable of meeting the demanding requirements of this challenging problem. A detailed account of the design, development, and validation procedures is reported here, along with the results of a two-year field validation effort.

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Rajagopalan, Sanjay, Armando Vergara-Martel, Jeffrey Zhong, Haitham Khraishah, Mikhail Kosiborod, Ian J. Neeland, Jean-Eudes Dazard et al. „The Urban Environment and Cardiometabolic Health“. Circulation 149, Nr. 16 (16.04.2024): 1298–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.123.067461.

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Urban environments contribute substantially to the rising burden of cardiometabolic diseases worldwide. Cities are complex adaptive systems that continually exchange resources, shaping exposures relevant to human health such as air pollution, noise, and chemical exposures. In addition, urban infrastructure and provisioning systems influence multiple domains of health risk, including behaviors, psychological stress, pollution, and nutrition through various pathways (eg, physical inactivity, air pollution, noise, heat stress, food systems, the availability of green space, and contaminant exposures). Beyond cardiometabolic health, city design may also affect climate change through energy and material consumption that share many of the same drivers with cardiometabolic diseases. Integrated spatial planning focusing on developing sustainable compact cities could simultaneously create heart-healthy and environmentally healthy city designs. This article reviews current evidence on the associations between the urban exposome (totality of exposures a person experiences, including environmental, occupational, lifestyle, social, and psychological factors) and cardiometabolic diseases within a systems science framework, and examines urban planning principles (eg, connectivity, density, diversity of land use, destination accessibility, and distance to transit). We highlight critical knowledge gaps regarding built-environment feature thresholds for optimizing cardiometabolic health outcomes. Last, we discuss emerging models and metrics to align urban development with the dual goals of mitigating cardiometabolic diseases while reducing climate change through cross-sector collaboration, governance, and community engagement. This review demonstrates that cities represent crucial settings for implementing policies and interventions to simultaneously tackle the global epidemics of cardiovascular disease and climate change.

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Vlaanderen, Jelle, Kees de Hoogh, Gerard Hoek, Annette Peters, Nicole Probst-Hensch, Augustin Scalbert, Erik Melén et al. „Developing the building blocks to elucidate the impact of the urban exposome on cardiometabolic-pulmonary disease“. Environmental Epidemiology 5, Nr. 4 (01.07.2021): e162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ee9.0000000000000162.

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Zerbo, Alexandre, Rafael Castro Delgado und Pedro Arcos González. „Conceptualization of the Transmission Dynamic of Faecal-Orally Transmitted Diseases in Urban Exposome of Sub-Saharan Africa“. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Volume 15 (Oktober 2022): 1959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s372185.

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Kumar, Vinay, Hemavathy S, Lohith Kumar Dasarahally Huligowda, Mridul Umesh, Pritha Chakraborty, Basheer Thazeem und Anand Prakash Singh. „Environmental Pollutants as Emerging Concerns for Cardiac Diseases: A Review on Their Impacts on Cardiac Health“. Biomedicines 13, Nr. 1 (20.01.2025): 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010241.

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Comorbidities related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and environmental pollution have emerged as serious concerns. The exposome concept underscores the cumulative impact of environmental factors, including climate change, air pollution, chemicals like PFAS, and heavy metals, on cardiovascular health. Chronic exposure to these pollutants contributes to inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, further exacerbating the global burden of CVDs. Specifically, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone, particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), heavy metals, pesticides, and micro- and nanoplastics have been implicated in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality through various mechanisms. PM2.5 exposure leads to inflammation and metabolic disruptions. Ozone and CO exposure induce oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. NO2 exposure contributes to cardiac remodeling and acute cardiovascular events, and sulfur dioxide and heavy metals exacerbate oxidative stress and cellular damage. Pesticides and microplastics pose emerging risks linked to inflammation and cardiovascular tissue damage. Monitoring and risk assessment play a crucial role in identifying vulnerable populations and assessing pollutant impacts, considering factors like age, gender, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle disorders. This review explores the impact of cardiovascular disease, discussing risk-assessment methods, intervention strategies, and the challenges clinicians face in addressing pollutant-induced cardiovascular diseases. It calls for stronger regulatory policies, public health interventions, and green urban planning.

