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1
Whittle, Peter. „Applied Probability in Great Britain“. Operations Research 50, Nr. 1 (Februar 2002): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.50.1.227.17792.
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Sliusarchuk, Ivan, Vadym Sliusarchuk und Iryna Kovalova. „Carrying out intelligence operations in Great Britain and the USA“. Entrepreneurship, Economy and Law, Nr. 2 (2021): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32849/2663-5313/2021.2.36.
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O'Grady, John G., und Roger Williams. „An Appraisal of Liver Transplantation in Great Britain“. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, Nr. 3 (Juli 1986): 465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300002567.
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Since the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Conference (1983) concluded that liver transplantation was a procedure deserving of wider application to the treatment of end-stage liver disease, there has been a very considerable increase in the number of centers performing liver transplantation, in Europe as well as in the United States. The number of operations performed has increased logarithmically (Figure 1, in Höckerstedt and Kankaanpää, p. 453). With the detailed overall assessment of liver transplantation in Europe by Höckerstedt and Kankaanpää, we will take the opportunity to review the position in Great Britain from a physician's, i.e., non-surgeon's, viewpoint as seen from one of the two centers (Cambridge/King's College and Birmingham) currently recognized in this country. This is based on an experience of 255 cases dating from the first liver transplant performed in Great Britain by Professor Roy Y. Calne in May 1968.
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Alpeev, Oleg Evgen'evich. „Behind the Scenes of the Jam Expedition: Russia's Planning of Warfare in Central Asia in 1878“. RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, Nr. 1 (15.03.2023): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-1-21-33.
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The author examines Russia’s planning of warfare in Central Asia in 1878 while preparing for a possible war with the coalition of Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. The development of the war plan was caused by the inability of the Russian army weakened by the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 to conduct active military operations in Europe. Instead, it was aimed to influence Great Britain by creating a threat to its richest colony - India. In the historical literature there is no clear answer to the question about the goals of the unsuccessful Jam expedition. In this regard, the aim of this research is to reveal the content of the failed campaign’s plan based on the available historical sources and try to reconstruct Russia’s war plan against Great Britain in Central Asia, as well as to show its significance in the further process of war planning in the region. The author comes to conclusion that the Russian military-political leadership initially expected to invade India, but due to the changed situation they conducted just demonstration actions. The failure of the Jam expedition showed the Russian commanders the need to search for a springboard for future actions against India. Moreover, based on the experience of the unsuccessful campaign, the Russian commanders began regular planning for war against Great Britain in Central Asia which provided for the conduct of offensive operations in the direction of Herat.
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Alpeev, Oleg. „Russian Planning a War against the Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Turkey Coalition in 1878“. Slavs and Russia, Nr. 2019 (2019): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2019.3.
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The article considers Russia planning a war against the coalition of Great Britain, Austria-Hungary and Turkey in 1878. When the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878 was over, the Russian high military command attempted to resolve the Eastern Question and seize the Strait of Bosphorus and Constantinople. Having faced the opposition from Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, the Rus-sian command hesitated to capture Constantinople and the Bosphorus, which led to Russia's failure at the Congress of Berlin. War plans worked out by the General Staff and two-star general N.N. Obruchev, meant to help conduct military operations in the Balkans and Galicia were never realised.
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WRÓBLEWSKA, Angelika. „SELECTED ADVANCED CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS“. Cybersecurity & Cybercrime 1, Nr. 1 (31.03.2021): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8016.
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The article presents examples of highly advanced cyber espionage operations aimed atthe structures of states and non-state entities with high impact on the economic activity.The attacks took place between 2003 and 2017. The article presents the steps ofOperation Titan Rain and Operation Gh0stNet and also one of the longest espionageoperations revealed to the public, which is Operation The Night Dragon. Anotheroperation is a series of cyber attacks identified by McAfee - Operation Shady RAT. Theyears 2009-2010 belong to Operation Aurora, whose victims were dozens oforganizations, including Google. One of the described attacks is Operation Nitro,targeting entities mostly located in the United States, Bangladesh and Great Britain. Thecourse of Project Raven was based on a Reuters investigation. The spy campaigntargeting various victims around the world, monitored by a team of BlackBerryResearch and Intelligence specialists, was named as CostaRicto.
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Campbell, A., A. Sorge und M. Warner. „Microelectric product applications in Great Britain & W. Germany“. European Journal of Operational Research 43, Nr. 1 (November 1989): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(89)90414-1.
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Naturkach, R. P. „The purpose and instruments of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states and Great Britain, their legal basis“. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, Nr. 82 (16.05.2024): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.82.1.34.
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The scientific article is devoted to the study of the purpose of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states and Great Britain, its instruments and legal acts, in which they are fixed. The legislation of the member countries of the European Union (Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary) and Great Britain, modern approaches in the science of constitutional and administrative law regarding the definition of the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the member countries of the EU, and the range of its instruments are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the purpose and functions of national banks are interrelated, but not identical. The concept of the goal of the monetary policy of the Central Banks of the EU member states, the activities and instruments of the monetary policy, the functions of the central bank of the EU member states are delineated. It is argued that reducing the purpose of the activities of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain exclusively to the implementation of legal regulation of currency circulation in the state and that the main purpose of the central banks of such EU member states as the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary is purely to ensure the stability of the currency - is not justified. It is argued that the main joint functions of the central banks of Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Great Britain are to ensure the stability of the monetary unit, to promote the maintenance of sustainable rates of economic growth, to achieve and maintain price stability in the state, and to support economic policy. It is established that the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states is to ensure price stability, and it is additionally substantiated that the inflationary inclination of the financial policy is the most effective. It was established that the accounting policy, the interest rate policy, and the regulation of mandatory reserve norms, the volume of the money supply, operations on the open market and operations with credit resources, the amount of interest rates, interest rates of the mandatory reserve of banks are not the purpose of monetary and credit policies, instruments of monetary policy of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain.
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Androshchuk, Iryna, und Ihor Androshchuk. „Specificity of Students’ Technological Training in Finland and Great Britain“. Comparative Professional Pedagogy 8, Nr. 3 (01.09.2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2018-0036.
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Abstract The specificity of students’ technological training in Finland and Great Britain has been considered. It has been found that the state policy of foreign countries is aimed at providing students with professional knowledge, work skills and combining comprehensive and professional training. Specific attention has been paid to the subjects and courses in foreign countries, which are equivalent to the course on technological training. It has been indicated that establishing connections between school, industry and production is one of the important conditions for improving technological training. The specificity of students’ technological training in Finnish schools at different levels of education has been characterized. Indeed, the level of education defines the character of technological operations differentiation based on the materials of manufactured products; gradual introduction of professional and polytechnical optional and specialized courses, whose volume corresponds to regional conditions; organization of visits to production, agricultural and forestry enterprises; active participation of students in professional production, which contributes to acquiring practical experience in the chosen production area. It has been revealed that Finnish schools pay particular attention to the importance of proper facilities and resources and fully equipped workshops, namely joiner’s shops, locksmith shops, tailor’s shops, fully equipped teaching kitchens and canteens. It has been revealed that technological training of students in Great Britain is characterized by their active involvement into field experience; establishment of mini-enterprises based on comprehensive schools; centralization in solving the main objectives in the field of students’ technological training. It has been stated that the mini-enterprises in schools contribute to strengthening the relations between school and the labour market. The common form of students’ technological training is industrial placement and the main method is project-based learning.
