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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Tube-tap“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Tube-tap"
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Mallela, Murali K., Stephen R. Werre und Terry C. Hrubec. „Neural tube defects in mice exposed to tap water“. Environmental Toxicology 26, Nr. 6 (01.06.2010): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20600.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. „Comparison the Formation of Spark Corona Discharge between Tap and distilled Waters at Liquid Electrode System“. Baghdad Science Journal 10, Nr. 1 (03.03.2013): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.1.237-242.
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In this paper, we studied the spark corona discharge in tap and distillited waters. The results show the shape of cone that generated on the tip of capillary tube is different with conductivity of liquids. The blue glow appears at the end of capillary tube and the drop extends into a cone. In addition, the conducitivity is affected on the relationship between the appearance of the blue glow discharge with the applied voltage. The size of the cone decreases with an increase in applied voltage. The cone diameter at the base of capillary tube oscillates with period approximately 1 Sec. this oscillates in the cone diameters is due to the change distance between the liquid electrode and the surface of liquid. The intensity of spark corona discharge that formed in tap water higher than that formed in distillited water. In addiation, when the applied voltage is 5 KV on distillted water, the drope extends into two cones while in tap water the drop extends into one cone. These contrast between two water types which under test (i.e. tap and distillited waters) is due to the differance in condictivity of water.
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Sakamoto, Maiko. „Revisiting the Village Where Arsenic Contamination of Underground Water Was First Discovered in Bangladesh: Twenty-Five Years Later“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 1 (31.12.2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010259.
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A survey was conducted in an As-affected village of Bangladesh—the first discovery of As contamination in the country—to assess the current situation and how implementation activities have worked to mitigate the problem. The As testing showed that the levels were less than the Bangladesh standard (50 µg/L) in all shallow tube-wells throughout the village. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the village as well as a neighboring As-affected village for comparison. The results revealed that there was a significant number of people using shallow tube-wells in both villages despite knowing that these wells could be contaminated with As and that safe water was available through a pipeline water supply. About 70% of responding households possessed their own water sources, mostly shallow tube-wells, and owners were less likely to choose tap water for drinking purpose than nonowners. In the village where As contamination was first reported, those individuals with a higher level of education and strong ties with neighbors were more likely to use shallow tube-well water for drinking purposes rather than tap water. This study suggests several measures to mobilize people to get safe water, namely providing subsides to install private taps, supplying public taps, and marketing and distributing handy water quality tests for households.
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Bai, Li, und Tan Liu. „Analysis of Dirt Resistance Based on the Double-Pipe Device“. Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (März 2013): 2563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2563.
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The double-pipe heat exchanger device is used for simulating sewage water heat exchanger. The double-pipe heat exchanger system with the sewage water flow in the inner tube and intermediary (tap) water flow in the annular tube. The pt100 thermometer measure inlet and outlet temperature of sewage water and intermediary water. According the debugging temperature data, the error of double-pipe device heat transfer coefficient ΔU/U≤±20%.It is proved that the double-pipe system is feasible to monitor the fouling resistance dynamically.
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Rana, S., HK Ghosh, MA Sattar und MA MA. „Water Supply and Sanitation Status of Haryzon Polly Dwellers at Natunbazar Area in Mymensingh District“. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 9, Nr. 1 (08.11.2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v9i1.30307.
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Information was collected from various respondents through survey using prescribed questionnaire in Haryzon Polly area at Natun Bazar located under Sadar Upazila in Mymensingh district. It was found that about 56% people were dependent on deep tube-well water for their daily household purpose. The remaining 44% was dependent on tap water supply. According to the respondents, deep tube wells water were mostly used (98%) for drinking purpose and remaining 2% was used by tap water. Of them supply water was used in toilet purpose by 71% and deep tube-well water by 29%. Most of the people of Haryzon Polly at Natunbazar in Mymensingh district were conscious regarding sanitation, but a large portion of them were unaware of safe hygiene. The people dump children feces 60% in open places. Seventeen percentage children did not have any proper knowledge about sanitation. Most of the people have no proper training about sanitation. The survey also indicated that the overall hygienic condition of the respondents and sanitation condition of study area were poor in Haryzon Polly area at Natun Bazar, where both sanitary and hygiene condition were found to be acceptable condition.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 143-146 2016
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Li, Peng, Yu Yin, Shuqi Zhang, Fei Gao, Pengfei Jia, Xueli Liu und Fei Shi. „The macro model of hybrid on-load tap-changer passive trigger“. MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133601015.
