Thematische Bibliographien / Type (German)

Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Type (German)“

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Veröffentlicht am 26. Juli 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Type (German)"

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Kirkcaldy, Bruce, Lars-Eric Petersen und Gundula Hübner. „Managing the Stress of Bringing the Economy in the Eastern German States to the Level of the Western German States“. European Psychologist 7, Nr. 1 (März 2002): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.7.1.53.

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A select group of managers in the private and public sector working in the new and old German federal states were administered the German version of the Pressure Management Indicator (PMI; Williams, Kirkcaldy, & Cooper, 1999 ). Twenty-four scale scores were assessed encompassing diverse aspects of occupational stress, individual differences (type A, locus of control, and coping), and outcome variables (work satisfaction, physical and psychological health). Several differences were observed between those managers reared and educated in the former East Germany and those from the former West Germany. East-German managers, for example, were characterized by an external locus of control with regard to their jobs and revealed higher type A scores compared to their West-German counterparts. Furthermore, although there were no differences in the evaluation of working climate nor in subjectively perceived occupational stress, specific outcome variables such as self-reported physical and psychological health did differ between West- and East-German managers. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Seifert, Elena Ivanovna. „Russian-German Chanson as a Product of Emigration“. Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 19, Nr. 1 (16.03.2022): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2022-19-1-50-65.

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The theory of chanson as a creative direction has not been sufficiently developed, although the study of chanson has undoubtedly been strengthening its positions recently. Researchers perceive chanson broadly (songs of the direction of urban song folklore) and narrowly (thieves lyrics). The purpose of the research is to study the Russian-German chanson, the tasks are to observe the works of Vadim Kuzema and Viktor Gagin, a multifaceted analysis of the lyric cycle of Sonya Jahnke From a Song Notebook. The legitimacy of the allocation of the Russian-German chanson is confirmed by the attempt of the national-geographical division of the Russian-speaking chanson, proposed by M. Dyukov. Russian-German chanson is a phenomenon that formed during the third stage of mass migration, that is, it fully takes into account all the genetic layers of the subcultural ethnos. S. Janke, in her stylization as a thug chanson song, concerns various aspects of the life and life of Russian Germans in Germany. The author of the article applies structural-descriptive, historical-typological and comparative-historical research methods. The research results can be applied to the entire RussianGerman chanson. The lyrical hero suffers from marginality and seeks to grow into a new and still alien society for him. The clear difference between Russian-German chanson and Russian is in a special collective subject (a type of Russian German) striving to become related to the world that alienates him (as opposed to the hero of the Russian thug chanson cultivating the world of outcasts). The asocial character of the hero of the Russian-German chanson is fundamentally different from the asocial character of the hero of the Russian chanson. Comprehension of the Russian-German chanson reveals a paradox: the appeal of Russian Germans to a marginal thug song is nothing more than an attempt to free themselves from the marginality of their ethnic group. Russian-German stylization under the thieves song is not distinguished by romance: the ethnic picture of Russian Germans is not characterized by the typically Russian opposition of high and low.
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Antonov, Boris A. „NAZI GERMANY AS A MODEL OF NON-CLASSICAL EMPIRE. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL CONCEPTS IN THE SYSTEM OF LAW OF THE THIRD REICH“. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, Nr. 4 (2022): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2022-4-121-135.

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The article does not pretend to become a detailed research of such complicated and ambiguous concepts as empire, imperial consciousness, and mentality. All of them are applied to Germany of 1933–1945 only to an- swer the next three questions: – if the Third Reich is considered to be an empire, what type of empire is it? – is it possible to define the national consciousness of the German nation in the Third Reich as imperial? – in what way has the imperial national consciousness been reflected in the classification of mentality types develop by the lawyers of the Third Reich? And how do the German lawyers interpret such a classification from the pres- ent day perspective? To answer the first question, the author subjects a number of definitions of empire to a comparative analysis, distinguishing such “imperial” features that could be applied to Germany of 1933–1945 and characterize it as a non- classical type of empire. The answer to the second question requires from the author a sufficiently detailed description of the national German consciousness in the Third Reich and its definition as mass, totalitarian, and archetypical. All listed features re- flect to certain extent the essence of imperial consciousness. However, such fact cannot be considered a reason for defining the national German conscious- ness as imperial, because the Third Reich chose as the main criteria for its state construction a race theory while the concept of empire presupposes a multina- tional and not a racially homogeneous society. Answering the third question the author makes an attempt to charac- terize the national German consciousness through the prism of legal con- cepts used in the classification of mentality developed by the German la wyer K. Schmitt in the 30-s of the 20th century, perfected later by his appren- tice O. Bruner and finally critically reassessed by a modern Israeli historian G. Al’gazi.
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Kercher, Jan, und Nicole Rohde. „German Students Abroad“. International Higher Education, Nr. 75 (17.03.2014): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.75.5434.

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Increasing the number of German graduates who have spent time abroad during their studies is a key objective of Germany's higher education policy. Available data shows that the development of internationally mobile German students depends on the type of mobility, i.e. degree or credit mobility. While there has been a marked increase in degree mobility since 1991, credit mobility quotas have stabilized at about a third of all German graduates since 2000. Thus, Germany has surpassed the Europe-wide target which states that 20% of all graduates should spend a study or training period abroad by 2020. Meanwhile, the Joint Science Conference (GWK) of the federal and state governments considers 50% of graduates who gained study-related experience abroad as a mid-term goal.
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DELL, Allan Cooper. „The Turkish-German Bridge: A Unique Socio-Spatial Construction in Kreuzberg“. Turkish Journal of Diaspora Studies 1, Nr. 2 (30.09.2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52241/tjds.2021.0022.