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Rejek, Maksymilian, und Błażej Misiak. „The Associations of Exposome Psychopathology: A Network Analysis in a Non-Clinical Sample“. Brain Sciences 14, Nr. 3 (29.02.2024): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14030242.

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Background: The intricate correlation between environmental exposures and mental health outcomes is increasingly acknowledged in psychiatric research. This study investigated the relationship between cumulative environmental risk factors, as represented by the exposome score (ES), and various domains of psychopathology within a non-clinical sample using a network analysis. Methods: We recruited 1100 participants (aged 18–35 years, 51.4% females) via a computer-assisted web interview, assessing psychopathological symptoms using standardized questionnaires. Environmental exposures, including season of birth, obstetric complications, advanced paternal age, childhood trauma, cannabis use, and urban upbringing, were self-reported to calculate the ES. Results: A network analysis revealed significant associations of the ES with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) (weight = 0.113), manic (weight = 0.072), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms (weight = 0.062). These connections did not differ significantly with respect to their weights. Depressive symptoms had the highest centrality and predictability. The mean predictability across all nodes included in the network was 0.344. Conclusions: These findings underscore the transdiagnostic nature of environmental exposures, aligning with previous research indicating broad associations between the ES and various facets of psychopathology. Our results suggest that the ES may not specifically correlate with PLEs but may indicate the risk of a broader psychopathology.

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Filippelli, Gabriel, Jessica Adamic, Deborah Nichols, John Shukle und Emeline Frix. „Mapping the Urban Lead Exposome: A Detailed Analysis of Soil Metal Concentrations at the Household Scale Using Citizen Science“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, Nr. 7 (19.07.2018): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071531.

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An ambitious citizen science effort in the city of Indianapolis (IN, USA) led to the collection and analysis of a large number of samples at the property scale, facilitating the analysis of differences in soil metal concentrations as a function of property location (i.e., dripline, yard, and street) and location within the city. This effort indicated that dripline soils had substantially higher values of lead and zinc than other soil locations on a given property, and this pattern was heightened in properties nearer the urban core. Soil lead values typically exceeded the levels deemed safe for children’s play areas in the United States (<400 ppm), and almost always exceeded safe gardening guidelines (<200 ppm). As a whole, this study identified locations within properties and cities that exhibited the highest exposure risk to children, and also exhibited the power of citizen science to produce data at a spatial scale (i.e., within a property boundary), which is usually impossible to feasibly collect in a typical research study.

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Boira, Cloé, Emilie Chapuis, Amandine Scandolera und Romain Reynaud. „Silymarin Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by UV and Air Pollution in Human Epidermis and Activates β-Endorphin Release through Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2“. Cosmetics 11, Nr. 1 (13.02.2024): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11010030.

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Background: Skin is exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV) and air pollution, and recent works have demonstrated that these factors have additive effects in the disturbance of skin homeostasis. Nuclear-factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) appear to be appropriate targets in the management of combined environmental stressors. The protective effects of silymarin (SM), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory complex of flavonoids, were evaluated. Methods: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1a) were quantified in UV+urban-dust-stressed reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) treated with SM. A gene expression study was conducted on targets related to AHR and Nrf2. SM agonistic activity on cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) was evaluated on mast cells. The clinical study quantified the performance of SM and cannabidiol (CBD) in skin exposed to solar radiation and air pollution. Results: SM decreased morphological alterations, ROS, and IL-1a in UV+urban-dust-stressed RHE. AHR- and Nrf2-related genes were upregulated, which control the antioxidant effector and barrier function. Interleukin 8 gene expression was decreased. The clinical study confirmed SM improved the homogeneity and perceived well-being of urban skins exposed to UV, outperforming CBD. SM activated CB2R and the release of β-endorphin from mast cells. Conclusions: SM provides protection of skin from oxidative stress and inflammation caused by two major factors of exposome and appears mediated by AHR-Nrf2. SM activation of CB2R is opening a new understanding of SM’s anti-inflammatory properties.

