Thematische Bibliographien / Ultrasound

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ultrasound“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 23. November 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Ultrasound"

He, Yina, und Tiantian Zhao. „Ultrasound Evaluation of the Diaphragm in Clinical Anesthesia“. Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (03.03.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2163225.

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When the human body is anesthetized, the human nerve tissue will be greatly affected, which also affects the breathing of the human body. The respiration during anesthesia is a lack of initiative, and the energy efficiency of the diaphragm in the lungs is very important to the safety of anesthesia. In this paper, the application of the ultrasound evaluation of the diaphragm in clinical anesthesia was studied. In this paper, 24 patients who underwent lung examination under medical anesthesia at our hospital were evaluated by the ultrasound vertical mixed echo method. Through patient voluntary selection and consent, 16 patients were examined with B-mode ultrasound and the other 8 patients with M-mode ultrasound to compare the effects of different ultrasounds on diaphragm image quality. In addition, this paper also analyzes the differences between different ultrasounds and the strengths and weaknesses of diaphragmatic ultrasound evaluation in clinical anesthesia. The suggestions of using different ultrasounds in ultrasonic evaluation are given. The study showed that 16 cases of B-mode ultrasound evaluation of the diaphragm obtained ultrasound images which showed a large field of vision, acoustic frequency between 7 and 18 MHz, and thickness difference between 0.35 and 0.52 cm. In 8 patients with the diaphragm evaluated by M-mode ultrasound, the local features of M-mode ultrasound images were clearer than those of B-mode ultrasound images, but the visual field area was smaller, the acoustic frequency was between 10 and 15 MHz, and the thickness difference was between 0.12 and 0.18 cm. Based on the above data, this paper suggests that, in the ultrasonic evaluation of the diaphragm, B-mode ultrasound should be used to check the patients first, and then M-mode ultrasound should be used to check the parts with poor quality so that the accurate diaphragm quality of patients can be obtained in the vast majority of patients.

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Rocca, Eduardo, Christian Zanza, Yaroslava Longhitano, Fabio Piccolella, Tatsiana Romenskaya, Fabrizio Racca, Gabriele Savioli, Angela Saviano, Andrea Piccioni und Silvia Mongodi. „Lung Ultrasound in Critical Care and Emergency Medicine: Clinical Review“. Advances in Respiratory Medicine 91, Nr. 3 (17.05.2023): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arm91030017.

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Lung ultrasound has become a part of the daily examination of physicians working in intensive, sub-intensive, and general medical wards. The easy access to hand-held ultrasound machines in wards where they were not available in the past facilitated the widespread use of ultrasound, both for clinical examination and as a guide to procedures; among point-of-care ultrasound techniques, the lung ultrasound saw the greatest spread in the last decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has given a boost to the use of ultrasound since it allows to obtain a wide range of clinical information with a bedside, not harmful, repeatable examination that is reliable. This led to the remarkable growth of publications on lung ultrasounds. The first part of this narrative review aims to discuss basic aspects of lung ultrasounds, from the machine setting, probe choice, and standard examination to signs and semiotics for qualitative and quantitative lung ultrasound interpretation. The second part focuses on how to use lung ultrasound to answer specific clinical questions in critical care units and in emergency departments.

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Sola, Richard, Blair A. Wormer, William E. Anderson, Thomas M. Schmelzer und Graham H. Cosper. „Predictors and Outcomes of Nondiagnostic Ultrasound for Acute Appendicitis in Children“. American Surgeon 83, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2017): 1357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481708301218.

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Ultrasound assessments of children with possible acute appendicitis (AA) are often nondiagnostic. We aimed to identify the predictors of nondiagnostic ultrasound and to investigate the outcomes. A retrospective review was conducted on children aged 4 to 17 years evaluated in 2013 for AAwith ultrasound at a tertiary hospital pediatric emergency department. Demographics, clinical data, and outcomes were analyzed. Of 528 children, 194 (36.7%) had diagnostic ultrasounds and 334 (63.3%) had nondiagnostic ultrasounds. Nondiagnostic ultrasounds were more common after-hours (7 pm–7 am weekdays and on weekends, 70.7%) than during business hours (7 am–7 pm weekdays; 29.3%). After-hours timing and female sex were identified as independent predictors of non-diagnostic ultrasounds (P < 0.05 for both). AA was diagnosed in 35 children with a nondiagnostic ultrasound (10.5%; P < 0.05). No child who underwent a nondiagnostic ultrasound was found to have AA with laboratory values of white blood cell < 11 x 103/μL and c-reactive protein (CRP) < 5 mg/dL. Children with nondiagnostic ultrasounds have a low likelihood of AA if white blood cell < 11 and CRP < 5. We propose a management algorithm that we hope will help reduce admissions and decrease the use of computed tomography scans.

