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1
Kelly, Harold Lorain Jr 1958. „Remote measurement of turf water stress and turf biomass“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276995.
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Increasing irrigation efficiency on turfgrass could help reduce water consumption on large turf facilities. Two experiments were conducted using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne (L.) Derby) to evaluate the potential of using remote sensing to estimate turf water status, predict daily evapotranspiration (ET), and estimate turf biomass. In the first experiment a crop water stress index, utilizing remotely sensed canopy temperature, were used to schedule irrigations on 6 of 10 drainage lysimeters. Three of the remaining lysimeters were irrigated used on meteorological estimates of ET calculated using a modified Penman equation. The results of this experiment were inconclusive due to inconsistent lysimeter drainage characteristics. The second experiment was conducted on a turf green with multiple heights to evaluate the potential for using canopy radiance to estimate turf biomass. These results showed that turf biomass could be estimated from a vegetative index (Red Ratio = Near Infrared/Red radiance) obtained through measurements of canopy radiance (r2 = 0.91).
2
McGinley, Susan. „Studying Low Maintenance Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622365.
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3
Kopec, David M., Charles F. Mancino, Andrew E. Ralowicz, Michael J. Petty, Mark Olson und Hisham N. Moharram. „Winter Turf Performance Trials“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216075.
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Overseeding trials were conducted to evaluate the turf-type fitness of cool season grasses for use in the desert when bermudagrass is dormant. Perennial ryegrass, fine fescues, rough stalk bluegrasses and creeping bentgrasses were tested for turfgrass quality, color, percent ground cover and uniformity under a close mowing (3/8 inch) regime. Entries varied significantly from each other once seasonal hard frosts did not recur after January. Certain entries had better turf performance under hot (late spring) conditions. Both commercially available and experimental germplasm were evaluated.
4
Keller, Marcus. „The Fate of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Synthetic Field Turf System“. University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1384454039.
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5
Royse, John Paul. „Protection Covers for Trafficked Turf“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32883.
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Large public events, such as concerts, rallies, and festivals, impact turf health when held on natural turfgrass surfaces. The impact associated with these events is due to the placement of physical structures such as stages and seating areas and pedestrian and vehicular traffic on the turf surface. Trafficked turf protection covers, which are field covers meant to be placed directly on the turf surface where pedestrian or vehicular traffic is expected and/or equipment will be placed, can be used to minimize damage to the turf surface. Scientific data on turf response to these covers is lacking. Four cover treatments comprised of a non-covered non-trafficked control, plywood, plywood + Enkamat Plus, and white high-density polypropylene [single sided (Terratile) or double sided (Matrax)] were applied to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and effects of light intensity, duration of covering, season and soil moisture were evaluated. Growth chambers and field experiments were conducted in 2010-2011. Tissue samples were taken in growth chambers experiments every four days over the 20-day period to analyze chlorophyll (Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b) and carotenoids (carot) under split factors of light intensity (12hr, PAR 530 μmol m-2 s-1, 5 μmol m-2 s-1) and soil moisture (50%, 75% of pot soil moisture capacity). Field trial treatment effects were observed every two days and eight days after cover removal in the spring, summer and fall and a normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) measure was used at the conclusion of each trial period to confirm visual ratings. Covers that allowed light transmission to the canopy provided the best visual retention of percent green cover and higher contents of Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b and carot. However, when treatments were tested under conditions that simulated low light under a concert stage (PAR 5 μmol m-2 s-1), covers performed similarly. Moderate soil moisture increased Chl b and carot content under covers. Field trials showed that plywood and plywood + Enkamat allowed for acceptable covering periods of six days in spring, four days in fall, and zero days in summer. Summer conditions shortened the number of days (8 -10) thattall fescue could be covered with Matrax and Terratile and still maintain an acceptable level of green cover. Matrax performed the best during high temperatures and did not tend to sink into the turf in saturated soil. All covers exhibited desirable qualities and limitations that should be considered for turf protection during an event.Master of Science
6
Kopec, David M., Jeff J. Gilbert und Mohammed Pessarakli. „2002-2003 Overseeding Turf Trials“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216578.
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Sixty-four overseed turf entries were evaluated from October 2002, to June 2003 for turf when overseeded on Tifway bermudagrass fairway turf. Overseed entries included 43 single variety (or experimental synthetics) of perennial ryegrass, 2 annual ryegrasses, 6 entries of intermediate or 'hybrid' ryegrass, 5 entries of Poa trivialis (PT), one blend of perennial ryegrass, 4 mixtures (two or more species together) and 3 fescues. The main effect of "overseed grass entry" was highly significant on all dates for all visual turf responses, which included establishment, color quality, density, texture, and spring transition. The greatest amount of variation occurred within the perennial ryegrass group as a whole, showing the diversity within this species for overseeding performance. Annual ryegrass provided quick germination and ground coverage in the fall and a quick spring transition, but was of poor turf quality. Intermediate ryegrasses had performance values between that of perennial and annual ryegrass, some of which provided moderately good turf performance and good transition. Poa trivialis was slow to establish, but provided good quality and excellent plot texture, however they had poor transitional qualities. Final quality mean scores ranged from 3.0 (P-02-0047 PT) to 7.7. There were three entries, which averaged 7.7 at the close of the test, which included Mach 1 PR, SR 4500 PR, and Pace PR. The entries IG-2, Greenville PR, Express PR, Bar LO 2001, Hawkeye, Partee finished at 7.3 for quality. Among the intermediate ryegrass entries, Froghair finished with a mean quality score of 7.0, followed by Pick 00- A-LH (5.3). All three fescues produced mean quality scores of 6.0 or better on 8 June (Hardtop fescue leading at 6.7 for quality). The Labarinth tall fescue did have 62% Bermuda at the end of the test, compared to 65% for all entries at that time. Entries which had a mean quality score of 7.0 or more in June, along with a bermuda transition of close to 75% or more at the termination of the test included the following entries; Citation Fore, Mach 1, BarGold, Bar LP 2001, Pace, Greenville OSP, and Express.
7
Säberg, Mikael. „Sustainability of Artificial Turf Fields : Comparative life cycle assessment of artificial and natural turf fields“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177901.
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Soccer accounts for a third of the Swedish sports movement with 3 503 fields of both natural and artificial turf. The European Union will make a decision in 2021 on how to handle the issue of rubber performance infill. This infill can be found in artificial turf fields and are used for performance properties. The problem with this infill is the microplastics that spreads into the nature which is considered as toxic. Because of this the EU have decided to either ban or provide mandatory rules to reduce the spread of rubber performance infill. The north and the majority of Sweden’s climate is not adapted for play of soccer on natural turf according to FIFA, and EU want to ban or provide mandatory rules for artificial turfs. This action from the EU can perturb the entire Swedish sports movement since soccer accounts for a third of that movement. This study was therefore created to show if artificial turf fields are as bad for the environment as rumours has said compared with the natural turfs. To investigate this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed regarding the global warming potential (GWP) and embodied water consumption for three different field types: an artificial turf field with recycled SBR, an artificial turf field with cork and a natural turf field. The result visualised that a natural turf field had the highest embodied water consumption and the highest impact on the GWP of a ten-year life cycle while the artificial turf field with recycled SBR had the least embodied water consumption and the least impact on the GWP. The findings of this LCA were that Sweden for the moment is dependent on artificial turf and the rubber performance infill, since the material properties are the best adapted to their climate. Therefore, a ban would be a risk for the Swedish sports movement. It was also revealed that natural turf fields in Sweden consumes at least 50 % municipal drinking water when irrigate. The high GWP impact came from the production of fertilisers (NPK). This report has shown how artificial turf and natural turf can work together in an industrial symbiosis by making the artificial turf field constructed to collect rainwater and use that water to irrigate the natural turf with.