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Buelow, Elena, Andreu Rico, Margaux Gaschet, José Lourenço, Sean P. Kennedy, Laure Wiest, Marie-Cecile Ploy und Christophe Dagot. „Hospital discharges in urban sanitation systems: Long-term monitoring of wastewater resistome and microbiota in relationship to their eco-exposome“. Water Research X 7 (Mai 2020): 100045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100045.

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Traini, Eugenio, Lützen Portengen, Haykanush Ohanyan, Robert van Vorstenbosch, Roel Vermeulen und Anke Huss. „A prospective exploration of the urban exposome in relation to headache in the Dutch population-based Occupational and environmental health cohort study (AMIGO)“. Environment International 188 (Juni 2024): 108776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108776.

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Stroustrup, Annemarie, Jennifer B. Bragg, Emily A. Spear, Andrea Aguiar, Emily Zimmerman, Joseph R. Isler, Stefanie A. Busgang et al. „Cohort profile: the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Hospital Exposures and Long-Term Health (NICU-HEALTH) cohort, a prospective preterm birth cohort in New York City“. BMJ Open 9, Nr. 11 (November 2019): e032758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032758.

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PurposeThe Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Hospital Exposures and Long-Term Health (NICU-HEALTH) longitudinal preterm birth cohort studies the impact of the NICU exposome on early-life development. NICU-HEALTH collects multiple biospecimens, complex observational and survey data and comprehensive multisystem outcome assessments to allow measurement of the impact of modifiable environmental exposures during the preterm period on neurodevelopmental, pulmonary and growth outcomes.ParticipantsModerately preterm infants without genetic or congenital anomalies and their mothers are recruited from an urban academic medical centre level IV NICU in New York City, New York, USA. Recruitment began in 2011 and continues through multiple enrolment phases to the present with goal enrolment of 400 infants. Follow-up includes daily data collection throughout the NICU stay and six follow-up visits in the first 2 years. Study retention is 77% to date, with the oldest patients turning age 8 in 2019.Findings to dateNICU-HEALTH has already contributed significantly to our understanding of phthalate exposure in the NICU. Phase I produced the first evidence of the clinical impact of phthalate exposure in the NICU population. Further study identified specific sources of exposure to clinically relevant phthalate mixtures in the NICU.Future plansFollow-up from age 3 to 12 is co-ordinated through integration with the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) programme. The NICU-HEALTH cohort will generate a wealth of biomarker, clinical and outcome data from which future studies of the impact of early-life chemical and non-chemical environmental exposures can benefit. Findings from study of this cohort and other collaborating environmental health cohorts will likely translate into improvements in the hospital environment for infant development.Trial registration numbersThis observational cohort is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01420029andNCT01963065).

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Ibanez, Agustin, und Harris Eyre. „Brain capital, ecological development and sustainable environments“. BMJ Mental Health 26, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2023-300803.

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The importance of improving brain and mental health and developing sustainable environments is increasingly recognised. Understanding the syndemic interactions between these processes can help address contemporary societal challenges and foster global innovation. Here, we propose a green brain capital model that integrates environmental drivers of brain health and green skills necessary for long-term sustainability and discuss the role of interdisciplinary approaches in promoting individual and collective behavioural changes. We draw on existing literature and research to highlight the connections between brain health, environmental factors and green skills. Environmental factors and exposome can have long-lasting adverse effects on brain health, particularly in vulnerable populations. Investing in green brain capital can prepare societies to address global crises. Green skills, including creativity, ecological intelligence and digital literacy, are critical for promoting sustainable environments. Access to nature improves brain and mental health, and interdisciplinary fields such as neurourbanism can inform urban planning to benefit citizens’ well-being. Building brain capital and environmental sustainability interactions requires increasing future generations’ awareness, education and training. A comprehensive approach to green brain capital can enable greater societal scaling, synergistically protecting brain health and environmental sustainability.

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Ferreira, Rubio José, und Cláudio Jourge Moura de Castilho. „Agricultura urbana e gestão territorial em Recife/PE/Brasil: qual o lugar da agricultura urbana no planejamento da cidade?“ Ateliê Geográfico 10, Nr. 2 (13.09.2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v10i2.35747.