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Paczesny, Łukasz, Matthias Lorkowski, Tomasz Pielak, Rafał Wójcicki, Gazi Huri und Jan Zabrzyński. „The Role of Ultrasound Guidance in Mini-Invasive Musculoskeletal Surgery—A Pictorial Essay“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 19 (30.09.2023): 10900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910900.

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In this article, the authors review the role of ultrasound guidance in MSK mini-invasive surgery. Ultrasound imaging has become an important tool in the field of musculoskeletal examination and has advantages over the X-ray guidance traditionally used by orthopaedic surgeons. Ultrasound provides the 3D localization of the area where the instruments are being used, does not require X-ray’s certified personnel, and poses less of a health risk to the patient and the medical staff. This article explores the development and application of ultrasound navigation in mini-invasive surgery, including the use of ultrasound during different stages of arthroscopic procedures or for the entire operation. Ultrasounds can assist in setting access points around the joint, localize the pathology and assure its complete resection, identify vessels and nerves, establish access to and constant control of difficult operating areas with a high potential for neurovascular complications. In this paper, the authors also acknowledge that there are some disadvantages, including the need for additional equipment and personnel, a long learning curve, and the potential elongation of the procedure. To identify all of the essential studies that report relevant information and data concerning the ultrasounds navigation in mini-invasive MSK surgery, an extensive search of the major and significant electronic databases was performed by two authors. An investigation was conducted in January 2023 using the following key terms: ultrasounds navigation, ultrasounds in arthroscopy, ultrasounds in MSK, with no limits regarding the year of publication. The authors focused both on the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound navigation in MSK mini-invasive surgery, and also on particular techniques in mini-invasive and arthroscopic surgeries. The described techniques are the application of ultrasound in arthroscopy (knee, hip, and shoulder), hallux rigidus surgery, mini-invasive Achilles tendon surgery, gastrocnemius recession, carpal tunnel release, and hematoma evacuation.

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Roberts, C., T. Oyedokun, B. Cload und L. Witt. „P108: Characterizing use of next-day ultrasound from the emergency department“. CJEM 21, S1 (Mai 2019): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2019.299.

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Introduction: Formal ultrasound imaging, with use of ultrasound technicians and radiologists, provides a valuable diagnostic component to patient care in the Emergency Department (ED). Outside of regular weekday hours, ordering formal ultrasounds can produce logistical difficulties. EDs have developed protocols for next-day ultrasounds, where the patient returns the following day for imaging and reassessment by an ED physician. This creates additional stress on ED resources – personnel, bed space, finances – that are already strained. There is a dearth of literature regarding the use of next-day ultrasounds or guidelines to direct efficient use. This study sought to accumulate data on the use of ED next-day ultrasounds and patient oriented clinical outcomes. Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of 150 patients, 75 from each of two different tertiary care hospitals in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. After a predetermined start date, convenience samples were collected of all patients who had undergone a next-day ultrasound ordered from the ED until the quota was satisfied. Patients were identified by an electronic medical record search for specific triage note phrases indicating use of next-day ultrasounds. Different demographic, clinical, and administrative parameters were collected and analyzed. Results: Of the 150 patients, the mean age was 35.9 years and 75.3% were female. Median length of stay for the first visit was 4.1 hours, and 2.2 hours for the return visit. Most common ultrasound scans performed were abdomen and pelvis/gyne (34.7%), complete abdomen (30.0%), duplex extremity venous (10.0%). Most common indications on the ultrasound requisition were nonspecific abdominal pain (18.7%), vaginal bleeding with or without pregnancy (17.3%), and hepatobiliary pathology (15.3%). Ultrasounds results reported a relevant finding 56% of the time, and 34% were completely normal. After the next-day ultrasound 5.3% of patients had a CT scan, 10.7% had specialist consultation, 8.2% were admitted, and 7.3% underwent surgery. Conclusion: Information was gathered to close gaps in knowledge about the use of next-day ultrasounds from the ED. A large proportion of patients are discharged home without further interventions. Additional research and the development of next-day ultrasound guidelines or outpatient pathways may improve patient care and ED resource utilization.

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Haqiqullah, Chardiwal, Zalmai Ahmad Shakib, Zubair Nasratullah, Sherzad Abdul Ghafar und Adil Ali Jan. „Basics of Ultrasound and Its Use in Medicine: A Review Article“. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, Nr. 4 (05.08.2024): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.4.4.

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This paper aims to present the basics of ultrasound and its application in medicine. It introduces parts of an ultrasound machine and gives information about the transducer, which is the main component of an ultrasound machine. The- image producing process and ultrasound wave characteristics are explained. Different methods for two- and three-dimensional imaging of the human anatomy are demonstrated. Ultrasound wave penetration, attenuation, acoustic impedance, and resolution are stated. Different types of diseases and different types of ultrasounds for their diagnosis are presented.