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With the migration of Turkish people to Germany came the need to negotiate identity in a different space. Interactions and connections with their origin space and destination space create an opportunity for a new type of hybrid identity and manifestation in the neighborhoods where they live. The Kreuzberg neighborhood in Berlin is a place with ephemeral, unspoken borders, where Turkish-German residents face inclusion and exclusion on both sides. This dual-othering has a deep impact on the social psychology of this group and how socio-spatial practices are negotiated. This article examines how Turkish-Germans in Kreuzberg re-appropriate their identity and its spatial component to produce a unique space of their own.
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Leidecker-Sandmann, Melanie, Jürgen Maier und Michaela Maier. „Press coverage of the German reunification issue in a long-term perspective, 1990–2014“. Central European Journal of Communication 12, Nr. 1 (13.05.2019): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.12.1(22).1.

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This paper analyses the long-term coverage 1990–2014 of German reunification by six German newspapers. Our quantitative content analysis shows how often the press covers the event, what the content of the coverage is, and how journalists evaluate the reunification process. As we have analysed newspapers of different locations, ranges, types, and editorial lines, we can see whether newspapers cover German reunification differently. Our analysis shows that the amount of coverage of reunification quickly decreases, and only a few articles are published prominently. The press reports on more differences between East and West Germany than similarities; about one third of the articles mentions problems and conflicts, although they become less important over time. All in all, positive evaluations of German reunification outweigh negative judgments and increase over time. We see evidence that the placement, content, and tone of coverage highly depends on the type, editorial line, range, and location of the newspapers.
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Matiukhova, E. I. „ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION: GERMAN EXPERIENCE OF REGULATION“. Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 16, Nr. 2 (2022): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-2-94-108.

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The article analyses German policy regarding environmental migration, aiming to assess its success. The author focuses on the phenomenon and practices of environmental migration in general and its impact on various discourses in Germany and its policies in this regard. The article focuses exploring a range of foreign, predominantly German, sources via content analysis research method. The study uses systemic and institutional approaches, discourse analysis, that enable a comprehensive study of different levels of environmental migration regulation, as well as power, socio-political and scientific expert discourses on such migration. The author concludes that whilst people who flee from climate and environmental change are not officially recognised as refugees in Germany, the country does actively support these individuals both internally and internationally. Germany is a key contributor in international aid when it comes to the most vulnerable countries. Moreover, German civil society, which considers migration one of the key problems of the country's development, has a significant influence on national and regional agenda within the European Union. Leading the way in the international community, including crisis situations, using various means Germany has proven in action its ability to regulate this type of migration.
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Hornuf, Lars, Lars Klöhn und Tobias Schilling. „Financial Contracting in Crowdinvesting: Lessons from the German Market“. German Law Journal 19, Nr. 3 (01.06.2018): 509–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022781.

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The present Article aims to shed light on the question whether crowdinvesting regulation should favor a specific legal form or contract type for crowdinvesting. To this end, it analyzes the conditions which legal forms and contract types must fulfill to be used in crowdinvesting. As crowdinvesting in Germany benefits from a high degree of contractual freedom, the Article gives an overview not only of the types but also of the contents of crowdinvesting contracts that are in use in Germany and traces how they have evolved. Based on a sample of 81% of all crowd financing in the German market, it evaluates 255 crowdinvesting campaigns held on 18 different platforms in the period from August 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015.
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Kehrein, Roland. „Enregisterment eines /r/-Allophons?“ Linguistik Online 110, Nr. 5 (19.10.2021): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.110.8142.

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In the study presented in this paper the use of a specific linguistic non-standard feature of German by 100 speakers representing three generations was analysed. The speakers originate from 25 different locations within the Middle Franconian dialect formation covering the middle-western parts of Germany. The feature analysed is the realisation of the Standard German phoneme /r/ as a voiceless velar or uvular fricative [x, χ] when following a short vowel and preceding a coronal obstruent. The comparison of how frequently the speakers use [χ] in different communicative contexts results in the observation of three types of speakers (i. e., [χ] users): The first type are dialect speakers mostly of the older generation (60 years and above) who use the variant in a traditional manner, namely when aiming at producing their best way to pronounce Standard German. According to these speakers [χ] forms part of the Standard German pronunciation norm. The second type is mainly represented by middle aged speakers (45–55 years) who use the feature in nearly all communicative contexts except when they have a dialect competency and are asked to produce their “strongest dialect”. Finally, the third type of speakers are mainly young people (17–23 years) who do not have any dialect competence. These speakers only use [χ] when they are asked to produce their “strongest dialect” and/or when they are talking to friends. On the basis of these results it is argued that, between these types of speakers and the generations they represent, a re-evaluation of the feature has taken place that may be classified as enregisterment, because speakers of the third type seem to use [χ] indexically in order to signal familiarity with their interlocutors on a interpersonal-social level.
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ROSENTHAL, DAVID. „‘Every sort of manual type, and mostly foreigners’: migrants, brothers and festive kings in early modern Florence“. Urban History 37, Nr. 3 (15.11.2010): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000507.

