Thematische Bibliographien / Uniform soil

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Uniform soil“

Autor: Grafiati
Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021
Zuletzt aktualisiert am 1. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Uniform soil"

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Zhou, Jizhong, Beicheng Xia, David S. Treves, L. Y. Wu, Terry L. Marsh, Robert V. O’Neill, Anthony V. Palumbo und James M. Tiedje. „Spatial and Resource Factors Influencing High Microbial Diversity in Soil“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 326–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.1.326-334.2002.

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ABSTRACT To begin defining the key determinants that drive microbial community structure in soil, we examined 29 soil samples from four geographically distinct locations taken from the surface, vadose zone, and saturated subsurface using a small-subunit rRNA-based cloning approach. While microbial communities in low-carbon, saturated, subsurface soils showed dominance, microbial communities in low-carbon surface soils showed remarkably uniform distributions, and all species were equally abundant. Two diversity indices, the reciprocal of Simpson’s index (1/D) and the log series index, effectively distinguished between the dominant and uniform diversity patterns. For example, the uniform profiles characteristic of the surface communities had diversity index values that were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than those for the high-dominance, saturated, subsurface communities. In a site richer in organic carbon, microbial communities consistently exhibited the uniform distribution pattern regardless of soil water content and depth. The uniform distribution implies that competition does not shape the structure of these microbial communities. Theoretical studies based on mathematical modeling suggested that spatial isolation could limit competition in surface soils, thereby supporting the high diversity and a uniform community structure. Carbon resource heterogeneity may explain the uniform diversity patterns observed in the high-carbon samples even in the saturated zone. Very high levels of chromium contamination (e.g., >20%) in the high-organic-matter soils did not greatly reduce the diversity. Understanding mechanisms that may control community structure, such as spatial isolation, has important implications for preservation of biodiversity, management of microbial communities for bioremediation, biocontrol of root diseases, and improved soil fertility.
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Simon, Steven L., und Leslie Fraley. „226Ra uptake by sagebrush from uniform and non-uniform soil amendments“. Environmental and Experimental Botany 26, Nr. 1 (Januar 1986): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(86)90056-0.

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3

Al-Jabban, Wathiq, Jan Laue, Sven Knutsson und Nadhir Al-Ansari. „Effect of Disintegration Times of the Homogeneity of Soil prior to Treatment“. Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 22 (09.11.2019): 4791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224791.

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This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the effect of various disintegration times on the homogeneity of pre-treated natural soil before mixing with cementitious binders. Various disintegration times were applied, ranging from 10 s to 120 s. Four different soils were used with different characteristics from high, medium and low plasticity properties. Visual and sieving assessment were used to evaluate the best disintegration times to allow for a uniform distribution of water content and small-sized particles that would produce a uniform distribution of the binder around the soil particles. Results showed that a proper mixing time to homogenize and disintegrate the soil prior to treatment depended on several factors: soil type, water content and plasticity properties. For high plasticity soil, the disintegration time should be kept as short as possible. Increasing the disintegration time ha negative effects on the uniformity of distribution of the binder around soil particles. The homogenizing and disintegration time were less important for low plasticity soils with low water content than for medium to high plasticity soils. The findings could assist various construction projects that deal with soil improvement through preparation of soil before adding a cementitious binder to ensure uniformity of distribution of the binder around soil particles and obtain uniform soil–binder mixtures.
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Das, Angshuman, und Pradipta Chakrabortty. „ONE-DIMENSIONAL SEISMIC ENERGY TRANSMISSION ALONG HETEROGENEOUS LAYERED SOIL“. International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 4, Nr. 3 (02.12.2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2016.432.

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In this present study an initiative has been taken to find out the modification in the seismic energy along distance its travel because of the soil heterogeneity. Soil heterogeneity is considered here in one dimensional analysis and analyses were performed using software DEEPSOIL. Both equivalent linear and nonlinear analyses were performed on homogenous and heterogeneous soil models: uniform loose sand, uniform soft clay and layered soil deposit of sandwiched clay layer between loose sandy soils. The performances of these soil models are compared here in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) value, and seismic energy migration in terms of Arias Intensity (AI) evolution along the depth inside the soil deposit. It is observed from the analysis that, less seismic energy and PGA is developed in the heterogeneous soil than that in homogeneous soil. This is because during earthquake more softening is taking place in the layered soil than that in uniform soil. Further in this paper the requirement of nonlinear analysis over the equivalent linear analysis is also presented.
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Li, Li, Na Dong und Jianya Chen. „EM Wave Propagation in Non-uniform Soil“. Information Technology Journal 12, Nr. 19 (15.09.2013): 5011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2013.5011.5016.

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Masih, Rusk. „Foundation Uniform Pressure and Soil‐Structure Interaction“. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120, Nr. 11 (November 1994): 2064–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1994)120:11(2064).

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Li, K. S. „Foundation Uniform Pressure and Soil-Structure Interaction“. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 121, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1995): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1995)121:12(912).

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8

Bukhartsev, V. N., und M. R. Petrichenko. „Nonsteady filtration in a uniform soil mass“. Power Technology and Engineering 46, Nr. 3 (16.08.2012): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-012-0331-z.

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Fredlund, Murray D., D. G. Fredlund und G. Ward Wilson. „An equation to represent grain-size distribution“. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, Nr. 4 (01.08.2000): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-015.

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The grain-size distribution is commonly used for soil classification; however, there is also potential to use the grain-size distribution as a basis for estimating soil behaviour. For example, much emphasis has recently been placed on the estimation of the soil-water characteristic curve. Many methods proposed in the literature use the grain-size distribution as a starting point to estimate the soil-water characteristic curve. Two mathematical forms are presented to represent grain-size distribution curves, namely, a unimodal form and a bimodal form. The proposed equations provide methods for accurately representing uniform, well-graded soils, and gap-graded soils. The five-parameter unimodal equation provides a closer fit than previous two-parameter, log-normal equations used to fit uniform and well-graded soils. The unimodal equation also improves representation of the silt- and clay-sized portions of the grain-size distribution curve.Key words: grain-size distribution, sieve analysis, hydrometer analysis, soil classification, probability density function.
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Jeremić, Boris, Guanzhou Jie, Matthias Preisig und Nima Tafazzoli. „Time domain simulation of soil-foundation-structure interaction in non-uniform soils“. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 38, Nr. 5 (25.04.2009): 699–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.896.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Uniform soil"

1

Yassin, Hendro. „The behaviour of beams and slabs with soffit projections supported by uniform subgrades“. Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278708.