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FEDIENKO, O. „The current trends of regulatory support of institutional formation of cybertroops (cyber force): the experience of certain NATO countries“. INFORMATION AND LAW, Nr. 1(48) (06.03.2024): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2024.1(48).300800.
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The general trends of the institutional development of cybertroops (cyber forces) in certain NATO countries (Great Britain, the USA) are determined. Regulatory documents, devoted to the formation of cybertroops in these NATO member countries have been analyzed. The competence, powers and functional tasks of practical activities of cyber units are considered. The content and significance of the cognitive effect doctrine and the consequences of its use are outlined. The peculiarities of the use of cyber troops in the framework of conducting defensive and offensive cyber operations are summarized. The achievements and examples of successful activities of the cyber forces of Great Britain and the United States are detailed. On the basis of the generalization of positive foreign experience in the creation of cyber forces, the prospects of legislative support for the institutional formation of cyber forces in Ukraine are outlined.
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Haley, K. Brian. „War and Peace: The First 25 Years of or in Great Britain“. Operations Research 50, Nr. 1 (Februar 2002): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.50.1.82.17771.
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Adamiak, Stanley. „Great Britain, Blockades, and Neutral Rights: Royal Navy Operations during the Mexican- American War, 1846-1848“. Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 31, Nr. 2 (02.11.2021): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.157.
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Although neutral during the Mexican American War (1846-8), Great Britain’s Royal Navy had to navigate the war’s naval component, particularly commerce raiding and blockades, as it sought to protect and promote trade and neutral rights. While able to use international pressure to limit privateering, handling the blockade proved more problematic. Although US policies largely mirrored British expectations in the Gulf of Mexico, along Mexico’s Pacific coast, inconsistent US Navy actions created tension. The professionalism of both American and British naval officers and a willingness of both governments to compromise effectively diffused any potential crises. Bien qu’elle soit restée neutre pendant la guerre américano-mexicaine (1846-1848), la Marine royale de la Grande-Bretagne a dû s’occuper de l’aspect naval de la guerre, en particulier les corsaires marchands et les blocus commerciaux, alors qu’elle cherchait à protéger et à promouvoir le commerce et la neutralité des droits. Pour limiter la course, la Marine pouvait recourir à des pressions exercées au niveau international, mais la gestion des blocus s’est révélée plus difficile. Bien que les politiques américaines aient reflété en grande partie les attentes britanniques dans le golfe du Mexique, les mesures incohérentes prises par la Marine américaine ont créé des tensions le long de la côte pacifique du Mexique. Le professionnalisme des officiers de marine américains et britanniques et la volonté des deux gouvernements de faire des compromis ont efficacement dissipé toute crise potentielle.
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Krelenko, Denis M. „The factor of the Canarian archipelago in the contexts of pacification Francoist Spain and hegemonic competition (1940–1942)“. Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 23, Nr. 1 (21.02.2023): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2023-23-1-79-87.
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This article is devoted to highlighting the international problems of the initial period of World War II that arose around the status of Gibraltar and the Canary Islands. Spain maintained military-political neutrality in the war. The countries participating in the armed conflict (USA, Great Britain, Nazi Germany) tried to use the territories belonging to Spain to their advantage. In 1941–1942 the British leadership developed several options for subordinating the Canary Islands to the UK. The article deals with operations Bugler, Chatney, Puma and Pilgrim. The author analyzes the features of these projects and the reasons that did not allow them to be implemented. The attention is focused on the different positions of the USA and Great Britain on the status of Spain and the Canaries. The contradictions between the allied powers allowed Spain to save the Canary archipelago. The article concludes that the British strategy was flawed because it diverted large forces needed on other fronts of the world confrontation.
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Waisel, David B. „The Role of World War II and the European Theater of Operations in the Development of Anesthesiology as a Physician Specialty in the USA“. Anesthesiology 94, Nr. 5 (01.05.2001): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200105000-00031.
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World War II was a time of growth and development of anesthesia as a physician specialty. Wartime training exposed neophyte physician-anesthetists to role models who showed the potential of anesthesiology and to the richness of practicing anesthesia. Wartime anesthesia required dexterity, imagination, and pluck, and surgeons and other physicians were suitably impressed. Drawing historical conclusions about cause and effect is hazardous. Recognized and unrecognized biases, preconceived notions, and the quality and type of resources available affect writers. With this in mind, consider how the effects of World War II on the growth of physician anesthesia loosely parallel the growth of anesthesia in Great Britain during the 19th century. Anesthesia became a medical profession in Great Britain because of the interest and support of physicians and the complexity of administering chloroform anesthesia. Similarly, World War II physician-anesthetists showed they could provide complex anesthesia care, such as pentothal administration, regional anesthesia, and tracheal intubation, with aplomb and gained the support of surgical colleagues who facilitated their growth within a medical profession. They returned to a medium ready to support their growth and helped to establish the medical profession of anesthesiology in the United States.
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Kirby, M., und R. Capey. „The Air Defence of Great Britain, 1920-1940: An Operational Research Perspective“. Journal of the Operational Research Society 48, Nr. 6 (Juni 1997): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3010219.
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Kurup, Shalaka, David Golightly, David Clarke und Sarah Sharples. „Passenger information provision: Perspectives from rail industry stakeholders in Great Britain“. Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management 19 (September 2021): 100264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2021.100264.
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Nash, Chris, Zdeněk Tomeš und Monika Jandová. „Experiences with Railway Regulation in Great Britain and the Czech Republic – Round Table Report“. Review of Economic Perspectives 15, Nr. 4 (01.12.2015): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2015-0025.
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Abstract The aim of the Round Table was to compare British and Czech experiences with railway regulation and competition introduction and to determine which lessons can be learnt. Special attention was paid to the question of whether the very complex British reform can be an inspiration for further liberalisation of the railway sector in the Czech Republic or whether there are any reform mistakes that are best avoided. Based on two introductory presentations and subsequent plenary discussion, some consensus emerged. The participants agreed that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to railway regulation and that the introduction of competition should take into account the different circumstances of a particular country. Franchising in passenger operations in Britain successfully stimulated demand but also increased costs to the industry, so its implementation should be completed with care. It seems very unlikely that open-access competition would be a viable solution for the whole passenger rail market because it is limited to a few commercially attractive routes, and as Czech experience suggests, it creates many new problems. Finally, it was confirmed that a strong and dedicated regulator is needed in a newly liberalised environment in order to solve many emerging conflicts and disputes.