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ABSTRACT:In 1522, the artisan festive ‘kingdom’ of the Biliemme put up the biggest street tabernacle in Florence. German textile workers were behind the tabernacle and this article argues that, at a time of crisis for German workers, these men looked to reassert their place in Florence through their participation in a citywide artisan festive subculture. Forty years later, Germans in the Biliemme district had largely been replaced by textile migrants from other parts of Italy. Nonetheless the kingdom remained a important vehicle for creating neighbourhood solidarities and for incorporating these new migrants into the artisan and civic world.
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Dissertationen zum Thema "Type (German)"

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Sloan, Andrea. „A textual analysis of the text type "advertisement" based on advertisements in German /“. Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59874.

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This thesis examines German advertising texts and their text linguistic properties within a system of text typologies. Four different text type classification methods representative of typologies in German text linguistics are considered. Of these, Katharina Reiss's 1976 model is shown to be the most efficient for a textual analysis of advertising texts. Her communicative-functional approach to text analysis permits distinction of three variants of advertisements: those which appeal to reason, those which appeal to emotion and those which are of a dual nature (mixed). The thesis concentrates on identifying text type and text type variant characteristics by analysing the text constituting techniques, text structure, and the appellative language means.
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Kalies, Helen. „Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in German children“. Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-65220.

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Cope, Elizabeth. „The Influence of Task Type on Speech Production by Second Language Learners of German: An Electropalatographic Study“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7703.

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Electropalatography (EPG) is a computer-based system that tracks and measures contact patterns between the tongue and palate during speech production. The present study is focused on how the lingua-palatal contact patterns of native English speakers learning German as a second language (L2) differ as a function of task type. The fricatives ich-Laut [ç] and ach-Laut [x] were used as the target sounds, placed in nonsense words, short sentences, and spontaneous speech. The productions of the fricatives in the varying speech tasks were gathered from 12 university students enrolled in their second semester of a university level course of German. Comparisons were made using electrode mappings, percentages of regional contact, duration, and center of gravity measures. Duration measures showed that nonsense words were found to have the greatest duration for both fricatives when compared to the other task types. Percentage of activation measures showed that [ç] presented with similar activation in the medial and posterior regions of the palate across task type, whereas the activation in medial and posterior regions for [x] were found to differ more significantly across task type. Specifically, short sentences and spontaneous speech had similar posterior activation, but differed in medial activation, while nonsense words were different in both regions. Center of gravity measures were also greater in short sentences and spontaneous speech compared to nonsense words for [x]. It is anticipated that the data and information in this thesis will provide insights into the role of linguistic task type and EPG technology as instructional tools for L2 learners.
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Zahner, Katharina [Verfasser]. „Pitch accent type affects stress perception in German : Evidence from infant and adult speech processing / Katharina Zahner“. Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1206878452/34.

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Baur, Dorothee M., Jens Klotsche, Ole-Petter R. Hamnvik, Caroline Sievers, Lars Pieper, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Günter K. Stalla, Roland M. Schmid, Stefanos N. Kales und Christos S. Mantzoros. „Type 2 diabetes mellitus and medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with risk for and mortality from cancer in a German primary care cohort“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-112687.

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There is growing evidence that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have increased cancer risk. We examined the association between diabetes, cancer, and cancer-related mortality and hypothesized that insulin sensitizers lower cancer-related mortality. Participants in the Diabetes Cardiovascular Risk and Evaluation: Targets and Essential Data for Commitment of Treatment study, a nationwide cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological study, were recruited from German primary care practices. In the cross-sectional study, subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a higher prevalence of malignancies (66/1308, 5.1%) compared to nondiabetic subjects (185/6211, 3.0%) (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.41) before and after adjustment for age, sex, hemoglobin A1c, smoking status, and body mass index. Patients on metformin had a lower prevalence of malignancies, comparable with that among nondiabetic patients, whereas those on any other oral combination treatment had a 2-fold higher risk for malignancies even after adjusting for possible confounders; inclusion of metformin in these regimens decreased the prevalence of malignancies. In the prospective analyses, diabetic patients in general and diabetic patients treated with insulin (either as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments) had a 2- and 4-fold, respectively, higher mortality rate than nondiabetic patients, even after adjustment for potential confounders (incidence of cancer deaths in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [2.6%] vs the incidence of cancer deaths in patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus [1.2%]). Our results suggest that diabetes and medications for diabetes, with the exception of the insulin sensitizer metformin, increase cancer risk and mortality.
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Baur, Dorothee M., Jens Klotsche, Ole-Petter R. Hamnvik, Caroline Sievers, Lars Pieper, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Günter K. Stalla, Roland M. Schmid, Stefanos N. Kales und Christos S. Mantzoros. „Type 2 diabetes mellitus and medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with risk for and mortality from cancer in a German primary care cohort“. Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26862.