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2

Ritthiruth, Pawin. „Flexural Behavior of Cold-Formed and Hot-Rolled Steel Sheet Piling Subjected to Simulated Soil Pressure“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101845.

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Hot-rolled sheet piling has long-been believed to have a better flexural performance than cold-formed sheet piling based on a test conducted by Hartman Engineering twenty years ago. However, cold-formed steel can have similar strength to the hot-rolled steel This experimental program studied the flexural behavior of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel sheet pilings. This program quantified the influence of transverse stresses from soil pressures on the longitudinal flexural strength. Four cross-sections with two pairs of equivalent sectional modulus were investigated. Sheet-piling specimens were subjected to simulated soil pressure from an air bladder loaded transversely to their longitudinal axis. The span lengths were varied, while the loading area remains unchanged to examine the effect of different transverse stresses. Lateral bracings were provided at discrete locations to establish a sheet piling wall behavior and allow the development of transverse stresses. Load-pressure, load-deflection, load-strain, and moment-deflection responses were plotted to demonstrate the behavior of each specimen. The moment-deflection curves were then normalized to the corresponding yield stress from tensile coupon tests to make a meaningful comparison. The results indicate that transverse stresses influence the flexural capacity of the sheet pilings. The longer span length has less amount of transverse strains, resulting in a higher moment capacity. The hot-rolled sheet pilings have better flexural performance also because of less transverse strains.
Master of Science
Sheet piling wall is an essential structure used during the excavation process. Sheet piling can be hot-rolled and cold-formed. Hot-rolled sheet piling has long-been believed to have a better bending performance based on a test conducted by Hartman Engineering twenty years ago. However, cold-formed steel can have similar strength to hot-rolled steel. This experimental program studied the bending behavior of hot-rolled and cold-formed steel sheet pilings. This program quantified the influence of lateral loading from soil pressure on the moment capacity of the sheet piling. Four cross-sections with two pairs of equivalent bending properties were investigated. Sheet-piling specimens were set up as beam members and subjected to simulated soil pressure from an air bladder. The span lengths of the specimens were varied, while the loading area remains unchanged to examine the effect of different amounts of load. Lateral bracings were provided at discrete locations to establish a sheet piling wall behavior and allow local deflection of the cross-section. Load-pressure, load-deflection, load-strain, and moment-deflection responses were plotted to demonstrate the behavior of each specimen. The moment-deflection curves were then normalized to the corresponding material property of each specimen to make a meaningful comparison between different specimens. The results indicate that lateral loading of the soil pressure influences the bending capacity of the sheet pilings. The longer span length has less amount of transverse strains, resulting in a higher bending capacity. The hot-rolled sheet pilings have better bending performance also because of less transverse strains.
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Hossain, Muhammad Shazzad. „Investigation of Soil Failure Mechanisms during Spudcan Foundation Installation“. Curtin University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, 2004. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15369.

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Mobile jack-up rigs are widely used in offshore oil and gas exploration and increasingly in temporary production and maintenance work. There is a steadily increasing demand for their use in deeper water and harsher environments. A typical modem jack-up has three independent legs, each equipped with a footing known as ‘spudcan’. This thesis is concerned with the performance of spudcan foundation subjected to vertical loading correspondent to preloading during its installation into uniform clay. The chief aim of this study is to investigate the bearing behaviour with the corresponding soil failure mechanisms during spudcan penetration. Centrifuge model test and Finite Element (FE) analysis are carried out extensively. In centrifuge modelling, a half-spudcan model and a full spudcan model are used. In the half- spudcan model test, a novel system for revealing soil failure mechanisms and measuring soil deformation has been adopted, in which the half-spudcan model is placed against a transparent window and a subsequent Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis is performed. The full-spudcan model test is conducted to measure the load-penetration response. In numerical simulation, both small strain and large deformation analyses are carried out with smooth and rough soil-spudcan interfaces considered. At the initial stage of penetration, it is observed that a cavity is formed above the spudcan as it is penetrating into a uniform clay. Meanwhile, soil flows towards the surface and thus soil heave forms close to the spudcan shoulders. With further penetration, the soil underneath the spudcan starts to flow back into the cavity on the exposed top of the spudcan. This backflow causes the spudcan to be embedded while the initially formed cavity remains open.
Eventually, the spudcan becomes fully embedded and the soil flow mechanism reaches a fully localised failure mechanism with deep embedment. The lateral extent of visible distortion due to soil flow is confined well within 1.5-1.6 D (D: spudcan diameter). From both centrifuge and numerical investigations, it is found that in uniform clay, it is inevitable to form a cavity above the spudcan foundation. Thus, the stable cavity depth and soil back flow mechanisms are studied. It is clear that the back flow is caused by a Flow Failure, where it is due to the downward penetration of the spudcan. This is contrary to the Wall Failure that is the mechanism recommended by the current offshore design guidelines to estimate the stable cavity depth. In wall failure, the soil back flow is due to the cavity wall too high to stand. The stable cavity depth is estimated up to 4 times higher by the wall failure mechanism than the one by the flow failure. This explains that the wall failure is never observed in model test. Therefore, a new design chart with design formula is developed for design engineers in the stable cavity depth calculation. The spudcan bearing response is strongly correspondent with the variation of soil failure mechanisms during penetration. At the initial stage of the penetration, the spudcan bearing capacity increases with penetration, which is due to the increase of overburden pressure from cavity formation. At the second stage of the penetration, soil back flow embeds the spudcan, and the spudcan bearing capacity is increasing as the soil flow mechanism transits from its shallow failure mechanism to its deep failure mechanism.
At the final stage of the penetration, the spudcan bearing capacity reaches its ultimate value, where the deep/localised failure mechanism remains. A rough spudcan shows 14 % higher bearing capacity than a smooth spudcan. And a flat-plate shows 8 % higher capacity than a spudcan with a same surface roughness. The ultimate bearing capacity factor N, = 10.5 in uniform soil is recommended as a conservative value when the deep failure mechanism is reached. A correspondent N, = 10.1 in NC clay is suggested for a deeply embedded spudcan.
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Thabang, Sebuki Minah. „Assessment on infield spacial variability of nutrients in a uniformly managed corn (Zea Mays L.) field“. Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/501.