8
Lee, Shun-wa. „Soil and management of sports turf : a case study in Hong Kong /“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20667073.
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9
Canaway, Patrick Michael. „Maximising the performance of sports turf“. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240574.
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Research was carried out on four main subject areas: playing quality of natural turf; establishment; nitrogen nutrition and stabilisation ofsand rootzones. Apparatus and test methods for determining playing quality are described and procedures for the development of standards for playing quality measures are given. A theoretical analysis of the factors governing playing quality was undertaken which showed that natural turf must be considered in terms of the plant and soil constituents and the manner in which these interact, especially in response to wear. The soil factor grouping is shown to be the most important influence on playing quality, primarily through its effect on moisture retention and throughput. A large-scale field experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of five different constructional techniques on playing quality and other aspects of turf performance. Constructional types included: pipe-drainage, slitdrainage, slit-drainage with a 25mm sand layer, a sand carpet and a sand profile construction. The results showed that the sand-based constructions provided the best playing quality but that potential numbers of days lost due to the presence of standing water decreased with increasing constructional sophistication. A review of playing quality of fine turf was carried out and an experiment on ball roll characteristics of five turfgrass specieswas undertaken which showed significant differencesamong species. Two experiments on the establishment of turf using different types of seed and sod were carried out, whose objective was to determine the effects of these experimental treatments on the playing quality, ground cover and water infiltration rate of playing surfaces for both football and golf. Experimental treatments included grades of mature turf, juvenile turf and seed. The most notable finding was the dramatic reduction in water infiltration rate where mature turfwas used for establishment. This was ascribed to a combination of organic and mineral matter imported along with the turf causing blockage of soil macropores and hence reducing water infiltration rate. The effect offertiliser nitrogen on the response of Lolium perenne turf grown on a PruntyMulqueen sand carpet rootzone was studied a field experiment which was subjected to football-type artificial wear treatments during two playing seasons. Measures included ground cover under wear and playing quality. In the case of ground cover and player traction responses to nitrogen showed distinct optima particularly during wear. Ball rebound resilienceand hardness showed no such response. Finally an experiment on the stabilisation ofsand rootzones for sport was carried out the objective of which was to study the effect of artificially strengthening a sand rootzone using randomly oriented tensile inclusions {Netlon mesh elements}. Three different rates of mesh elements, two different sizes and establishment using two types of turf were studied in a field experiment. Mesh element inclusion was found to increase water infiltration rate, traction and hardness. Turf treated by washing to remove adhering soil prior to laying also gave higher infiltration rates and, in addition, affected playing quality.
10
McGinley, Susan. „New Turf Facility Features Varied Research“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622352.
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11
Brown, Paul. „Phoenix Area Turf Water Management Information“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144816.
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2 pp.Phoenix area turf managers now have access to FREE turf water use information via fax, email or the Internet. This free service is provided by the Arizona Meteorological Network (AZMET) which generates turf water use estimates using data collected from a network of automated weather stations located in the Phoenix area. Signing up for this free service is very easy. This publication provides the details you need to sign up for this free turf water use information service in the Phoenix area.
12
Kopec, D. M., C. F. Mancino, M. J. Petty und L. Salo. „Ryegrass Turf Trials for 1987-1988“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215849.
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13
Kopec, David, und Kai Umeda. „Overseeding Winter Grasses into Bermudagrass Turf“. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579520.
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2 pp.Describes the proper timing of overseeding, selecting winter grasses, and procedures to prepare for overseeding with the amount of seed to use followed by irrigating, fertilizing, and mowing.
14
Webb, Carolyn H. „Mechanical traction behaviour of artificial turf“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25672.
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Artificial surfaces are increasingly more common in a number of sports including football, rugby and hockey. Each specific sport has mechanical properties designed to suit the requirements of the sport which can be achieved through appropriate selection of surface specification, as well as the appropriate selection of footwear. In player-surface interactions, traction is a key system property that needs to be measured for comfort, performance and any potential injury risk. Many of the current industry tests used to measure traction are simplistic and have limitations when used in tests. The aim of the thesis was to make a contribution to knowledge with regard to the mobilisation of traction and apply this to the understanding of shoe-surface interactions. This was achieved by completing a number of objectives. These included reviewing current knowledge of player-surface interaction behaviour in relation to traction and obtaining relevant human boundary conditions for biofidelic mechanical test development. The mechanisms of traction were then investigated and the variables in the mobilisation of traction identified. The traction forces developed were quantified with appropriate measurement systems. Mechanical test equipment was then developed along with protocols to replicate the translational and rotational lower limb behaviour during sport specific behaviour. This included the standard FIFA rotational device being modified to include two sensors which record continuous data throughout a trial to allow for more than a peak torque value to be analysed. In addition, a piece of equipment to measure translational traction was developed and constructed to support the rotational traction device and help to understand the mobilisation of traction. The device pulled a tray containing a surface sample, with a shoe/plate placed on the sample. The horizontal force was measured, as well as the amount of stud penetration into the surface. It was also necessary to characterise the state of the surface and the effects that any changes may have on the traction that is mobilised. Testing completed involved repeated testing on both the rotational and translational to allow for comparison. Changes in the surface properties were made such as the number of fibres in a set area and the rubber infill density as well as shoe properties such as stud spacing, stud type and number of studs. In the results, the initial stiffness response of the surface was often focussed on as it was stated that this may be a better indicator of the mechanisms involved in the traction mobilised by subjects, compared to peak torque. This is due to actual foot rotation measured in subject testing being observed to be much smaller than the rotation/distance required to produce the peak force. The larger angles/displacements were also considered to help inform the mechanisms of traction. The final objective was to refine the mechanisms based on the experimental design. This all adds to the contribution of knowledge regarding the mobilisation of traction. A key outcome from the thesis is the effect the surface and shoe properties have on traction, therefore it is essential to state the specification when reporting results otherwise comparisons are not able to be made. The mechanism of traction has not previously been fully understood, with this thesis beginning to understand the details of how the change in surface or shoe properties affect how the surface reacts during shoe-surface interactions.
15
Schneider, Brianna Allysia. „The Effects of Sand Shape and Turf Type on the Playing Quality of a Hybrid Turf System“. The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563227479044356.