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ResumoEste texto tem como objetivo, sobretudo, dar visibilidade a um problema significativo para vários citadinos: o lugar da agricultura urbana e das pessoas diretamente envolvidas nesta atividade, no processo de planejamento urbano, a partir de exemplos ocorridos na cidade do Recife/Pernambuco/Brasil. Os principais resultados apontam que a agricultura urbana e os agricultores urbanos não são efetivamente considerados pelos técnicos das ações voltadas ao planejamento urbano de Recife. Isto, talvez, porque, a agricultura urbana se constitui de uma prática social utilizada por pessoas que pertencem a grupos sociais “hiperprecarizados” da economia urbana local. A ideia de planejamento territorial efetivo deve ser capaz de orientar políticas públicas que, a partir, também, da melhora das condições das atividades agrícolas na cidade, possam garantir a superação da perversidade das relações socioespaciais existentes em muitos lugares da cidade.Palavras-chave: Agricultura Urbana; Gestão Territorial; Planejamento da Cidade. AbstractThe aim of this text is expose an important problem with regard to urban men: the place of urban agriculture and the people direct involved in this activity. It demonstrated some steps in urban planning and the case study of Recife/Pernambuco/Brazil (city/state/country). The main results show that the urban agriculture and urban farmers are in absence of the thoughts of Recife’s planers. Maybe that happens because the urban agriculture is a social practice utilized by people from the “lowest layers” of society and in a marginal area in local urban economy. The idea of an effective territorial management is to guide public policies that promote better farming activities in city and assuring the diminution of poverty and the increase of human development in many places of the city.Keywords: Urban Agriculture; Territorial Management; Planning City. ResumenEste texto pretende, sobre todo, dar visibilidad a un problema importante para muchos habitantes de la ciudad: el lugar de la agricultura urbana y las personas directamente involucradas en esta actividad, en el proceso de planificación urbana, a partir de ejemplos que han ocurrido en las ciudades de Recife/Pernambuco/Brasil. Los principales resultados exponen que la agricultura urbana y los agricultores urbanos no son, en realidad, considerados por los técnicos de acciones centradas en la planificación urbana de Recife. Esto, tal vez, porque la agricultura urbana se constituye de una práctica social utilizada por personas que pertenecen a grupos sociales “hiperprecarizados” de la economía urbana local. La idea de una planificación territorial eficaz debe ser capaz de orientar las políticas públicas, encabezada, también, por la mejora de las condiciones de las actividades agrícolas en la ciudad, para que se pueda garantizar la superación de la perversidad de las relaciones socio-espaciales existentes en muchas partes de la ciudad.Palabras clave: Agricultura urbana; Administración de Tierras; Planificación de la Ciudad.

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Alves, Washington Silva, und Zilda De Fátima Mariano. „Os fatores geoecológicos, geourbanos e o clima urbano de Iporá-GO: uma análise a partir do Método de Correlação Linear“. Ateliê Geográfico 11, Nr. 3 (30.05.2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v11i3.39564.