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Thesis (Msc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2011
The impact of agricultural chemicals on the environment has come under close scrutiny in the country of South Africa, for that reason, we are investigating alternative and appropriate methods for nutrients management. The objective of the study was to assess infield spatial variability of soil nutrients in a uniformly managed corn field, and (ii) to recommend method that can potentially help corn (Zea mays L.) producers in Limpopo Province to enhance grain yield with optimal utilization of resources. The study was conducted at Syferkuil agricultural experimental farm (23o50’ S; 29 o40’ E) of the University of Limpopo, in the northern semi-arid region of South Africa. Prior to planting of corn on this uniformly managed 7 ha portion of a 1 705 ha farm, the field was mapped with Ag132 Trimble differentially corrected global positioning system (DGPS) equipped with Field Rover II® GIS mapping software. Land suitability assessment for corn was conducted before planting and the field was classified for suitability as S1 based on FAO guidelines for irrigated agriculture and South African Binomial System of Soil classification. Soils and corn leaf sample parameters, including N were collected and measured from geo-referenced locations on a 40 x 40 m grid. Nutrient distribution spatial maps were produced with Surfer software 8.0. There was a significant variability (P≤0.05) of soil nutrients and pH across the corn field. Corn grain yield ranged from 2.7 to 6.3 Mg ha-1. For a land suitability class of S1 under linear irrigation in a semi-arid environment, these grain yields were considered lower. This lower grain yields can be linked to variability of soil nutrients, and pH because the field was classified suitable according to FAO guidelines. This field, with its significant variability of nutrients and pH that resulted in lower grain yields, is potentially a good field for precision agriculture IX methods of nutrient management such site-specific management zones for environmental quality and economic efficiency. Keywords: Maize, Small-scale farming, Soil nutrient management, and Spatial variability
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Lima, Juliana Toledo. „Pontos polêmicos acerca do forrageamento de cupins subterrâneos (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) : consumo de alimentos similares, reutilização de iscas e tunelamento em solos não uniformes /“. Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106569.

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Orientador: Ana Maria Costa Leonardo
Banca: Fabiana Elaine Casarin dos Santos
Banca: Sulene Noriko Shima
Banca: Luiz Carlos Forti
Banca: Maria Santina de Castro Morini
Resumo: Coptotermes gestroi e Heterotermes tenuis são espécies de cupins pertencentes à família Rhinotermitidae consideradas importantes pragas urbanas no Brasil, sendo que a segunda também é encontrada em ambientes agrícolas. No ambiente urbano, tais espécies são encontradas consumindo várias fontes celulósicas, algumas até aparentemente similares. O processo de forrageamento dos cupins subterrâneos é dinâmico e muda ao longo do tempo. Contudo, devido aos seus hábitos crípticos, existem alguns pontos polêmicos que precisam ser esclarecidos, principalmente visando melhorar e embasar as novas estratégias de manejo, tais como a tecnologia de isca. Em vista do exposto, a presente pesquisa propôs analisar e comparar, por meio de bioensaios, as respostas comportamentais de C. gestroi e H. tenuis considerando diferentes formas de apresentação do alimento e frente a recursos alimentares equivalentes. Uma vez que uma colônia pode utilizar várias fontes alimentares, também foi observado o comportamento de busca por novos alimentos, verificando o forrageamento desses insetos frente a recursos alimentares previamente visitados por outros cupins. Para esses bioensaios foram utilizados diferentes tipos de arenas experimentais compostas por câmaras "ninho" e câmaras alimentares. Adicionalmente, foi observado o comportamento de tunelamento dos forrageiros em solos heterogêneos, acrescidos de pistas físicas, químicas e biológicas, simulando aqueles presentes em áreas urbanas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas arenas bidimensionais compostas por duas placas de vidro separadas por uma moldura, a qual delimitava a área de tunelamento disponível para os indivíduos. Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados gráfica e estatisticamente, sendo que o nível de significância (a) adotado foi igual a 0,05. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nos experimentos com diferentes formas de apresentação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Coptotermes gestroi and Heterotermes tenuis, termites of the Rhinotermitidae family, are considered important urban pests in Brazil. The latter is also found in rural areas. In urban environments, these species consume many cellulose sources, some apparently similar. The foraging behavior of subterranean termites is dynamic and changes throughout time. However, due to their cryptic behavior, some questions still remain, especially regarding the construction of a framework and the improvement of new control strategies involving baits. The present study was aimed at analyzing and comparing the behavioral responses of C. gestroi and H. tenuis using bioassays involving different food presentations and equivalent food resources. Since a colony can feed on many food sources, the searching behavior of new food items was examined as well as foraging of food items previously visited by other termites. Bioassays consisted of different types of arenas with a "nest" and feeding chambers were carried out. Also, the tunneling behavior of foragers in heterogeneous soils and physical, chemical, and biological cues was examined, simulating those present in urban areas. Bioassyas consisted of two glass plates separated by a frame delimitating the tunneling area available for the termites were carried out. The results were analyzed and significance level was set at p = 0.05. Based on the results obtained in the experiments with different forms of presentation of the food item, both species had similar behavioral patterns, showing a bias toward food items completely buried in the substrate. Regarding the exploitation of equivalent food sources, no differences were observed between consumption and recruiting for the first food sources visited compared to other sources available. Thus, C. gestroi and H. tenuis did not concentrate their efforts in the consumption of the first food item found. In tenacity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Lissy, Anne-Sophie. „Imagerie quatitative non invasive et expérimentation pour l'intégration des phénomènes d'écoulement non uniforme dans les modèles de transfert de masse en milieux poreux hétérogènes : Application aux sols structurés“. Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0709.