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16
Radhakrishnan, Harish. „Mechanical behavior of a carbon nanotube turf“. Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/h_radhakrishnan_092206.pdf.
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17
Caple, Matt C. J. „Mechanical behaviour of natural turf sports surfaces“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7389.
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The understanding of the mechanical behaviour of natural turf pitches is limited, owed in part to the deficiencies in current testing devices and methodologies. This research aimed to advance the understanding of surface mechanical behaviour through in-situ and laboratory experiments, and via the development of new testing devices. An impact testing device, the Dynamic Surface Tester (DST) was developed, with impacts replicating the magnitude of stress applied by athletes onto turfed surfaces during running. Developmental experiments indicated that the device was sensitive to changes in soil condition due to variations (P<0.05) in impact data.
18
Harper, Richard Eugene. „Development of novel synthetic turf infill materials“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54346.
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Mitigation of health and heat-build-up issues related to black, granulated crumb rubber infill (GCRI) in synthetic turf fields (STF) while maintaining acceptable impact absorption properties was the central goal of this study. The first step was establishing a STF baseline performance of GCRI samples that originated from several sources while elucidating the synergistic parameters between infill and turf that promulgate acceptable impact performance. Based on the knowledge base built on the GCRI-STF standard, three polymeric waste streams selected for their benign chemical contents, non-black colors and competitive low costs were evaluated as alternate turf infill materials: post-consumer carpet broadloom (PCCB), post-consumer carpet tile (PCCT) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) drink bottles. For ground PCCB carcass (the base on the carpet construction remaining after the face fibers were removed), the heterogeneous composition of unconfined fine particles and remaining short fibers prevented sufficient material integration to allow sufficient impact energy absorption. The ground PET homogeneous particles alone lacked sufficient impact absorption capabilities, and their synergistic interactions with the turf blade yarns were not sufficient to meet specified levels of impact performance. Only the PCCT infill crumb possessed a heterogeneous structure that effectively filled the STF to yield sufficient impact cushioning comparable to standard GCRI. In conclusion, PCCT was shown to be a technically-viable candidate for GCRI infill replacement, warranting further development to bring it into closer cost competitiveness to GCRI and ensure long-term wear and weathering performance in synthetic turf.
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Hagley, Karen Jane. „Microbial community structure in sports turf soils“. Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402548.
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20
Raikes, Carmen. „Integrated disease management on winter sports turf“. Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1995. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5522/.
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The aim of this study was to formulate an integrated disease management (IDM) strategy for winter sports turf. (Winter sports turf, or coarse turf, consists primarily of perennial rye grass, Lolium perenne, which is used for football, rugby and hockey pitches because of its wear tolerant characteristics). IDM involves the use of a number of control strategies to suppress disease economically and efficiently. Such strategies incorporate cultural, biological, genetic, legislative and chemical control. In order to formulate a successful disease management strategy, all the significant diseases affecting winter sports turf and the effects of different management strategies on these target pathogens needed to be identified and collated. This was achieved by a comprehensive questionnaire survey to professional football clubs (who require a high level of turf maintenance) and local authorities (moderate/low maintenance). The questionnaire sought information regarding disease, pest and weed incidence, control measures employed and general problems, e. g. drainage, wear and routine management practices. Red thread, Laetisariafiiciformis, and Fusarium patch, Microdochium nivale appeared to be the most ubiquitous diseases on winter sports turf. Some important management practices that suppress red thread can, however, encourage Fusarium patch, e. g. the application of nitrogenous fertiliser. A series of experiments and field trials have been initiated to identify a number of specific factors which manage to effectively suppress both diseases. A field trial involving the use of species mixtures, perennial rye grass and smooth stalked meadow grass (Poa pratensis), illustrated that genetic diversity can help to reduce both red thread and Fusarium patch compared to turf grown in monoculture. The amount Fusarium patch and red thread cover indicated that disease severity was significantly lower in dual species stands as compared to monoculture. A mixture comprising 50% perennial rye grass and 50% smooth stalked meadow grass appeared the most effective at suppressing disease incidence. Similarly, mixtures of three perennial rye grass cultivars appeared more successful at suppressing slight outbreaks of red thread as compared to bi-blends and monoculture. In addition, individual perennial rye grass cultivars also vary in tolerance to red thread. One hundred and ten cultivars, under three different nitrogen regimes were assessedto determine which were the most disease resistant. The cultivars, received artificial football type wear treatment throughout the winter, to determine if red thread incidence predisposes rye grass to be less wear tolerant. The results indicate that a number of cultivars tolerant to red thread throughout the summer were also more resistant to wear. These cultivars included Quickstart, DelDwarf and Brightstar. Wear tolerance was also increased under a moderate nitrogen level (150 kg/ha/yr). Finally, a field trial investigating the effect of nitrogen rate on red thread and Fusarium patch incidence on five different constructions for football pitches was set down. Both diseases appeared to be efficiently suppressed under a moderate/high nitrogen level (N=225 kg/ha/yr). The 'pipe/slit' construction type also appeared to contain both diseases effectively, whilst sustaining a healthy, vigorous sward throughout the Winter when subjected to artificial football-type wear treatment. In addition to the field studies, an investigation to isolate potential microbial antagonists for use as biocontrol agents against Fusarium patch was undertaken; Fusarium patch was identified as the most economically important disease on winter sports turf from the original survey. A number of known antagonists and indigenous fungi and bacteria isolated from the phylloplane and rhizosphere of Lolium perenne were screened in vitro on turfgrass extract agar against Fusarium patch. This in vitro assay identified which species effectively suppressed disease growth. These potential antagonists were further tested in vivo to determine efficacy under field conditions. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma and bacteria from the genera Bacillus and Pseudornonos appeared the most effective antagonists against Fusarium patch in the in vivo study. In all cases where an antagonist was present, Fusarium patch severity was significantly lower than the untreated control, e. g. the indigenous Bacillus sp. reduced disease severity by 76.1 %. The results obtained from the field trials are encouraging and suggest that the use of species/cultivar mixtures, disease tolerant cultivars and a balanced fertiliser regime on a freely-draining construction type can successfully be incorporated into an IDM plan. An IDM strategy will help to effectively suppress both red thread and Fusariurn patch on winter sports turf. Biological control of Fusariurn patch was successful on an experimental basis, although further research is required to identify an appropriate formulation and optimum application technique for successful commercial use. The use of IDM on winter sports turf will help reduce reliance on chemical control, may delay the onset of fungicide resistance and reduce non-target impacts of fungicides. IDM will also help limit the need for potentially hazardous chemicals in recreational areas open to the public.
21
Brown, Paul, und Dave Kopec. „Converting Reference Evapotranspiration into Turf Water Use“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146991.
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22
Brown, Paul, und Dave Kopec. „Converting Reference Evapotranspiration Into Turf Water Use“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312654.