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Baker, Daniel E., Laura Nolting und Heather A. Brown. „Impact of point-of-care ultrasound on the diagnosis and treatment of patients in rural Uganda“. Tropical Doctor 51, Nr. 3 (20.01.2021): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475520986425.

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Ultrasound is increasingly used by physicians at the bedside to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions and is particularly useful in the resource-limited setting. The purpose of this study was to determine whether point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) performed by physicians changed the diagnosis or treatment of patients in mobile clinics in rural Uganda. Patients presenting to mobile clinics in Uganda were assessed by physicians and, when appropriate, POCUS was performed. When available, a radiologist reviewed ultrasound images in real time. A de-identified questionnaire was completed for each ultrasound and reviewed retrospectively. A total of 177 ultrasounds were performed. A radiologist reviewed 50% of the ultrasounds. In 73% of patients, the findings either confirmed (50%) or changed (23%) a diagnosis. In 53% of patients, the ultrasound findings changed the treatment plan. POCUS positively impacted patient care in rural Ugandan clinics by improving diagnostic capabilities and influencing treatment plans.

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Bwanga, Osward, Gabriel Mwase und Happiness Chanda Kaunda. „Midwives' experiences of performing obstetric ultrasounds in maternity care: a systematic review“. African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 15, Nr. 2 (02.04.2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2020.0033.

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Background/aims Ultrasound scans, often performed by midwives, play a vital role in the management of pregnancy, but there is a lack of literature on midwives' experience of this task. This study aimed to systematically review the experiences of midwives when performing obstetrical ultrasounds in maternity care. Methods Online databases, journals and cited references were searched, with no date limit. Thematic analysis was used to synthesise the findings. Results A total of eight studies were included. The five themes identified were 1) the benefits of ultrasound in maternity care, 2) access to and performing an obstetric ultrasound, 3) the relationship between midwives and ultrasound experts, 4) ethical and legal issues and 5) education and training for midwives. Midwives' positive experiences were usually a result of access to obstetric ultrasound and adequate support from obstetricians and radiologists. Negative experiences were caused by ethical and legal complications, as well as a lack of ultrasound equipment and training. Conclusions There is a need to support midwives in performing basic obstetric ultrasounds, through education and training, to improve maternity care.

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Drover, Anne. „Which Clinical Exam findings are most predictive of an abnormal hip ultrasound in the newborn? A chart review from a Canadian pediatric hospital“. Paediatrics & Child Health 23, suppl_1 (18.05.2018): e42-e42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy054.109.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Developmental dysplasia of the hips is a condition that if not detected early and managed properly can lead to lifelong morbidity. The incidence of DDH in most developed countries is reported to be 1.5 to 20 cases per 1000 births. The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care reports fair evidence to include a serial clinical examination of the hips by a trained clinician in the periodic health examination of all infants until they are walking independently. The indications for ultrasound examination are less clear. Guidelines for the clinical exam cite indications of imaging to be unstable hip, hip laxity, hip click and asymmetric skin folds. Given that some of these findings are extremely common it is likely that a large number of normal hips are being imaged unnecessarily. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this project is to determine which clinical findings are most predictive of an abnormal hip on ultrasound. It is hoped that this will assist the paediatrician or family doctor to balance unnecessary testing with the fear of missing an abnormal hip. DESIGN/METHODS All hip ultrasounds performed at a Canadian children’s hospital during 2016/17 on infants less than one year were reviewed for indication and outcome. The birth rate for the same year was 2,861. A total of 528 hip ultrasounds were performed. 156 ultrasounds were ordered by Paediatric Orthopaedic specialists and thus were not reviewed, leaving 372 ultrasounds for review. Ultrasounds were classified by age category at the time of imaging: <14 days, 14–28 days, 29–60 days, 61 days-6 months, 6 months-1 year. Tests were ordered by paediatricians, neonatologists, family doctors and nurse practitioners. The indications for ultrasound were categorized into 9 categories; hip click, hip laxity, unstable hip (positive Barlow, dislocatable hip), asymmetric skin folds, breech presentation, family history of DDH, hip click + breech, hip laxity + breech, or no indication given. When multiple terms were noted on requisition a hierarchy was followed with hip laxity>hip click>asymmetric skin folds. Ultrasound reports reported as normal or abnormal. RESULTS The primary indication for hip ultrasound was asymmetric skin folds, (N-132); followed by Hip laxity (N-101), Hip click (N-72), Unstable hip (positive Barlow, dislocatable hip) (N-31), no indication noted (N-23), Breech presentation (N-8), Family History of DDH (N-3) and other (N-2). The ultrasound findings with asymmetric skin folds revealed 100% of tests were normal (132/132) on first ultrasound regardless of baby’s age at imaging. For Hip laxity, 93% (94/101) ultrasounds were normal following second ultrasound and for hip click, 99% (71/72) were normal following second ultrasound. For those ultrasounds that were performed for hip click and hip laxity (N-173), only one ultrasound would have been required if performed at greater than 8 weeks of age. In the unstable hip, 82% (28/34) were normal following second ultrasound. None of the ultrasounds performed for risk factors such as family history or breech presentation were abnormal but when combined with a lax hip exam 3 were reported as abnormal. In our study, a diagnosis of DDH was given to 15/2,861 newborns. Of these 15; the clinical finding was 7/16 hip laxity alone, 6/16 unstable hip, 3/16 hip laxity + breech. CONCLUSION Though practitioners must continue to be vigilent in clinical hip surveillance, symmetric skin folds and isolated hip click are low yield indications for hip ultrasound in the newborn. For hip laxity or unstable hip, waiting until 8 weeks improves the reliability of the ultrasound result and thus reducing unnecessary retesting. The breech presentation alone did not increase diagnosis but when combined with exam was predictive.