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Bissonnette, Victor. „Operational Research and the British Bombing Offensive against Germany, 1941–1945: Calculating Choices in War“. War in History 25, Nr. 4 (16.07.2017): 534–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516679042.
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Operational research is a scientific discipline that appeared in Great Britain on the eve of the Second World War. Bomber Command’s Operational research section began its studies in September 1941, using civilian scientists to analyse the bombing operations. Two potentially conflicting goals were pursued, one intended to maximize the offensive power against Germany, the other striving to minimize bomber losses. This article uses the Operational research performed during the conflict to illustrate the choices made by Bomber Command between those two possibilities, concluding on a clear priority in favour of the offensive.
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Wardman, Mark. „Meta-analysis of price elasticities of travel demand in great britain: Update and extension“. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 158 (April 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2022.01.020.
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Giuliano, Genevieve, und Joyce Dargay. „Car ownership, travel and land use: a comparison of the US and Great Britain“. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 40, Nr. 2 (Februar 2006): 106–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2005.03.002.
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Aleschenko, V. „THE INFORMATIONAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCE DURING THE ARMED STRUGGLE“. Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, Nr. 1 (2018): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2018.38.6-10.
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The article highlights the essence of the concept and general trends in the implementation of the information-psychological influence in the course of armed struggle. Informational and psychological component in military affairs that dominates in countries such as the United States, Germany , Great Britain, France, China, Russia and the main tasks assigned to the special forces information (force) are considered. Some priority areas to counter the information-psychological influence in the course of armed struggle are proposed. Keywords: the information-psychological influence, informational and psychological confrontation, information and psychological operations, informational-psychological action, informational-psychological activities.
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Kryuchkov, Igor V., Natalia D. Kryuchkova und Ashot A. Melkonyan. „Внешняя торговля Британской Индии на рубеже XIX–XX вв. (по материалам дипломатических представительств России)“. Oriental studies 15, Nr. 2 (15.07.2022): 200–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-60-2-200-213.
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Introduction. The history of British Raj’s foreign economic activity development at the turn of the 20th century remains somewhat understudied both in Russian and foreign historiography. Since the 1880s, India significantly increased foreign trade to become Asia’s leader in this regard. Goals. The paper aims at examining dynamics of India’s export-import operations and foreign trade by countries. Materials and methods. The article analyzes reports and accounts of Russian diplomats to have worked in British Raj, the Near East, and Great Britain. The employed research methods include the historical/genetic, comparative historical, and historical/typological ones. Results. Britain had been India’s dominating trading partner. However, gradually other states also increased trade operations with the latter, especially import ones. The paper emphasizes Russia failed to become a key foreign trade partner of British Raj (except for export of kerosene and import of tea). The identified reasons are contentious British-Russian relations in Central Asia in the 1860s–1890s, poor knowledge of the Indian market, and geographical remoteness. British Raj turned an outpost of Great Britain’s economic strength in the Persian Gulf. At the same time, Indian goods displaced products from other countries — including Britain manufactured ones — in many ports of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula. The article stresses that the bulk of India’s foreign economic relations were maintained via maritime transport. This was due to complicated natural and climatic factors along land borders, instability in frontiers (Afghanistan and Persia). Nonetheless, British Raj was increasing its economic presence in Afghanistan, Persia, Nepal, Ceylon, Siam, and western provinces of China. An important place in India’s foreign trade was occupied by transit trade and re-export of goods from other states, which makes it difficult to accurately determine the actual volume of its foreign trade. Conclusions. The specifics of India’s national economic development can thus be traced in the structure of its foreign trade. The exports were dominated by raw materials and foodstuffs; manufactured products were only making their way to foreign markets. The difficulties were largely associated with the Great Britain’s colonial policy in India since the former sought to keep using the latter as a market for industrial products produced in the British Isles. On the eve of WW I, British Raj was building up its economic potential through strengthening its positions in world trade.
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Watson, Gary. „Comparing Formula Methods of Tree Appraisal“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 28, Nr. 1 (01.01.2002): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2002.002.
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Values produced by formula methods of tree appraisal used in five different countries were compared (CTLA)-United States, Standard Tree Evaluation Method (STEM)-New Zealand, Helliwell-Great Britain, Norma Granada-Spain, and Burnley-Australia). Nine individuals appraised the same six trees using all five methods. The CTLA and Helliwell methods consistently produced the lowest values, and the Norma Granada method values were most often the highest. There was a strong relationship between variation among appraisers and the mathematical operations used in calculating the formula values. The Helliwell method, which multiplies all of the rated factors together, consistently produced the highest variation among appraisers. STEM, which adds all the factors together, consistently produced the lowest variation among appraisers. Minimizing the number of multiplication operations used in the formulas is an effective way of reducing appraiser variation, but in doing so, the influence of individual factors may be diminished too much.
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Moses, K. „The availability of coal“. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, Nr. 1-2 (1987): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009490.
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SynopsisSince the assessment of coal reserves for the Royal Commission on the coal industry of Great Britain made nearly a century ago, up to assessments made by geologists of the National Coal Board, it has been evident that the coalfields of Scotland contain considerable quantities of coal. Throughout the past two decades the presence of hydrocarbons in the rocks beneath the North Sea, the general abundance of oil in various parts of the world, and the development of nuclear power, has meant that coal is only one of several sources of energy readily available to us. The coalfields of Scotland contain seams of varying quality and energy content and so can be compared with other fuels. Consequently it is the cost of the energy to the consumer that is often the controlling factor in the choice of which fuel to use. The very nature of coal as a bulky and not-too-easily-handled fuel has meant that only the generation of electricity offers the scope for substantial consumption of coal.The paper examines these factors and also the location of the coal reserves in Scotland, particularly in the light of the geological factors that affect the cost of the energy. The National Coal Board's deep mining exploration programme in Great Britain has sought opportunities for new ventures and developments, some of which have been in Scotland. The market for the coal and the competition for that market clearly indicates that the productivity of coal mining operations is paramount in determining the future size of the coal industry in Scotland. About half of the coal can be provided from low-cost opencast operations, with the other half obtained from the mines with the highest productivities—productivities that result in energy costs similar to those obtained from oil and nuclear power.
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Fomin, A. M. „British Policy and Strategy in the Middle East in 1941: Three Wars ‘East of Suez’“. Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, Nr. 3 (20.11.2020): 191–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-3-191-221.