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Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho consistiu em analisar a influência dos fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos no padrão da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá-GO, por meio do método estatístico de correlação linear. Os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos pautaram-se no sistema clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), com ênfase no subsistema termodinâmico. Os fatores geoecológicos (hipsometria, exposição de vertente, vegetação urbana e hidrografia) e geourbanos (densidade de construção e o uso do solo urbano), foram georreferenciado com auxílio dos softwares ArcGis 9.0, Spring 5.3 e Surfer 9.0. Os dados de temperatura do ar foram coletados entre outubro de 2012 e outubro de 2013, em intervalos de 30 minutos, com termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) e estações meteorológicas automáticas distribuídos em seis pontos da área urbana e rural de Iporá. Posteriormente, os dados foram organizados em planilhas de cálculos para análise estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que os fatores geoecológicos e geourbanos citados foram decisivos na variação espacial da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima absoluta em Iporá.Palavras-chave: Climatologia, Cidade, Clima Urbano AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyze the influence of geoecological factors and geourbanos the standard maximum air temperature and absolute minimum in Iporá-GO, by means of statistical methods of correlation linear. The theoretical and methodological foundations guided in the urban climate system Monteiro (2003), with emphasis on thermodynamic subsystem. The geoecological factors (hipsometria, slop exposure, urban and Hydrography vegetation) and geourban (building density and the use of urban land), were georeferenced with the help of software ArcGIS 9.0, Sprint 5.3 and Surfer 9.0. The air temperature data were collected between October 2012 and October 2013, in 30-minute intervals, with hygrometer term (HT-500 model) and automatic weather stations distributed in six points of the urban and rural Iporá. Later, the data were organized into spreadsheets for statistical analysis. The results showed that geoecological mentioned factors and geourbanos were decisive in the spatial variation of the temperature of the air and maximum absolute minimum in Iporá.Keywords: Climatology, City, Urban Climate ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia de los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos en el patrón de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá-GO, a través de lo método estadístico de correlación lineal. Los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos se basan en el sistema de clima urbano de Monteiro (2003), con énfasis en el subsistema termodinámico. Los factores geoecológicos (hipsometría, hebras de exposición, hidrografía y vegetación urbana) y geourbanos (densidad de edificación y uso del suelo urbano) fueron georeferenciados con la ayuda del software ArcGIS 9.0, Spring 5.3 y Surfer 9.0. Los datos de temperatura del aire se recogieron entre octubre 2012 y octubre 2013, en intervalos de 30 minutos, con termohigrômetros (modelo HT-500) y estaciones meteorológicas automáticas distribuidas en seis puntos de las zonas urbanas y rurales. Posteriormente, los datos se organizaron en las hojas de cálculo para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados mostraron que los factores geoecológicos y geourbanos citados fueron decisivos en la variación espacial de la temperatura máxima y mínima absoluta del aire en Iporá.Palavras clave: Climatología, Ciudad, Clima Urbano

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Gupta, Dr Varsha. „Exposure of Captive Wild Mammals in Kota Zoo India to Urban Air Pollution“. Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, Nr. 3 (01.10.2011): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2013/44.

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Deguen, Séverine, Pauline Vasseur und Wahida Kihal-Talantikite. „Inégalités sociétales et exposome urbain“. médecine/sciences 38, Nr. 1 (Januar 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2021149.

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Les études épidémiologiques sont nombreuses aujourd’hui à révéler l’association entre des facteurs d’exposition environnementale et des problèmes de santé, aigus comme chroniques, survenant à différents stades de la vie. Citons, par exemple, l’exposition à la pollution de l’air associée à de nombreuses infections respiratoires, maladies cardiovasculaires et à certaines issues défavorables de la grossesse. L’exposition aux nuisances sonores est également reconnue comme pouvant augmenter le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires et perturber la qualité du sommeil. Inversement, l’accès à certaines ressources et leur disponibilité, comme les parcs, les aires de jeux, ou les espaces verts, sont associés à un meilleur état de santé, de bien-être physique et psychique et à des comportements favorables à la santé. Dans cette Synthèse, nous nous intéresserons plus particulièrement à l’exposome dit « urbain », défini par Robinson et al. comme l’ensemble des éléments de l’environnement urbain favorables et défavorables à la santé, et ce, dès la vie in utero [1].

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Georgoulis, L., E. Samoli, P. Vouros, K. Katsouyanni und M. Jantunen. „Urban Commuting and CO exposure“. Epidemiology 9, Supplement (Juli 1998): S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199807001-00266.

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Cocheo, Vincenzo, Paolo Sacco, Caterina Boaretto, Emile De Saeger, Pascual Perez Ballesta, Henrik Skov, Eddy Goelen, Norbert Gonzalez und Antonia Baeza Caracena. „Urban benzene and population exposure“. Nature 404, Nr. 6774 (März 2000): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35004651.

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Oliveira, Ana Carolina Nascimento de, und Erika Vanessa Moreira Santos. „A IMPORTÂNCIA DA AGRICULTURA URBANA: um estudo sobre o programa Eco Hortas Comunitárias no município de Campos dos Goytacazes – RJ“. Revista Cerrados 16, Nr. 02 (26.02.2020): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22238/rc24482692201816025168.

