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Laghari, A. N., D. Vanham und W. Rauch. „The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, Nr. 4 (02.04.2012): 1063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1063-2012.
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Abstract. The Indus basin is one of the regions in the world that is faced with major challenges for its water sector, due to population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, environmental degradation, unregulated utilization of the resources, inefficient water use and poverty, all aggravated by climate change. The Indus Basin is shared by 4 countries – Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and China. With a current population of 237 million people which is projected to increase to 319 million in 2025 and 383 million in 2050, already today water resources are abstracted almost entirely (more than 95% for irrigation). Climate change will result in increased water availability in the short term. However in the long term water availability will decrease. Some current aspects in the basin need to be re-evaluated. During the past decades water abstractions – and especially groundwater extractions – have augmented continuously to support a rice-wheat system where rice is grown during the kharif (wet, summer) season (as well as sugar cane, cotton, maize and other crops) and wheat during the rabi (dry, winter) season. However, the sustainability of this system in its current form is questionable. Additional water for domestic and industrial purposes is required for the future and should be made available by a reduction in irrigation requirements. This paper gives a comprehensive listing and description of available options for current and future sustainable water resources management (WRM) within the basin. Sustainable WRM practices include both water supply management and water demand management options. Water supply management options include: (1) reservoir management as the basin is characterised by a strong seasonal behaviour in water availability (monsoon and meltwater) and water demands; (2) water quality conservation and investment in wastewater infrastructure; (3) the use of alternative water resources like the recycling of wastewater and desalination; (4) land use planning and soil conservation as well as flood management, with a focus on the reduction of erosion and resulting sedimentation as well as the restoration of ecosystem services like wetlands and natural floodplains. Water demand management options include: (1) the management of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater; as well as (2) the rehabilitation and modernization of existing infrastructure. Other demand management options are: (3) the increase of water productivity for agriculture; (4) crop planning and diversification including the critical assessment of agricultural export, especially (basmati) rice; (5) economic instruments and (6) changing food demand patterns and limiting post-harvest losses.
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McKay, S. F., und A. J. King. „Potential ecological effects of water extraction in small, unregulated streams“. River Research and Applications 22, Nr. 9 (2006): 1023–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.958.
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Khair, Syed Muhammad, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Kate Reardon-Smith und Jenny Ostini. „Diverse drivers of unsustainable groundwater extraction behaviour operate in an unregulated water scarce region“. Journal of Environmental Management 236 (April 2019): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.077.
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Uy, John Rhen, Neil Dominic Careo, Dominick Llarena und John Raymond Barajas. „Optimization of furfural extraction from Theobrama cacao wastes using response surface methodology“. MATEC Web of Conferences 268 (2019): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926806010.
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Cacao farming in the Philippines is continually expanding due to an influx of government support and funding. Although a comprehensive development program was implemented, the large volume of cacao biomass waste generated annually remains underutilized. In an attempt to provide a means of reusing this waste, we test the extent to which furfural can be extracted from cacao pod wastes. A box-behnken experimental design was used to obtain the optimal conditions in the acid-catalyzed extraction of crude furfural. Extraction time (min), hydrochloric acid concentration (M), and amount of sodium chloride (g) were found to have a significant influence on the extraction yield of crude furfural. Actual values of these independent variables were chosen on the basis of preliminary experimental results. Optimum conditions using ridge analysis were found to be: extraction time 35.0 min, hydrochloric acid concentration 5.0 M, and amount of sodium chloride 7.0 g. Furfural extraction was also performed at optimum conditions to assess the validity of the empirical model. In conclusion, the high furfural extraction yield obtained in our experiments presents an opportunity to harness these unregulated wastes in producing high quality products.
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Iancu, Vasile Ion, Jana Petre, Toma Galaon, Gabriel Valentin Serban, Marcela Niculescu, Florentina Laura Chiriac, Roxana Elena Scutariu, Stefania Gheorghe und Gabriel Lucian Radu. „LIQUID PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS APPLIED TO DETERMINE EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES“. Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 2, Nr. 1 (31.07.2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2020.102.
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Emerging contaminants are a heterogeneous group of chemicals that include daily personal care products and pharmaceuticals (PPCPs), flame retardants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and nanoparticles (NPs) present in environment which are unregulated. In this review, we present the methods of analysis conducted by INCD-ECOIND regarding some classes of emerging contaminants (neonicotinoid pesticides, beta-blocker drugs) that are not regulated by the legislation, in different types of environmental samples (wastewater, surface water). The present review presents the selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods used for isolation of the targeted compounds from aqueous matrices and also the main instrumental parameters of the separation and detection process. After extraction, the compounds were subjected to liquid phase chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection (UHPLC-MS/MS). Finally, the methods were applied in the determination of compounds from different categories of water, carrying out studies on the efficiency of elimination of compounds in several municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In addition, the impact of the treatment plants on some receiving surface water used to obtain drinking water was studied.
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Shrestha, Shobha. „The contested common pool resource: Ground water use in urban Kathmandu, Nepal“. Geographical Journal of Nepal 10 (31.05.2017): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gjn.v10i0.17396.
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Groundwater has always played a critical role in meeting the water demands of traditionally water-short areas of urban Kathmandu. Studies show that ground water level is depleting and is under immense pressure due to over-extraction.The current study focuses on existing situation of ground water availability and use in urban Kathmandu, conflicts among households for ground water use and changing social setting and policy implementation.The study found that the traditional culture of using public well and sharing and optimizing groundwater resource is gradually fading due to scarcity of water. Private deep wells are being constructed inside house for household use altering traditional social setting of a public well and culture of sharing public resource is declining. There is no authority and policy to control and monitor the ground water extraction for private use. The increasing number of groundwater extraction, uncontrolled and unregulated use for private and commercial use has contested the use of common pool resource and traditional social setting.The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 10: 153-166, 2017
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LOAYZA-CABEZAS, SOPHIA, DANTE ARTURO RODRIGUEZ-TREJO, ELIZABETH HERNÁNDEZ-ACOSTA und JUAN ALMARÁZ SUÁREZ. „EFFECT OF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND SCARIFICATION ON THE GERMINATIVE CAPACITY AND INITIAL GROWTH OF Myroxylon balsamum (L.) HARMS“. Revista Caatinga 31, Nr. 2 (Juni 2018): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n218rc.