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After the defeat of France in the summer of 1940, Great Britain was left face to face with the Nazi Germany. It managed to endure the first act of the ‘Battle of Britain’, but could not wage a full-scale war on the continent. Under these conditions, the defense of the British positions in the Mediterranean and in the Middle East became a top priority for W. Churchill’s cabinet. The author examines three episodes of Great Britain’s struggle for the Middle East in 1941 (Iraq, Syria, Iran), framing them into the general logic of the German-British confrontation during this period.The author emphasizes that potential assertion of German hegemony in the Middle East could have made the defense of Suez almost impossible, as well as the communication with India, and would have provided the Reich with an access to almost inexhaustible supplies of fuel. Widespread antiBritish sentiments on the part of the local political and military elites could contribute greatly to the realization of such, catastrophic for Britain, scenario. Under these circumstances, the British government decided to capture the initiative. The paper examines the British military operations in Iraq and Syria. Special attention is paid to the complex dynamics of relations of the British cabinet with the Vichy regime and the Free France movement. As the author notes, the sharpest disagreements aroused on the future of Syria and Lebanon, and the prospects of granting them independence. In the Iran’s case, the necessity of harmonizing policies with the Soviet Union came to the fore. The growing German influence in the region, as well as the need to establish a new route for Lend-Lease aid to the USSR, fostered mutual understanding. After the joint Anglo-Soviet military operation in August-September 1941, Iran was divided into occupation zones. Finally, the paper examines the UK position with regard to the neutrality of Turkey. The author concludes that all these military operations led to the creation of a ‘temporary regime’ of the British domination in the Middle East. However, the Anglo-French and Anglo-Soviet rivalries had not disappeared and, compounded by the growing US presence in the region, laid basis for new conflicts in the post-war period.
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Stanković, Nikola. „A simultaneous study of the Yugoslav and Belgian status under the patronage of Great Britain during the Second World War“. Vojno-istorijski glasnik, Nr. 1 (2023): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vig2301089s.
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The study of the Yugoslav-Belgian relations during the Second World War aims to present the position of two de-estated emigrant apparatuses under the auspices of the British diplomacy through a comparative analysis, starting from short-term war operations and the evacuation of two structures abroad, the issue of gold reserves and the royal issue, to the political, military and material aspect of the given relations in the later war period. The parallel consideration of the Yugoslav and Belgian experience in dealing with the interests of the United Kingdom tends to demystify the stereotypes already established regarding the international position of the Yugoslav Government in exile.
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Pomiès-Maréchal, Sylvie. „The Enduring Influence of Female Special Operations Executive Agent Biopics on Cultural Memory and Representations in France and Great Britain“. European Journal of Life Writing 10 (08.09.2021): WLS144—WLS168. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ejlw.10.37917.
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Seventy-five years have elapsed since the end of World War Two. Yet, the memory of the conflict still occupies a central place in British and French collective consciousness. Fiction and film representations of the war act as powerful ‘vectors of memory’, to borrow an expression from French historian Henry Rousso, and as such, they have deeply contributed to shaping popular and cultural memories of the war.
This article investigates a specific aspect of World War Two representations, namely the cinematic representations of the female agents from the SOE F section, focusing on the ‘generic’ or archetypal figure of the female SOE agent as generated by the post-war cultural industry. After a brief contextualisation focusing on Churchill’s clandestine organisation, the article will analyse the contribution of Odette (Herbert Wilcox, 1950) and Carve Her Name with Pride (Lewis Gilbert, 1958) to the construction of a World War Two ‘mythology’. It will then address more recent films, concentrating on Charlotte Gray (Gillian Armstrong, 2001) and Female Agents (Jean-Paul Salomé, 2008).
How did the fictional construction of the female spy come to influence the social and cultural perception of the SOE agent? Are the tropes developed in such post-war films as Odette or Carve Her Name with Pride still current or have they evolved with time? The analysis of these fictional representations will reveal the permanence or evolution of certain representational patterns and also allow us to approach different perspectives on the cultural representation of World War Two on both sides of the Channel.
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Orlady, H. W., und L. M. Orlady. „Human factors in multi-crew flight operations“. Aeronautical Journal 106, Nr. 1060 (Juni 2002): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400009607x.
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AbstractThis paper discusses selected aviation human factors challenges in the air transport environment. Because of the authors’ background, much of this paper will be based upon the growth of human factors and airline training in transport aviation in the United States. However, parallel growth and advancements have been made in other parts of the world from the beginning of air transport and are being made in many parts of the world today. This is certainly true of Great Britain. One should never forget that air transport is a world enterprise and has been since its beginning. While it is important to recognise that cultural and other differences should be considered if they are relevant, it is equally important in air transport to recognise that common problems are solved by common solutions and can be addressed by, but are not limited to, common approaches.It is recognised that the behavioral aspect of aviation human factors deserves considerable attention, particularly in the area of training and evaluation. We have also learned that previous training criteria are not satisfactory for operation with increasingly complex aircraft being operated in an increasingly complex environment. Human errors occur with greater frequency than is often believed and can be made by anyone — even an airline captain. An inevitable consequence of this entirely human characteristic is that the role of the co-pilot has been considerably enhanced. Furthermore, the monitoring function of the pilot-not-flying, whether he/she is the captain or co-pilot, is now recognised as a critical safety function by virtually all serious operational experts.
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Kochegarov, S. A., und V. V. Mikhailov. „REACTION IN GOVERNMENT AND PARLIAMENT OF GREAT BRITAIN ON SOVIET-ESTONIAN PEACE NEGOTIATIONS IN 1919-1920“. Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), Nr. 3 (2021): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-3-58-71.
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The article focuses on the contradictions in the British regarding the continuation of military operations against the Soviet Republic at the end of 1919 and the participation of Estonia in the White struggle. Documents of British archives, and transcripts of proceedings of Parliament shows that after a series of military setbacks of the White forces, and the failure of formation with the direct pressure from the British military advisers of the government of the North-West Russia to create anti-Bolshevik coalition under the political control of the British commissioners in the Baltic countries, the mood in Parliament and the War Cabinet of Britain has changed. Speeches of liberal members of Parliament at the meetings of 1919-1920, note that the issue of concluding a Bolshevik-Estonian peace Treaty has become positively evaluated in wide circles of British society. Criticism of the «militarism» of the government became particularly acute after the peace of Tartu in January 1920, and the firmness of the Estonian government, which had making peace, was welcomed by a number of deputies. Minutes of meetings of the British Imperial War Cabinet and documents of the War Council also shows a shift from the policy of active involvement of the Baltic countries in the anti-Bolshevik struggle to recognition of the failure of this struggle and the impossibility of its revival by spending the financial and material resources, which were strongly necessary to solve other problems that arose in the British government after the end of the First world war.
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Carlin, Jane. „Heralding the future: the art publisher in Great Britain from the 1920s through the post-war era“. Art Libraries Journal 17, Nr. 3 (1992): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200007914.