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A prática da Agricultura Urbana tem se otimizado e ganhado visibilidade nos últimos anos, tanto no campo das políticas públicas, quanto nos debates acadêmicos, principalmente quando se trata do acesso a uma alimentação saudável. Entretanto, esta atividade não se restringe apenas ao cultivo e produção de alimentos, pois possui uma gama de modalidades com funcionalidades distintas. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo expor a importância da agricultura produzida no tecido urbano, além de fomentar o debate acadêmico sobre a atividade laboral, entender de que forma este fenômeno está instituído no município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, sobretudo a partir das hortas vinculadas ao programa Eco Hortas Comunitárias, criado em 1990 por lei municipal. A metodologia adotada para a consecução do trabalho é qualitativa descritiva, com o levantamento bibliográfico, sistematização de dados secundários (IBGE e Prefeitura Municipal de Campos dos Goytacazes), levantamento de dados primários (agricultores urbanos, supervisores, técnicos) e análise dos dados e informações levantadas. Dessa forma, buscamos entender todo o processo de estruturação e a dinâmica socioeconômica desta atividade no município. Sendo um elemento de ocupação do solo que produz alimentos de qualidade, expansão de áreas verdes e criação de novos postos de emprego. Palavras-chave: Agricultura Urbana. Eco Hortas Comunitárias. Campos dos Goytacazes. THE IMPORTANCE OF URBAN AGRICULTURE: a study on the Eco Hortas Comunitárias programme in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes – RJ ABSTRACT The practice of urban agriculture has been optimized and gained visibility in recent years, both in the field of public policies and in academic debates, especially when it comes to access to healthy eating. However, this activity is not only restricted to the cultivation and production of food, because it has a range of modalities with different features. This research aims to expose the importance of agriculture produced in the urban space, and to promote the academic debate on the work activity, to understand how this phenomenon is established in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, especially the From the gardens linked to the program Eco Hortas Comunitárias, created in 1990 by municipal law. The methodology adopted for the achievement of the work is qualitative descriptive, with the bibliographical survey, systematization of secondary data (IBGE and municipal Municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes), survey of primary data (urban farmers, supervisors, technicians) and analysis of the data and information raised. In this way, we seek to understand the whole process of structuring and the socio-economic dynamics of this activity in the municipality. Being a land-occupying element that produces quality food, expanding green areas and creating new jobs. Key Words: Urban agriculture. Eco Hortas. Campos dos Goytacazes. LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA AGRICULTURA URBANA: un estudio sobre el programa Eco Hortas Comunitárias en el municipio de Campos dos Goytacazes – RJ RESUMEN La práctica de la Agricultura Urbana ha sido optimizada y ha obtenido visibilidad en los últimos años, tanto en el ámbito de las políticas públicas como en los debates académicos, especialmente cuando se trata de acceder a la alimentación sana. Sin embargo, esta actividad no sólo se limita al cultivo y producción de alimentos, ya que tiene una gama de modalidades con diferentes características. Esta investigación pretende exponer la importancia de la agricultura producida en el tejido urbano, y promover el debate académico sobre la actividad laboral, para entender cómo se establece este fenómeno en el municipio de Campos dos Goytacazes RJ, especialmente desde los jardines vinculados a la comunidad del programa Eco Hortas Comunitárias, creada en 1990 por la ley municipal. La metodología adoptada para el logro de la obra es cualitativamente descriptiva, con el estudio bibliográfico, la sistematización de datos secundarios (IBGE y Municipalidad de Campos dos Goytacazes), estudio de datos primarios (agricultores urbanos, supervisores, técnicos) y análisis de los datos e información planteados. De esta manera, buscamos comprender todo el proceso de estructuración y la dinámica socioeconómica de esta actividad en el municipio. Ser un elemento de ocupación de la tierra que produce alimentos de calidad, expandiendo áreas verdes y creando nuevos empleos. Palabras clave: Agricultura Urbana. Eco Hortas Comunitárias. Campos dos Goytacazes.

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Zhu, Xuehong, Qiang Dai, Dawei Han, Lu Zhuo, Shaonan Zhu und Shuliang Zhang. „Modeling the high-resolution dynamic exposure to flooding in a city region“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, Nr. 8 (14.08.2019): 3353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3353-2019.