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Mieux comprendre les écoulements d’eau dans les milieux poreux hétérogènes tels que les sols est nécessaire. Aussi bien pour piloter l’irrigation des cultures, améliorer la prédiction des modèles climatiques et météorologiques ou gérer quantitativement et qualitativement les ressources en eaux et leurs évolutions sous l’effet des changements globaux, notamment en zone Méditerranéenne. Cependant, la complexité des écoulements dans les sols, découlant de la complexité de leur système poral, constitue un frein à la connaissance complète du système. Les objectifs de ce travail sont de progresser sur ce dernier point en : (i) réalisant des expériences d’infiltration – drainage sur des colonnes décimétriques de sols non remaniés en tomographie médicale et observer au mieux les écoulements au sein de la macroporosité du sol, (ii) en étudiant la structure macroporeuse des sols et déterminer des indicateurs structuraux sur les images tomographiques et (iii) en intégrant les indicateurs structuraux dans un modèle d’écoulement à double compartiment Darcy-Richards – KDW. Les sols étudiés sont prélevés dans trois parcelles différentes : (i) un sol argileux travaillé en grande culture, (ii) un sol argileux non travaillé utilisé en verger et (iii) un sol limono – sableux non travaillé non cultivé. Trois expériences d’infiltration – drainage ont été faites dans un scanner médical à acquisition d’images rapide (~15 sec). Elles sont réalisées à une intensité de 20 mm.h-1 pour 30 mm d’eau apporté, soit 90 min d’infiltration et une phase de drainage de 30 min. Les expériences sont faites à trois humidités initiales : (1) capacité au champ, (2) potentiel matriciel moyen – 4 m et (3) potentiel matriciel moyen – 8 m. La macroporosité des sols augmente de 2 à 5% avant chaque infiltration lorsque la teneur en eau initiale diminue. Cette augmentation est plus grande pour les deux sols argileux que pour le sol limono – sableux. L’hypothèse avancée est que la texture des sols influence ces différences de réponse. Les sols argileux présentent la structure la plus variable dans le temps au contraire des sols sableux qui semblent plus stables. Le suivi tomographique temporel a permis d’observer des phénomènes de mouvements très rapides de la structure durant l’infiltration et le drainage. Pendant le passage de l’eau, le volume de macroporosité diminue de 7 à 30%, et augmente rapidement durant la phase de ressuyage de 30 min. La diminution de macroporosité durant l’infiltration est plus marquée lorsque la teneur en eau initiale est la plus importante. L’augmentation de macroporosité durant la phase de ressuyage est moins marquée pour les conditions initiales les plus sèches. L’hypothèse avancée est que le passage de l’eau le long des parois des macropores les déstabilise et entraine un « sur – gonflement » des parois, qui s’inverse durant le drainage. L’étude des indicateurs structuraux globaux montre que le suivi temporel de la densité de macropores et de leur volume permet, pour ces trois sols, de discriminer des comportements selon la texture et le travail du sol. Les modélisations réalisées avec l’ajout de paramètres mesurés sur les images tomographiques dans le modèle d’écoulement montrent qu’elles permettent de reconstruire les données expérimentales. Ce travail montre que les écarts subsistant entre la modélisation et l’observation des expériences les plus sèches montrent que la dynamique des échanges entre macropores et matrice du sol doit être mieux comprise, surtout en condition insaturée. Cela nécessite de poursuivre l’étude des mouvements de la structure durant les cycles d’humectation – dessication mais aussi pendant le passage rapide d’un flux d’eau
Predicting the evolution of groundwater resource due to future climate change requires a better knowledge of water flows in soils which are highly complex porous medium. A lot of research has been conducted about soil water flow complexity over the last decades but predicting water flow in soils whatever soil texture, soil structure and rainfall intensities still remains a challenge. The objective of this work is to improve the modeling of water flow in structured soils by accounting to water flow from macropores to the soil matrix. We follow three successive steps : (i) to perform infiltration – drainage experiments on decimetric undisturbed soils columns under a medical tomograph to better observe flow phenomena within the soil macroporosity, (ii) to extract structural indicators from tomographic images, and study the macroporous soil structure, and (iii) to integrate structural indicators into a Darcy-Richards – KDW dual compartment flow model. Undisturbed soils studied are sampled from three different plots: (i) a clay soil worked in a field crop, (ii) a clay soil not worked in an orchard and (iii) a silt – sandy soil not worked and not cultivated. Three infiltration – drainage experiment are performed in a medical tomograph with fast image acquisition (~15 sec), 30 mm of water is supplied with a rainfall simulator and an intensity of 20 mm.h-1. Infiltration duration was of 90 min followed by 30 min of drainage. In total, the tomographic follow-up takes 120 min. Each experiment is done at three initial moisture conditions: (1) field capacity, (2) matrix potential at – 4 m, and (3) matrix potential at – 8 m. The initial structure observed before each infiltration shows that the soil macroporosity increases from 2 to 5% with the decrease of the initial water content. This increase is higher for the two clay soils compared to the silty – sandy soil. The hypothesis is that soil texture influences the evolution of the soil structure according to the matric water content. Thus, clay soils have the most variable soil structure over time, unlike silt – sandy soils which seem more structurally stable. Rapid movements of the soil structure during the infiltration and drainage phases was observed thanks to the time lapse tomographic monitoring. During water flow, soil macroporosity decreases between 7 to 30 % and increases again during drainage. The decrease of soil macroporosity during infiltration is more pronounced for the most saturated initial condition. The increase is less marked for the driest conditions. The hypothesis is that water flow along the macropores’ walls destabilizes causes an ‘over-swelling’ of the walls, which reverses during drainage. The study of overall indicators show that temporal monitoring of macropores density and their volumes makes it possible to discriminate specific texture and tillage behaviors different for the three soils. Models performed with the addition of profiled data measured on tomographic image in water flow model show that these measurements allow to reconstruct experimental data. Although the gap between modelling and observation for the driest experiments seems to indicate that it is necessary to continue the study of macropores – matrix exchanges in unsaturated conditions. This requires further study of the movements of the structure during wetting – drying cycles but also during the fast water flux transit
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Lima, Juliana Toledo [UNESP]. „Pontos polêmicos acerca do forrageamento de cupins subterrâneos (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): consumo de alimentos similares, reutilização de iscas e tunelamento em solos não uniformes“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106569.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Coptotermes gestroi e Heterotermes tenuis são espécies de cupins pertencentes à família Rhinotermitidae consideradas importantes pragas urbanas no Brasil, sendo que a segunda também é encontrada em ambientes agrícolas. No ambiente urbano, tais espécies são encontradas consumindo várias fontes celulósicas, algumas até aparentemente similares. O processo de forrageamento dos cupins subterrâneos é dinâmico e muda ao longo do tempo. Contudo, devido aos seus hábitos crípticos, existem alguns pontos polêmicos que precisam ser esclarecidos, principalmente visando melhorar e embasar as novas estratégias de manejo, tais como a tecnologia de isca. Em vista do exposto, a presente pesquisa propôs analisar e comparar, por meio de bioensaios, as respostas comportamentais de C. gestroi e H. tenuis considerando diferentes formas de apresentação do alimento e frente a recursos alimentares equivalentes. Uma vez que uma colônia pode utilizar várias fontes alimentares, também foi observado o comportamento de busca por novos alimentos, verificando o forrageamento desses insetos frente a recursos alimentares previamente visitados por outros cupins. Para esses bioensaios foram utilizados diferentes tipos de arenas experimentais compostas por câmaras “ninho” e câmaras alimentares. Adicionalmente, foi observado o comportamento de tunelamento dos forrageiros em solos heterogêneos, acrescidos de pistas físicas, químicas e biológicas, simulando aqueles presentes em áreas urbanas. Para tanto, foram utilizadas arenas bidimensionais compostas por duas placas de vidro separadas por uma moldura, a qual delimitava a área de tunelamento disponível para os indivíduos. Todos os dados obtidos foram analisados gráfica e estatisticamente, sendo que o nível de significância (a) adotado foi igual a 0,05. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nos experimentos com diferentes formas de apresentação...
Coptotermes gestroi and Heterotermes tenuis, termites of the Rhinotermitidae family, are considered important urban pests in Brazil. The latter is also found in rural areas. In urban environments, these species consume many cellulose sources, some apparently similar. The foraging behavior of subterranean termites is dynamic and changes throughout time. However, due to their cryptic behavior, some questions still remain, especially regarding the construction of a framework and the improvement of new control strategies involving baits. The present study was aimed at analyzing and comparing the behavioral responses of C. gestroi and H. tenuis using bioassays involving different food presentations and equivalent food resources. Since a colony can feed on many food sources, the searching behavior of new food items was examined as well as foraging of food items previously visited by other termites. Bioassays consisted of different types of arenas with a “nest” and feeding chambers were carried out. Also, the tunneling behavior of foragers in heterogeneous soils and physical, chemical, and biological cues was examined, simulating those present in urban areas. Bioassyas consisted of two glass plates separated by a frame delimitating the tunneling area available for the termites were carried out. The results were analyzed and significance level was set at p = 0.05. Based on the results obtained in the experiments with different forms of presentation of the food item, both species had similar behavioral patterns, showing a bias toward food items completely buried in the substrate. Regarding the exploitation of equivalent food sources, no differences were observed between consumption and recruiting for the first food sources visited compared to other sources available. Thus, C. gestroi and H. tenuis did not concentrate their efforts in the consumption of the first food item found. In tenacity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Štefaňák, Jan. „Statistická analýza kontrolních zkoušek horninových kotev“. Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371785.