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Using thyristor as arc medium hybrid on-load tap-changer, completely solve the problem of switch produce arc, reduce the ablation of mechanical contact, improve the working environment of transformer oil, both mechanical switch and brake switch tube, the advantages of both resistance to overload, over current, over voltage capability, high reliability, long service life, maintenance workload small, suitable for frequent regulating occasions, reduce the operation cost transformer.
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Tang, Shaoqing, Yunling Gao und J. Anthony Ware. „Enhancement of Endothelial Cell Migration and in Vitro Tube Formation by Tap20, a Novel β5 Integrin–Modulating, Pkcθ-Dependent Protein“. Journal of Cell Biology 147, Nr. 5 (29.11.1999): 1073–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.5.1073.
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Migration, proliferation, and tube formation of endothelial cells are regulated by a protein kinase C isoenzyme PKCθ. A full-length cDNA encoding a novel 20-kD protein, whose expression was PKCθ-dependent, was identified in endothelial cells, cloned, characterized, and designated as theta-associated protein (TAP) 20. Overexpression of TAP20 decreased cell adhesion and enhanced migration on vitronectin and tube formation in three-dimensional culture. An antiintegrin αvβ5 antibody prevented these TAP20 effects. Overexpression of TAP20 also decreased focal adhesion formation in αvβ3-deficient cells. The interaction between TAP20 and β5 integrin cytoplasmic domain was demonstrated by protein coprecipitation and immunoblotting. Thus, the discovery of TAP20, which interacts with integrin β5 and modulates cell adhesion, migration, and tube formation, further defines a possible pathway to angiogenesis dependent on PKCθ.
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Kawashima, D., und Y. Asako. „Measurement of quasi-local friction factor of gas flow in a micro-tube“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, Nr. 5 (23.04.2015): 782–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215583887.
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This paper presents experimental results on the friction factor of gaseous flow in a PEEK micro-tube with arithmetic mean roughness of 0.2 µm (relative surface roughness of 0.04%). The experiments were performed for nitrogen gas flow through the micro-tube with 514.4 µm in diameter and 50 mm in length. Three pressure tap holes were drilled on the PEEK micro-tube wall at intervals of 5 mm and the local pressures were measured. The quasi-local friction factor is obtained from the measured pressure differences. The experiments were conducted in the turbulent flow region. The quasi-local friction factor obtained from the present study is compared with those in the available literature and also numerical results. The quasi-local friction factor obtained is 12–20% higher than the value predicted from the Blasius formula.
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Vasyliev, Georgii, und Svitlana Vasylieva. „Anticorrosion Behaviour of Calcareous Deposits Formed on Steel Heat-Exchange Surfaces“. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (21.01.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8695308.
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A new electrode to study both scaling and corrosion processes of mild steel in tap water was developed. Two identical steel rings are placed on the outside of a glass tube which is heated from inside with an electric spiral; the rings are connected to a corrometer to form a two-electrode corrosion probe. The corrosion rate variations with scale thickness, scale deposition time, and solution composition are measured using the linear polarization resistance technique. The deposited scale was formed of calcite crystals of 50–100 μm as established with SEM and XRD. The scale layer of 0.2 mm formed in tap water within 90 hours reduces the steel corrosion rate from 0.8 to 0.1 mm/year and serves as a barrier layer to prevent further corrosion.
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Ghodbane, Mokhtar, und Boussad Boumeddane. „A parabolic trough solar collector as a solar system for heating water: a study based on numerical simulation“. International Journal of Energetica 2, Nr. 2 (31.12.2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47238/ijeca.v2i2.32.
