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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Uraba lugens“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 28. Januar 2023

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1

Berndt, L. A., S. Mansfield und T. M. Withers. „A method for host range testing of a biological control agent for Uraba lugens“. New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (01.08.2007): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4604.

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Uraba lugens (gum leaf skeletoniser) is a serious pest of Eucalyptus spp in Australia It is now well established in the greater Auckland region and is spreading Two parasitoid species are under consideration as potential biological control agents of U lugens This paper describes host range testing methods developed using one of these species (Cotesia urabae) against two nontarget species Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura Using sequential nochoice tests to test the response of mated C urabae females clear preferences were observed for U lugens over both nontarget test species Some females did attempt to attack the nontarget species but no evidence of parasitism was observed when nontarget hosts were reared or dissected This method elucidated both behavioural responses and physiological development of C urabae and it is proposed to be a suitable host range testing method for full evaluation of this species

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2

Mansfield, S., D. J. Kriticos, K. J. B. Potter und M. C. Watson. „Parasitism of gum leaf skeletoniser (Uraba lugens) in New Zealand“. New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (01.08.2005): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4271.

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The gum leaf skeletoniser (Uraba lugens) a significant pest in Australia is now well established on Eucalyptus spp in the Auckland region One larval parasitoid (Meteorus pulchricornis) and two pupal parasitoids (Xanthopimpla rhopaloceros and Anacis sp) were recorded from U lugens collected in southwest Auckland Parasitism of M pulchricornis and X rhopaloceros against U lugens and other hosts in New Zealand (Helicoverpa armigera and Epiphyas postvittana respectively) was compared using nochoice and choice tests under controlled conditions Uraba lugens is a suitable host for development of both M pulchricornis and X rhopaloceros Choice tests revealed that M pulchricornis prefers H armigera larvae to U lugens Attack by X rhopaloceros occurred only when host pupae were presented within their cocoons Meteorus pulchricornis may compete with proposed classical biological control agents introduced against U lugens while X rhopaloceros is more likely to complement them

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Potter, K. J. B., und A. E. A. Stephens. „Suitability of valued eucalypt species for the larval development of the gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens“. New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (01.08.2005): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4270.

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Gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens is native to Australia and is a common defoliator of Eucalyptus Uraba lugens was first recorded in New Zealand in 1992 and is now well established in the Auckland region As U lugens has the potential to damage Eucalyptus in New Zealand nochoice larval development trials were used to assess the ability of U lugens larvae to develop on 18 Eucalyptus species that are highly valued in New Zealand Eucalyptus nitens and E nicholii were the most suitable larval hosts as larval mortality was low and development time was brief Larvae reared on E fastigata had a rapid development time and high growth rates resulting in heavy female pupae although larval mortality was in the intermediate range Species that were least suitable for U lugens development included Corymbia maculata E microcorys the juvenile foliage of E globulus globulus and E globulus maidenii

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4

Gresham, B. A., G. Avila, L. A. Berndt und T. M. Withers. „Initial establishment and further releases of Cotesia urabae a biological control agent for Uraba lugens in New Zealand“. New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (08.01.2012): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5405.

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Cotesia urabae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) a solitary larval endoparasitoid of the eucalypt pest Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Nolidae) was approved for use as a biological control agent in New Zealand in July 2010 and initial releases were made at two sites in central and south Auckland between January and June 2011 Initial establishment of C urabae has now been confirmed at the central Auckland Domain site as parasitoid cocoons were found in February 2012 in the original release tree as well as in several trees nearby where releases had not occurred for the previous 8 months Two further releases of C urabae were made in January 2012 the first in a Eucalyptus bosistoana plantation in Morningside near Port Whangarei Northland and the second onto a large Eucalyptus cinerea tree located in Matapihi Tauranga Bay of Plenty At both of these sites host U lugens larvae that had been attacked by C urabae females were released rather than adult parasitoids This method provided additional flexibility around timing of release and improved ease of transportation and handling

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Allen, GR. „The Phenologies of Cotesia-Urabae, Dolichogenidea-Eucalypti (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and Their Host Uraba-Lugens (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in the Adelaide Region“. Australian Journal of Zoology 38, Nr. 4 (1990): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900347.