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Abstract. Urban flooding exposure is generally investigated with the assumption of stationary disasters and disaster-hit bodies during an event, and thus it cannot satisfy the increasingly elaborate modeling and management of urban floods. In this study, a comprehensive method was proposed to simulate dynamic exposure to urban flooding considering residents' travel behavior. First, a flood simulation was conducted using the LISFLOOD-FP model to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of flooding. Second, an agent-based model was used to simulate residents' movements during the urban flooding period. Finally, to study the evolution and patterns of urban flooding exposure, the exposure of population, roads, and buildings to urban flooding was simulated using Lishui, China, as a case study. The results showed that water depth was the major factor affecting total urban exposure in Lishui. Urban exposure to fluvial flooding was concentrated along the river, while exposure to pluvial flooding was dispersed throughout the area (independent from the river). Additionally, the population distribution on weekends was more variable than on weekdays and was more sensitive to floods. In addition, residents' response behavior (based on their subjective consciousness) may result in increased overall exposure. This study presents the first fully formulated method for dynamic urban flood exposure simulation at a high spatiotemporal resolution. The quantitative results of this study can provide fundamental information for urban flood disaster vulnerability assessment, socioeconomic loss assessment, urban disaster risk management, and emergency response plan establishment.

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Bostrom, Carl-Elis, Jacob Almen, Bengt Steen und Roger Westerholm. „Human Exposure to Urban Air Pollution“. Environmental Health Perspectives 102 (Oktober 1994): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3431929.

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Moline, Jacqueline M., Anne L. Golden, Andrew C. Todd, James H. Godbold und Gertrud S. Berkowitz. „Lead exposure among young urban women“. Salud Pública de México 41 (November 1999): S82—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36341999000800003.

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Boström, C. E., J. Almén, B. Steen und R. Westerholm. „Human exposure to urban air pollution“. Environmental Health Perspectives 102, Suppl 4 (01.10.1994): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102s439.

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Hyman, Mark H. „Short-Term Exposure to Urban Dust“. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2004): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000141777.15678.c1.

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Boström, C. E., J. Almén, B. Steen und R. Westerholm. „Human exposure to urban air pollution.“ Environmental Health Perspectives 102, suppl 4 (Oktober 1994): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.102-1566930.

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Gu, Danan, Qiushi Feng, Jessica M. Sautter und Li Qiu. „Exposure to urban life and mortality risk among older adults in China“. International Journal of Population Studies 3, Nr. 1 (30.08.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.2017.01.007.

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We examined whether exposure to urban environments was linked with mortality in a longitudinal survey dataset of nearly 28,000 Chinese adults who were 65 years of age or older in the years 2002–2014. Urban life exposure was measured by residential status at birth, current residential status, and urban-related primary lifetime occupation, which generated eight different categories of urban life exposure: no exposure, mid-life-only exposure, late-life-only exposure, mid-late-life exposure, early-life-only exposure, early-mid-life exposure, early- & late-life exposure, and full life exposure. We also included a measure of migration, whether the respondent lived in the same county/city at birth and at first interview, to further classify these eight categories. Overall, we found that when demographics were controlled for, compared to those with no urban life exposure and no migration, mortality risk was lower for older adults with mid-late life exposure with or without migration and for older adults with full-life exposure with migration; mortality risk was higher for older adults with early-life-only exposure. Once socioeconomic status, family/social support, health behaviors, and baseline health were simultaneously controlled for, only the higher mortality risk for older adults with early-life-only exposure was still significant. Our findings provided valuable information about how urban life exposure at different life stages was associated with elderly mortality in China.

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Mallick, Suraj Kumar, Netrananda Sahu, Pritiranjan Das, Biswajit Maity, Ayush Varun, Anil Kumar, Ravi Keswarwani, Atul Saini und Somnath Rudra. „Impact of urban growth in Delhi and It's Peri-urban environment on urban heat exposure“. Urban Climate 56 (Juli 2024): 102010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.102010.

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Varma, Pavani, Anu Mohandas, Sindhu Rudrashetty, K. Satya Vara Prasad, N. Balakrishna und Snigdha Pattnaik. „Prevalence of Second Hand Smoke Exposure and Measures to Overcome: A Cross Sectional Study among Youth in Urban Hyderabad“. Indian Journal of Public Health 68, Nr. 1 (Januar 2024): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_344_23.