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This paper is an optical and thermal study of a small model of a parabolic trough solar collector (CTP), which will be used to heat tap water in the winter at Guemar, El-Oued province, Algeria. A mathematical model drawn from the energy balance equation applied to the absorber tube, this model was solved by the finite difference method. A computer program was developed to solve our problem. MATLAB was used as a tool for numerical simulation where it is used to calculate dynamic shifts at the level of the absorbent tube. The results are very honorable and encouraging, where the thermal efficiency of the concentrator had passed 61%, and the fluid temperature had passed 343 K.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Tube-tap"
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Melin, Vanessa Estella. „Neural tube defects in rodents caused by a tap water contaminant“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76879.
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In May of 2006, the Hrubec group suddenly began to observe neural tube defects (NTDs) in embryos of untreated control mice. Unintentional exposure to a teratogenic agent in tap water was identified as the cause. We aimed to identify the contaminant, but first we demonstrated that the NTDs were pathological being present on both gestational day 9 and 10. We also found that a second species, rats, developed NTDs when exposed to tap waters. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) arise when natural organic matter in municipal water sources reacts with disinfectants used in the water treatment process. Purge and trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PT GC-MS) and animal exposure studies were used to determine if the teratogenic contaminant was a DBP. Since the distribution pattern of DBPs did not match the distribution pattern of NTDs, we concluded that a DBP was not likely to be responsible for the observed malformations. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products have emerged as ubiquitous contaminants of ground and surface waters, and have been detected in drinking water. In order to analyze for these compounds, we submitted different water samples to a commercial water analysis lab (AXYS Analytical Services, Sidney, BC, Canada). Several pharmaceuticals were identified in a number of samples, including a known teratogenic drug used to treat mood disorders and seizures: carbamazepine. Further analysis for carbamazepine was conducted in-house. Carbamazepine was found in several ground, surface, and tap waters, at various concentrations. To establish whether or not carbamazepine was responsible for NTDs in our mice, we conducted 2 dosing studies. Carbamazepine was provided to mice at concentrations detected in tap water, as well as approximately 2 x and 1000 x that concentration. Both studies found no significant differences in NTD rates among the dose groups. As no dose effect was observed, we concluded that CBZ was not directly responsible for the malformations. The identity of the teratogenic contaminant is not known at this time, but is unlikely to be a DBP or low concentrations of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine.Master of Science
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Sparrman, Victoria. „Tube-tap or Earliest Due Date : What happens when all jobs cannot be completed?“ Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184627.
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In this thesis the scheduling algorithms Earliest Due Date (EDD) and Tube-tap were compared to each other. They were compared to see which algorithm generated more net profit. They were compared to each other in four different scenarios. In each scenario there were two different machines and five different jobs. Each machine had a cost and a processing rate, and each job had a length, a deadline, and a profit. In every scenario all jobs could not be completed before their deadline. The net profit was calculated by subtracting the gross profit by the machine cost. The results for the Tube-tap and EDD algorithms were almost the same for both algorithms in the different scenarios. There was one scenario where Tube-tap gained 0.5 more in profit. This was because Tube-tap had 0.5 in machine cost for one of the scenarios. The conclusions was that there should be more experimentation to see how more profitable Tube-tap can be. Specifically, there should be testing on scenarios where all jobs cannot be completed before their deadlines, but the number of operations does not exceed the available space before the last deadline.
Bücher zum Thema "Tube-tap"
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Thomas, James, Tanya Monaghan und Prarthana Thiagarajan. Practical procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199593972.003.0018_update_001.