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A field study was undertaken to determine the phenologies of the solitary larval endoparasitoids Cotesia urabae and Dolichogenidea eucalypti in relation to that of their bivoltine host Uraba lugens. C. urabae had two generations within both the summer and the winter generation of U. lugens, and D. eucalypti had two generations in the summer but only one generation in the winter. D. eucalypti parasitised a narrower range of host sizes in the field. Both parasitoids attacked recently hatched (typically 1st instar) or 'small hosts' at the beginning at each host generation. In summer D. eucalypti was the first to emerge from hosts, but both D. eucalypti and C. urabae, emerged from hosts which had modes of 0.85-1.05 mm in head capsule width and 0.9-1.5 mg in dry weight (mid hosts). In winter, C. urabae emerged from hosts which had modes of 1.15 mm in head capsule width and 2.7 mg in dry weight (large hosts). Both species in summer, and C. urabae in winter, then proceeded to parasitise hosts of around these sizes to commence second parasitoid generations. In its second generation in summer and its first generation in winter, D. eucalypti typically emerged after most unparasitised hosts had pupated. Both species of parasitoid overwintered within the larval stage of their host. Levels of parasitisation appeared to be low, and dropped between first and second generations within each host generation. It was concluded that C. urabae and D. eucalypti displayed continuity of generations and a high level of synchronisation with U. lugens in the Adelaide region.

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Avila, G., und L. A. Berndt. „Release of a new biological control agent Cotesia urabae against Uraba lugens in New Zealand“. New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (08.01.2011): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5983.

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In July 2010 the Environmental Risk Management Authority New Zealand gave approval to Scion to release the parasitoid Cotesia urabae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) as a biological control agent for the gum leaf skeletonizer Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in New Zealand as part of a project supported by the Sustainable Farming Fund To date four releases of the biological control agent have been made three at the Auckland Domain and one at the Manukau Memorial Gardens Further releases will be made to ensure establishment Three C urabae cocoons were found 1 month after the first release suggesting initial establishment Monitoring is continuing to determine if the population persists It is predicted that the introduction of C urabae into New Zealand will (1) lead to a decrease in the existing population of U lugens (2) have no impacts on nontarget species and (3) provide socioeconomic benefits such as reducing the number of encounters between humans and caterpillars (and therefore decreasing the incidence of allergic responses) and reducing the substantial costs associated with maintaining the utility of eucalypts for wood and pulp production and the costs of protecting or replacing amenity trees

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Berndt, L. A., T. M. Withers, S. Mansfield und R. J. B. Hoare. „Nontarget species selection for host range testing of Cotesia urabae“. New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (01.08.2009): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4773.

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Classical biological control is being attempted for Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae Nolinae) an Australian eucalypt pest established in New Zealand The Australian solitary larval endoparasitoid Cotesia urabae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) is the most promising agent under investigation A nontarget species list was compiled for host range testing The endemic species Celama parvitis is the sole New Zealand representative of the Nolinae and was highest priority The next most closely related subfamily is the Arctiinae of which New Zealand has four endemic species (Metacrias huttoni M erichrysa M strategica and Nyctemera annulata) and one introduced biological control agent (Tyria jacobaeae) The merits of including other more distantly related members of the Noctuidae and unrelated Lepidoptera filling a similar niche are discussed

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Avila, G. A., T. M. Withers und G. I. Holwell. „Retrospective host specificity testing of Cotesia urabae to assess the risk posed to the New Zealand nolid moth Celama parvitis“. New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (08.01.2014): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5772.

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Additional retrospective testing of the gum leaf skeletoniser (Uraba lugens) biological control agent Cotesia urabae was conducted against the endemic moth Celama parvitis Although this native was included in host specificity testing before EPA approved the parasitoids release this work aimed to increase the sample size to better assess the potential risk posed The effect that different periods of host deprivation and prior oviposition experience had on the parasitoids readiness to attack was examined in a sequence of nochoice tests No parasitoids emerged from the 52 of larvae that survived to pupation thus confirming C parvitis as a nonhost Dissections of larvae that died during laboratory rearing revealed that 63 had contained a parasitoid but no C urabae parasitoid larvae developed beyond the second instar Significant differences were found in the attack times according to the parasitoids deprivation levels (age) and it was also observed that the duration until first attack significantly decreased after each nontarget presentation

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Gresham, B. A., T. M. Withers, G. A. Avila und L. A. Berndt. „Novel release method proves successful the gum leaf skeletoniser parasitoid Cotesia urabae establishes in two new locations“. New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (08.01.2014): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5773.