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ABSTRACT Myroxylon balsamum is a valuable tropical tree; besides the good quality of its timber it also provides valuable nontimber forest products: balsam and resin. High deforestation rates in the area of distribution and the unregulated extraction of its resin and wood have led M. balsamum to be endangered or threatened. Its regeneration through seeds has been poorly studied, and there are no reports of germination and plasticity under controlled conditions. We evaluated the effect of scarification (longitudinal cut of the fruit and embryo fully exposed) and environmental factors (different levels of light intensities and changing temperatures) on seed germination and the development of seedlings. From the aforementioned, M. balsamum seeds are orthodox and show physical dormancy. In view of these characteristics, M. balsamum can be managed efficiently to initiate conservation programs and restoration in degraded land.
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BIEDERMANN, REINHARD. „China’s Raw Materials Diplomacy and Governance Cycle: Toward Sustainable Mining and Resource Extraction?“ Issues & Studies 54, Nr. 04 (Dezember 2018): 1840009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s101325111840009x.
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China’s raw materials diplomacy and unregulated purchasing of minerals in Africa and Latin America, as well as its domestic raw materials export quota, have for years been eyed with suspicion by state and private actors. Industrialized countries want to uphold and extend free market access to raw materials, but also strengthen their political accountability and sustainability. However, critics argue that in contrast, China, the world’s largest metals and minerals trading power, has taken the opposite course, ignoring social and environmental standards, reinforcing authoritarian governments, and erecting trade barriers. China is faced with several interrelated challenges in its resource diplomacy and governance. This article claims that an identifiable, chronological connection and pattern has existed between China’s aid and investment diplomacy for resources since the late 1990s, free trade agreements since the 2000s, Beijing’s resource nationalism since the 2010s, and the reform process of national and privately organized transnational governance toward sustainability in the present day. Is China socializing with emerging transnational standards on mining and resource extraction in the developing world, and if so, why? This article argues that China’s raw materials governance, including corporate governance, has entered a phase of reform to pacify the external environment and to implement the Belt and Road Initiative. In theoretical terms, China’s raw materials governance will continue to emphasize neoliberal and neo-mercantilist goals, cushioned by globalist features.
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Zamora, Hector A., Christopher J. Eastoe, Benjamin T. Wilder, Jennifer C. McIntosh, Thomas Meixner und Karl W. Flessa. „Groundwater Isotopes in the Sonoyta River Watershed, USA-Mexico: Implications for Recharge Sources and Management of the Quitobaquito Springs“. Water 12, Nr. 12 (24.11.2020): 3307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123307.
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Groundwater resources in the southwestern United States are finite and riparian and wetland areas are vulnerable to aquifer overdraft and unregulated groundwater use. Environmental isotopes and water chemistry were used to distinguish water types, recharge mechanisms, and residence time along several reaches of the Sonoyta River and Quitobaquito Springs located near the U.S.-Mexico border. Areas located upgradient from the Sonoyta River, such as the Puerto Blanco Mountains and La Abra Plain, are supported by local recharge which corresponds to water from the largest 30% of rain events mainly occurring during winter. For Quitobaquito Springs, the δ18O and δ2H values are too low to be derived from local recharge. Stable isotope data and Cl/SO4 mass ratios indicate that the Sonoyta River supplied Quitobaquito Springs through flow along a suggested fault system. Based on these results, Quitobaquito Springs flow could be diminished by any activity resulting in increased groundwater extraction and lowering of water elevations in the Sonoyta River regional aquifer.
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Flanagan, Frances. „Symposium on work in the ‘gig’ economy: Introduction“. Economic and Labour Relations Review 28, Nr. 3 (02.08.2017): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304617724302.
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This introduction overviews four approaches to theoretical and empirical research on the ‘gig’ economy, framing them within the concept of the ‘fissuring of the workplace’. It outlines arguments that ‘gig’ or digital work is not a new phenomenon but a resurgence of older, unregulated labour extraction methods and outlines the need for a more nuanced way of measuring the dimensions of job insecurity and their corrosive effects. In foreshadowing potential policy approaches to addressing the regulatory deficit surrounding gig economy work, it argues for an eclectic approach to using and strengthening legislation designed to safeguard the rights of consumers and providers of services, including contractors, and regardless of employment status. Finally, it foreshadows a study of how a successful union movement respond to the gig economy – negotiation with a digital platform to bring advertised hourly pay rates into line with the minima set within the industrial relations system for employment in the relevant industries.
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Geetha, A., und N. Gomathi. „A robust grey wolf-based deep learning for brain tumour detection in MR images“. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 65, Nr. 2 (28.04.2020): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2018-0244.
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AbstractIn recent times, the detection of brain tumours has become more common. Generally, a brain tumour is an abnormal mass of tissue where the cells grow uncontrollably and are apparently unregulated by the mechanisms that control cells. A number of techniques have been developed thus far; however, the time needed in a detecting brain tumour is still a challenge in the field of image processing. This article proposes a new accurate detection model. The model includes certain processes such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. Particularly, two extreme processes such as contrast enhancement and skull stripping are processed under the initial phase. In the segmentation process, we used the fuzzy means clustering (FCM) algorithm. Both the grey co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) as well as the grey-level run-length matrix (GRLM) features were extracted in the feature extraction phase. Moreover, this paper uses a deep belief network (DBN) for classification. The optimized DBN concept is used here, for which grey wolf optimisation (GWO) is used. The proposed model is termed the GW-DBN model. The proposed model compares its performance over other conventional methods in terms of accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, precision, negative predictive value (NPV), the F1Score and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), false negative rate (FNR), false positive rate (FPR) and false discovery rate (FDR), and proves the superiority of the proposed work.
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Nothias, Toussaint. „Access granted: Facebook’s free basics in Africa“. Media, Culture & Society 42, Nr. 3 (April 2020): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719890530.
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This article explores one of the most notorious and controversial initiatives by tech corporations to increase connectivity across the Global South: Facebook’s Free Basics project. Public attention focused on its ban in India following nationwide protests about net neutrality. In Africa, however, Free Basics expanded without much public scrutiny to some 32 countries. This article traces this quiet expansion by using an innovative virtual private network (VPN)-based method and by calling for an analytical focus on the landscape of the digital civil society in Africa. Specifically, I outline two key, interrelated phenomena: (1) Facebook’s evolving strategy, including a greater engagement with civil society organizations and (2) the focus of digital rights activists in Africa on issues like Internet shutdowns, government surveillance, and the lack of data privacy frameworks. In the process, I illuminate broader trends in the digital industry including tech corporations’ growing investments in mobile social media, network infrastructures, and in civil society; the use of disadvantaged populations and unregulated territories for digital experiments and data extraction; and the mounting recognition of Facebook’s political role, both within and outside the corporation.