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5 pp. / Originally published 2000; revised 2014.Introduction: Accurate estimates of turf water use are required to effectively manage a turf irrigation system. In Volume I of this series entitled “Basics of Evaporation and Evapotranspiration (ET),” we indicated that actual turf water use (ETt) is rarely measured in the real world. Instead, we use meteorological data and a mathematical model known as the Penman-Monteith Equation to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETos) — the ET from a tall, cool-season grass that is supplied with adequate water. In the lower elevations of Arizona the ETos value would seem of limited value since we rarely grow turf that is equivalent to the reference surface. However, we get around this problem by adjusting the ETos value to account for differences in turf type, quality and stage of development. This document describes the procedures used to adjust ETos for use on managed turf surfaces in Arizona.
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Tsai, David. „"Aplicação da radiação por feixe de elétrons como agente esterilizante de microorganismos em substrato turfoso"“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-22052007-145313/.
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A inoculação de sementes de leguminosas de grãos tais como soja [Glycine max. (L.)], feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e pastagens tem sido uma estratégia efetiva e conveniente para introduzir estirpes eficientes de Bradyrhizobium/Rhizobium em solos agrícolas sem histórico de cultivo anterior dessa cultura ou quando as estirpes ivas são ineficientes no processo biológico de aquisição de nitrogênio. Através do uso de substrato turfoso previamente esterilizado como veículo da bactéria, os efeitos ambientais adversos podem ser amenizados, pois este substrato atua diretamente, na sobrevivência da bactéria através do fornecimento de nutrientes. O Brasil requer que os substratos turfosos sejam pré-esterilizados através de radiação gama de cobalto-60 (60Co), sendo recomendada a dose de 50 kGy para uma efetiva eliminação de patógenos e saprófitas, que podem competir com a bactéria introduzida. Recentemente, a utilização de aceleradores de elétrons foi considerada uma nova alternativa de radiação para pré-esterilização da turfa, pois, por se constituir de processo oxidativo avançado, gera radicais altamente reativos, eficientes na eliminação de agentes contaminantes. Esta técnica é considerada ecologicamente mais segura que a radiação gama, além de ser um processo mais rápido. Há, porém, a característica de ter menor profundidade de penetração da radiação em relação ao 60Co. O presente estudo comparou o método usando doses crescentes de radiação gama por 60Co e por feixe de elétrons (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 kGy). Os dados experimentais (7, 14, 21 e 28 dias para a fase curta e 150, 180 e 210 dias para a fase longa de incubação) mostraram um elevado número de células da bactéria Rhizobium tropici CM-01 gusA+ inoculada em substratos turfosos submetidos aos dois processos de esterilização, sendo que ambos processos atenderam aos padrões mínimos requeridos pelas normas brasileiras (validade de 180 dias e presença acima de 1 x 108 células/g de substrato). Sob doses mais elevadas, acima de 40 kGy, o método por feixe de elétrons foi mais eficiente em eliminar actinobactérias, consideradas sérias antagonistas de bactérias inoculantes em turfas e que surgiram após 150 dias. Em um segundo estudo, usando o isolado CM-01 celB+ por um período de 30 dias, os resultados confirmaram a eficiência do método por feixe de elétrons na fase de crescimento bacteriano, mesmo para dose baixa de 10 kGy.Inoculation of root nodule bacteria into legume seeds such as soybean [Glycine max. (L.)], common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and forrage pasture has been effective and convenient as this simple procedure may introduce effective strains of Bradyrhizobium/Rhizobium into agricultural soils without a past history of successful cropping systems with the legume hosts. Peat-based substrates previously sterilized have been used for decades as bacteria carrier, protecting them from the prevailing harsh conditions in tropical soils and ensuring their survival with nutrient and protection against the soil antagonists. The Brazilian Government requires that all peat-based substrates must be gamma-sterilized from a cobalt-60 (60Co) source, prior the introduction of the root nodule bacteria into the package. The recommendation is for a dose up to 50 kGy for an effective suppression of pathogens and saprophytes, in order to avoid competition among the substrate microbiota. Recently, the use of the electron beam (EB) accelerator has shown to be a new alternative for peat pre-sterilization, as this technique may promote reactive free-radicals which are efficient to suppress microbial contaminants. This fast technology is considered more environment and ecology friendly-sound than gamma radiation (γ). The disvantage of not reaching higher depth than gamma rays from 60Co must be considered, and attempts of optimizing the technique are crucial. This study compared both methods by using increasing rates of radiation by 60Co by the EB method - 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 kGy in a commercial peat used for inoculants. Experimental data from days 7, 14, 21 and 28 days (growth period) and 150, 180 and 210 days (storage period) indicated high numbers of the strain Rhizobium tropici CM-01, labelled with gusA+ (Study 1) and celB+ (Study 2) from both eat-sterilizing techniques, reaching values above the minimum of 1x108 cells g-1 peat. At high rates, above 40 kGy, and after long incubation periods (ex. after 150 days), EB method was more efficient to suppress actinobacteria, one serious antagonist for rhizobia. Strain CM-01 celB+, data for the period of bacterial growth confirmed the efficiency of the method even at rates as low as 10 kGy.
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Pereira, Ester Liberato. „As práticas eqüestres em Porto Alegre : percorrendo o processo da esportivização“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56768.
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As práticas equestres, em especial, o hipismo, estão relacionadas com a configuração do cenário sociocultural de Porto Alegre, bem como, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O cavalo, para a identidade do sul-rio-grandense, representa um de seus símbolos, uma vez que sempre se associaram, ao longo da história do Rio Grande do Sul. A parceria entre homem e animal está presente, também, nos momentos de lazer e diversão. Desde as primeiras manifestações do fenômeno do associativismo esportivo em Porto Alegre, por volta da segunda metade do século XIX, já ocorriam, na cidade, práticas esportivas que abarcavam a participação do cavalo, como as corridas de cavalos, conhecidas como “carreiras em cancha reta”, e o turfe, corridas de cavalos em pista circular/elíptica. Novas práticas equestres emergem nos quartéis no início do século XX: pólo equestre, caça à raposa, volteio e hipismo, onde o salto constitui a prática mais divulgada. O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender como se sucedeu a esportivização das práticas equestres em Porto Alegre, em particular do salto do hipismo, nas décadas de 1920 a 1940. Para a realização desta pesquisa histórica, utilizaram-se fontes impressas, tais como atas de entidades do turfe e do hipismo, a Revista do Globo e os jornais “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação” e “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. As fontes revelaram que, no contexto predominantemente rural, em Porto Alegre, na segunda metade do século XIX, emergiram as primeiras práticas equestres com elementos de esportivização. Dentre estas, destacam-se o turfe e o hipismo como exemplos de práticas equestres que desenvolveram propriedades características de esporte moderno. Neste processo, as mulheres foram de espectadoras, no turfe, a praticantes, no salto.Equestrian practices, in particular, horse riding, are related to Porto Alegre’s sociocultural context configuration, as well as Rio Grande do Sul’s. The horse is one of the symbols for Rio Grande do Sul’s identity, since they have always been associated throughout this state’s history. Thus, it would not be surprising that such a partnership between man and animal was also present in moments of leisure and fun. Therefore, since the earliest manifestations of the sportive association phenomenon in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteenth century, there already were sportive practices which counted with horse’s participation such as horse races known as ‘straight line horse races’ and turf, circular/elliptical horse races. New equestrian practices emerged in the barracks in the early twentieth century: equestrian polo, fox hunting, vaulting and horse riding, where show jumping is the most widespread practice. Considering this background, this study aims to understand how sportivization process of equestrian practices happened in Porto Alegre, in particular of show jumping, in the decades from 1920 to 1940. In order to accomplish this historical research, documentary and printed sources have been used, such as turf and show jumping entities’ minutes, Revista do Globo magazine, and the newspapers “Correio do Povo”, “Diário de Notícias”, “A Federação”, and “Gazeta de Porto Alegre”. The sources have revealed that, in a predominantly rural context in Porto Alegre, in the second half of the nineteeth century, the first equestrian practices with sportivization elements have emerged. Among these, we highlight turf and show jumping as examples of equestrian practices which have developed all the characteristic properties of modern sport. In this process, from spectators in turf, women became practitioners in show jumping.