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Major contributions to the publication of art books in the 20th century have been made by publishing houses in Great Britain. These include The Studio magazine and its associated publications, founded by Charles Holme late in the 19th century, a widely influential enterprise which was eventually to become the publishing house Studio Vista. Three other ventures resulted from initiatives by European émigrés. Anton Zwemmer arrived in England and commenced his activities as bookseller and publisher in the 1920s. Bela Horovitz’s Phaidon Press, founded in Vienna in 1923, was safeguarded from the Nazis by Sir Stanley Unwin and recommenced operations under its own name, in London, in 1946. And in 1949 Thames and Hudson was founded by Walter Neurath, who had fled Nazi Germany in 1938. The activities of these publishing houses were complemented by those of Albert Skira in Switzerland, who developed the production of art books illustrated with colour plates. After the Second World War, art publishing flourished as never before, with these and other publishers contributing to an expansion of art publishing on an international front which saw the emergence of the ‘coffee table’ book and of popular art books for a wide readership, the publication of international co-editions, and the multiplication of series. However, more art books has not always meant better art books.
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Maruschak, Iryna. „The United Kingdom in the Gulf War and the Position of NATO (1990 – 1991)“. European Historical Studies, Nr. 10 (2018): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.10.103-115.
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The article touches upon the participation of Great Britain in the Gulf war of 1990-1991. This war was one of the largest armed conflicts after the Second World War, in which Britain took part. The reaction of London to the actions of the regime of Saddam Hussein has been analyzed. The political and military aspects of the crisis development in Iraq have been outlined. The quick decision-making and activity of the UNO Council during the settlement of the Iraqi crisis have been unfolded. The UN has been adopting 12 resolutions per year in order to put an end to the occupation of Kuwait, to restore international peace and security in the region. The position and approach of the North Atlantic Alliance to resolving the Iraqi crisis has been researched. The importance of NATO diplomatic consultations and the rapid response to the crisis situation on the periphery of the Alliance territory, as well as the cooperation between Britain and its allies, first of all, the United States, have been revealed. The activities of the international coalition, mainly the NATO member states, where the leading place was represented by the British military, have been highlighted. Major military operations, such as Desert Shield, Desert Storm and Grunbi which liberated the Kuwaiti territory from the Iraqi forces have been analyzed.
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Richardson, Paul. „The Special Collection on Publishing in Africa at Oxford Brookes University“. African Research & Documentation 76 (1998): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00013017.
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In retrospect there was a certain inevitability that the Oxford Centre for Publishing Studies and Oxford Brookes University Library should establish a special collection on publishing in Africa, the first of its kind in Britain and perhaps anywhere in the northern hemisphere. There was the pre-existence in Oxford of powerful African publishing connections, represented on the one hand by two of the great houses which had helped to shape and develop and profit from publishing for and in Africa: Oxford University Press and Heinemann, and on the other by the parallel and equally important presence of specialist publishing operations and individuals with a focussed interest in publishing in the region: Bellagio and ABC, Hans Zell and Code Europe, James Currey Publishers and INASET.
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Čolović, Vladimir. „Finansijsko restrukturiranje privrednih subjekata“. Pravo i privreda 61, Nr. 2 (10.06.2023): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.55836/pip_23204a.
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Generally, by restructuring, we mean undertaking a series of measures that should contribute to the improvement of business operations of economic entities. Restructuring measures can be taken when a business entity is in fnancial difculties and when bankruptcy proceedings are threatened, but these measures are also taken when there is a need for more efcient operations. Tat is why we can distinguish restructuring outside of bankruptcy and in bankruptcy. There are diferent forms of restructuring, and attention will be paid, above all, to fnancial restructuring. We must say that fnancial and other forms of restructuring can be classifed within the framework of corporate restructuring. The paper also states the diference between restructuring and reorganization of the debtor. The author analyzes the relationship between fnancial and other forms of restructuring. The paper will briefy analyze the Law on Consensual Financial Restructuring of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the EU Directive in this area. Also, the author looks at some solutions in this area in Great Britain and USA.
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Giousmpasoglou, Charalampos, Evangelia Marinakou und John Cooper. „“Banter, bollockings and beatings”“. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 30, Nr. 3 (19.03.2018): 1882–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-01-2017-0030.
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Purpose This study aims to conceptualise how the occupational socialisation of young chefs is conducted in Michelin-starred restaurants in Great Britain and Ireland; the key role of banter and bullying in this process is explored and critically discussed. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative research critically discusses the data from 54 in-depth, face-to-face interviews with male and female Michelin-starred chefs in Great Britain and Ireland. A flexible interview guide was used to ensure all key areas, and topics discussed earlier in the literature review were covered. The rich data from the interviews were categorised in four different themes. Findings Drawing upon the fieldwork, fresh insights into the social structures, processes and group dynamics which underpin the socialisation process of young chefs are revealed in the participants’ own words. Four areas emerged from the usage of thematic analysis: occupational status, discipline and hierarchy in kitchen brigades, gender segregation in kitchen brigades and the role of banter and bullying in occupational socialisation. Research limitations/implications This study generates empirical data that inform contemporary debates about the role of banter and bullying in the occupational socialisation process of new members in Michelin-starred restaurants. A conceptual framework on the process of occupational socialisation in Michelin-starred kitchen brigades in Great Britain and Ireland is also provided. Practical implications The findings of this study suggest that banter and bullying are deeply embedded in chefs’ occupational culture; they also play a key role in the process of induction and occupational socialisation of the new recruits. In addition, gender segregation was found to be a persistent problem in commercial kitchens – young female chefs have to endure the same harsh conditions during the induction and occupational socialisation process. A recommended course of action to eradicate this phenomenon involves HR professionals, hospitality managers and the Michelin Guide. Originality/value The understanding of chefs’ induction and occupational socialisation is deemed crucial for successful hospitality operations; nevertheless, this still remains an under-researched area. This study is unique in terms of scale and depth; it is expected to provide useful insights in both theoretical and practical perspective, regarding the induction, socialisation and eventually, retention of young chefs in Michelin-starred restaurants.
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Lewin, J., E. Saridogan, D. Byrne, T. J. Clark und A. Vashisht. „Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgery for severe endometriosis in the UK: a national database study“. Facts, Views and Vision in ObGyn 14, Nr. 4 (30.12.2022): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52054/fvvo.14.4.043.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant effect on healthcare services, particularly affecting patients who suffer from chronic conditions. However, the pandemic’s effect on endometriosis surgery is not yet known. Objectives: To determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgery for severe endometriosis in the UK at a national, regional and centre-level. Materials and Methods: The British Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (BSGE) collects data nationally on all operations for severe endometriosis which involve dissection of the pararectal space. Annual audits of this database were obtained from the BSGE. Publicly available data on COVID-19 cases and population were obtained from the UK Office for National Statistics. Main outcome measures: Numbers of annual BSGE-registered endometriosis operations. Results: A total of 8204 operations were performed. The number of operations decreased by 49.4% between 2019 and 2020 and then increased in 2021, but remained 10.5% below average pre-pandemic levels, indicating at least 980 missed operations between 2019-2020. Median operations per centre decreased by 51.0% in 2020 (IQR 29.4% – 75.0%) and increased in 2021 but remained 33% below pre-pandemic levels. There was no change in the type of surgery performed. All 11 administrative regions of Great Britain had reduced numbers of operations in 2020 compared with the average for 2017-2019, with a median 44.2% decrease (range 13.3% - 67.5%). Regional reduction in operations was correlated with COVID-19 infection rates (r=0.54, 95% CI of r 0.022 – 1.00, p=0.043). Conclusion: The number of operations performed annually in the UK for severe endometriosis fell dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic and is yet to normalise. What’s new? This study shows the dramatic effect that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on UK services for endometriosis surgery, which may continue to affect patients and clinicians for a considerable time to come.