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Bikkina, Nalini, und Tejo Shravya K. V. „Women’s Self-help Groups in the Sand Market“. International Journal of Rural Management 13, Nr. 1 (31.03.2017): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005217693338.
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Sand mining is a method of extracting sand for a variety of applications. As a business activity in Andhra Pradesh, it had been unregulated thus far and there have been reports of a mafia forming around it. To curb these illegal practices, the Government of Andhra Pradesh had launched an initiative of entrusting mining of sand to the women of DWCRA (Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas), to empower them by giving them a share in the earnings, to balance the ecological limitations of indiscriminate mining and to build the capacity of these self-help groups. One of the pilot projects in Gowripatnam seems to have unforeseen obstacles in the fulfilment of the stated objectives. Handling the throughput from taking orders online to timely dispatch of loads and payment of the declared compensation have not been streamlined after four months of piloting the project. The women are now looking at closing the ramp and withdrawing from the scheme.
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A. Geetha, Geetha, und Gomathi N. Gomathi. „A Robust Grey Wolf-based Deep Learning for Brain Tumour Detection in MR Images“. International Journal of Engineering Education 1, Nr. 1 (15.06.2019): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijee.1.1.9-23.
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In recent times, the detection of brain tumour is a common fatality in the field of the health community. Generally, the brain tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue where the cells grow up and increase uncontrollably, apparently unregulated by mechanisms that control cells. A number of techniques have been developed so far; however, the time consumption in detecting brain tumor is still a challenge in the field of image processing. This paper intends to propose a new detection model even accurately. The model includes certain processes like Preprocessing, Segmentation, Feature Extraction and Classification. Particularly, two extreme processes like contrast enhancement and skull stripping are processed under initial phase, in the segmentation process, this paper uses Fuzzy Means Clustering (FCM) algorithm. Both Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) as well as Gray-Level Run-Length Matrix (GRLM) features are extracted in feature extraction phase. Moreover, this paper uses Deep Belief Network (DBN) for classification. The DBN is integrated with the optimization approach, and hence this paper introduces the optimized DBN, for which Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) is used here. The proposed model is termed as GW-DBN model. The proposed model compares its performance over other conventional methods in terms of Accuracy, Specificity, Sensitivity, Precision, Negative Predictive Value (NPV), F1Score and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), False negative rate (FNR), False positive rate (FPR) and False Discovery Rate (FDR), and proven the superiority of proposed work.
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Kim, Kwang-il, und Keon Myung Lee. „Convolutional Neural Network-Based Gear Type Identification from Automatic Identification System Trajectory Data“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 11 (10.06.2020): 4010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10114010.
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Marine resources are valuable assets to be protected from illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and overfishing. IUU and overfishing detections require the identification of fishing gears for the fishing ships in operation. This paper is concerned with automatically identifying fishing gears from AIS (automatic identification system)-based trajectory data of fishing ships. It proposes a deep learning-based fishing gear-type identification method in which the six fishing gear type groups are identified from AIS-based ship movement data and environmental data. The proposed method conducts preprocessing to handle different lengths of messaging intervals, missing messages, and contaminated messages for the trajectory data. For capturing complicated dynamic patterns in trajectories of fishing gear types, a sliding window-based data slicing method is used to generate the training data set. The proposed method uses a CNN (convolutional neural network)-based deep neural network model which consists of the feature extraction module and the prediction module. The feature extraction module contains two CNN submodules followed by a fully connected network. The prediction module is a fully connected network which suggests a putative fishing gear type for the features extracted by the feature extraction module from input trajectory data. The proposed CNN-based model has been trained and tested with a real trajectory data set of 1380 fishing ships collected over a year. A new performance index, DPI (total performance of the day-wise performance index) is proposed to compare the performance of gear type identification techniques. To compare the performance of the proposed model, SVM (support vector machine)-based models have been also developed. In the experiments, the trained CNN-based model showed 0.963 DPI, while the SVM models showed 0.814 DPI on average for the 24-h window. The high value of the DPI index indicates that the trained model is good at identifying the types of fishing gears.
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Lai, Chi-Kong, und Albert Yan-Wo Chan. „Tetrahydropalmatine Poisoning: Diagnoses of Nine Adult Overdoses Based on Toxicology Screens by HPLC with Diode-Array Detection and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry“. Clinical Chemistry 45, Nr. 2 (01.02.1999): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.2.229.
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Abstract Background: Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is a neuroactive alkaloid with analgesic and hypnotic action. Its analysis is important because cases of human poisonings have emerged as a result of unregulated use of some proprietary biopharmaceuticals containing purified THP. Methods: We established analytical parameters for HPLC with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection of THP in serum and urine. Nine acutely THP-poisoned adults were thus screened over 16 months. Results: All patients recovered quickly after mild neurological disturbance. In general, THP was metabolized rapidly and excreted as polar metabolites in urine. Serum THP was measured in five cases and found to be <0.1–1.2 mg/L (<0.3–3.4 μmol/L). Paired analyses of urine with and without glucuronidase treatment clarified the disposition of THP. Our GC–MS method with trimethylsilane derivatization identified O-desmethyl metabolites. With a uniform solid-phase extraction, the HPLC-DAD procedure detected intact glucuronide metabolites. Conclusion: Intact glucuronide metabolites of THP are sensitive markers for THP exposures. Our methods and findings provide practical tools and information for surveillance of intoxication caused by excessive THP intake.
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Rosa, Isabel, Dennis Rentsch und J. Hopcraft. „Evaluating Forest Protection Strategies: A Comparison of Land-Use Systems to Preventing Forest Loss in Tanzania“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 12 (28.11.2018): 4476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124476.
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Understanding the effects of forest management strategies is especially important to avoid unregulated natural resource extraction that leads to ecosystem degradation. In addition to the loss of crucial forest services, inefficiencies at converting these natural resources into economic gain for people ultimately exacerbates poverty. Therefore, it is important to know which conservation strategies have proven to be effective in preventing ecosystem degradation and thus be encouraged in future management plans. Here, we used a high-resolution remotely sensed dataset spanning 15 years to study forest cover dynamics across various protected areas in Tanzania. Our findings highlight particular management approaches more effective in preventing forest cover loss and promote forest cover gain, and provide valuable information for conservation efforts. Results show that National Parks have the least forest cover loss, whereas multiple-use Game Controlled Areas have the highest rates of forest loss. In fact, results suggest that these multiple use areas tend to lose more forest cover than areas with no protection or management status at all. These findings suggest the need for more effective strategies for enforcing the existing policies to ensure that socio-economic benefits to local communities are maximized and national interests are sustained.