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Chavan, Prasad, Pallavi Sharma, Sajeev Rattan Sharma, Tarsem Chand Mittal und Amit K. Jaiswal. „Application of High-Intensity Ultrasound to Improve Food Processing Efficiency: A Review“. Foods 11, Nr. 1 (04.01.2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010122.

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The use of non-thermal processing technologies has grown in response to an ever-increasing demand for high-quality, convenient meals with natural taste and flavour that are free of chemical additions and preservatives. Food processing plays a crucial role in addressing food security issues by reducing loss and controlling spoilage. Among the several non-thermal processing methods, ultrasound technology has shown to be very beneficial. Ultrasound processing, whether used alone or in combination with other methods, improves food quality significantly and is thus considered beneficial. Cutting, freezing, drying, homogenization, foaming and defoaming, filtration, emulsification, and extraction are just a few of the applications for ultrasound in the food business. Ultrasounds can be used to destroy germs and inactivate enzymes without affecting the quality of the food. As a result, ultrasonography is being hailed as a game-changing processing technique for reducing organoleptic and nutritional waste. This review intends to investigate the underlying principles of ultrasonic generation and to improve understanding of their applications in food processing to make ultrasonic generation a safe, viable, and innovative food processing technology, as well as investigate the technology’s benefits and downsides. The breadth of ultrasound’s application in the industry has also been examined. This will also help researchers and the food sector develop more efficient strategies for frequency-controlled power ultrasound in food processing applications.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Ultrasound"

Boulos, Paul. „Ultrasound imaging of the ultrasound thrombolysis“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1251/document.

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Les techniques de thérapie par ultrasons sont apparues très récemment avec la découverte des ultrasons de haute intensité focalisée. La thrombolyse ultrasonore extracorporelle en fait partie et se base sur la destruction mécanique du thrombus causée par la cavitation acoustique. Cependant, c'est un phénomène mal contrôlé. Ainsi, un meilleur contrôle de l'activité de cavitation et sa localisation pendant la thérapie est essentiel pour considérer le développement d'un dispositif thérapeutique. Un prototype a déjà été conçu et amélioré avec une boucle de rétroaction en temps réel afin de contrôler l'activité de puissance de cavitation. Cependant, pour surveiller le traitement en temps réel, un système d'imagerie ultrasonore doit être incorporé dans le dispositif thérapeutique. Il doit être capable de localiser le thrombus, de positionner la focale du transducteur thérapeutique, de contrôler la destruction complète du thrombus et d'évaluer en temps réel l'activité de cavitation. Le travail actuel se focalise principalement sur le développement de techniques d'imagerie ultrasonore passive utilisées pour reconstituer les cartographies d'activité de cavitation. Différents algorithmes de formation de voies ont été examinés et validés par des simulations de sources ponctuelles, des expériences in vitro sur fil et des expériences de cavitation dans une cuve d'eau. Il a été démontré que l'algorithme de formation de voie le plus précis pour la localisation du point focale de cavitation est la technique de cartographie passive acoustique pondérée avec le facteur de cohérence de phase (PAM-PCF). En outre, des tests in vivo sur un modèle animal d'ischémie des membres aigus ont été évalués. Enfin, certaines optimisations du système d'imagerie développé précédemment ont été réalisées comme l'imagerie 3D, l'implémentation en temps réel et l'imagerie hybride combinant l'imagerie active anatomique avec les cartographies de cavitation passive
Ultrasound therapy techniques emerged very recently with the discovery of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology. Extracorporeal ultrasound thrombolysis is one of these promising innovative low-invasive treatment based on the mechanical destruction of thrombus caused by acoustic cavitation mechanisms. Yet, it is a poorly controlled phenomenon and therefore raises problems of reproducibility that could damage vessel walls. Thus, better control of cavitation activity during the ultrasonic treatment and especially its localization during the therapy is an essential approach to consider the development of a therapeutic device. A prototype has already been designed and improved with a real-time feedback loop in order to control the cavitation power activity. However, to monitor the treatment in real-time, an ultrasound imaging system needs to be incorporated into the therapeutic device. It should be able to first spot the blood clot, to position the focal point of the therapy transducer, control the proper destruction of the thrombus, and evaluate in real-time the cavitation activity. Present work focusses mainly on the development of passive ultrasound techniques used to reconstruct cavitation activity maps. Different beamforming algorithms were investigated and validated through point source simulations, in vitro experiments on a wire, and cavitation experiments in a water tank. It was demonstrated that an accurate beamforming algorithm for focal cavitation point localization is the passive acoustic mapping weighted with the phase coherence factor (PAM-PCF). Additionally, in vivo testing on an animal model of acute limb ischemia was assessed. Finally, some optimizations of the previous developed imaging system were carried out as 3D imaging, real-time implementation, and hybrid imaging combining active anatomical imaging with passive cavitation mapping