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The objective of dissertation is to find the approaches for processing the data extracted from the reports that document the performing of acceptance tests of ground anchors. The purpose of this activity is to allow further utilization of this data for designing practice. 795 test records were collected. It is essential for the correctness of analysis, that the whole anchor bond must be placed in homogeneous material. The records for anchors that don’t fulfilled this condition were removed. The set of 379 records of anchors installed in six different soil types during construction work in Czech Republic remained. All those anchors were tested according the demands of european standard ČSN EN 1537:2001, valid until 2013. The methodics based on the mathematical statistics, regression analysis and probability methods were compiled during solving the task defined above. The major result of data processing that was performed via methodics based on combination of mathematical statistics and probability simulation methods is the set of bond shear stress parameter values elaborated for variety of soil types. The regression model for determination of the force-displacement curve and the model predicting the creep behavior of loaded ground anchor were constructed, where the creep value is dependent on the tendon bond length, tendon free length and on the level of prestressing force. The description of full-scale experiment, whose results were used for verification of assumptions incorporated in relevant methodics, is included. The example of determining the probability of failure of anchored structure using the stochastic simulation technique is mentioned also, where the previously obtained results are used as input values for this calculation. Moreover, the software application serving for automatization of processes associated to conducting of the tests of ground anchors and to creating the test report is introduced.
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„Development of Uniform Artificial Soil Deposition Techniques on Glass and Photovoltaic Coupons“. Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.40263.