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Blackburn, Steven. „The biomechanical interaction between sports players and artificial turf for the development of a validated artificial turf testing rig“. Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2012. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22993.
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Artificial turf is increasingly becoming prevalent in field sports traditionally played on natural grass surfaces. However, current artificial turf test methods are not biomechanically representative. This study investigated the interaction between players and sports surfaces in order to develop a new biomechanically valid testing rig for the mechanical characterisation of artificial turf. A biomechanical analysis of thirteen sports players performing five running and turning movements on three types of artificial turf was conducted. Three-dimensional ground loadings (ground reaction forces (GRFs), free moment) and knee biomechanics (angles, moments) were measured. A subset of eight subjects who completed trials on all three tyes of surfaces were included in statistical analyses. There were no significant differences in ground loadings or knee biomechanics between the turfs. However, ground loadings and knee biomechanics varied significantly between movements, according to movemen t velocity and the degree of turn. Larger vertical GRFs, peak knee flexion, and sagittal knee moments were measured in faster movements. Larger horizontal GRFs, free moment, traction coefficient, peak fontal knee angle, frontal and transverse knee moment were measured in turning movements. Using two weighted pendulums, the Strathclyde Sports Turf Testing Rig (SSTTR) can apply simultaneous vertical, horizontal and rotational loads. Initial testing of the rig was conducted in situ on nine outdoor artificial turfs. Linear and rotational traction, and vertical, shear and torque loading was measured on each surface and compared with the biomechanical results. The SSTTR produced loads typical of a range of sports movement that are performed on artificial turf, indicating that the biomechanical validity of the SSTTR was broadly demonstrated in that it applies realistic biomechanical loads in a timely fashion. In summary, this study has generated new knowledge and further understanding regarding the three-dimensional biomechanical interaction of players and artificial turf. The biomechanically validated SSTTR is unique in terms of its ability to combine three load actions of different magnitudes which are truly representative of the loading that occur in a number of typical sporting movements.
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Hawkes, N. J. „Spring dead spot in tifdwarf turf, South Australia /“. Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ah392.pdf.
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DeVetter, David Michael. „Summer-induced iron chlorosis on Kentucky bluegrass turf“. [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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28
Jones, Valerie. „Physiological response of turf grasses to trampling pressure“. Thesis, Keele University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328049.
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Some responses of turfgrasses to trampling stress were examined using simulated trampling methods in greenhouse and laboratory studies. Subsidiary experimental field studies indicated that the laboratory results were relevant to the natural situation. Shoot yield, 002 exchange and water relation parameters were measured, concentrating on the short term response to simulated trampling. A range of turf grass species and cultivars were included so comparison of wear tolerant and wear susceptible cultivar response was possible. An electrolyte release method was developed to ascertain plant injury following simulated trampling. Differences in injury index were related to levels of wear tolerance of the species and cultivars. Shoot yield was reduced with simulated trampling in all species and cultivars tested. Decrease in shoot yield correlated significantly with increasing intensity of trampling and increased injury index. Differences in amount of shoot decrease between species and cultivars related to ratings of wear tolerance in the literature. Net photosynthesis of Lolium perenne S23 decreased significantly with simulated trampling and a slight increase in respiration was recorded. Net photosynthesis correlated with injury level. Continuous monitoring over the initial few hours after treatment revealed a sharp decline in photosynthesis rates, followed by gradual recovery. Selected cultivars had a lower shoot water content two hours after treatment, the higher the intensity of simulated trampling the lower was the water content. SEM studies indicated disruption of epicuticular wax, therefore reducing cuticular resistance to water loss. Transpiration rates were reduced with simulated trampling and calculations showed a reduced hydraulic conductivity. These findings were related to relevant observations of response of plants to other stresses, particularly wind. A model is presented suggesting how observed and hypothetical responses, both short term and long term, may contribute to the survival or death of grass following trampling.
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Severn, Kathryn A. „Science of synthetic turf surfaces : player-surface interactions“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7216.
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This research project has investigated the mechanical properties and behaviour of third generation synthetic turf surfaces used for football and rugby, with a focus on the traction behaviour produced at the shoe-surface interface. The physical characteristics and mechanical properties of the component materials used in the construction of third generation surfaces were examined. The bulk density of the rubber infill material was found to be a key variable. This was shown to be influenced by compaction and the resulting compression of the rubber infill material under an applied load. Increasing the compactive effort and/or compression under loading increased the bulk density. Shear strength of the rubber infill material was shown to be influenced by bulk density, increasing with a higher bulk density. The composite surface system behaviour of third generation synthetic turf surfaces was investigated. Several surface variables were measured including; shockpad thickness, synthetic turf carpet construction, infill thickness, infill bulk density and infill material type. Shockpad thickness, rubber infill thickness and bulk density were found to influence the impact behaviour, with a thicker rubber layer (shockpad and/or rubber infill layer) reducing the hardness of a surface system. Increasing the bulk density of the rubber infill with compactive effort increased the surface system hardness. Traction behaviour of composite surface systems was explored using three traction test methods to measure both rotational and translational traction. Rubber infill bulk density was shown to be a primary influencing variable from the playing surface variables investigated. Several further traction variables were explored to provide a fuller understanding of the mechanisms involved in the production of traction at the shoe-surface interface including; vertical stress, stud configuration, stud dimension, stud penetration, water and temperature. Vertical stress and stud configuration were found to be primary variables influencing traction development. A traction framework has been developed identifying the factors affecting the production of traction at the shoe-surface interface. It is intended that the traction framework can be used by the sports surface industry, sports governing bodies and academia to aid in the decisions and judgements made during the design, construction and maintenance of these surfaces to obtain desired characteristics and optimise performance and safety.
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Lundström, Johanna. „Spreading of microplastics from artificial turf via stormwater“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277122.