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Napier, John. „Living with Water : Infrastructure and Urbanism in Jakarta“. Ecocycles 7, Nr. 1 (2021): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v7i1.191.
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Cities around the world are at risk of pluvial and fluvial flooding, due to more frequent extreme weather events and uncontrolled urbanisation. Coastal cities are additionally at risk from tidal flooding and sea level rise. Hard surface infrastructure leads to rapid storm-water run off overwhelming conventional drainage systems at peak times. This article examines what constitutes infrastructure in the 21st century and what should its new priorities be? A case study is made of Jakarta, a low lying delta city, where the consequences of unregulated economic development are starting to be addressed. The lack of a city based water supply has led to excessive ground water extraction and the sinking of the city further exacerbating flood risk. City wide flooding has occurred three times in the last 15 years. Water needs to be considered as a primary element in infrastructure strategy and space found for natural systems and active travel. In Jakarta the role of the kampungs (informal settlements) provides an opportunity to address social and environmental difficulties at the same time. This interdisciplinary overview analyses recent infrastructure initiatives and developments and asks what more can be done and what new planning policies and concepts may be required.
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Weinberg, Howard S. „Modern approaches to the analysis of disinfection by-products in drinking water“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, Nr. 1904 (13.10.2009): 4097–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0130.
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The discovery and study of disinfection by-products (DBPs) of health and regulatory concern in drinking water have often been hampered by the lack of appropriate analytical methods, but, with the new tools and expertise now available to the drinking water industry, there is an opportunity to plug a major gap in our knowledge of the nature and identity of these chemicals. The challenge is that less than half of the halogenated by-products resulting from the chlorination of drinking water have been identified, and even less is known about those produced in waters treated with ozone, chloramines or chlorine dioxide. For the DBPs that have been identified, very little or no occurrence data exist for the unregulated chemicals to document how often a particular DBP is formed and in what quantity. The elucidation of the nature and identity of these by-products is hindered by two complicating factors. The first is the inherent aqueous solubility of many of these compounds, which renders their efficient extraction from water difficult to achieve. The second is the lack of established identity of specific potential by-products, which complicates targeted analytical approaches. This paper reviews existing and new methodologies that attempt to overcome some of these challenges.
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Bradford, Russell W., Peta Hill, Campbell Davies und Peter Grewe. „A new tool in the toolbox for large-scale, high-throughput fisheries mark-recapture studies using genetic identification“. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, Nr. 8 (2016): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14423.
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The lack of independently verifiable estimates of catches and fisheries independent estimates of abundance and fishing mortality are major sources of uncertainty in the management of many fisheries. DNA profiling provides the potential to substantially improve the quality of data for assessments and act as an additional deterrent to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Barriers to the implementation of this technology include cost of sample collection and processing, forensic grade quality control, and the ability to apply undetectable tags. We present the results of a comparison of two current and one new (gene tag tool, GTT) sampling techniques, using the highly valued southern bluefin tuna as an example. We demonstrate that fish sampled with two techniques are highly unlikely to be recognised as ‘tagged’, whereas one technique was easily recognisable after 73 days. The GTT reduced handling before DNA extraction, whereas both other techniques require additional labour, adding to cost and potential contamination of the evidentiary chain. Evidence of cross-contamination in the Whatman FTA Elute samples suggests they may not be as suitable for at-sea field applications. Two of the three sampling techniques are capable of obtaining high quality tissue samples for stock assessment and chain of custody purposes in a cost-effective and unidentifiable manner.
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HUGHES, KEVIN A., JERÓNIMO LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ, JANE E. FRANCIS, J. ALISTAIR CRAME, LUIS CARCAVILLA, KAZUYUKI SHIRAISHI, TOMOKAZU HOKADA und AKIRA YAMAGUCHI. „Antarctic geoconservation: a review of current systems and practices“. Environmental Conservation 43, Nr. 2 (09.02.2016): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000387.
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SUMMARYThe prohibition of commercial mineral resource extraction through the Antarctic Treaty System has removed one significant source of potential damage to Antarctica's geological and geomorphological values. However, given the on-going increase in Antarctic tourism and scientific footprint, some high-quality geological features may be vulnerable to human impact, such as damage due to the construction of logistical facilities, unregulated collection of geological specimens or oversampling for scientific purposes. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty puts in place a framework for the protection of Antarctica's environmental, scientific, historic, wilderness and aesthetic values. However, the Antarctic Protected Area system is still immature and further implementation of existing management tools may be required to protect the diverse range of vulnerabilities, qualities and spatial scales represented in the geology and geomorphology of the continent. At sites where high-quality mineralogical or palaeontological specimens exist in limited quantities, considerations of how best to prevent oversampling and manage access to remaining material may be supported by assessment of cumulative impacts. Examination of the level of Antarctic specimen loans from a selection of national geological collections suggested that existing publically accessible geological collections could be better utilized, which could reduce environmental impact and oversampling at vulnerable Antarctic sites.
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Galappaththi, Himan K. A., und Inoka Suraweera. „Risk of Mercury exposure during childhood: a review of Sri Lankan situation“. Reviews on Environmental Health 35, Nr. 3 (25.09.2020): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2020-0024.
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AbstractSri Lanka had ratified the Minamata convention in the year 2017 and is planning to phase out Mercury by 2020. Mercury thermometers and compact fluorescent light bulbs are abundant at hospitals, households and schools. Limitations in safe disposal and containment mechanisms have enhanced the unregulated e-waste collection and extraction. Sri Lanka has plentiful lagoons, fishing bays, and inland irrigation systems. Fish consumption is high, especially around the coastal belt. Mercury can bioaccumulate in humans by the consumption of fish from contaminated sources. Children are at risk of exposure in their living environments and via food. A multicountry study done across three oceans on Mercury threat to women & children revealed, lagoon pollution from industrial Mercury emissions in Sri Lanka, possessing high Mercury among local females who consume fish from that lagoon. The mean hair Mercury level in coastal areas with high fish consumption exceeded the reference dose even among children. Aquatic life and crop studies revealed a mixed picture of Mercury levels which some are lower and some are higher than the permissible levels. Studies on environmental Mercury levels and correlations with health effects among children will help to fill the data gap. Public awareness of the health effects of Mercury and mechanisms of Mercury disposal should be established.