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There is growing evidence that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have increased cancer risk. We examined the association between diabetes, cancer, and cancer-related mortality and hypothesized that insulin sensitizers lower cancer-related mortality. Participants in the Diabetes Cardiovascular Risk and Evaluation: Targets and Essential Data for Commitment of Treatment study, a nationwide cross-sectional and prospective epidemiological study, were recruited from German primary care practices. In the cross-sectional study, subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a higher prevalence of malignancies (66/1308, 5.1%) compared to nondiabetic subjects (185/6211, 3.0%) (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.41) before and after adjustment for age, sex, hemoglobin A1c, smoking status, and body mass index. Patients on metformin had a lower prevalence of malignancies, comparable with that among nondiabetic patients, whereas those on any other oral combination treatment had a 2-fold higher risk for malignancies even after adjusting for possible confounders; inclusion of metformin in these regimens decreased the prevalence of malignancies. In the prospective analyses, diabetic patients in general and diabetic patients treated with insulin (either as monotherapy or in combination with other treatments) had a 2- and 4-fold, respectively, higher mortality rate than nondiabetic patients, even after adjustment for potential confounders (incidence of cancer deaths in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [2.6%] vs the incidence of cancer deaths in patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus [1.2%]). Our results suggest that diabetes and medications for diabetes, with the exception of the insulin sensitizer metformin, increase cancer risk and mortality.
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Engels, Stéphanie Véronique. „Determinants of environmental innovations in the Swiss and German food and beverage industry : what role does environmental regulation play? /“. Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17465.

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Berg, Albrecht. „Ideology within a Pluralist State Apparatus: The Goethe-Institut Constructing, Deconstructing and Reconstructing the German Nation-State“. Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23566.

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This thesis focuses on the ideological workings of Germany’s main public diplomacy organization, the Goethe-Institut. Drawing upon his experience doing fieldwork at the Goethe-Institut in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, and employing discourse and semiotic analysis, the author identifies four ideological currents within the organization. Relating these currents to four specific interest groups for which the Goethe-Institut is a strategic point of operation, and examining their complex interrelation, allows for an analysis of how their interplay at once constructs, deconstructs and reconstructs the notion of the German Nation.
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Kühn, Jane [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Schroeder, Hubert [Akademischer Betreuer] Truckenbrodt und Zerbian [Akademischer Betreuer] Sabine. „Functionally-driven language change : prosodic focus and sentence type marking in German-Turkish bilingual yes/no questions / Jane Kühn ; Christoph Schroeder, Hubert Truckenbrodt, Zerbian Sabine“. Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1218794283/34.

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Finkbeiner, Rita. „Idiomatische Sätze im Deutschen : Syntaktische, semantische und pragmatische Studien und Untersuchung ihrer Produktivität“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för baltiska språk, finska och tyska, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8289.

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This study aims at examining in detail the linguistic characteristics of sentential idioms (‘idiomatische Sätze’, IS) in German, e.g. Das kannst du dir an den Hut stecken.; Du hast wohl Tomaten auf den Augen!; Da lachen ja die Hühner!. In theoretically and empirically investigating their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features and productive potential, it is shown that IS can only be described properly by looking at the interfaces between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and by systematically investigating pattern formation. In this respect, the study goes far beyond traditional phraseological research. As a theoretical background, the study refers to research on phraseology, sentence types and sentence mood, linguistic evaluation, morphological productivity, and the frameworks of Construction Grammar and Relevance Theory. Empirical evidence comes from a large corpus of written German, a linguistic experiment on productivity, and introspective data. With respect to syntax, the study shows that IS are bound to one or a few different sentence types, varying according to the degree of restriction of their speech act potential. The complex semantics of IS is shown to consist not only of a literal and an idiomatic, but also of a third, mediating representational level. The idiomatic meaning of IS is described as evaluative meaning. Pragmatically, IS are dependent on special contextual environments to obtain a proper interpretation. A context model is developed which makes use of certain categories of evaluation. Moreover, a relevance-theoretic approach is sketched in order to explain which functional advantages IS might have compared to non-idiomatic utterances. With respect to productivity, ten different idiomatic patterns of construction are identified and described in detail. It is experimentally demonstrated that these patterns are productive to a greater or lesser degree dependent on their internal syntactic, lexical, semantic and pragmatic features.
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Bücher zum Thema "Type (German)"

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Stern, Robert C. Type VIIU-boats. London: Arms and Armour, 1991.

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Hershon, Joanna. The German bride. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2008.

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Hershon, Joanna. The German Bride. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2008.

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Stern, Robert Cecil. Type VII U-boats. London: Arms and Armour, 1991.

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Stern, Robert Cecil. Type VII U-boats. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

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Peter, Terrell, Hrsg. Collins German-English, English-German dictionary: Unabridged. 4. Aufl. Glasgow: HarperCollins, 1999.

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Krzyształowicz, Marek. Type VII: Germany's most successful U-boats. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2012.

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Krzyształowicz, Marek. Type VII: Germany's most successful u-boats. Barnsley: Seaforth Pub., 2012.

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Hartmann, Silvia. Fraktur oder Antiqua: Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941. Frankfurt am Main: New York, 1998.

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Hartmann, Silvia. Fraktur oder Antiqua: Der Schriftstreit von 1881 bis 1941. 2. Aufl. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1999.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Type (German)"

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Jarausch, Konrad H. „Germany 1989: A New Type of Revolution?“ In The German Wall, 11–35. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118577_2.

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Wandke, Hartmut, Anja Dresenkamp und Ute Janßen. „Voice Mail versus Type Mail“. In Berichte des German Chapter of the ACM, 329–41. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86782-7_28.