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abstract: Soiling is one of the major environmental factors causing the negative performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Dust particles, air pollution particles, pollen, bird droppings and other industrial airborne particles are some natural sources that cause soiling. The thickness of soiling layer has a direct impact on the performance of PV modules. This phenomenon occurs over a period of time with many unpredictable environmental variables indicated above. This situation makes it difficult to calculate or predict the soiling effect on performance. The dust particles vary from one location to the other in terms of particle size, color and chemical composition. These properties influence the extent of performance (current) loss, spectral loss and adhesion of soil particles on the surface of the PV modules. To address this uncontrolled environmental issues, research institutes around the world have started designing indoor artificial soiling stations to deposit soil layers in various controlled environments using reference soil samples and/or soil samples collected from the surface of PV modules installed in the locations of interest. This thesis is part of a twin thesis. The first thesis (this thesis) authored by Shanmukha Mantha is related to the development of soiling stations and the second thesis authored by Darshan Choudhary is associated with the characterization of the soiled samples (glass coupons, one-cell PV coupons and multi-cell PV coupons). This thesis is associated with the development of three types of indoor artificial soiling deposition techniques replicating the outside environmental conditions to achieve required soil density, uniformity and other required properties. The three types of techniques are: gravity deposition method, dew deposition method, and humid deposition method. All the three techniques were applied on glass coupons, single-cell PV laminates containing monocrystalline silicon cells and multi-cell PV laminates containing polycrystalline silicon cells. The density and uniformity for each technique on all targets are determined. In this investigation, both reference soil sample (Arizona road dust, ISO 12103-1) and the soil samples collected from the surface of installed PV modules were used. All the three techniques are compared with each other to determine the best method for uniform deposition at varying thickness levels. The advantages, limitations and improvements made in each technique are discussed.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016
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Potsane, Moshe Moses. „Group invariant solutions for contaminant transport in saturated soils under radial uniform water flow background“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/13004.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in ful llment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. March 27, 2013
The transport of chemicals through soils to the groundwater or precipitation at the soils surfaces leads to degradation of the resources such as soil fertility, drinking water and so on. Serious consequences may be su ered in the long run. In this dissertation, we consider macroscopic deterministic models de- scribing contaminant transport in saturated soils under uniform radial water ow backgrounds. The arising convection-dispersion equation given in terms of the stream functions is analyzed using classical Lie point symmetries. A number of exotic Lie point symmetries are admitted. Group invariant solu- tions are classi ed according to the elements of the one-dimensional optimal systems. We analyze the group invariant solutions which satisfy some physical boundary conditions. The governing equation describing movements of contaminants under ra- dial water ow background may be given in conserved form. As such, the conserved form of the governing equation may be written as a system of rst order partial di erential equation referred to as an auxiliary system, by an in- troduction of the nonlocal variable. The resulting system of equations admits a number of (local) point symmetries which induce the nonlocal symmetries for the original governing equation. We construct classes of solutions using the admitted genuine nonlocal symmetries, which include the invariant solutions obtained via corresponding point symmetries of the governing equation.
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Bücher zum Thema "Uniform soil"

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Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097117.

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The Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook specifies methods and terminology for soil and land surveys. It has been widely used throughout Australia, providing one reference set of definitions for the characterisation of landform, vegetation, land surface, soil and substrate. The book advocates that a comprehensive suite of land and soil attributes be recorded in a uniform manner. This approach is more useful than the allocation of land or soil to preconceived types or classes. The third edition includes revised chapters on location and vegetation as well as some new landform elements. These updates have been guided by the National Committee on Soil and Terrain, a steering committee comprising representatives from key federal, state and territory land resource assessment agencies. Essential reading for all professionals involved in land resource surveys, this book will also be of value to students and educators in soil science, geography, ecology, agriculture, forestry, resource management, planning, landscape architecture and engineering.
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R, Gardner Wilford, Schulz R. K, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Regulatory Applications. und University of California, Berkeley. Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management., Hrsg. Spherical diffusion of tritium from a point of release in a uniform unsaturated soil: A deterministic model for tritium migration in an arid disposal site. Washington, DC: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1993.

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R, Gardner Wilford, Schulz R. K, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Regulatory Applications. und University of California, Berkeley. Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management., Hrsg. Spherical diffusion of tritium from a point of release in a uniform unsaturated soil: A deterministic model for tritium migration in an arid disposal site. Washington, DC: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1993.

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(Collaborator), Gail Thomas, und Robert J. Leaver (Editor), Hrsg. City And Soul: Uniform (James Hillman Uniform Edition). Spring Publications, Inc., 2006.

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R, Gardner Wilford, Schulz R. K, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Regulatory Applications. und University of California, Berkeley. Dept. of Soil Science., Hrsg. Three dimensional redistributions of tritium from a point of release into a uniform unsaturated soil: A deterministic model for tritium migration in an arid disposal site. Washington, DC: Division of Regulatory Applications, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1993.

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Wallach, Jennifer Jensen. Every Nation Has Its Dish. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469645216.001.0001.

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This book gives a nuanced history of black foodways across the twentieth century, challenging traditional narratives of "soul food" as a singular style of historical African American cuisine. It details the experiences and diverse convictions of several generations of African American activists, ranging from Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois to Mary Church Terrell, Elijah Muhammad, and Dick Gregory. While differing widely in their approaches to diet and eating, they uniformly made the cultivation of "proper" food habits a significant dimension of their work and their conceptions of racial and national belonging. Tracing their quests for literal sustenance brings together the race, food, and intellectual histories of America. Directly linking black political activism to both material and philosophical practices around food, this book frames black identity as a bodily practice, something that conscientious eaters not only thought about but also did through rituals and performances of food preparation, consumption, and digestion. This book argues that the process of choosing what and how to eat played a crucial role in the project of finding one's place as an individual, as an African American, and as a citizen.
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Buchteile zum Thema "Uniform soil"

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Vishwakarma, Rameshwar J., und Ramakant K. Ingle. „Effect of Non-uniform Soil Subgrade on Critical Stresses in Concrete Pavement“. In Transportation Research, 805–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9042-6_64.