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Sudharani, K., Dr T. C. Sarma und Dr K. Satya Prasad. „Brain Tumor Detection Using Texture Characterisation and Classification Based on the Grey-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix“. International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 4, Nr. 2 (30.06.2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.040204.
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Detection of brain tumour is very important current scenario of the health care society. Image processing techniques are used to extract the abnormal tumour portion and other features in the brain. Brain tumor is an abnormal mass of lesson in which cells grow up and multiply uncontrollably, apparently unregulated by the mechanisms that control cells. Several techniques like Segmentation, morphological have been developed for detection of tumor in the brain. Texture is a critical feature of several image types and textural features have a lot of application in image processing, content-based image retrieval and so on. There are several ways of extracting these features and the most common way is by using a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). In our proposed work Texture characterisation has been made to obtain the Haralick features and SVM classifier is used in the Texture classification algorithm which used in detecting the brain tumor. This technique has been tested for 45 images, true positives are 33, True negative is 1, false positive is 1, and True negatives are 10. Sensitivity 97.0%, Specificity 90.9%, Precision or Positive Predictive Value (PPV) 97.0%,Negative Predictive Value (NPV)90.9%, Accuracy 95.0%.
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Elamin, Mohamed B., M. Hassan Murad, Rebecca Mullan, Dana Erickson, Katherine Harris, Sarah Nadeem, Robert Ennis, Patricia J. Erwin und Victor M. Montori. „Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests for Cushing’s Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Metaanalyses“. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, Nr. 5 (01.05.2008): 1553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0139.
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Abstract Context: The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome (CS) requires the use of tests of unregulated hypercortisolism that have unclear accuracy. Objective: Our objective was to summarize evidence on the accuracy of common tests for diagnosing CS. Data Sources: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and citation search for key articles) from 1975 through September 2007 and sought additional references from experts. Study Selection: Eligible studies reported on the accuracy of urinary free cortisol (UFC), dexamethasone suppression test (DST), and midnight cortisol assays vs. reference standard in patients suspected of CS. Data Extraction: Reviewers working in duplicate and independently extracted study characteristics and quality and data to estimate the likelihood ratio (LR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for each result. Data Synthesis: We found 27 eligible studies, with a high prevalence [794 (9.2%) of 8631 patients had CS] and severity of CS. The tests had similar accuracy: UFC (n = 14 studies; LR+ 10.6, CI 5.5–20.5; LR− 0.16, CI 0.08–0.33), salivary midnight cortisol (n = 4; LR+ 8.8, CI 3.5–21.8; LR− 0.07, CI 0–1.2), and the 1-mg overnight DST (n = 14; LR+ 16.4, CI 9.3–28.8; LR− 0.06, CI 0.03–0.14). Combined testing strategies (e.g. a positive result in both UFC and 1-mg overnight DST) had similar diagnostic accuracy (n = 3; LR+ 15.4, CI 0.7–358; LR− 0.11, CI 0.007–1.57). Conclusions: Commonly used tests to diagnose CS appear highly accurate in referral practices with samples enriched with patients with CS. Their performance in usual clinical practice remains unclear.
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Maxwell, NB, CG Buchanan und Np Evans. „Hair cortisol concentrations, as a measure of chronic activity within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is elevated in dogs farmed for meat, relative to pet dogs, in South Korea“. Animal Welfare 28, Nr. 4 (01.11.2019): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.28.4.389.
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Human consumption of dog meat continues in some countries as a result of tradition, ritual and claimed medical benefits. In South Korea, it is estimated that over 2,500,000 dogs (Canis familiaris) are eaten annually; however, dog farming is unregulated, as dogs are not classified as livestock, leading to animal welfare concerns. A key component of the physiological stress response is activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Cortisol released as a consequence of HPA axis activation is stably deposited in growing biological media, such as hair. Extraction and quantification of hair cortisol can provide a historical record of physiological stress experienced as the hair was growing. By comparison of hair cortisol concentrations in samples collected from dogs surrendered from meat farms with pet dogs, this study demonstrates that hair cortisol concentrations from dogs rescued from meat farms are over twice as high as pet dogs living in and close to Seoul. This difference was independent of sex, breed and coat colour. Within the farmed dogs there were no significant effects of farm identity, number of dogs per farm or dogs per cage. Within the Korean Jindos surrendered from meat farms, hair cortisol was significantly higher in white- compared to black-coated dogs but there were no significant differences within or between dogs of other coat colour variants (agouti, brown). These data provide quantitative evidence that dogs in meat farms are kept in conditions associated with poor welfare and identify the need for better welfare laws to protect farmed dogs.
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Barabanov, Vitali Victorovich, und Valentina Anatolievna Izherskaya. „Evaluation of freshwater ichthyofauna of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain at current stage (2018-2019)“. Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2020, Nr. 2 (30.06.2020): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2020-2-52-58.
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The article assesses the state of freshwater ichthyofauna of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain (VAP) in the modern period. A retrospective analysis of the dynamics of the composition of the ichthyofauna of the floodplain under the influence of different fishing regimes was carried out. The increasing role of amateur fishing in this process has been defined. There has been defined the orientation of changes including increasing pressure on the most valuable fish species (perch, brim, pike perch, sazan and perch), unstable hydrological regime of the Lower Volga during the repro-duction period, growth of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, etc. The values of the qualitative and quantitative composition of net catches of fish are given. The extrapolation method assuming
a uniform distribution of the ichthyofauna calculated the commercial stock of freshwater ichthyofauna of the floodplain. It has been noted that in the stock structure of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain there dominate the typical river species, more than 50% of which are presented by bream, crucian carp, sabrefish and blue bream. In the context of the limited extraction (catch) of aquatic biological resources by industrial fisheries, the commercial stock of semi-migratory and river fish in the Volga-Caspian and North Caspian fishery subareas due to the unaccounted stocks of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain can be increased by 10%, and for such fish as pike perch – by 13%, crucian carp – by 15%, silver breeds, bersh, silver carp and grass carp – by 50%, zope and sabrefish – by 100%, roach – by 200%. The commercial stock is currently being developed by amateur fishing, the volumes of which do not undermine the reproductive potential of the freshwater ichthyofauna of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain.
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Lyanna, O. L. „Ендогенний інгібітор цистеїнового катепсину В із тканин головного мозку“. Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 4, Nr. 2 (21.11.2013): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021307.