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Poggenpoel, Elizabeth J. „Primary obstetric ultrasound : comparing a detail ultrasound only protocol with a booking ultrasound protocol“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4326.

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Mulic-Lutvica, Ajlana. „Postpartum Ultrasound“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7830.

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Mercier, Laurence. „Review of ultrasound probe calibration techniques for 3D ultrasound“. Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81555.

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Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound is an emerging new technology with numerous clinical applications like measuring the volume of the prostate, monitoring fetal development, or evaluating brain shift during neurosurgery. Ultrasound probe calibration is an obligatory step in order to build 3D volumes from 2D images acquired in a freehand ultrasound system. The role of calibration is to find the transformation that relates the image plane to a sensor attached on the probe. This thesis is a comprehensive review of what has been published in the field of ultrasound probe calibration for 3D ultrasound. The thesis covers the topics of tracking technologies, ultrasound image acquisition, phantom design, speed of sound issues, feature extraction, least-squares minimization, temporal calibration, calibration evaluation techniques and phantom comparisons. The calibration phantoms and methods have also been classified in tables to give a better overview of the existing methods.

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Curra, Francesco Pasquale. „Medical ultrasound algorithm for noninvasive high intensity ultrasound applications /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8006.

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Zhang, Xin. „Etude du vieillissement thermique de revêtements de peinture sur plaque par réflectométrie ultrasonore“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20234.

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La recherche de critères de vieillissement des revêtements de protection sur le long terme est nécessaire dans de nombreuses configurations industrielles. Ce travail présente l'étude de l'évolution de l'élasticité de revêtements de peinture sur plaque métallique par réflectométrie ultrasonore pour détecter de façon non destructive l'endommagement induit lors de tests de vieillissement thermique accéléré. La modélisation du pouvoir réflecteur permet d'identifier, dans une certaine gamme de fréquence, un mode particulier dont la valeur de l'angle critique est préférentiellement sensible à la rigidité de la couche en bon accord avec les tests réalisés sur des revêtements de 100µm de peinture sur plaque d'acier. Cette méthode est appliquée sur des échantillons étuvés à 80°C et 110°C durant 4000 heures. En fonction de la température, la mesure quotidienne de la position de cet angle critique permet de suivre le temps nécessaire au séchage complet des revêtements suite à l'évaporation du solvant. Au-delà, les variations de cette position angulaire indiquent, pour les modules élastiques de la peinture, une légère augmentation de moins de 2%. L'altération de la structure chimique détectée par mesures de température de transition vitreuse et de concentration de certains marqueurs (FTIR) se traduit donc par des modifications faibles d'élasticité nécessitant une résolution angulaire inférieure à 0,1°. Pour mieux différencier la rigidité de ces échantillons suite au vieillissement thermique, la sensibilité nécessaire est obtenue en réalisant une excursion en température autour de l'ambiante de quelques °C durant les mesures de réflectométrie
The determination of paint coating's ageing criteria after long term service is necessary in many industrial configurations. In this work, we have studied by ultrasonic reflectometry the evolution of the elasticity of paint coated on a metallic plate in order to detect in a non destructive way the damage induced by thermal accelerated ageing tests. The simulation of the reflection coefficient identifies a particular mode whose critical angle is preferentially sensitive to the elasticity of the paint layer in a particular range of frequency. This result is in agreement with experimental tests performed on 100 µm thick paint coated on a steel plate. These samples are heated at 80°C and 110°C during 4000 hours. The everyday measurement of the evolution of the critical angle allows the identification of the time necessary to reach the complete drying of the paint coating. This parameter depends on the heating temperature. The total variations of these critical angular positions indicate a small increase less than 2% of the paint's elasticity moduli. In parallel, the change of the chemical structure is detected by the measurement of the glass transition temperature and the concentration of some markers identified by FTIR. This chemical change is linked to a small variation of elasticity implying an angular resolution less than 0.1°. For an easier differentiation of the rigidity of these thermally aged coatings, an enhanced sensibility is obtained by changing the temperature during the reflectometry measurements

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Eggebø, Torbjørn Moe. „Ultrasound and labour“. Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for laboratoriemedisin, barne- og kvinnesykdommer, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11984.