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På senare tid har mikroplaster i hav och sjöar uppmärksammats som ett potentiellt stortmiljöproblem. Idag finns mikroplaster spridda över hela världens vatten från polerna till ekvatorn.År 2016 uppmärksammades konstgräsplaner som den nästa största källan till spridning avmikroplaster till sjöar och vattendrag i Sverige [1]. Fotboll är Sveriges nationalsport och är densporten som står för flest aktivitetstimmar i Sverige. Konstgräs har gjort det möjligt för fler barnoch ungdomar att få fler speltimmar och idag spelar 90 % av alla fotbollsspelare på konstgräs [2].De olika spridningsvägarna för mikroplaster från konstgräsplaner undersöktes med fokus påspridningsvägen via dagvatten. Det finns fler olika reningsmetoder för dagvatten innehållandemikroplaster, en av dessa är granulatfällan, en filterpåse som placeras i en dagvattenbrunn för attfånga upp granulat och konstgräsfibrer som sprids från konstgräsplanen till dagvattenbrunnen.Syftet med denna studie var att optimera reningsmetoden granulatfälla utifrån möjligavattenflöden och dess effektivitet i att fånga upp mikroplaster. Detta undersöktes genomframtagandet av en vattenflödesmodell vid konstgräsplaner med variationer i konstruktion ochgenom fältstudier av granulatfällans effektivitet vid två konstgräsplaner i Storstockholm.Det regn som undersöktes i vattenflödesmodellen var extremregn för ett 10 års regn under 10minuter. Detta för att hitta det maximala flöde granulatfällorna kommer behöva klara av. Vilkavattenflöden som nådde dagvattenbrunnarna var beroende på antalet dagvattenbrunnarplacerade runt konstgräsplanen, i vilket område i Sverige som konstgräsplanen var placerad, detvill säga hur mycket regn som kom, och konstgräsplanens infiltrationsförmåga.Vattenflödesmodellen fungerar som en mall för möjliga vattenflöden vid en specifik plats i Sverigeoch en viss konstruktion av konstgräsplan.De konstgräsplaner som var med i fältstudierna var Skytteholms IP i Solna och Spånga IP iStockholm. Vid varje konstgräsplan placerades 6 granulatfällor med två filterpåsar på varje fälla,den inre med större maskor och den yttre med mindre maskor. Kombinationerna var 200 μm med100 μm, 200 μm med 50 μm och 100 μm med 50 μm. Totalt fångades 10,3 kg mikroplast vidSkytteholms IP och 1,5 kg vid Spånga IP under de 49 dygn granulatfällorna var utplacerade. Avden totala mängden mikroplast viktmässigt i varje granulatfälla fanns minst 99 % i den inrefilterpåsen och maximalt 1 % i den yttre filterpåsen, det vill säga i storleksfraktionen mellan denyttre och den inre filterpåsen.Slutsatserna från denna studie är att vattenflödet till dagvattenbrunnarna placerade runtkonstgräsplaner kan variera mycket på grund av hur konstgräsplanen är konstruerad. Det berorframförallt på konstgräsplanens infiltrationsförmåga och antal dagvattenbrunnar runtkonstgräsplanen. Utifrån de teoretiska vattenflödena och fältstudierna rekommenderas att enfilterpåse med maskstorlek 200 μm används i granulatfällan. Detta utifrån att den inre filterpåsenfångade minst 99 % av de mikroplaster som nådde granulatfällorna, som var större än 50 μm, ochökad risk för igensättning och tillväxt av biofilm på filterpåsarna med mindre maskor. Vidarestudier bör genomföras på granulatfällans vattenflöde över tid, mikroplaster mindre än 50 μm,IIandra spridningsvägar för mikroplaster från konstgräsplaner, förbättrade konstruktioner avkonstgräsplaner och förbättrat underhållningsarbete för att minska spridningen av mikroplasterfrån konstgräsplaner.In the recent years microplastics in the marine environment has been recognized as a potentiallyimportant environmental issue. Today there are microplastics spread in the waterbodies all overthe world, from the equator to the poles in south and north. In 2016 artificial turf was labeled thesecond largest source of microplastics to the marine environment in Sweden [1]. Football is thenational sport of Sweden and accounts for the majority of the activity hours among the youth inSweden. The artificial turf has made it possible for more children to play football and for them toget more hours on the field. Today about 90 % of the football players play on artificial turf [2].The microplastics pathways to the nature and the marine environment were studied andtreatment methods were developed. One of these methods is the so called granule trap, a filterbag which is placed in a stormwater drainage well to catch the rubber granulates and the artificialturf fibers which can be spread from the artificial field to the drainage system. The aim of thisstudy was to optimize the granule trap for possible waterflows to the stormwater drainage welland its efficiency to catch microplastics. This was researched through field studies of the efficiencyof the granule trap at two artificial turfs in Stockholm and the development of a waterflow modelof an artificial turf with varying construction.The rainfall which was used in the waterflow model was the 10-year storm with a duration of 10minutes. This to find the maximum waterflow the granuletraps must manage. The waterflows tothe stormwater drainage well were dependent on the number of wells placed around the artificialturf, in which area of Sweden the football field was placed, in other words the amount of rain thatfell, and the infiltration capacity of the artificial turf. The waterflow model works as a templatefor possible waterflows at an artificial turf with a certain construction and at a certain location inSweden.The artificial turfs which were examined in the field studies were Skytteholms IP in Solna andSpånga IP in Stockholm. At each football field 6 granuletraps were placed, each loaded with twofilter bags, the inner with larger sized mesh and the outer with smaller sized mesh. The mesh sizecombinations were 200 μm with 100 μm, 200 μm with 50 μm and 100 μm with 50 μm. atSkytteholms IP a total amount of 10.3 kg microplastics were caught and at Spånga IP a total of 1.5kg microplastics were caught during the 49 days the granuletraps were placed at the footballfields. Out of the total amount of microplastics in each granuletrap at least 99 % by mass was inthe inner filter bag and maximum 1 % by mass was in the outer filter bag, in the size fractionbetween the outer and the inner filter bag..In conclusion this study shows that the waterflow to the stormwater drainage wells placed aroundthe artificial turfs vary a lot depending on the construction of the artificial turf. Foremost itdepends on the infiltration capacity of the artificial turf and the number of stormwater drainagewells around the field. With regards to the waterflows from the waterflow model and the resultsfrom the field studies the recommended mesh size for the filter bags is 200 μm. This since at least99 % by mass of the microplastics, which were larger than 50 μm, that reached the granule trapsIVwere trapped in the inner filter bag and the elevated risk of clogging and biofilm growth on thefilter bags with smaller mesh size. Further studies should be conducted on the waterflow throughthe granuletraps over time, microplastics smaller than 50 μm, other pathways for themicroplastics away from the artificial turf, improved constructions of artificial turfs and improvedmaintenance on the artificial turfs to reduce the risk of spreading of microplastics from artificialturfs.
31
Hay, Francis John. „Phophorus and nitrogen leaching losses during turf establishment“. Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/393.
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32
Kopec, David M., Jeffrey J. Gilbert und D. P. Jensen. „Creeping Bentgrass Turf Responses to Summer Applied Fungicides“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216359.