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Using this chapterInfiltrating anaesthetic agentsHand hygieneConsentAseptic techniqueSubcutaneous and intramuscular injectionsIntravenous injectionsVenepunctureSampling from a central venous catheterArterial blood gas (ABG) samplingPeripheral venous cannulationFemoral venous catheter insertionCentral venous access: internal jugular veinCentral venous access: subclavian veinCentral venous access: ultrasound guidanceIntravenous infusionsArterial line insertionFine needle aspiration (FNA)Lumbar punctureMale urethral catheterizationFemale urethral catheterizationBasic airway managementOxygen administrationPeak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) measurementInhaler techniqueNon-invasive ventilationPleural fluid aspirationPneumothorax aspirationChest drain insertion (Seldinger)Recording a 12-lead ECGCarotid sinus massageVagal manoeuvresTemporary external pacingDC cardioversionPericardiocentesisNasogastric tube insertionAscitic fluid sampling (ascitic tap)Abdominal paracentesis (drainage)Sengstaken–Blakemore tube insertionBasic interrupted suturingCleaning an open woundApplying a backslabManual handling
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Pasala, Sanjiv, Eylem Ocal und Stephen M. Schexnayder. Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0004.
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This chapter describes the most common invasive bedside procedures used to facilitate the treatment of critically ill infants and children. These procedures provide invasive monitoring, support organ function, deliver therapies, and aid in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The authors include the indications, equipment needed, the required technique, and complications that must be considered for endotracheal intubation, arterial and central venous catheter placement, tube thoracostomy, abdominal paracentesis, pericardiocentesis, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt tap.
Buchteile zum Thema "Tube-tap"
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Raine, Tim, George Collins, Catriona Hall, Nina Hjelde, James Dawson, Stephan Sanders und Simon Eccles. „Procedures“. In Oxford Handbook for the Foundation Programme, 523–78. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198813538.003.0017.
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This chapter explores procedures, including practical procedures, laboratories, achievement of core foundation skills, blood and injections, taking blood (venepuncture), femoral stab, blood tubes, IV cannulation, taking blood in children, arterial blood gas (ABG), SC/IM injections, IV injections, cardiology, ECGs and cardiac monitors, exercise tolerance test, chemical cardioversion (adenosine), cardioversion and defibrillation, central lines, thrombolysis, respiratory, pleural tap, chest drain (Seldinger method), endotracheal intubation (adult), laryngeal mask airway (LMA), urology, urethral catheterization, replacing a suprapubic catheter, gastroenterology, replacing a PEG feeding tube, nasogastric (NG) tubes, ascitic tap (abdominal paracentesis), neurology, lumbar puncture (LP), normal vaginal delivery, joint aspiration and injection, local anaesthetic (LA), suturing, and reduction of fractures and dislocations.
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Keyes, Ralph. „Naming the Future“. In The Hidden History of Coined Words, 123–30. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0011.
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Futuristic writers like H. G. Wells, Robert Heinlein and Isaac Asimov have been an unusually fruitful source of new words needed for a changing world. Authors of science fiction imagine future societies with lots of conjured elements that need names. As contemporary life catches up with their imagined versions, we continually tap neologisms that have appeared in science fiction to name new phenomena. Terms such as robot, grok, karass, countdown, space cadet, test tube baby, pod person, Stepford, Cyberspace, and many more first appeared on the pages of futuristic fiction before joining the language as a whole.
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Ramrakha, Punit S., Kevin P. Moore und Amir H. Sam. „Practical procedures“. In Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine, 783–862. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198797425.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses practical procedures in acute medicine, including arterial blood sampling, arterial line insertion, central line insertion, internal jugular vein cannulation, subclavian vein cannulation, ultrasound (US)-guided central venous catheterization, pulmonary artery catheterization, temporary cardiac pacing (ventricular pacing, atrial pacing, complications), pericardial aspiration, DC cardioversion, intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, principles of respiratory support, mechanical ventilation, nasal ventilation, positive pressure ventilation, percutaneous cricothyrotomy, endotracheal intubation, aspiration of a pneumothorax, aspiration of a pleural effusion, insertion of a chest drain, ascitic tap (paracentesis), total paracentesis, insertion of a Sengstaken–Blakemore tube, percutaneous liver biopsy, transjugular liver biopsy, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), peritoneal dialysis, intermittent haemodialysis, plasmapheresis, renal biopsy, pH determination, joint aspiration, lumbar puncture, and needle-stick injuries.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Tube-tap"
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Maeda, Kenshi, Chungpyo Hong und Yutaka Asako. „Semi Local Friction Factor of Gas Flow Through a Micro-Tube“. In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70375.