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Lysosomes are the key degradative compartments of the cell in which the processes of protein degradation take place. Lysosomal cathepsins, which are enclosed in the lysosomes, help to maintain the homeostasis of the cell’s metabolism by participating in the degradation of heterophagic and autophagic material. When breaking down the integrity of lysosomal membranes the cathepsins are released into the cytosol and initiate the development of numerous pathological states. Breakdown in the control of protease activity leads to undesired and unregulated proteolysis. This is a cause of many diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, viral infections, cataracts etc. For this reason inhibitors of proteases have the potential to provide successful treatment for a wide range of diseases. Cathepsin B is one of the most abundant and ubiquitously expressed cysteine peptidases of the papain family. It is implicated in a number of pathological states including: inflammatory diseases of the airways, bone and joint disorders, acute pancreatitis, tumour metastasis, Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic neuronal death. The study of specific inhibitors for cathepsin B is considered important for chemotherapy and treatments of other diseases. This article represents part of a complex study of the lysosomal proteolytic-antiproteolytic system and its breakdown in the process of illness. In this article we present a scheme for extraction, purification and characterization of endogenous inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine cathepsin B. The cathepsin inhibitor was purified to homogeneity from the human neocortex. The purification was carried out in several successive stages: ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-150, and ion exchange chromatography using DEAE-Sephadex A-75, followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. Throughout the purification procedure, cathepsin inhibitory activity was controlled against the substrate p-nitroanilide N,α-benzoyl-D,L-arginine. Using graphic methods for analysis of enzymatic kinetics we proposed a mechanism of interaction of the endogenous inhibitor with cysteine cathepsin B. This scheme could prove useful for the understanding of biochemical mechanisms occurring in normal and, especially, in pathological human brain processes.
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Li, Zhenzhen, Yanhui Jia, Shichao Han, Xingqin Wang, Fu Han, Julei Zhang, Wei Zhang, Hao Guan und Dahai Hu. „Klf4 Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Inducing Expression of MCP-1 Induced Protein 1 to Deubiquitinate TRAF6“. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 47, Nr. 6 (2018): 2278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000491538.
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Background/Aims: Inflammation is an essential component of innate immunity against pathogens, but is tightly regulated, such as by Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), to prevent injury. Klf4 also regulates macrophage polarization, although the mechanisms underlying both functions are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how Klf4 prevents unregulated inflammation. Methods: The bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cell line were used. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1), Klf4 and MCPIP1 transcript levels. Extraction of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and Immunoblotting were used to determine Klf4, MCPIP1, relative kinases from NF-κB pathway and K63-linked polyubiquitins expression in nucleus and cytoplasm separately. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze whether Klf4 mediate MCPIP1 transcription. Immunoprecipitation was used to determine the protein interaction among Klf4, MCPIP1, TRAF6 and K63-linked polyubiquitins. Secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α into sera in mice was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: We found that exposure to lipopolysaccharides suppresses Klf4 expression, even as it induces release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Strikingly, Klf4 overexpression significantly lowered cytokine secretion and NF-κB signaling in the cytoplasm following exposure to lipopolysaccharide, even though Klf4 was exclusively nuclear. The cytoplasmic effects are likely mediated by MCP-1 induced protein 1 (MCPIP1), a deubiquitinase and a key modulator of inflammation that accumulates both in the nucleus and cytoplasm in response to Klf4. Indeed, binding between MCPIP1 and K63 polyubiquitins is attenuated in macrophages overexpressing Klf4, suggesting that MCPIP1 is an intermediator induced by Klf4 in the nucleus to remove K63 polyubiquitins from TRAF6 in the cytoplasm, and thereby impede NF-κB and inflammatory signaling. Importantly, Klf4 overexpression in mice alleviated sepsis symptoms following exposure to lipopolysaccharides. Conclusion: The data highlight Klf4 as an essential MCPIP1-dependent modulator of innate immunity that protects against excessive and self-destructive inflammation.
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Mahas, H. A. „Retrospective analysis of the border guard policy on providing integrity of the state border of Ukraine“. Public administration aspects 6, Nr. 1-2 (31.03.2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1520184.
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With the advent of Ukraine’s independence, its border guard policy was aimed at ensuring territorial integrity, establishing its own border security system, organizing border protection around the perimeter and protecting the exclusive (marine) economic zone. Protection of the state border of Ukraine is an integral part of the national system of protection of the state border and is performed by the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on land, sea, rivers, lakes and other reservoirs, according to the powers granted to ensure the integrity of the state border of Ukraine. The article is devoted to the research of the formation of the state border protection system as a mechanism for ensuring the integrity of the state border of Ukraine. The author analyzes the stages of formation, problems and prospects of the protection of the state border of Ukraine through the prism of the activity of the border guard authority of Ukraine on the implementation of the border gurd policy. Based on the analysis of adoption and implementation of legal acts, concepts and programs of strategic importance in the field of protection of the state border (a feature of planning), as well as taking into account the scientific achievements of scientists and variability of the security environment that led to changes (a sign of development), the process of formation and development of the state border protection system is proposed to be divided into five periods, namely: the first – 1991-1993 (on the basis of planning and development);the second – 1994- 1999 (on the basis of planning and development);the third – 2000-2005 (on the basis of planning), 2000 – July 2003 (on the basis of development);the fourth – 2006-2015 (on the basis of planning), August 2003-2013 (on the basis of development);the fifth – 2016-2020 (on the basis of planning), 2014 - 2020 (on the basis of development).The results of the retrospective analysis allowed to establish the following patterns of formation and development of the state border protection system:1. The border guard policy is aimed at ensuring territorial integrity, establishing its own state border protection system and protection of the exclusive (marine) economic zone. 2. Formation of the state border protection system is influenced by a number of factors, including: the peculiarity of the geographical position of Ukraine (presence of international transport corridors; presence of «frozen» conflicts in the regions bordering on Ukraine; unregulated migration and smuggling activities; the need for significant resources for the border infrastructure development, etc.). 3. The functional complexity of the border guard institution evolves in the direction of: militaristic – law enforcement – law enforcement and militaristic.4. The increasing level of integration of subjects, which provide border security in the security space. 5. Increased attention to the need for balancing vital interests in the field of state border protection. 6. A noticeable tendency to increase the capacity of the state border guard system to counter current threats: armed conflicts at the state border, smuggling of weapons, drug trafficking, unregulated migration, illegal extraction and theft of national treasures, etc. 7. Determining of strategic directions of ensuring the border security is carried out at the highest state level within the framework of the Comprehensive Review of the Security and Defense Sector, drafting of the Conceptual Basis for the Reform of the Law Enforcement Agencies and the Concept of the Reform of the Criminal Justice of Ukraine. 8. When elaborating approaches to the development of the state border guard system (close, medium and long-term perspective), it is necessary to take into account the experience of the new EU member states in preparing for accession to the EU and joining the Schengen agreement.