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2.1 Innledning Alle kvinner ønsker seg en ukomplisert fødsel, men komplikasjoner kan oppstå plutselig og uventet. I følge Verdens Helseorganisasjon trenger 15% av de gravide kyndig hjelp under svangerskap eller fødsel. Før fødselen starter er det viktig å vite hvordan fosteret er orientert i forhold til mor. Leiet vurderes som lengdeleie, tverrleie eller skråleie. Posisjonen beskriver hvordan fosteret er orientert fram, bak, til høyre eller venstre inne i livmoren, og presentasjon beskriver den delen av fosteret som er dypest i fødselskanalen. Nakken til fosteret kan være bøyd (flektert) eller strukket (ekstendert). Fødselskanalen hos mennesket har en bøyd og uregelmessig form, og fosteret må derfor rotere for å kunne passere. De fire kardinalbevegelsene hos et foster med bakhodepresentasjon er fleksjon av hodet, rotasjon gjennom kanalen, ekstensjon i utskjæringen og rotasjon i det skuldrene passerer utgangen. Ved slutten av svangerskapet blir livmorhalsen kortere, og under fødselen blir den avflatet før den åpner seg. Fosterets nivå i fødselskanalen relateres vanligvis til prosessus spinosus. Fødselshjelperne bruker tradisjonelt hendene til å vurdere forholdet mellom foster og mor, men studier har vist stor variasjon mellom ulike undersøkere. Galileo Galilei har sagt: «Mål det som er målbart, og prøv å gjøre målbart det som ennå ikke er det.» Hensikten med denne avhandlingen er å vurdere nytten av ultralydmålinger like før fødselen starter. 2.2 Materiale og metode Vi undersøkte to grupper gravide kvinner. Først undersøkte vi 152 kvinner med ett foster i hodeleie, ingen tidligere keisersnitt og vannavgang etter svangerskapsuke 37 (studie 1 og 2). Vi vurderte fosterhodets posisjon og grad av fleksjon i nakken med transabdominal ultralydundersøkelse. Deretter utførte vi en transperineal ultralydundersøkelse og målte avstanden til indre mormunn og lengden av livmorhalsen i sagittalplan. Vi brukte den korteste avstanden fra fosterhodet til perineum i frontalplan som et mål på fosterhodets nivå i fødselskanalen. Andre gruppe bestod av kvinner som kom til fødselsinduksjon (studie 3 og 4). Inklusjonskriterier var ett foster i hodeleie, ingen tidligere keisersnitt og svangerskapslengde over 37 uker. 710 kvinner hadde indusert fødsel i studieperioden, og 275 ble inkludert i undersøkelsen. Fosterhodets posisjon og nivå ble vurdert på samme måte som beskrevet ovenfor. Vi målte livmorhalsens lengde og vinkel ved vaginal undersøkelse. En fødselshjelper som ikke kjente resultatene av ultralydundersøkelsene, utførte Bishop scoringen. 2.3 Studie 1 Occiput posterior posisjon under fødselen er forbundet med økt risiko for stans i fødselsforløpet, operative forløsninger og rifter. Det diskuteres om occiput posterior posisjon ved fødselen skyldes occiput posterior før start av fødselen eller en unormal rotasjon gjennom fødselskanalen. Hensikten med studien var å vurdere nytten av en transabdominal ultralydundersøkelse før start av fødselen hos kvinner med vannavgang etter uke 37. 40 av 152 foster hadde occiput posterior posisjon før fødselen, og hos 34 (85%) av disse roterte hodet til occiput anterior innstilling i løpet av fødselen. Fosterhodets posisjon før fødselen kunne predikere occiput posterior posisjon ved fødselen med sensitivitet 60%; 95% CI 26-88, falsk positiv rate 24%; 95% CI 17-32, positiv prediktiv verdi 15%; 95% CI 6-30, negativ prediktiv verdi 96%; 95% CI 91-99 og likelihood ratio (LR) 2,5. 11 gravide hadde foster med ekstendert nakke før start av fødselen. Av disse fødte sju spontant, tre kvinner med keisersnitt og én ble forløst med vakuum. Det var ingen signifikant sammenheng mellom fosterhodets posisjon eller grad av nakkefleksjon før start av fødselen og utfallet av fødselen. Vi konkluderte med at en transabdominal ultralydundersøkelse hos kvinner med vannavgang har liten nytteverdi. 2.4 Studie 2 Transperineal ultralydundersøkelse er en lite brukt undersøkelsesmetode. Vi brukte utgangen av fødselskanalen som referanselinje for å vurdere fosterhodets nivå. Så vidt vi vet har ikke denne metoden vært evaluert tidligere. Hensikten med studien var å undersøke om resultatene av en transperineal ultralydundersøkelse kan predikere tid fra vannavgang til fødsel, og predikere sannsynligheten for en operativ forløsning. Undersøkelse av livmorhalsens lengde i sagittalplanet var teknisk mislykket hos 16% av kvinnene og var derfor lite hensiktsmessig. Undersøkelse av fosterhodets nivå i frontalplanet var vellykket hos alle. Kvinner med kort avstand (< 45 mm) fra fosterhodet til perineum, hadde signifikant færre keisersnitt, mindre bruk av epiduralanalgesi, kortere tid fra vannavgang til fødsel og kortere tid i aktiv fødsel enn de med lang avstand fra fosterhodet til perineum. Lang avstand predikerte operativ forløsning (keisersnitt eller operativ vaginalforløsning) med sensitivitet på 83%; 95% CI 67-94, falsk positiv rate 59%; 95% CI 49-68, positiv prediktiv verdi 31%; 95% CI 22-41, negativ prediktiv verdi 89%; 95% CI 77-96 og LR 1,4. Ultralydmåling av fosterhodets nivå kan være nyttig for å vurdere om kvinner med vannavgang bør vente på spontan fødsel eller tilbys tidlig induksjon. 