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Gupta, Ashish, V. A. Sawant und B. S. Khati. „Effect of Soil Amplification on the Seismic Stability of Reinforced-Soil Wall for Cohesive Backfill with Uniform Surcharge“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 255–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6564-3_23.

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Mondal, Debnath, und Sanjay Paul. „Study on Cyclic Response of Dry Uniform Soil Deposit Using Shake Table Tests and DEEPSOIL Program“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 357–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6564-3_31.

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Khairudin, Norhanis Ayunie Ahmad, Aimi Salihah Abdul Nasir, Lim Chee Chin, Haryati Jaafar und Zeehaida Mohamed. „Improvising Non-uniform Illumination and Low Contrast Images of Soil Transmitted Helminths Image Using Contrast Enhancement Techniques“. In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 641–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5281-6_45.

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Yang, C., G. L. Anderson, J. H. King und E. K. Chandler. „Comparison of Uniform and Variable Rate Fertilization Strategies Using Grid Soil Sampling, Variable Rate Technology, and Yield Monitoring“. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, 675–86. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1999.precisionagproc4.c65.

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Vasenev, Ivan I. „Soil Functional-Environmental Evaluation and Monitoring in Urban Ecosystems: Principal Functions, Background Objects and Uniform Algorithms of Assessment“. In Springer Geography, 161–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70557-6_17.

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Satyanarayana Reddy, C. N. V., und S. Swetha. „Influence of Shape of Footing on Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Compression of Soils“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 399–404. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6090-3_28.

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Chouw, N., und H. Hao. „Seismic response of bridge structures under non-uniform ground excitations“. In Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction, 133–40. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10568-17.

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Sposito, Garrison. „The Soil Solution“. In The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630881.003.0008.

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The soil solution was introduced in Section 1.2 as a liquid water repository for dissolved solutes. Speaking more precisely, one can define the soil solution as the aqueous liquid phase in soil having a composition influenced by exchanges of matter and energy with soil air, soil minerals, and the soil biota. This more precise concept identifies the soil solution as an open system, and its designation as a phase means two things: (1) that it has uniform macroscopic properties (for example, temperature and composition) and (2) that it can be isolated from the soil profile and investigated experimentally in the laboratory. Uniformity of macroscopic properties obviously cannot be attributed to the entire aqueous phase in a soil profile, but instead is associated with a sufficiently small element of volume in the profile still large enough to include many pores. As is the case for soil humus (Section 3.2), the problem of isolating a sample of the soil solution without artifacts is an ongoing challenge to soil chemistry, but several techniques for removing the aqueous phase from soil into the laboratory have been established as operational compromises between chemical accuracy and analytical convenience. Among these techniques, the most widely applied in situ methods are drainage water collection and vacuum extraction, whereas the common ex situ methods include displacement by another fluid and extraction by vacuum, applied pressure, or centrifugation. The in situ techniques are influenced by whatever disturbance to a soil profile and, therefore, natural aggregate structure and water flow patterns, has occurred because of apparatus installation. They yield a sample of the soil solution from a largely undefined profile volume and they differ in whether they provide the flux compositionor the resident compositionof a soil solution. A flux composition, which is relevant to chemical weathering and, more broadly, to solute transport in soils, is measured in a soil solution sample obtained by natural flow into a collector, as occurs in a pan lysimeter (Fig. 4.1).
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White, Robert E. „Site Selection and Soil Preparation“. In Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.003.0010.

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At the Pine Ridge winery in Napa Valley, California, a sign lists six essential steps in wine production. The first step reads . . . Determine the site—prepare the land, terrace the slopes for erosion control, provide drainage and manage soil biodiversity. . . . Determining the site means gathering comprehensive data on the local cli­mate, topography, and geology, as well as the main soil types and their distribu­tion. Traditionally, site determination was done using the knowledge and experi­ence of individuals. Now it is possible to combine an expert’s knowledge with digital data on climate, parent material, topography, and soils in a GIS format to assess the biophysical suitability of land for wine grapes. Viticultural and soil ex­perts together identify the key properties and assign weightings to these proper­ties. An example of an Analytical Hierarchy Process is shown in figure 8.1. In this approach, both objective and subjective data were pooled and evaluated to decide the suitability of land for viticulture in West Gippsland, Victoria. In this region with a relatively uniform, mild climate, soil was given a 70% weighting, and the important soil properties were identified as depth, drainage, sodicity, texture, and pH. But in other areas, with another group of experts, a different set of key prop­erties and weightings may well be identified. For example, a similar approach used in Virginia, in the United States, gave only a 25% weighting to soil and 30% to elevation (which affected temperature, a critical factor governing growth rate and ripening) (Boyer and Wolf 2000). This kind of approach can be refined to indicate site suitability for a partic­ular variety within a region of given macroclimate. For example, Barbeau et al. (1998) assessed the suitability of sites in the Loire Valley, France, for the cultivar Cabernet Franc, using an index of “precocity.” Such an index is related to the ability of the fruit to accumulate sugar and anthocyanins and to attain a favorable acidity.
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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Uniform soil"

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Howard, Amster. „Uniform Soil Groups for Pipe Installation“. In Pipelines Specialty Conference 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41069(360)62.

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Yu, Long, Yuxia Hu und Jun Liu. „Spudcan Penetration in Loose Sand Over Uniform Clay“. In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79214.

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Punch through failures of spudcan foundations of mobile jack-up rigs have been reported every year. The potential of punch through failure of spudcan foundations on loose sand over uniform clay soils was studied numerically in the present paper. Large deformation finite element analyses were carried out to simulate the load-penetration responses of a 14m diameter spudcan during continuous penetration into this sand over clay soil. The numerical results were compared with existing centrifuge data. The critical penetration depths were derived from the load-penetration responses. The soil flow mechanisms, the shape of sand plug and the distribution of plastic points were also reported.
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Cao, Xiaobin, Guangning Wu, Ruifang Li und Jun Zhu. „Optimization Function for Grounding Grid in Uniform Soil“. In 2012 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2012.6307340.