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Mortelmans, Tanja. „Seem-type verbs in Dutch and German“. In Evidentiality Revisited, 123–48. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.271.06mor.

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Kholodova, Alina, und Shanley E. M. Allen. „The dative alternation in German“. In Ditransitives in Germanic Languages, 264–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sigl.7.08kho.

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Many ditransitive events can be expressed in German using either the indirect object construction (IOC) or the prepositional object construction (POC). While most previous research on ditransitives in German has focused on the IOC, very little attention has been paid to the much rarer POC or to individual verb biases for the IOC vs. the POC. We investigated structural preferences of native speakers of German using elicited production and acceptability judgment studies. The results show that the POC is not as restricted as previously thought, and that different modalities (i.e., production vs. comprehension) reveal different aspects of verb biases, which can be easily missed when relying on one type of data.
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Hölscher, Katharina, und Julia M. Wittmayer. „A German Experience: The Challenges of Mediating ‘Ideal-Type’ Transition Management in Ludwigsburg“. In Future City, 205–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69273-9_9.

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Plötner, Kathleen. „Chapter 14. Construction grammar and foreign language learning (L3)“. In Constructional Approaches to Language, 375–404. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cal.34.14plo.

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This paper focuses on predicative constructions with ser and have-constructions with tener in written language production of native German students studying Spanish as a third language (L3). First, I establish a common ground between a usage-based approach and construction grammar and then define so-called ‘construction learning’ in the teaching of a foreign language. Subsequently, the study investigates the use of tener (‘to have’) and ser (‘to be’), both irregular high-frequency verbs, in the third person singular and the constructional embedding of these two verbal forms in patterns like [N es ADJ] (Mi amigo es alto ‘my friend is tall’) and [ART N tiene ART N ADJ] (La chica tiene los ojos azules ‘the girl has blue eyes’) by 12- and 13-year-old and 15- and 16-year-old native German students. As a text type, the ‘description of the person’ was chosen – a text type which is already practiced in the first year of language learning and is therefore suitable for comparative corpus-based studies of different learner levels.
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Mehde, Veith. „Control and Accountability: Administrative Courts and Courts of Audit“. In Public Administration in Germany, 185–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_12.

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AbstractThe control of the administration by administrative courts follows very particular rules. Two elements of the German system stand out: first, the intensive type of control which makes the scope for independent administrative decision-making an exception. Second, the quite strict restrictions on locus standi. The development of administrative law by the courts and its application by the administration are an elementary part of the German legalistic tradition. The courts of audit at all levels of government also play an independent role. They can control the proper as well as the efficient use of funds from the respective budgets. While there is no enforcement mechanism, the publication of the findings certainly leads to pressure to comply.
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Krüger, Tobias, Maria Blettner und Ernst Weigang. „Lessons Learned from the German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A (GERAADA) and Expectations for the Future“. In Controversies in Aortic Dissection and Aneurysmal Disease, 191–201. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5622-2_15.

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Klamroth, R. „Epidemiology and Treatment of Hemophilia A, B and von Willebrand Disease of Type 3 in the Eastern Part of German“. In 37th Hemophilia Symposium, 122–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73535-9_19.

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Alias, Cyril, Jonas Zum Felde und Sven Severin. „Examining the Logistics Performance of a Decentralized Waterborne Container Transportation Service in the West German Canal Network with the Help of Discrete-Event Simulation“. In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1357–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_120.

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AbstractIn order to alleviate road traffic congestion, a logistics concept based on small inland vessels in the West German canal network has been developed for the distribution of containers. The service concept rests on multiple transshipment points throughout the considered geographic area as potential origins and destinations of transport legs. After safeguarding the technical feasibility, the resulting service concept needs to be examined in order to assess its economic viability. Only with promising outcomes resulting from this assessment can potential operators be convinced to transfer the concept into reality, set up the decentralized waterborne container transportation service, and deploy actual inland vessels to be operated in the German waterways. Discrete-event simulation has established itself as an important analysis method in logistics and is suitable for the examination of logistics systems at an operational and tactical level. In the present setting, various scenarios have been selected as the most promising ones and simulated with appropriate models. Eventually, DES will help to determine the routes to be operated, the ports and transshipment points to be included in the respective routes, the vessels to be used, including their type and number, the manning regulation of the inland vessels to be selected, and the transshipment concept to be pursued. Ultimately, the logistics simulation reveals which scenarios turn out to be the most and least promising ones and allows overall statements on the expectable profitability of the service. Furthermore, it helps to identify utilization peaks of the examined inland vessels and transshipment points.
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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Type (German)"

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Wei, Muh-Dey, und Renato Negra. „Low-loss mesh-type coplanar waveguides for high-current, high-frequency CMOS circuits“. In 2015 German Microwave Conference (GeMiC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gemic.2015.7107818.

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Kalaria, P. C., K. A. Avramidis, G. Gantenbein, S. Illy, I. Gr Pagonakis, M. Thumm und J. Jelonnek. „Mode competition control using triode-type start-up scenario for a 236 GHz gyrotron for DEMO“. In 2018 German Microwave Conference (GeMiC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/gemic.2018.8335086.

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Brinckmann, Caren, und Ralf Benzmüller. „The relationship between utterance type and F0 contour in German“. In 6th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1999). ISCA: ISCA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1999-9.