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The Australian braconid wasp Cotesia urabae was first released in New Zealand in 2011 as a biological control agent for the gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Nolidae) The larvae of this moth predominantly attack Eucalyptus spp (Class Symphyomyrtus) and since its predicted future geographic range is extensive there is concern it could become a serious pest of eucalypt plantations in New Zealand Initial releases of C urabae using adult parasitoids were made in Auckland at three separate sites between January and June 2011 Cotesia urabae established at each site and preliminary monitoring has revealed that the wasps have naturally dispersed to six other sites ranging up to 6 km from an initial release site In January 2012 C urabae were released in Whangarei and Tauranga trialling a novel method using parasitoidattacked host larvae rather than adult parasitoids This method proved to be successful with establishment now confirmed in both of these locations and also provided greater flexibility The two latest releases were made using the same method in Nelson (October 2013) and Napier (February 2014) but it is not yet known if the parasitoid has successfully established in these locations

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Berry, Jocelyn A., und Sarah Mansfield. „Hyperparasitoids of the gum leaf skeletoniser, Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Nolidae), with implications for the selection of a biological control agent for Uraba lugens in New Zealand“. Australian Journal of Entomology 45, Nr. 3 (August 2006): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2006.00532.x.

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Pugh, A. R., M. W. Davis, M. C. Watson und T. M. Withers. „Exploring potential nontarget impacts of spinetoram against beneficial natural enemies of Eucalyptus forests“. New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (08.01.2015): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5839.

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Forest Stewardship Councilcertified Eucalyptus nitens plantations are seeking an alternative insecticide that is more compatible with biological control agents than the current broadspectrum insecticide used Various methods were trialled for evaluating spinetoram on beneficials including Enoggera nassaui an egg parasitioid of Paropsis charybdis Cleobora mellyi a predatory ladybird and Cotesia urabae a larval parasitoid of Uraba lugens While eggs could be directly sprayed very mobile larvae and adults instead had to be transferred onto recentlysprayed foliage For ladybirds the assay environment was supplemented with an artificial diet to avoid mortality from starvation These practical challenges limit the ability to confidently draw conclusions about impacts in the field Despite the limitations it can be reported that C mellyi suffered no mortality from exposure to spinetoram and females continued to lay viable eggs In contrast the endoparasitoid C urabae did not survive spinetoram treatment due to the rapid mortality of its host Both P charybdis eggs and their parasitoids developing within them appeared unharmed by spinetoram These mixed results suggest spinetoram does have potential as a possible replacement for alphacypermethrin although further investigation of efficacy in the field is needed

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Strelein, G. J. „Gum leaf skeletoniser moth, Uraba lugens,in the forests of Western Australia“. Australian Forestry 51, Nr. 3 (Januar 1988): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1988.10676042.

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Mansfield, S., T. M. Withers, S. F. Gous, K. J. B. Potter, D. J. Kriticos, M. C. Watson und M. O. Kimberley. „Potential of Selective Insecticides for Managing Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) on Eucalypts“. Journal of Economic Entomology 99, Nr. 3 (01.06.2006): 780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.3.780.

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Withers, Toni M., Karina J. B. Potter, Lisa A. Berndt, Shaun A. Forgie, Quentin E. Paynter und Darren J. Kriticos. „Risk posed by the invasive defoliator Uraba lugens to New Zealand native flora“. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 13, Nr. 1 (24.09.2010): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00506.x.

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Pham, Hieu T., Kathryn B. McNamara und Mark A. Elgar. „Socially cued anticipatory adjustment of female signalling effort in a moth“. Biology Letters 16, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 20200614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0614.

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Juvenile population density has profound effects on subsequent adult development, morphology and reproductive investment. Yet, little is known about how the juvenile social environment affects adult investment into chemical sexual signalling. Male gumleaf skeletonizer moths, Uraba lugens, facultatively increase investment into antennae (pheromone receiving structures) when reared at low juvenile population densities, but whether there is comparable adjustment by females into pheromone investment is not known. We investigate how juvenile population density influences the ‘calling' (pheromone-releasing) behaviour of females and the attractiveness of their pheromones. Female U. lugens adjust their calling behaviour in response to socio-sexual cues: adult females reared in high juvenile population densities called earlier and for longer than those from low juvenile densities. Juvenile density also affected female pheromonal attractiveness: Y-maze olfactometer assays revealed that males prefer pheromones produced by females reared at high juvenile densities. This strategic investment in calling behaviour by females, based on juvenile cues that anticipate the future socio-sexual environment, likely reflects a response to avoid mating failure through competition with neighbouring signallers.