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Kolesnik, V., A. Pavlychenko, T. Kholodenko und A. Kirichenko. „Rational crushing of mineral raw materials by well charges as a factor of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries“. Collection of Research Papers of the National Mining University 64 (2021): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/crpnmu/64.138.
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Purpose. Improving the environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials based on their rational explosive crushing, aimed at reducing the effect of overgrinding, accompanied by the formation of fine fractions of materials and significant dust emissions. The research methodology provided a theoretical analysis of the destruction processes of a rock massif by well charges of explosives on the basis of calculations of shock adiabats of an explosive wave in rocks at different speeds of detonation of explosives. Experimental verification of the identified patterns was performed by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of the rock in the collapse. Research results. The scientific and practical task of ensuring rational explosive crushing of materials in quarries with the use of elongated borehole charges has been solved. Mechanisms for the destruction of rock massifs and the peculiarities of the distribution of destruction zones by dispersed composition have been established, which contributes to the reduction of dust emissions into the atmosphere to an acceptable level of environmental safety of blasting operations in quarries. Comparative estimates of the shock load during the explosion of the explosive charge for the main rocks at different levels of the rate of detonation of charges are given. The dependence of the volume of overgrinding rock in the zone of its adjacency to the charge on the detonation velocity of explosives has been established. An experimental verification of the identified patterns in the current quarry by assessing the quality of blasting by the particle size distribution of rock mass in its collapse after experimental explosions with different parameters is done. Scientific novelty. The multiphase process of rock destruction by explosion was investigated by the calculated determination of the parameters of the shock adiabats of the blast wave in different rocks and at different detonation velocities of explosives. It is shown that during the destruction of a rock mass by the explosion of an elongated borehole charge of explosives, several specific zones of destruction are formed, the characteristics of which differ in particle size distribution. The area of controlled crushing is highlighted, where the intensity of rock destruction can be changed by adjusting the parameters of the explosive load and the area of little or almost unregulated crushing. The possibility of managing the process of dust formation and, accordingly, the level of environmental safety of blasting works in quarries for the extraction of non-metallic and construction materials is substantiated. Practical meaning. The identified patterns and provisions to reduce the effect of mineral overgrinding were used in the development of measures to improve the environmental safety of blasting in the quarry, which, in particular, provided an increase in well spacing in the range up to 3.0-3.4 m and reduce specific energy consumption from 1.27 g/cm3 to 0.97 g/cm3.
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Ferraz, M. A. M. M., R. Simões, M. P. Milazzotto, J. A. Visintin und M. E. O. A. Assumpçäo. „212 GENE EXPRESSION PROFILE OF PROTAMINES AND TRANSITION NUCLEAR PROTEINS IN BOVINE TESTIS“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, Nr. 1 (2013): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab212.
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During spermiogenesis, haploid spermatids undergo complex morphological and physiological changes to differentiate into spermatozoa. These processes include chromatin remodelling mediated by the replacement of histones through transition nuclear proteins (Tnp) and protamines (PRM). These proteins have the function to compact and protect the chromatin, exerting great influence on human and mouse fertility. Several studies have demonstrated the positive relationship between unregulated production of protamines and infertility. In humans and mice, PRM1/PRM2 ratio is important to predict fertility. When the 1 : 1 ratio (ideal) is disrupted, in these species, the sperm DNA integrity is altered. Most of the infertility cases caused by protamine deficiency, in humans, are related to PRM2 (Aoki et al. 2005 Hum. Reprod. 20, 1298–1306). Expression levels of PRM2 have been correlated with the DNA damage in mice; however, its role on bull fertility is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relative expression of PRM1, PRM2, PRM3, Tnp1, and Tnp2 in bovine testis. Evaluate the expression of these genes is of utmost importance to understand the role of each protamine during bull spermatogenesis. Testis from post-pubertal bulls (n = 10) were obtained from the slaughterhouse. The RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed using commercial kits. The gene expression (P1, P2, P3, Tnp1, and Tnp2) was determined by real-time RT-PCR using bovine specific primers and β-actin as endogenous controls. A relative expression software tool (Pfaffl et al. 2002 Nucleic Acid Res. 30) was used to compare all samples of each group. The quantification of mRNA relative expression demonstrated a higher expression of PRM1, the relative expression of PRM2 was lower than the relative expression of PRM1 (5.008 ± 1.501 × 23.906 ± 6.174, respectively; P < 0.05). There was no difference between the relative expression of the mRNA for PRM2, Tnp1, and Tnp2 (5.008 ± 1.501, 5.023 ± 1.064, 4.266 ± 1.170, respectively; P > 0.05). The PRM3 mRNA had the lowest relative expression (2.003 ± 0.663). The PRM1/PRM2 ratio found in this study was 4.77 : 1.00. Differently from human and mice, the lower expression of PRM2 mRNA may be an evolutionary adaptation of the bull spermatogenesis, which makes the bovine sperm less susceptible to protamination changes that lead to infertility. More studies are being performed by our research group to evaluate the function of these proteins in bulls. It is fundamental to understand the biology of bovine spermiogenesis, providing knowledge to increase the fertility and be able to elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms that may have caused the possible loss of functionality of PRM2 in bulls. This work was supported financially by FAPESP (09/17035-6 and 07/55294-8).
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Gudev, P. „Non-Military Treats to the Arctic Security“. World Economy and International Relations 60, Nr. 2 (2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-72-82.