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Nishiyama, Kyo, und Akihito Wachi. „A note on the Capelli identities for symmetric pairs of Hermitian type“. In Proceedings of the Fourth German–Japanese Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812832825_0016.

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Korn, Stephanie, Andrea Koch, Christian Schulz, Monika Gappa, Hartmut Timmermann, Rainer Ehmann, Maren Schuhmann, Eckard Hamelmann und Roland Buhl. „The German Severe Asthma Registry and Type 2-high and Type 2-low asthma phenotypes“. In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa2751.

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von Stumm, M., T. Sequeira, F. Dudde, C. Sinning, H. Reichenspurner und E. Girdauskas. „Mid-Term Outcomes of Mitral Valve Annuloplasty in Type I versus Type IIIb Functional Mitral Regurgitation“. In 48th Annual Meeting German Society for Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678882.

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Brendel, L., D. S. Dohle, H. El Beyrouti, P. Pfeiffer, K. Dohle, M. Rösch und C. F. Vahl. „Gender Differences in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection“. In 48th Annual Meeting German Society for Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678969.

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Voßnacke, Andre´, Wilhelm Graf, Roland Hu¨ggenberg und Astrid Gisbertz. „Design, Loading, Transport and Storage Experience of CASTOR® Casks for Vitrified High Level Waste“. In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4724.

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The revised German Atomic Act together with the Agreement between the German Government and the German Utilities of June 11, 2001 form new boundary conditions that considerably influence spent fuel strategies by stipulation of lifetime limitations to nuclear power plants and termination of reprocessing. The contractually agreed return of reprocessing residues comprises some 156 casks containing vitrified highly active waste, the so-called HAW or glass canisters, coming form irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies to be shipped from COGEMA, France and BNFL, UK to Germany presumably until 2011. Several hundred casks with compacted residues and other waste will follow. The transports are scheduled presumably beyond 2020. The central interim storage facilities in Ahaus and Gorleben, formerly intended to accumulate up to 8,000 t of heavy metal (HM) of spent fuel from German nuclear power plants, offer sufficient capacity to receive the totality of residues to be returned from reprocessing abroad. GNB has developed, tested, licensed, fabricated, loaded, transported and stored a large number of casks for spent fuel and is one of the world leaders for delivering spent fuel and high level waste casks. Long-term intermediate storage of spent fuel is carried out under dry conditions using these casks that are licensed for transport as well as for storage. Standardized high performance casks such as the types CASTOR® HAW 20/28 CG, CASTOR® V/19 and CASTOR® V/52 meet the needs of most nuclear power plants in Germany. Up to now GNS has co-ordinated the loading and transport of 27 casks loaded with 28 canisters each from COGEMA back to Germany for storage in Gorleben for up to 40 years. In all but one case the cask type CASTOR® HAW 20/28 CG has been used.
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Heck, R., M. Montagner, I. Wamala, M. T. Z. Nazari Shafti, A. Abd El Al, V. Falk und S. Buz. „TEVAR in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection“. In 50th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (DGTHG). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725772.

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Merbecks, M., P. Weber, E. Fonseca-Escalante, J. Winter, W. Springer, M. Gorenflo und T. Loukanov. „Management of Funnel-Type Tracheal Stenosis in a 4-Year-Old“. In 52nd Annual Meeting of the German Society for Pediatric Cardiology. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1705520.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Type (German)"

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Bäumler, Maximilian, und Matthias Lehmann. Generating representative test scenarios: The FUSE for Representativity (fuse4rep) process model for collecting and analysing traffic observation data. TU Dresden, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2024.2.

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Scenario-based testing is a pillar of assessing the effectiveness of automated driving systems (ADSs). For data-driven scenario-based testing, representative traffic scenarios need to describe real road traffic situations in compressed form and, as such, cover normal driving along with critical and accident situations originating from different data sources. Nevertheless, in the choice of data sources, a conflict often arises between sample quality and depth of information. Police accident data (PD) covering accident situations, for example, represent a full survey and thus have high sample quality but low depth of information. However, for local video-based traffic observation (VO) data using drones and covering normal driving and critical situations, the opposite is true. Only the fusion of both sources of data using statistical matching can yield a representative, meaningful database able to generate representative test scenarios. For successful fusion, which requires as many relevant, shared features in both data sources as possible, the following question arises: How can VO data be collected by drones and analysed to create the maximum number of relevant, shared features with PD? To answer that question, we used the Find–Unify–Synthesise–Evaluation (FUSE) for Representativity (FUSE4Rep) process model.We applied the first (“Find”) and second (“Unify”) step of this model to VO data and conducted drone-based VOs at two intersections in Dresden, Germany, to verify our results. We observed a three-way and a four-way intersection, both without traffic signals, for more than 27 h, following a fixed sample plan. To generate as many relevant information as possible, the drone pilots collected 122 variables for each observation (which we published in the ListDB Codebook) and the behavioural errors of road users, among other information. Next, we analysed the videos for traffic conflicts, which we classified according to the German accident type catalogue and matched with complementary information collected by the drone pilots. Last, we assessed the crash risk for the detected traffic conflicts using generalised extreme value (GEV) modelling. For example, accident type 211 was predicted as happening 1.3 times per year at the observed four-way intersection. The process ultimately facilitated the preparation of VO data for fusion with PD. The orientation towards traffic conflicts, the matched behavioural errors and the estimated GEV allowed creating accident-relevant scenarios. Thus, the model applied to VO data marks an important step towards realising a representative test scenario database and, in turn, safe ADSs.
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A, Bengolea, Chamorro F, Ozon N, Catalano HN und Izcovich A. Effectiveness and safety of utilizing imaging techniques to guide treatment in patients with venous thromboembolism. Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, Januar 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.2b03926263.v1.