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Pioli, B. C., A. M. S. Maximiano und F. A. M. Marinho. „Soil-Gasoline Retention Curve for a Uniform Sand“. In Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481684.005.

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Davis, Craig A. „Assessing Geotechnical Hazards for Water Pipes with Uniform Confidence Level“. In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Congress IV. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)194.

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Olgun, C. Guney, und Soheil Kamalzare. „Energy Dissipation in Soil Structures during Uniform Cyclic Loading“. In Geotechnical Frontiers 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480489.040.

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Ahn, Seong Moon, Dong Seung Lee, Jae Wan Park und Bhaskar Basu. „A Comparative Study of Direct Soil Model and Soil Spring Model in Common Basemat Analysis of APR1400 Nuclear Power Plant“. In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54355.

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It is common practice to analyze the basemat using soil springs to represent the supporting soil media. A uniformly loaded mat foundation analyzed for a uniform spring constant will indicate uniform deflection. However, in reality, the behavior of the basemat is influenced by the flexibility of the supporting soil media. The settlement profiles of the basemat demonstrate smaller displacements at the edge and larger displacements toward the center. The spring constants used in the analysis should also consider stiffness effect of superstructure and the effect due to loading pattern. For APR1400 Nuclear Power Plant, the mat foundation of the Reactor Containment Building and the Auxiliary Building is a common reinforced concrete mat covering an area approximately 12,210 square meter (110 m × 111 m) with a thickness of 3.05 m in the Auxiliary Building area and various thicknesses from 3.35 m to 10.06 m in the Reactor Containment Building area. In this study, the soil layers are directly modeled into the structural analysis model using finite/infinite solid elements to represent the soil properties and then the analysis results are compared with the analysis using spring constants by iterative method, and uniform spring constant by conventional method. The results of analysis using the Direct Soil Model are similar to the results calculated by the Iterative Soil Spring Model, but have wide variance with the results calculated by the Uniform Soil Spring Model.
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Howard, Amster. „Updates - Uniform Soil Groups, Maximum Density of Gravel, Percent Compaction“. In Pipelines 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413012.106.

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Campoccia, Angelo, Eleonora Riva Sanseverino und Gaetano Zizzo. „Earthing system’s design in presence of non-uniform soil“. In 2007 9th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epqu.2007.4424077.

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Kamalzare, Soheil, und C. Guney Olgun. „Comparison of Soil Response during Earthquake Excitation and Uniform Cyclic Loading“. In IFCEE 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.108.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Uniform soil"

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Clausen, Jay, Susan Frankenstein, Jason Dorvee, Austin Workman, Blaine Morriss, Keran Claffey, Terrance Sobecki et al. Spatial and temporal variance of soil and meteorological properties affecting sensor performance—Phase 2. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41780.

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An approach to increasing sensor performance and detection reliability for buried objects is to better understand which physical processes are dominant under certain environmental conditions. The present effort (Phase 2) builds on our previously published prior effort (Phase 1), which examined methods of determining the probability of detection and false alarm rates using thermal infrared for buried-object detection. The study utilized a 3.05 × 3.05 m test plot in Hanover, New Hampshire. Unlike Phase 1, the current effort involved removing the soil from the test plot area, homogenizing the material, then reapplying it into eight discrete layers along with buried sensors and objects representing targets of inter-est. Each layer was compacted to a uniform density consistent with the background undisturbed density. Homogenization greatly reduced the microscale soil temperature variability, simplifying data analysis. The Phase 2 study spanned May–November 2018. Simultaneous measurements of soil temperature and moisture (as well as air temperature and humidity, cloud cover, and incoming solar radiation) were obtained daily and recorded at 15-minute intervals and coupled with thermal infrared and electro-optical image collection at 5-minute intervals.
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Smiles, D. E., W. R. Gardner und R. K. Schulz. Spherical diffusion of tritium from a point of release in a uniform unsaturated soil. A deterministic model for tritium migration in an arid disposal site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Oktober 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10192486.

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Tao, Fei, Xuanchi Li, Antonio Bobet und Nayyar Zia Siddiki. Chemical Modification of Uniform Soils and Soils with High/Low Plasticity Index. Purdue University, März 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316359.

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Perry, R. S., M. W. Roy und M. F. Demorais. Soil-Release Finishes for Potential Use in the White Certified Navy Twill Uniforms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Januar 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada150866.

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Bhattarai, Rabin, Yufan Zhang und Jacob Wood. Evaluation of Various Perimeter Barrier Products. Illinois Center for Transportation, Mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-009.

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Construction activities entail substantial disturbance of topsoil and vegetative cover. As a result, stormwater runoff and erosion rates are increased significantly. If the soil erosion and subsequently generated sediment are not contained within the site, they would have a negative off-site impact as well as a detrimental influence on the receiving water body. In this study, replicable large-scale tests were used to analyze the ability of products to prevent sediment from exiting the perimeter of a site via sheet flow. The goal of these tests was to compare products to examine how well they retain sediment and how much ponding occurs upstream, as well as other criteria of interest to the Illinois Department of Transportation. The products analyzed were silt fence, woven monofilament geotextile, Filtrexx Siltsoxx, ERTEC ProWattle, triangular silt dike, sediment log, coconut coir log, Siltworm, GeoRidge, straw wattles, and Terra-Tube. Joint tests and vegetated buffer strip tests were also conducted. The duration of each test was 30 minutes, and 116 pounds of clay-loam soil were mixed with water in a 300 gallon tank. The solution was continuously mixed throughout the test. The sediment-water slurry was uniformly discharged over an 8 ft by 20 ft impervious 3:1 slope. The bottom of the slope had a permeable zone (8 ft by 8 ft) constructed from the same soil used in the mixing. The product was installed near the center of this zone. Water samples were collected at 5 minute intervals upstream and downstream of the product. These samples were analyzed for total sediment concentration to determine the effectiveness of each product. The performance of each product was evaluated in terms of sediment removal, ponding, ease of installation, and sustainability.
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