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Creeping bentgrass is seasonally stressed from high summer temperatures and high humidity conditions in the desert southwest from June to mid-September. Golf greens typically show decreased stand density and poor performance by the end of this time. A preventative fungicide application program was evaluated for the prevention of summer stress typical under summer conditions. Four tank mixes composed of Alliete Signature mixed with either Chipco 26019, EXP10790A, EXP10702B, or Daconil Ultrex fungicides were applied every fourteen days from June 10 to September 17, 1997, on a 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass green maintained at 5/32". The Daconil Ultrex tank mix caused some initial injury and in general, the lightest turfgrass color and the lowest turfgrass quality. EXP10702B treated turf produced, on average, the darkest turf with the leading rank score for quality. The Chipco 26019 tank mix produced the largest seasonal clipping totals, which was greater than the check. No diseases occurred on treated or untreated turf. Root dry weights in mid-October varied as much as 40% among treatments, but was not statistically significant.
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Umeda, Kai, und Gabriel Towers. „Efficacy of Herbicides for Nutsedge Control in Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216555.
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The efficacy of six ALS herbicides for controlling purple nutsedge in bermudagrass turf was demonstrated in five field experiments during the summer of 2004. The highest degree of nutsedge control at 95% at the end of the summer was observed after three monthly applications of trifloxysulfuron at 0.026 lb a.i./A.. Three monthly applications of halosulfuron at 0.062 lb a.i./A controlled nutsedge 88 to 90% at the end of September to early October. Imazaquin at 0.5 lb a.i./A plus MSMA at 3.0 lb a.i./A gave 91% control of nutsedge with three applications. The most rapid and efficacious nutsedge control was observed with flazasulfuron giving 91% control at 15 days after a single application. The highest degree of nutsedge control with a single application of sulfosulfuron was 91 to 96% control at 28 days after treatment. In general, ALS herbicides applied as a single application or multiple applications provided one month of effective control following a first application. After one month, the degree of control declined unless repeated applications at monthly intervals or as needed were applied for extended control. Penoxsulam at 0.12 lb a.i./A in one test gave only 70% control. MSMA at 3.0 lb a.i./A was applied four times and nutsedge control at the end of the season was 63 to 66%.
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Kopec, David M., Jeff Gilbert und Mohammed Pessarakli. „Velocity Herbicide for Poa Control in Overseeded Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216557.
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Velocity, (bis pyrobac-sodium) was applied at different ai/a rates in multiple application series to evaluate treatments for post emergence seed head and vegetative control of Poa annua var. annua. Velocity herbicide, when applied to perennial ryegrass overseed turf with heavy PA infestations, caused periodic discoloration of the ryegrass and yellowing/bronzing of the PA. The leaf yellowing of PA caused by Velocity is in contrast to color enhancement of PA from Proxy/Primo tank mixes. Seed head suppression of PA from Velocity was slightly greater in early April, than in early March. As cumulative treatment amounts of active ingredient of Velocity increased, the seed head suppression increased for treatments beyond the 30 + 30 gm ai/a rate. Above this rate, seed head suppression was increased, but not consistently with the applied active ingredient rate. Seed head suppression of PA on March 5 from Velocity ranged from 35% to 75% among Velocity treatments applied at 30, 45 and 60 grams ai/a. Embark alone had fair seed head suppression from early to mid-March, but decreased dramatically afterwards. There was no benefit of the 30 + 60 gm ai/a treatment, over the 60 + 60 gm ai/a treatment for seed head suppression of PA. Biological response in terms of absolute rate of ai/a applied and response to cumulative amounts of total Velocity were not consistent for PA seed head suppression or vegetative control. No product affectively reduced vegetative control of PA in a highly infested stand of PA which was 40-50% PA. If Velocity is to be competitive against other PA seed head reducing products, rate structures and timings may have to be amended for more multiple applications.
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Umeda, Kai, und Gabriel Towers. „Herbicides for Transition in Higher-Cut Rough Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216636.
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The herbicides foramsulfuron, trifloxysulfuron, and sulfosulfuron applied in late April followed by a sequential application 2 weeks later in early May were more effective for removing ryegrass than when the sequential application was made 7 weeks later in June. Rimsulfuron at 0.013 lb a.i./A and flazasulfuron at 0.0078 lb a.i./A were highly effective in rapidly removing ryegrass with a single application. Minimal activity was observed for the herbicides at 7 or 9 days after application in April and early May. Ryegrass removal was enhanced when applications were made during warmer temperatures in late May and into June. Rate ranges of sulfosulfuron and flazasulfuron indicated a trend that higher rates may be slightly more effective than lower rates but ryegrass removal was achieved with all rates.
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Umeda, Kai. „Velocity* Herbicide for Poa annua Control in Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216648.
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Velocity* at 20 g a.i./A provided P. annua control better than at 10 g a.i./A. Velocity at 20 or 30 g a.i./A offered similar P. annua control with a single application. Velocity at 20 g a.i./A with the addition of non-ionic surfactant Latron CS-7* or Primo*, P. annua control was almost similar to that of Prograss* at 80%. Velocity at 10 g a.i./A combinations or at 20 g a.i./A without additives gave less than 75% control.
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Young, Kelly. „Managing Spurge in the Landscape, Garden and Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/237652.
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Huang, Ji-Wei. „Wear tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)“. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389474.
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Brown, Paul. „Turfgrass Consumptive Use Values for the Phoenix Area“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144818.
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Anderson, Frazer D. „Development of a turf stability assessment method for sports surfaces“. Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36228.
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The majority of outdoor sports are played on natural turf pitches. Throughout the playing season, a pitch has continual player interaction, which, during periods of sustained unfavourable conditions, can cause the turf to tear up (shear) under player contact. This is most evident in Rugby Union scrummages, which create deep divots in the turf and rootzone that reduce player safety and are criticised by the media. However, little is known of the turf/rootzone strength to depth, termed 'shear stability' in this thesis, and there is currently no appropriate means to test this property. In order to explore the shear stability of turf, a device was designed and developed. The prototype device, termed the 'Shear Tester', underwent trial, validation and several redesigns until it was deemed suitable to investigate turf shear stability. A range of natural and hybrid constructions and laboratory-controlled samples were investigated, and the key variables found to influence the shear stability were grass rooting, water content and rootzone density.
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Zeller, Leslie Charles. „Development of automated turf testing equipment for playing surfaces“. University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2008. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00006175/.