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Objective The objective of this systematic review is to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the use of imaging to determine the duration of anticoagulant treatment in patients with thrombosis of any cause (idiopathic, resolved secondary or chronic) who have completed a period of 3 to 6 months of oral anticoagulant treatment. Methods In order to identify randomized clinical trials that evaluate our question of interest, we performed exhaustive searches in Epistemonikos and PubMed, from the date of creation of each source until February 2024. Additionally, we considered additional sources to identify trials that may not have been identified through electronic search. Two reviewers independently selected included studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We performed a quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) and prepared summary tables of findings as recommended by the GRADE group. The results of this review were presented to a team of clinical experts from the medical clinic service of the German Hospital of Buenos Aires, who analyzed and made judgments for each of the proposed criteria within the framework of the evidence for the decision. After making judgments for each criterion, the experts formulated the clinical recommendation for the problem of interest. Result Through the search strategy, 514 references were identified and examined by title and abstract. Of these, 17 references were included for full-text evaluation. Finally, 2 randomized clinical trials were included. The evidence on the use of CT or venous Doppler to determine the duration of anticoagulation in patients with thromboembolic events of any type is very uncertain. The evidence on the use of tomography or venous Doppler to determine the duration of anticoagulation in patients with idiopathic thromboembolic events secondary to transient and/or chronic risk factors (patients with cancer) is very uncertain. Clinical recommendation The medical clinic service of the German Hospital [link_recommendation|recommendation](does not recommend using image-guided strategies to suspend anticoagulant treatment in patients with thromboembolisms) (CONDITIONAL RECOMMENDATION AGAINST, VERY LOW CERTAINTY IN THE EVIDENCE). Conclusions In this systematic review, we explored the usefulness of using imaging (tomography or venous Doppler) to determine the continuity of treatment with oral anticoagulants in patients with venous thrombosis. However, the evidence derived from the included studies has very low certainty.
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A, Bengolea, Chamorro F, Ozon N, Catalano HN und Izcovich A. Effectiveness and safety of utilizing imaging techniques to guide treatment in patients with venous thromboembolism. Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.2b03926263.

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Objective The objective of this systematic review is to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the use of imaging to determine the duration of anticoagulant treatment in patients with thrombosis of any cause (idiopathic, resolved secondary or chronic) who have completed a period of 3 to 6 months of oral anticoagulant treatment. Methods In order to identify randomized clinical trials that evaluate our question of interest, we performed exhaustive searches in Epistemonikos and PubMed, from the date of creation of each source until February 2024. Additionally, we considered additional sources to identify trials that may not have been identified through electronic search. Two reviewers independently selected included studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We performed a quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) and prepared summary tables of findings as recommended by the GRADE group. The results of this review were presented to a team of clinical experts from the medical clinic service of the German Hospital of Buenos Aires, who analyzed and made judgments for each of the proposed criteria within the framework of the evidence for the decision. After making judgments for each criterion, the experts formulated the clinical recommendation for the problem of interest. Result Through the search strategy, 514 references were identified and examined by title and abstract. Of these, 17 references were included for full-text evaluation. Finally, 2 randomized clinical trials were included. The evidence on the use of CT or venous Doppler to determine the duration of anticoagulation in patients with thromboembolic events of any type is very uncertain. The evidence on the use of tomography or venous Doppler to determine the duration of anticoagulation in patients with idiopathic thromboembolic events secondary to transient and/or chronic risk factors (patients with cancer) is very uncertain. Clinical recommendation The medical clinic service of the German Hospital [link_recommendation|recommendation](does not recommend using image-guided strategies to suspend anticoagulant treatment in patients with thromboembolisms) (CONDITIONAL RECOMMENDATION AGAINST, VERY LOW CERTAINTY IN THE EVIDENCE). Conclusions In this systematic review, we explored the usefulness of using imaging (tomography or venous Doppler) to determine the continuity of treatment with oral anticoagulants in patients with venous thrombosis. However, the evidence derived from the included studies has very low certainty.
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Kampmeier, Mareike, und Jens Greinert. AL590 Cruise Report - Monitoring ecological consequences of marine munition in the Baltic Sea 2023; 17th – 31st March 2023, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany), „MecoMM-BS - I“. Alkor-Berichte AL590. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al590.