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The supposed ice melting process leads to a fundamental change in the geopolitical status of the Arctic region: it is becoming more open to different kinds of maritime activities implementation, including navigation, commercial fishing, mineral and energy resources extraction. Not only the Arctic Five (A5) countries, whose coasts are directly washed by the Arctic Ocean, are interested in their realization, but non-regional states also. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) gives them such opportunities. According to UNCLOS, the central part of the Arctic Ocean beyond the 200-mile exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of the Arctic countries can be considered as a high seas enclave, with all freedoms of the high seas: of navigation; of overflight; of fishing; of scientific research; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines; to construct artificial islands and other installations. The high seas are open to all states, whether coastal or land-locked, which have equal rights here. In addition, it should be noted that other countries have a right to carry out certain practical activities associated with three (out of six) freedoms named above: of navigation (with some restrictions under Article 234 of UNCLOS); of overflight; freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines – within the Arctic states EEZ. The appearance of new Arctic players interested in its spaces and resources is connected with significant increase in risks and threats, primarily non-military. This is largely due to fundamental differences between the Arctic Ocean and other sea areas, such as the Indian or Atlantic Ocean. Among these differences: only five Arctic states are washed by the Arctic Ocean’s waters; shallow depth; small total area; a significant length of the shelf zone; special climate conditions, including ice cap; finally – ecological vulnerability. In this regard, the process of the Arctic region’s opening for different kinds of maritime activities implementation poses a problem of the environmental security, protection and preservation of the marine environment and its biological diversity. Despite the fact that security issues in their traditional interpretation are not under the jurisdiction of the Arctic Council, its primary environmental focus indicates that these issues are directly correlated with the main area of its activities. Anyway, the modern interpretation of the "security" concept includes not only a "military", but also an “environmental” component. For the Arctic states, whose geographical position makes them the first victims of any environmental disaster in the region, the provision of environmental security should be the main priority in their mutual policies. The most effective model for the non-military security threats response in the Arctic is cooperation and coordination between all Arctic states at the regional level. One of the problems in the way is that the Arctic Ocean could not be compared with the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, to which the Article 123 of the UNCLOS "Cooperation of States Bordering Enclosed or Semi-Enclosed Seas" provides the states' right to “coordinate the management, conservation, exploration and exploitation of the living resources of the sea”, and to “coordinate the implementation of their rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment”. However, the recent transformation of the international maritime law gives Arctic countries some opportunities in this area. First, the regime of the high seas is becoming less conducive for implementation of specific types of maritime activities. In the future, we can expect that the extent of regulation in this area of the World ocean will be significantly increased. The implementation of the high seas freedoms is largely conditioned by the realization of the tasks to protect and preserve the marine environment and its biodiversity. Second, there is a continuing practice of expanding the authority of coastal states in their jurisdiction zones, especially in the EEZ. Despite the fact that the coastal state is not granted any competence in the field of the EEZ security, the practice of a broad interpretation of the “security” concept includes food, resource and environment security. The enforcement of such security regimes is becoming an increasingly common practice, even though it imposes certain restrictions for third countries’ rights in these sea areas. Finally, the adoption of security measures in the EEZ, on one hand, and at the high sea, on the other, should be recognized interdependent and considered all together. In the near future, the number of potential security threats can be significantly expanded due to the increase in the number of maritime activities participants. In addition to the already existing non-military threats (pollution of the marine environment; illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing), new threats may appear: armed robbery of ships (piracy); acts of terrorism affecting both the shipping and offshore installations (oil and gas platforms); illegal transportation of weapons, including weapons of mass destruction (WMD); illegal transportation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; illegal movement of people by sea, including illegal migration. An effective response to these types of threats requires not only individual efforts of the Arctic Five countries, but also collective security measures. In this regard, in order to create a regional security model, the development of collaboration and cooperation between the Arctic countries is essential. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the Russian Humanitarian Scientifi c Foundation Project No. 14-07-00050 “Institutions and Principles of Supranational Governance Formation in World Politics: Concepts and Activities”.
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Marinakis, Sotirios, Badih EL NAKADI, Serge CAPPELIEZ, Marc JORIS, Sotirios Marinakis und Yasmine DE BRUYNE. „Extraction through Minimal Invasive Partially Video-Assisted Anterolateral Right Thoracotomy of a Voluminous Left Atrial Thrombus Due to Unregulated Warfarin Treatment“. Journal of Integrative Cardiology Open Access, 11.12.2019, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jicoa.2019.04.10.
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A 62-year-old female patient with history of atrial fibrillation and protein C and S deficiency was admitted for acute dyspnea. Laboratory control demonstrated an unregulated warfarin treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography revealed a giant left atrial thrombus and a severe mitral stenosis. The day after admission a full body tomography revealed spleen emboli and non-violation of hematoencephalic barrier. Surgical thrombus extraction and mitral valve replacement were successfully performed by minimal invasive, partially video-assisted, right anterolateral thoracotomy. Echocardiographic control after two months showed no evidence of residual thrombus. Massive left atrial thrombosis must be operated urgently because of the imminent risk of embolization. The described technique represents a good compromise between full video-assisted port-access surgery and traditional midline sternotomy.
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Li, Ju. „Open Sesame? The Paradoxical Development of C2C E-commerce in China“. Review of Radical Political Economics, 23.11.2020, 048661342096416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0486613420964164.
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In this article, I analyze the paradoxical development of consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce in China by investigating three dimensions in its ecosystem: the rent extraction of the platform capital, the labor-intensive mini-enterprises under the demand-driven supply chain of e-commerce, and the widespread commodification and dispossession. I argue that its development has deepened and broadened the exploitative relationship among various forms of labor and capital. To a great extent, although the largely unregulated development of e-commerce has created more employment and provided opportunities for some previously marginalized places and social groups, especially during the early stage, it has quickly engendered malicious competition, notorious counterfeiting, and shrinking profits and bankruptcy for mini-merchants and mini-entrepreneurs, while on top of that a few huge monopolistic e-commerce platform companies have arisen and expanded rapidly. JEL classification: O11, O33, O53, P21
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„Enhanced Support Vector Machine Based Leukaemia Cancer Classification“. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, Nr. 4 (30.11.2019): 1116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d8522.118419.
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Leukaemia is a blood cancer that is characterized by the bone marrow’s unregulated and irregular generation of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. By testing the microscopic blood cell images, diseases can be detected and its early diagnosis can be done. In the current work,at smart decision support systemutilizing microscopic images is proposedto make a diagnosisof acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Identification through images is a quick and inexpensive technique since there is no equipment is specially needed for lab testing. The improved Bare-Bones Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is usedto identify the important distinguishing featuresof blast cells and the healthy cells to help in carry out the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia classification with efficiency. To avoid the poor accuracy, the modified median filtering has been introduced in this novel, which helps in removing the noise from the images and maintains the edge which is used to improve the identification of leukocytes and lymphocytes during the segmentation process. Enhanced linear contrast stretching is introduced in image enhancement for enriching the image. In the next step, feature extraction is carried out through the second order statistical features. Bare-bones with Adaptive Bat Optimization (BBABO) is used for feature selection. At last, the classification is carried out by using the combined Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN) and here the Enhanced Support Vector Machine (ESVM) is a classifier called as FNESVM.