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Abstract In India, the prevalence of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is 29.5% in general and 11.2% at home. The youth may expose themselves to SHS without knowing the risk factors and consequences involved. This study is intended to determine the prevalence of SHS exposure and the measures adopted by the youth to avoid exposure. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 338 youth in an urban area in Hyderabad. A modified Global Youth Tobacco Survey questionnaire was used for data collection on SHS exposure and avoidance. The total prevalence of SHS exposure was 35.21%. The mean days of SHS exposure/week were 1.419 (standard deviation -1.806) days. Belonging to the age group 18–21 years, and male gender were significant predictors of SHS exposure. Education of the head of family was a significant predictor of SHS avoidance behavior. Creating awareness among young adults regarding the deleterious effects and preventive strategies of SHS exposure, thereby making them responsible for the health of their family can be a protective long-term strategy.

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Forman, Leah S., Jane M. Liebschutz, Ruth Rose-Jacobs, Mark A. Richardson, Howard J. Cabral, Timothy C. Heeren und Deborah A. Frank. „Urban Young Adults’ Adaptive Functioning“. Journal of Drug Issues 47, Nr. 2 (22.12.2016): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042616684679.

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Research on the association between prenatal substance exposures and adaptive functioning among young adults is limited, with inconsistent conclusions. In a prospective longitudinal study of 138 urban young adults, prenatal substance exposures were identified at birth from maternal self-report, urine screens, and/or infant meconium. At follow-up between ages 18 and 24 years, masked interviewers assessed level of adaptive functioning, a composite indicator comprising five domains: education, housing, adolescent pregnancy, arrest history, and employment. A significant negative association was found between prenatal tobacco exposure and adaptive functioning, particularly among females with heavier exposure. This association with heavier, but not lighter, prenatal tobacco exposure is consistent with a neuroteratologic explanation, but other, non-biological explanations cannot be ruled out. No statistically significant associations were observed between prenatal cocaine, marijuana, or low-moderate alcohol exposure and young adult adaptive functioning.

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PATEL, DR KETAN, DR VIJAY GOPLANI, DR PARESH PRAJAPATI und DR PIYUSH MAKWANA. „A Study on Effects of Wood Dust Exposure on Pulmonary Functions in Carpenters And Non Carpenters of Urban Ahmedabad“. International Journal of Scientific Research 3, Nr. 2 (01.06.2012): 383–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2014/125.

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T V, Sanjay. „A Descriptive Study on Obesity and Animal Exposure Cases attending an Anti-Rabies Clinic, Tertiary Care Hospital, Urban Bengaluru“. APCRI Journal 26, Nr. 01 (29.06.2024): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0973.5038.202403.

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Barale, R., I. Barrai, I. Sbrana, L. Migliore, A. Marrazzini, V. Scarcelli, E. Bacci et al. „Monitoring Human Exposure to Urban Air Pollutants“. Environmental Health Perspectives 101 (Oktober 1993): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3431706.

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Hopper, J. A., und K. A. Craig. „Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Among Urban Children“. PEDIATRICS 106, Nr. 4 (01.10.2000): e47-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.4.e47.

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Ozuah, Philip O., Michael S. Lesser, James S. Woods, Hyunok Choi und Morri Markowitz. „Mercury Exposure in an Urban Pediatric Population“. Ambulatory Pediatrics 3, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409(2003)003<0024:meiaup>2.0.co;2.

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Barale, R., I. Barrai, I. Sbrana, L. Migliore, A. Marrazzini, V. Scarcelli, E. Bacci et al. „Monitoring human exposure to urban air pollutants“. Environmental Health Perspectives 101, suppl 3 (Oktober 1993): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.93101s389.

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Selner‐O'Hagan, Mary Beth, Daniel J. Kindlon, Stephen L. Buka, Stephen W. Raudenbush und Felton J. Earls. „Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth“. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 39, Nr. 2 (Februar 1998): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00315.

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Carter, Paul. „Exposure: a postcolonial turn in urban ethnography“. Postcolonial Studies 21, Nr. 3 (04.06.2018): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2018.1479942.

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