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Kristensen, Hans M., und Matthew G. McKinzie. „Nuclear arsenals: Current developments, trends and capabilities“. International Review of the Red Cross 97, Nr. 899 (September 2015): 563–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383116000308.
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AbstractIn this article, the highly destructive potential of global nuclear arsenals is reviewed with respect to nuclear force structures, evolution of nuclear capabilities, modernization programmes and nuclear war planning and operations. Specific nuclear forces data is presented for the United States, the Russian Federation, Great Britain, France, China, Pakistan, India, Israel and North Korea. Hypothetical, escalatory scenarios for the use of nuclear weapons are presented, including the calculated distribution of radioactive fallout. At more than seventy years since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and twenty-five years since the end of the Cold War, international progress on nuclear arms control and disarmament has now nearly stalled, with the emphasis shifting to modernizing and maintaining large inventories of nuclear weapons indefinitely. This perpetuates a grave risk to human health, civil society and the environment.
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Petrov, N. D. „INTERESTS OF WESTERN COUNTRIES AND THE USSR IN THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MONTREUX CONVENTION OF 1936 AND 1945“. Post–Soviet Continent, Nr. 2 (09.12.2023): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48137/23116412_2023_2_133.
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The Black Sea region is under the close attention of the leading Western countries in the face of the United States and Great Britain, and the main players in military counteraction between themselves are Russia and Turkey. The Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits have historically been the epicenter of conflicts and bloody military operations for centuries. The Montreux Convention awarded Turkey the legal status of guardian of regional security in the Straits and Black Sea Powers zone. During the Great Patriotic War, the Turkish side neglected the status of the guardian of security in the region and thereby influenced the revision of the Montreux Convention in 1945. The article analyzes the reasons for the revision of the Montreux Convention, and also studies the results taking into account the interests of Western countries with Turkey, Russia (USSR) and the United States. The USSR found itself in a losing position and all the demands that were presented by the Stalinist leadership were eventually annulled by N.S. Khrushchev. The goals and objectives of defending Soviet interests were not realized.
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Lapushkina, Alina O. „History of the Central Volta region (Ghana) 1870-1914: european merchants, christian missions and features of colonial German government“. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, Nr. 6 (2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080028823-2.
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The article is dedicated to the history of the central part of the Volta (Ghana) of the second half of the 19th-early 20th centuries: the trading operations of European entrepreneurs, Christian missions, and the peculiarities of colonial rule. The trade in slaves, cotton, ivory, palm oil and other goods made a significant contribution to the economy of the Volta basin. On the one hand, Europeans perceived it as a territory with valuable resources, and saw the potential in it for economic development and transformation into an economically self-sufficient and profitable zone under colonial rule; on the other hand, it is possible that Europeans used the routes through the central part of the Volta region only to get to the most important slave markets in the Slave Trade Era. From the middle of the XIX century the territory of modern Eastern Ghana was under the influence of various European countries (Denmark, Great Britain, France) and then the colonial governments (Germany, Great Britain). However, it was the German colonial rule (although relatively short) and most importantly the activities of the Bremen Mission largely determined the historical trajectory of the central part of the Volta region in the pre-colonial and colonial periods. The author's own results of research also point to a more "utilitarian" attitude to Avatime under the British regime (in the perception of the Avatime themselves) compared to the attitude of the Bremen missionaries acting "for a good cause" and laying the foundations of the school system and professional education.
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Hacker, Barton C. „White Man's War, Coloured Man's Labour. Working for the British Army on the Western Front“. Itinerario 38, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2014): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115314000515.
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The Great War was indeed a world war. Imperial powers like Great Britain drew on their far-flung empires not only for resources but also for manpower. This essay examines one important (though still inadequately studied) aspect of British wartime exigency, the voluntary and coerced participation of the British Empire's coloured subjects and allies in military operations on the Western Front. With the exception of the Indian Army in the first year of the war, that participation did not include combat. Instead coloured troops, later joined by contract labourers, played major roles behind the lines. From 1916 onwards, well over a quarter million Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, South Africans, West Indians, New Zealand Maoris, Black Canadians, and Pacific Islanders worked the docks, built roads and railways, maintained equipment, produced munitions, dug trenches, and even buried the dead. Only in recent years has the magnitude of their contribution to Allied victory begun to be more fully acknowledged. Yet the greatest impact of British labour policies in France might lie elsewhere entirely. Chinese workers seem likely to have carried the virus that caused the Great Flu pandemic of 1918-19, which may have killed more people around the world than the war itself.
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Kryuchkov, Igor V., Natalia D. Kriuchkova und Ashot A. Melkonyan. „Керман и Систан в экономической конкуренции России и Великобритании в Восточной Персии на рубеже XIX–XX вв.“ Oriental Studies 15, Nr. 5 (26.12.2022): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-919-929.
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Introduction. The economic development of Eastern Persian provinces Kerman and Sistan — and the latter’s role in Russian-British economic rivalry — throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries remains somewhat understudied in both Russian and foreign historiographies. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of key trends in the development of Sistan and Kerman at the turn of the 20th century and their significance in foreign economic activities of both Great Britain and Russia. Materials and methods. The paper investigates reports by Russian diplomats to have headed Consulates to Kerman and Sistan. The employed research methods are the historical/genetic, historical/comparative, and historical/typological ones. Results. Russian diplomats paid great attention to peculiarities of Kerman and Sistan’s development, with due regard of their ethnic compositions, climatic conditions, and economic potentials. The article emphasizes that for a long time foreign trade of Kerman and Sistan was dominated by the British Empire which used, first of all, the potential and experience gained by India in organizing trade with Persia. The analysis of the Russian diplomatic reports shows since the late 19th century Russia — driven by its own foreign economic ambitions in Eastern Persia — was showing great interest in these provinces. St. Petersburg was aware of the impossibility of maintaining political dominance in Persia without strengthening its economic presence in the country, including in regions traditionally dominated by the British Empire. This initiative of St. Petersburg caused great concern in London. Conclusions. In the late 19th – early 20th centuries, Russia succeeded in challenging the positions of the British Empire in Sistan and Kerman markets, even in the segment of textile exports traditionally dominated by Great Britain. At the same time, when it comes to describe the obvious achievements of Russia in Persia’s eastern provinces it should be noted that Russian entrepreneurs showed little interest in developing trade with Kerman and Sistan. Therefore, most foreign economic operations were to be implemented with the active participation of Russian diplomatic missions. However, on the eve of WWI Russia’s entrepreneurs did take an initiative of their own, and thus paved further trade success in Sistan and Kerman.