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ALKOR cruise AL590 took place as part of the project CONMAR (https://conmarmunition.eu/) which is part of the DAM mission sustainMare (https://www.sustainmare.de/). It was the continuation of the munition monitoring started within the BMBF‐funded project UDEMM (Environmental Monitoring for the Delaboration of Munition in the Sea; https://udemm.geomar.de/), the EMFF (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund) ‐funded projects BASTA (Boost Applied munition detection through Smart data detection in and AI workflows; https://www.basta‐munition.eu) and ExPloTect (Ex‐situ, near‐real‐time detection compound detection in seawater). ALKOR worked for two weeks in the Baltic Sea in the munition dumpsites Kolberger Heide, Falshöft, in Lübeck Bight and west of Rügen. Munition sites were mapped via hydroacoustic (multibeam and synthetic aperture sonar) and visual (ROV and towed camera) methods. Water samples were taken for explosive- type compounds and eDNA analysis and sediment samples for macro faunal distribution studies. A change of crew happened on 24th March in Neustadt i.H. with support of the Coast Guard t of the federal police.
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Macdonald, Stuart, Kamil Yilmaz, Chamin Herath, J. M. Berger, Suraj Lakhani, Lella Nouri und Maura Conway. The European Far-Right Online: An Exploratory Twitter Outlink Analysis of German & French Far-Right Online Ecosystems. RESOLVE Network, Mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.2.

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Seeking to explore the nature of European far-right online ecosystems, this research report examines the outlinking activity of identified pro-far-right users among the followers of the official Twitter accounts of two prominent far-right European political parties, Germany’s Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) and France’s Rassemblement National (RN). Employing a three-layered analysis, the report explores not just the top-level domains outlinked to by its sample of AfD and RN Twitter followers but combines this with analysis of the technical specifications of the content types outlinked to and treatment of the socio-political nature of the content arrived at by clicking on the most tweeted URLs. This results in the provision of a more thorough and cohesive view of this online ecosystem than contained in other similar studies.
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Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Prysyazhna-Gapchenko, Julia. Еміграційні видання для селян: між фаховістю і політикою. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11720.

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In the article rare editions of magazine type are first probed for peasants which nursed in an environment the Ukrainian emigrants in the first post-war years on territory of the American area of occupation in Germany, and also in the USA. Separately paid regard to mision role of magazines in the association of the nebulized peasants round a desire to apply the obtained previous experience and knowledge on strange land, to present the world the Ukrainian peasantry as labour productive force and also round the idea of fight for independence, joining in with political activity of «old» parties and organizations which actively functioned in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants. Outlined problem of magazines for peasants, and also sil’vetki of separate authors. In the repertoire of the Ukrainian emigrant press professional editions for peasants occupy an insignificant percent. But their appearance and functioning testify to the desire of certain part of wanderers – natives from villages, which got the special trade education, and also conscious group of peasants which tested tortures and humiliations as a result of violent collectivization, to unite the efforts for future effective economic labour in Ukraine, as emigration was at that time examined in their environment as the temporal phenomenon. De autre part, the creators of this periodicals did not hide the purpose of distribution of the purchased knowledges and experience in the countries of migration. Publishers at mediation of magazines formed soil for creation of political party, which would unite the unions of the Ukrainian peasants-emigrants (farmers), which got organized in camps for the moved persons. Soon, in 1948, party of liberal direction – Union of earths of cathedral Ukraine is was created in Ashaffenburzi (Germany) and on convention in New Wales (in 1950) renamed on Peasant party. Greater part of problem of magazines «the Ukrainian owner», «Ukrainian peasant», «Rural owner», was inferior preparation to realization of this emigrant project. A separate place belongs to the magazine «the Ukrainian manager», the release of which, without regard to influences of mel’nikivskogo wing OUN, managed from the first to the last number to dissociate oneself from a policy, save popular scientific status agrarian-economic direction. Even publications the main theme of number is violated in which, for example, criticism of a collective farm system the USSR or analysis of economic problems of socialism, scientific arguments is marked and by the unprejudice of author. Functioning in the environment of emigration of «rural» periodicals is dictated a desire to combine effort peasants for a maintenance and increase of professional level, to send them in the river-bed of fight for liberation from under the burden of persecutors of the Ukrainian village.
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Collins, Susan, Jennifer Kemp und Isaac Farley. Introduction to Registering Book Content Webinar, Brazilian Portuguese. Crossref, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13003/wfmwrcu3sx.

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Livro é um tipo de conteúdo que tem aumentado bastante no Crossref. É uma excelente oportunidade para autores aumentarem a lista de suas publicações, além de proporcionar a disseminação do conteúdo, descoberta por outros leitores e também possibilitar citações. O Crossref tem opções para ajudar a registrar uma variedade de tipos de livros em diferentes fluxos de trabalho – então, junte-se a nós para uma visão geral de por que os livros são importantes para o Crossref e como podemos ajudá-lo. Esse webinar abrangerá: Razões pelas quais você deve registrar livros no Crossref; Melhores práticas para registro de livros; Como registrar metadados de livros; Demonstração de registro de livros e metadados usando o web deposit. Haverá um tempo para perguntas e troca de experiência. Este webinar será útil para editoras, editores, equipes de produção e para os interessados em aprender sobre registro de livros e seus metadados no Crossref. Books are one of Crossref’s fastest-growing content types and an excellent opportunity to improve the scholarly record for authors and increase the discoverability of content. Crossref has options to help register a variety of book types in different workflows so join us for an overview of why books are important to Crossref and how we can help you include yours. The webinar will cover: Reasons why you should register books with Crossref Best practice for books How to register book metadata This webinar should be useful for book publishers, editors, production staff, and anyone else interested in learning more about books and book metadata at Crossref.
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Rahmé, Marianne, und Alex Walsh. Corruption Challenges and Responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies, Januar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.093.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter et al. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.

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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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