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[Abstract]: Research has shown that a significant percentage of sporting injuries can be attributed to the sporting surface. The most serious of these injuries require surgery, for example, to correct knee ligament damage, a condition which involves expensive procedures and lengthy post-operative rehabilitation. The responsibility for meeting the costs of these injuries is not restricted to the player or the team; there is an unnecessary burden on society in terms of overtaxing an already encumbered health system.A correlation between knee injuries and the traction properties of the sporting surface has been identified by Dr John Orchard, a recognised expert in Australia for sporting injuries. Turf traction referred to in this thesis is a term relating to the shoe and sporting surface interface and reflects the maximum amount of torque a studded sporting shoe can impart on the surface before the integrity of the surface is compromised. Current equipment to measure turf traction properties has limited accuracy and repeatability. This thesis reports the development of a device which measures turf traction with improved accuracy, repeatability and operator safety in comparison with existing commercially-available equipment.The design described in this thesis comprises a rotating ground-engaging ‘foot’ driven by a DC motor to provide the required torque for traction measurement, and this torque is continuously monitored using a load cell via an idler sprocket in the drive train. A digital load indicator displays and transmits torque data, and a programmable controller automates the test sequence. A permanently-installed laptop computer analyses, displays and records the traction data. The mechanical design includes a chassis which provides convenient movement across a playing surface and also convenient transport between sporting surfaces.The design automates only those measurement processes that require a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. Non-critical actions are operated manually to maximise simplicity and minimise development costs. Commercially available technology is used wherever possible within the design to eliminate specialist maintenance skills or knowledge. Software was developed to analyse, display and record the traction data and produce a traction profile which is unique for this type of equipment. A full patent has been granted on the device (encompassing function, design and performance) to facilitate commercial development by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries.An evaluation of the accuracy and repeatability of this machine is described and several experiments were undertaken to analyse its ability to compare and differentiate turf species from the traction results. For torque measurements within the expected operating range of 50 to 100 Nm a maximum error of ±1.28% has been established.It is demonstrated that the device meets the design objectives of accuracy, repeatability and operational safety. It has been used within a national Horticulture Australia project to determine best practices for sustainable and safe playing surface of Australian Football League sports fields.
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Schmoll, Timothy Jon 1942. „Subsurface irrigation of turf: An examination of current methods“. Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291901.
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This study examines literature on subsurface irrigation of turf using published and unpublished sources to determine its relevance for the designer of irrigation systems. It looks at two installed sites to determine current industry practices and then develops a model to assist the designer of these systems. Finally areas in need of further research and technical development are suggested. Literature is not readily available to the designer and it is sometimes contradictory. Case studies show that subsurface irrigation is an effective method of irrigating turf, especially in arid parts of the world. A model to select tubing and emitter spacing is developed by summarizing existing literature and case studies. Virtually all areas of design, installation and management need further research. Two primary areas that need further investigation are specific design issues and benefits to the end user such as cost, water savings and maintenance procedures.
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Smith, Terrance J. „Foot and Ankle Injuries: Artificial Turf vs. Natural grass“. Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1470240556.
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Waddill, Dan W. „Nitrogen cycling in tall fescue turf with added clippings“. Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07212009-040500/.
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Kroen, Kevin. „Next generation golf course : Lakeside Hills synthetic turf study“. Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1468.
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Brown, Paul, und Jim Walworth. „Factors Contributing to Development of Salinity Problems in Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147000.
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8 pp.The bulletin reviews the factors contributing to the development of salinity and sodium problems in desert turfgrass systems. Key factors include water restrictions, poor water quality, irrigation management, drought and poor soil structure.
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Brown, Paul. „Evaluation of ADWR Water Duties for Large Turf Facilities“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147021.
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14 pp.This publication summarizes the results of a three year research study that evaluated whether the turf water duties mandated by the Arizona Department of Water Resources provide adequate water to grow acceptable quality turf in the Tucson and Phoenix areas.
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Kopec, David M., und Jeffrey J. Gilbert. „Response of Tall Fescue Turf to Applications of Sulfentrazone“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216355.
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Applications of sulfentrazone were applied to 2.75" mowed tall fescue under hot-humid desert conditions to assess post application response. A uniform decrease in color occurred shortly after application at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. The effect was short lived and tended to be minimal in split application treatments. Leaf cupping/twisting was exacerbated from applications of sulfentrazone, especially at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. At 0.125 and 0.250 lb. AI/ rates, the leaf cupping was much less noticeable. Percent plot showing the leaf cupping symptoms was also rate dependent and generally ranked with degree of effect. Leaf cupping dissipated rapidly after 14 days after treatment. Color changes were minor, while leaf cupping was the more noticeable symptom response on tall fescue from applications of sulfentrazone.
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Kopec, David M., und Jeffrey J. Gilbert. „Response of Common Bermudagrass Turf to Applications of Sulfentrazone“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216357.
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Sulfentrazone was applied in single applications at the rates of 0.125, 0.250 and 0.375 lbs. AI/A, and after 30 days in split rate combinations of 0.125/0.125, 0.250/0.250 and 0.125/0.375 lbs. AI/A. Turfgrass color scores were slightly diminished form sulfentrazone characterized by a lighter uniform color change on mowed common bermudagrass. The response was generally rate dependent. Imazaquin caused a light green turf to develop while halsulfuron had no effect. After the first application was made, sulfentrazone treated turfs exhibited leaf twisting/cupping effects at 3 and 7 days after treatment. The degree of effect was also rate dependent. To the lay person, twisting was noticeable only for a short time at the 0.375 lb. AI/A rate. At two weeks after treatment, there was a trace amount of leaf sheath necrosis at the base (older leaves) of common bermudagrass stolons. This was negligible and short lived. At the rates tested in this initial preliminary test, it appears that common bermudagrass seems to be tolerant of sulfentrazone.
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Kopec, David M., David M. Jensen, Jeffrey J. Gilbert und Steven B. Liddel. „Control of Wild Celery in Low Maintenance Bermudagrass Turf“. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216369.
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Herbicides applied for post-emergence control of wild parsley differed in turf injury and weed control. All products tested required multiple applications (21 days apart) to attain acceptable weed control levels. Weedone (2, 4-D) has the quickest, highest, and longest lasting amount of weed control. Weedone (2, 4-D) caused minimal injury to the common bermudagrass turf. Bromoxynil at the low rate of 2.0 lbs. ai/a caused minimal injury to the turf, but provided low levels of weed control. Bromoxynil at the high rate of 3.0 lbs. ai/a caused considerable injury to the turf and moderate to high weed control for about one month, followed by weed recovery. MCPP caused slight initial injury to common bermudagrass and moderate to good weed control (71%-92%) from 7 to 35 days after the second treatment. Weed control was slower to achieve than that of the Weedone treatments. Confront herbicide (trichlopyr and clopyralid) caused slight to moderate initial injury to the turf (more so at 2.0 than at 1.0 pint/product/acre) as well as noticeable necrosis and decreased color of the common bermudagrass up to 21 days after the second application. Confront at the 2.0 pint/acre rate reached weed control levels of 90%-97% at 21 and 35 days after the second application, respectively. At the low rate of 1.0 pint/acre, a maximum of 83% weed control was achieved at the close of the test. Quadmec (applied three weeks later at each respective application date than all other treatments) produced moderate necrosis in the bermudagrass after the initial application, which eventually recovered. However, the turfgrass color was lower in rank (lighter) than most other treatments and was similar to that of the untreated controls. Quadmec achieved 96% control by the close of the test on July 2, 1999 (14 days after the second application). All treatments include 0.5% v/v Silwet surfactant. When applied alone, Silwet produced a small level of weed control, which peaked at 36% at 14 days after the second treatment.