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Hnydiuk, O. P. „ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL BASES OF PROFESSIONAL AND PHYSICAL TRAINING OF OFFICERS OF THE ARMED FORCES OF GREAT BRITAIN“. Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Education. Social and Behavioural Sciences 2022, Nr. 1 (22.06.2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjeducation.2022.01.069.
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Given the transformation of Ukraine’s military education system, the experience of professional and physical training of officer personnel at military educational institutions in Great Britain is of particular interest. The aim of this article is to summarize the organizational and pedagogical foundations of the professional and physical training of British Armed Forces officers. The British Armed Forces are one of the largest armed forces in Europe; they are fully professional and voluntary. Although Britain’s national security concept includes an emphasis on countering the new threats of the information age, physical training of officers in military education institutions is a priority. It has been established that the United Kingdom has accumulated innovative experience that can be used to develop a system of continuous physical training of border guard officers. In particular, physical training of officers in British military education institutions remains a priority. Physical training programs for officers of the British Armed Forces include general gymnastics, athletics, swimming, soccer, boxing, and judo. In addition, in ground units designed for direct participation in combat operations, physical training programs are supplemented by overcoming obstacles and learning hand-to-hand combat techniques. A compulsory element is the so-called adventure course, covering a set of techniques and actions for moving on difficult terrain, overcoming natural and artificial obstacles in the conditions of tactical tasks. Physical training of future police officers in training centers is practice-oriented. This is a short and medium-distance running, the ability to use special techniques when detaining suspicious persons, etc. Key words: physical training system, officers, military schools and colleges, military education, British Armed Forces, sports.
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Welch, A. C. „Light aviation - past, present and future“. Aeronautical Journal 107, Nr. 1072 (Juni 2003): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000097268.
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To attempt to predict the future of light and sporting aviation in Britain is not possible without a study of how it has arrived at where it is today. How, in the early days, it was the enterprise of the individual enthusiast which was the driving force in all aviation progress, to the present where ‘private’ flying, in all its many forms, has been massively outgrown by commercial airline operations. The 1903 flights of the Wrights did not appear out of the blue. They were just one more exciting happening at a time of great engineering ventures. Trains were running regularly all over Britain, the internal combustion engine was reliable enough to power private motor cars and city buses. Gliders had been successfully flown, telephones were in regular use. There were passenger ships powered by 70,000hp engines crossing the Atlantic at speeds of 25kt. The world was wide open for anything new and in 1903 aviation quickly took pride of place. Light aviation was the name given to ‘amateur’ flying in the 1920s, to distinguish it from military and commercial aviation. It is still the valuable entry into aviation generally, as it is a relatively inexpensive way to try out new ideas. But to fulfil its potential it has to remain attractive and affordable, particularly to the young. This paper endeavours to speculate how light aviation will fare during aviation’s second century in Britain - or at least for the next 20-30 years, in an increasingly complex world in which global accessibility is commonplace.
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HAJT, Sławomir, und Grzegorz STANKIEWICZ. „CHARAKTERISTICS OF THE FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS USED IN THE LOGISTIC SUBSYSTEM OF SUPPLYING OF GREAT BRITAIN, THE USA, FRANCE AND GERMANY – PART II“. Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 160, Nr. 2 (01.04.2011): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2956.
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In the first part of the article authors introduced selected operational and tactical aspects which are determining the size of material needs contemporary transport technologies of the armies in the contemporary armed struggle. Moreover there was described an overall characteristics of contemporary transport technologies. Furthermore in the context generally identified material needs of the armies in the military peacekeeping and stabilization operations authors introduced functional and technical solutions being used in the American and British supply subsystem of the land forces.Currently presented text in is fully devoted to characteristics of functional and technical solutions applied in the supply subsystem of France and Germany.
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Waddington, G. T. „'An idyllic and unruffled atmosphere of complete Anglo-German misunderstanding': Aspects of the Operations of the Dienststelle Ribbentrop in Great Britain, 1934-1938“. History 82, Nr. 265 (Januar 1997): 44–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.00027.
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NEIBERG, MICHAEL S. „Revisiting the Myths: New Approaches to the Great War“. Contemporary European History 13, Nr. 4 (November 2004): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304001924.
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Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker, 14–18: Understanding the Great War (New York: Hill & Wang), 280 pp., $24.00, ISBN 0-8090-4643-1.Jeremy Black, ed., War in the Modern World since 1815 (London: Routledge, 2003), 268 pp., £18.99, ISBN 0-415-25140-0.Gail Braybon, ed., Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18 (Oxford: Berghahn, 2003), 304 pp., £50.00, ISBN 1-57181-726-7.Roger Chickering and Stig Förster, eds., The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919–1939 (Washington, DC, and Cambridge: German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 2003), 364 pp., $60.00, ISBN 0-521-81236-4.Andrew Green, Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories, 1915–48 (London: Frank Cass, 2003), 200 pp., £19.99, ISBN 0-7146-8430-9.John H. Morrow Jr, The Great War: An Imperial History (New York: Routledge, 2003), 352 pp., $27.50, ISBN 0-415-20439-9.Mario Morselli, Caporetto, 1917: Victory or Defeat? (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 176 pp., £65.00 (hb), ISBN 0-714-65073-0.Gary Sheffield, Forgotten Victory: The First World War, Myths and Realities (London: Headline, 2001), 318 pp., £7.99, ISBN 0-747-27157-7.The powers of Europe fought the Great War for more than four years, but it took France fifteen years to write its official history, Germany nineteen years, and the United Kingdom an astonishing twenty-six years. These works, moreover, encompass only land operations and fill twenty-three extraordinarily detailed volumes for France, an equal number for Great Britain, and fourteen volumes for Germany. The time and energy needed to compile the thousands of necessary documents, organise that data, and construct the interpretations reflect both the enormity of the war itself and the difficulty of finding meaning in an event that so deeply shook the continent.
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Elishev, S. O. „“The Great Game” — confrontation between the Anglo-Saxon and Russian world“. Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 29, Nr. 4 (04.11.2023): 33–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2023-29-4-33-64.