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Mansfield, S., T. M. Withers, S. F. Gous, K. J. B. Potter, D. J. Kriticos, M. C. Watson und M. O. Kimberley. „Potential of Selective Insecticides for Managing Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) on Eucalypts“. Journal of Economic Entomology 99, Nr. 3 (01.06.2006): 780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-99.3.780.

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Allen, Geoff R., und M. A. Keller. „Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Its Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Temperature, Host Size, and Development“. Environmental Entomology 20, Nr. 2 (01.04.1991): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/20.2.458.

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Berndt, Lisa A., und Geoff R. Allen. „Biology and pest status of Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) in Australia and New Zealand“. Australian Journal of Entomology 49, Nr. 3 (22.08.2010): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2010.00760.x.

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Suckling, D. M., A. R. Gibb, P. R. Dentener, D. S. Seldon, G. K. Clare, L. Jamieson, D. Baird, D. J. Kriticos und A. M. El-Sayed. „Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) in New Zealand: Pheromone Trapping for Delimitation and Phenology“. Journal of Economic Entomology 98, Nr. 4 (01.08.2005): 1187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-98.4.1187.

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Rowbottom, Raylea M., Geoff R. Allen, Paul W. Walker und Lisa A. Berndt. „Phenology, synchrony and host range of the Tasmanian population of Cotesia urabae introduced into New Zealand for the biocontrol of Uraba lugens“. BioControl 58, Nr. 5 (30.05.2013): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10526-013-9524-0.

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Park, Kye Chung, Toni M. Withers und David Maxwell Suckling. „Identification of olfactory receptor neurons in Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) and its implications for host range“. Journal of Insect Physiology 78 (Juli 2015): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.04.010.

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Gous, S. F., und B. Richardson. „Stem injection of insecticides to control herbivorous insects on Eucalyptus nitens“. New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (01.08.2008): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6832.

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To minimise environmental impact in urban and recreational environments insecticides may be injected directly into the vascular system of trees rather than by conventional foliar spray application In previous stem injection trials the majority of injected insecticides did not provide effective control of herbivorous insects This was largely because of the insolubility of the formulated insecticide products available in New Zealand Three water soluble insecticides acephate imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate were injected directly into the xylem of Eucalyptus nitens In subsequent laboratory bioassays the effect of these insecticides were assessed on two leaf feeding insects Uraba lugens (gum leaf skeletoniser) and Trachymela sloanei (a eucalyptus tortoise beetle) The results indicate that acephate may be a suitable candidate for protecting trees using stem injection of insecticides but in this study imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate were not effective

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Pham, Hieu T., Kathryn B. McNamara und Mark A. Elgar. „Age-dependent chemical signalling and its consequences for mate attraction in the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, Uraba lugens“. Animal Behaviour 173 (März 2021): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.12.010.

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Gibb, A. R., D. M. Suckling, S. Fielder, J. M. Allen, L. E. Jamieson, G. Clare, M. L. Larsen und G. H. Walter. „Development of an attractant for the Australian gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens a recent biosecurity incursion“. New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (01.08.2003): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6079.

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KRITICOS, DARREN J., KARINA J. B. POTTER, NEIL S. ALEXANDER, ANDY R. GIBB und D. MAX SUCKLING. „Using a pheromone lure survey to establish the native and potential distribution of an invasive Lepidopteran, Uraba lugens“. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, Nr. 4 (22.05.2007): 853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01331.x.

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Farr, Janet D. „Biology of the gumleaf skeletoniser, Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the southern jarrah forest of Western Australia“. Australian Journal of Entomology 41, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00267.x.

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Avila, G. A., L. A. Berndt und G. I. Holwell. „Dispersal behavior of the parasitic wasp Cotesia urabae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A recently introduced biocontrol agent for the control of Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) in New Zealand“. Biological Control 66, Nr. 3 (September 2013): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2013.05.008.

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Johnson, Tamara L., Matthew R. E. Symonds und Mark A. Elgar. „Anticipatory flexibility: larval population density in moths determines male investment in antennae, wings and testes“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, Nr. 1866 (08.11.2017): 20172087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2087.