2.5 Studie 3 Hensikten med denne studien var å evaluere fosterhodets nivå, målt med ultralyd, som en prediktiv faktor for fødselsforløpet ved induserte fødsler. Vi sammenlignet målingen med paritet, BMI, Bishop score og ultralydundersøkelse av fosterhodets posisjon, livmorhalsens lengde og vinkel. 13% ble forløst med keisersnitt. Paritet var den beste faktoren for å predikere fødselsmåte. Den korteste avstanden fra fosterhodet til perineum predikerte vaginal fødsel med 62%; 95% CI 52-71% (p = 0,03) av arealet under kurven i en ROC (receiver-operating characteristics) kurve. Lengden av livmorhalsen predikerte vaginal fødsel med 61%; 95% CI 51-71% (p = 0,03), vinkelen til livmorhalsen med 63%; 95% CI 52-74% (p = 0,02) og Bishop score med 61%; 95% CI 52-70% (p = 0,03) av arealet under kurven. Best resultat fikk vi for cut-off verdiene: hode-perineum avstand ≤ 40 mm, lengde av livmorhalsen ≤ 25 mm og bakre vinkel av livmorhalsen > 90 grader. De samme faktorene hadde også signifikant betydning for sannsynligheten for å føde innen 24 timer etter induksjon. Fosterhodets posisjon hadde ingen prediktiv verdi for fødselsforløpet. 2.6 Studie 4 Bishop score består av faktorene lengde, åpning, posisjon og konsistens av livmorhalsen, og fosterhodets nivå i fødselskanalen. I denne studien sammenlignet vi enkeltfaktorene i Bishop score med tilsvarende ultralydmålinger, og hvordan man kan kombinere ultralydmålinger og palpasjonsfunn. Vi fant moderat korrelasjon mellom palpasjon og ultralyd til å vurdere lengden av livmorhalsen (r = 0,54), svak korrelasjon i vurdering av fosterhodets nivå i fødselskanalen (r = 0,23) og ingen korrelasjon i vurdering av livmorhalsens vinkel eller posisjon (r = 0,03). Fosterhodets nivå og livmorhalsens lengde og åpning var de tre viktigste faktorene for å predikere fødselsforløpet. I klinisk praksis er det vanlig å kombinere faktorer i et scoringssystem. Bishop score er et subjektivt og komplisert system med score fra 0 til 13, og vi foreslår å bruke et nytt scoringssystem fra 0 til 3 der fosterhodets nivå og livmorhalsens lengde måles med ultralyd og åpningen vurderes med palpasjon. Faktorer kan også kombineres ved hjelp av Bayes teorem. A priori sannsynlighet for vaginal fødsel etter induksjon er 88%. LR for vaginal fødsel var 3,5 hvis avstanden fra fosterhodet til perineum var ≤ 40 mm. A posteriori sannsynlighet for vaginal fødsel blir dermed 96%. Vi anbefaler å evaluere kombinasjon av prediktive faktorer i nye studier. 2.7 Tanker om framtida I moderne medisinske forskning har metananalyser av randomiserte kontrollerte studier størst betydning. Humanistisk vitenskapsteori prioriterer erfaringskunnskap høyere. Erfaringskunnskap har lang tradisjon innenfor faget fødselshjelp, og det er viktig å ta vare på denne tradisjonen. Gammel og ny kunnskap må sammenlignes og evalueres. Pasientverdier har fått større betydning i moderne medisin. Klinikere kan ikke lenger bestemme for pasientene, men heller være rådgivere . God kunnskap er viktig for å kunne informere de fødende om sannsynlig forløp av fødselen. Filosofen William of Ockham (1285-1349) har uttalt: «Bruk alltid den enkleste av likeverdige metoder.» Ressursene i helsevesenet er begrenset, og leger får ofte et etisk dilemma om de skal prioritere den enkelte pasient eller sykehusets økonomi. Det vil derfor bli viktig å finne undersøkelsesmetoder som er enkle å bruke, nyttige for pasientene og som samtidig er kostnadseffektive. Ultralydundersøkelser har en sentral rolle i svangerskapsomsorgen. I denne avhandlingen har vi vurdert nytteverdien av ultralydmålinger like før fødselen starter. De samme undersøkelsesmetoder kan også brukes under fødselen. På dette området er det behov for mer forskning. Redaktøren i Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology har uttalt: «We will move from obstetric ultrasound to ultrasonographic obstetrics.» Kanskje vil ultralydundersøkelser i forbindelse med fødselen bli like viktige som de i dag er i svangerskapsomsorgen.