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This article is devoted to understanding the essence, defining the spatial and time frames, as well as describing the most significant episodes of the development of The Great Game — the policy of containing the development of Russia by Anglo-Saxon elites and powers, dating back more than two centuries. Perceiving Russia as the main obstacle to achieving its global geopolitical hegemony, Anglo-Saxon elites and powers actively waged large-scale diplomatic, economic, information wars and battles against Russia, military operations, conducted operations to organize coups d’etat and “revolutions”, trying to destroy Russia both by actions from outside and undermining it from within. The author of the article draws attention to the origin of the very concept of “Great Game”, as well as its use in a narrow and broad sense. In a narrow sense, this concept is used to denote the active geopolitical and economic confrontation between Great Britain and the Russian Empire for control over Central Asia throughout the 19th century (or according to a number of authors, starting in 1856) until 1907. Broadly, to indicate the global geopolitical confrontation between the Anglo-Saxon and Russian world from thebeginning of the 19th century and continuing to the present.The author believes that the interpretation of the “Great Game” in a narrow sense is incorrect, politically biased and deliberately aimed at hiding the knowledge of the “Great Game” from the mass audience.The author considers various points of view of domestic and foreign authors to determine the starting and final point, time and spatial framework of the “Great Game”. He refers to the vivid episodes of The “Great Game”: the Palace Coup of 1801 — the assassination of Emperor Paul I; “Napoleonic” wars; December putsch of 1825; Confrontation with England in Turkestan, the Caucasus, other regions; Russo-Persian and Russo-Turkish Wars, Crimean War, Russo-Japanese War; the Caucasian War and events in Central Asia and Turkestan; Financing and organization in the Russian Empire of the “fifth column”; Revolutionary events of 1905–1907; World War I; 1917 Revolution; Russian Civil War; Support for “intra-party” opposition; Bringing A. Hitler to power in Germany; World War II organization; “Cold War”, Dismemberment of the USSR; Chechen Wars; “Color revolutions” in the post-Soviet space; The 2008 war and Georgia’s “coercion” to peace; 2014 coup d’état, the subsequent civil war in Ukraine, start of Special Military Operation.
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Lutsenko, Nazarii. „United States – United Kingdom military cooperation under Donald Trump’s administration (2017 – 2021)“. American History & Politics: Scientific edition, Nr. 12 (2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.12.4.
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This article refers to military cooperation between the United States and Great Britain. Their relationship constitutes an important component of the system of the international relations. Both countries have nuclear weapons and the latest military technology. Both states are sending troops to resolve military conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa. The United States and the United Kingdom provide a significant support to Ukraine in its confrontation with the Russian Federation. Methodology. The research is based on chronological, historical-political and comparative methods. The purpose of the article is to study the changes and the development of the US-British bilateral relations in the context of military cooperation. Looking at the results of this study, the US-British military relations under the Donald Trump administration have not changed. The article illustrates that the United States and the United Kingdom are the main partners in the production of weapons and equipment, strategic planning of operations. British ships in the Asian-Pacific and Middle East plying with the US Navy, repeatedly conducted joint exercises. These are the only countries that conduct the bilateral military exercises almost every year. Under the premiership of Theresa May and Boris Johnson, the United Kingdom pursued a foreign policy strategy which is called Global Britain. The main goal is to make the country more powerful in the international arena. At the same time Donald Trump`s main strategy was to «Made America great again». So, sometimes there were some political discussions among political leaders how to react and to solve the problems in the Middle East, especially in Iraq. However, this did not affect the proximity of the military partnership. Both countries work closely together in the military force and in intelligence.
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Beerman, Eric. „The Last Battle of the American Revolution: Yorktown. No, The Bahamas! (The Spanish-American Expedition to Nassau in 1782)“. Americas 45, Nr. 1 (Juli 1988): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007328.
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History generally records Lord Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in October 1781 as the last battle of the American Revolution. Nevertheless, six months after that epic campaign, warships of the South Carolina Navy commanded by Commodore Alexander Gillon, transported Spanish General Juan Manuel de Cagigal's infantrymen from Havana to Nassau in the Bahamas, where the British capitulated on May 8, 1782. Thus, the Treaty of Versailles signed the following year made this little-known Spanish and American expedition the last battle of the American Revolution.The Bahamas, or Lucayos, an archipelago off the southeastern coast of the United States, take on increasing historical interest with the approach of the 500th Anniversary of Columbus's first landing in the New World 200 miles southeast of Nassau at Guanahani. The Bahamas, however, played only a minor role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas whereas, Great Britain gave priority to these strategic islands, making an initial settlement on the island of Eleuthera. The British later found a better harbor to the west and named the island New Providence which became their Bahama stronghold. King Charles II granted the Duke of Albemarle the Bahamas in 1670 and appointed John Wentworth as governor. Harrassed by plundering pirates, the British governor constructed a fort on New Providence in 1695 and named it Nassau in honor of King William III. The island's preoccupation changed in 1703 from marauding corsairs to a Spanish and French invasion during the War of the Spanish Succession. Great Britain regained control and maintained it until the outbreak of the American Revolution when John Paul Jones participated in the brief American seizure of Nassau in March 1776 in one of the first offensive operations in the history of the United States Navy.
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Antenucci, Andrea, und Giovanni Sansavini. „Adequacy and security analysis of interdependent electric and gas networks“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 232, Nr. 2 (30.10.2017): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x17715953.
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In this article, adequacy and security assessments on the coupled operations of the electric and gas networks are performed. Extreme operating conditions and fault of components are considered as events that can impact the interdependent systems. The electric and gas networks are represented by an event-based direct current power flow model and by a transient one-dimensional mass flow model, respectively. Furthermore, the automations and safety strategies enforced by transmission system operators are represented within an original modelling approach. A quantitative analysis is performed with reference to the simplified energy infrastructures of Great Britain. Results highlight the contingencies which can jeopardize security and identify the components that are prone to fail and induce large gas pressure instabilities and loss of supply, and the locations in the gas grid that are susceptible to pressure violation. Moreover, a simulated 30% increase of the peak gas demand in 2015 is a limit for safe operations of the gas network, but the coupled systems are robust enough to avoid the spread of a cascading failure across networks. These results allow preventing critical operating conditions induced by the interaction between networks and can guide safety-based decisions on system reinforcements and the development of mitigating actions.
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Almuhaidb, Yasser. „Perspectives of Winding Up of a Company: Comparative Analysis of UK, USA and EU“. مجلة جدارا للدراسات والبحوث 9, Nr. 1 (05.03.2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54161/jrs.v9i1.200.
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Companies across the globe are often started and, at the end of their operations, undergo a legal process identified as winding up. The legal process of starting a business or company differs greatly from the ending or winding-up process. Some common practices identified with closing a business entail compulsory winding up and voluntary winding up based on their jurisdictions. An investigation of some of the nations to be applied in the study include the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain. The research will also examine the efficacies associated with the legal processes in these three jurisdictions. The study will explore the legal provisions associated with the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code and the Companies Act practiced in the European Union. An emphasis on the challenges companies faces when in the winding-up process or insolvency will be highlighted. It will offer an opportunity to navigate the intricacies of insolvency laws alongside their historical evolution. The underlying provisions and principles governing the operations of winding up a company in these three nations will be discussed to offer valuable information for the study. Lastly, the article will tabulate the variations and similarities in the three regimes.