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Developmental plasticity provides individuals with a distinct advantage when the reproductive environment changes dramatically. Variation in population density, in particular, can have profound effects on male reproductive success. Females may be easier to locate in dense populations, but there may be a greater risk of sperm competition. Thus, males should invest in traits that enhance fertilization success over traits that enhance mate location. Conversely, males in less dense populations should invest more in structures that will facilitate mate location. In Lepidoptera, this may result in the development of larger antennae to increase the likelihood of detecting female sex pheromones, and larger wings to fly more efficiently. We explored the effects of larval density on adult morphology in the gum-leaf skeletonizer moth, Uraba lugens , by manipulating both the number of larvae and the size of the rearing container. This experimental arrangement allowed us to reveal the cues used by larvae to assess whether absolute number or density influences adult responses. Male investment in testes size depended on the number of individuals, while male investment in wings and antennae depended upon larval density. By contrast, the size of female antennae and wings were influenced by an interaction of larval number and container size. This study demonstrates that male larvae are sensitive to cues that may reveal adult population density, and adjust investment in traits associated with fertilization success and mate detection accordingly.

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Cobbinah, J. R. „The gum leaf skeletonizer, Uraba lugens, and its hosts: Possible selection of strains of insects that are able to feed on resistant trees“. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 6, Nr. 03 (Juni 1985): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400004550.

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Farr, Janet D., und Allan J. Wills. „Field testing Desire® Delta trap and GLS sex pheromone lure system for measuring outbreak and basal populations of Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Nolidae)“. Australian Forestry 75, Nr. 3 (Januar 2012): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2012.10676399.

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Gibb, Andrew R., David M. Suckling, Simon Fielder, Barry Bunn, Lisa E. Jamieson, Michelle L. Larsen, Gimme H. Walter und Darren J. Kriticos. „Major Sex Pheromone Components of the Australian Gum Leaf Skeletonizer Uraba lugens: (10E,12Z)-Hexadecadien-1-yl Acetate and (10E,12Z)-Hexadecadien-1-ol“. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34, Nr. 9 (05.08.2008): 1125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9523-2.

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Avila, G. A., T. M. Withers und G. I. Holwell. „Courtship and mating behaviour in the parasitoid waspCotesia urabae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae): mate location and the influence of competition and body size on male mating success“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, Nr. 4 (15.12.2016): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316001127.

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AbstractCotesia urabaeis a solitary larval endoparasitoid that was introduced into New Zealand in 2011 as a classical biological control agent againstUraba lugens. A detailed knowledge of its reproductive biology is required to optimize mass rearing efficiency. In this study, the courtship and mating behaviour ofC. urabaeis described and investigated from a series of experiments, conducted to understand the factors that influence male mating success.Cotesia urabaemales exhibited a high attraction to virgin females but not mated females, whereas females showed no attraction to either virgin or mated males. Male mating success was highest in the presence of a male competitor. Also, the time to mate was shorter and copulation duration was longer when a male competitor was present. Larger maleC. urabaehad greater mating success than smaller males when paired together with a single female. This knowledge can now be utilized to improve mass rearing methods ofC. urabaefor the future.

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Berndt, L. „Uraba lugens (eucalypt leaf skeletonizer)“. CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (07.01.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.55727.

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This datasheet on Uraba lugens covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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„Uraba lugens (eucalypt leaf skeletonizer)“. PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (07.01.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.55727.

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Rolando, Carol A., Stefan F. Gous, Lisa A. Berndt, Lindsay S. Bulman und Colleen A. Carlson. „Stem injection of a systemic insecticide to control Uraba lugens on urban Lophostemon confertus trees“. Pest Management Science, 2011, n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2146.

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36

Pham, Hieu T., Mark A. Elgar, Emile van Lieshout und Kathryn B. McNamara. „Experimental immune challenges reduce the quality of male antennae and female pheromone output“. Scientific Reports 12, Nr. 1 (04.03.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07100-y.

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AbstractSexual signalling is a key feature of reproductive investment, yet the effects of immune system activation on investment into chemical signalling, and especially signal receiver traits such as antennae, are poorly understood. We explore how upregulation of juvenile immunity affects male antennal functional morphology and female pheromone attractiveness in the gumleaf skeletonizer moth, Uraba lugens. We injected final-instar larvae with a high or low dose of an immune elicitor or a control solution and measured male antennal morphological traits, gonad investment and female pheromone attractiveness. Immune activation affected male and female signalling investment: immune challenged males had a lower density of antennal sensilla, and the pheromone of immune-challenged females was less attractive to males than their unchallenged counterparts. Immune challenge affected female investment into ovary development but not in a linear, dose-dependent manner. While there was no effect of immune challenge on testes size, there was a trade-off between male pre- and post-copulatory investment: male antennal length was negatively correlated with testes size. Our study highlights the costs of elaborate antennae and pheromone production and demonstrates the capacity for honest signalling in species where the costs of pheromone production were presumed to be trivial.

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