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Mawhinney, Ian Nicholas. „Bone and ultrasound“. Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335942.

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Dhawale, Paritosh Jayant. „Volumetric intracoronary ultrasound“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1057677172.

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Jeon, Minjee. „Ultrasound—Re:viewing Bodies“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5434.

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A medical evaluation of physical impairment imposes the additional burden of “labeling” the patient with the condition. The binary nature of the normal versus abnormal label emphasizes difference and can lead to trauma. Understanding differences, however, can lead to the generation of new forms and thus, more sensitive differentiation and representation. Tension is created by exploring different bodily forms—a dialectic between form and essence. I am designing a space that visualizes and illuminates difference as a source of trauma and amplifying the tension by comparing figures that represent varying degrees of normalcy. This forms a critique of idealized form and creates a context for people unaffected by this type of trauma to reflect on possible realities outside of their assumptions of normality.

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Repacholi, Michael H., Martino Grandolfo und Alessandro Rindi, Hrsg. Ultrasound. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1811-8.

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D, Middleton William, Hrsg. Ultrasound. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996.

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Press, Aralia, Hrsg. Ultrasound. West Chester, Pa.]: Aralia Press, 2005.

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Brant, William E. Ultrasound. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003.

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Dorothy, Anderson, Challen V, POSTRAD und WIGAN Foundation for Technical Education., Hrsg. Ultrasound. Lancaster: POSTRAD in association with W.I.G.A.N. Foundation For Technical Education, 1986.

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Kaplan, Paul M. Ultrasound. Herausgegeben von Kay William J und Brown Nancy O. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott, 1991.

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B, Kurtz Alfred, und Hertzberg Barbara S, Hrsg. Ultrasound. 2. Aufl. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 2004.

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Baskin,, H. Jack, Daniel S. Duick und Robert A. Levine, Hrsg. Thyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4785-6.

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Baskin, H. Jack, Daniel S. Duick und Robert A. Levine, Hrsg. Thyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77634-7.

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Duick, Daniel S., Baskin H. Jack und Levine Robert A. Thyroid ultrasound and ultrasound-guided FNA. New York: Springer, 2013.

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Hilliard, Nicholas. „Ultrasound“. In Imaging the ICU Patient, 13–21. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-781-5_2.

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Bodenner, Donald L. „Ultrasound“. In Medical and Surgical Treatment of Parathyroid Diseases, 145–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26794-4_13.

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Singh, Harjit, und Janet A. Neutze. „Ultrasound“. In Radiology Fundamentals, 17–21. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0944-1_4.

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Rutherford, Susan E. „Ultrasound“. In Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 1348–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_450.

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Chard, Tim, und Richard Lilford. „Ultrasound“. In MRCOG Part I, 120–22. London: Springer London, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3335-3_9.

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Martinoli, Carlo, Ali Attieh und Alberto Tagliafico. „Ultrasound“. In Measurements in Musculoskeletal Radiology, 31–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68897-6_3.

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Chard, Tim, und Richard Lilford. „Ultrasound“. In MRCOG Part I, 126–28. London: Springer London, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3884-6_9.

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Hu, Zhenlin. „Investigation of HIFU-induced anti-tumor immunity in a murine tumor model“. In THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND: 5th International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2205474.

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White, P. J. „Longitudinal and Shear Mode Ultrasound Propagation in Human Skull Bone“. In THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND: 5th International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2205476.

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Erhardt, Paul W. Ultrasound Imaging of Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juli 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada493653.

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