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Flow characteristics of laminar gas flow through a micro-tube were experimentally studied on friction factors in this paper. The experiments were performed for nitrogen flow through a stainless steel micro-tube with 123.87 μm in diameter and 50mm in length. Two static pressure tap holes were fabricated on the micro-tube wall at intervals of 5mm with electrical discharge machining. The local pressure was measured to determine the local values of Mach number, temperature and friction factor. Both the Fanning and the Darcy friction factors were obtained under the assumption of a Fanno flow (adiabatic wall) since the external micro-tube wall was covered with the foamed polystyrene. The effects of temperature decrease on friction factors were investigated because the gas temperature steeply decreases near the outlet due to energy conversion from thermal energy into kinetic energy in a high speed gas flow. The obtained friction factors were compared with those in the available literature and also with numerical results.
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Packard, Nathan O., David Japikse, R. Daniel Maynes und Steven E. Gorrell. „Numerical Characterization of the Inlet Flow for Eleven Radial Turbomachines“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22366.
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Successful modeling of a turbomachine stage requires attention to many details, including a realistic understanding of the inlet flow field. Various levels of modeling, from 1-D to 3-D viscous, plus various levels of measurement, from a simple inlet shroud pressure tap to complex inlet surveys, are considered in design and development work. In this study, a careful review is made of measurement and calculation options for inlet modeling. Historical practice places a static pressure tap on the shroud just upstream of the impeller leading edge for experimental characterization of centrifugal turbomachines. Previously developed statistics based meanline models rely in part on this measured data. However, the location of the tap may be vulnerable to high gradients which would decrease the dependability of the developed models. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Multi-Stream Tube (MST) analyses were performed to test the appropriateness of the historically placed static pressure tap location and to characterize the inlet flow of typical radial flow turbomachines. Eleven ConceptsNREC machines were chosen for investigation to provide a wide variety of inlet geometric and flow conditions. The results derived from the CFD and MST analyses suggest that the historically placed static pressure tap location is an inappropriate anchor point for model development. While the focus of this work is not intended to reveal why the inlet behaves as it does, it does reveal that for a wide variety of inlet configurations and impeller sizes, the presumed inlet tap location should no longer be used in experimental work. Steep gradients in the static pressure indicate that a relatively minor movement of the static pressure tap would significantly alter the experimental measurements and generate noise in statistical modeling. While large variations in the pressure field are apparent near the impeller leading edge for all machines considered, the study results show that the flow field is uniform and very predictable when well upstream of the impeller leading edge. A point approximately 3 blade heights upstream from the impeller leading edge appears to be a sound location to anchor 1-D meanline model development, as well as for future experimental investigation.
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Cox, Jonathan, Anoop Kanjirakat und Reza Sadr. „Application of Nanofluids in a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger“. In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2013-73104.
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Innovations in the field of nanotechnology have potential to improve industrial productivity and performance. One promising applications of this emerging technology is using nanofluids with enhanced thermal properties. Nanofluids, engineered colloidal suspensions consisting of nano-sized particles (less than 100nm) dispersed in a basefluid, have shown potential as industrial cooling fluids due to the enhanced heat transfer characteristics. Experiments are conducted to compare the overall heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of water vs. nanofluids in a laboratory scale industrial type shell and tube heat exchanger. Three mass particle concentrations, 2%, 4% and 6%, of SiO2-water nanofluids are formulated by dispersing 20 nm diameter nano particles in desalinated water. Nanofluid and tap water are then circulated in the cold and hot loops, respectively, of the heat exchanger to avoid direct particle deposition on heater surfaces. Interestingly, experimental result show both augmentation and deterioration of heat transfer coefficient for nanofluids depending on the flow rate through the heat exchangers. This trend is consistent with an earlier reported observation for heat transfer in micro channels. This trend may be explained by the counter effect of the changes in thermo-physical properties of fluids together with the fouling on the heat exchanger surfaces. The measured pressure drop in the nanofluids flow shows an increase when compared to that of basefluid that could limit the use of nanofluids in heat exchangers for industrial application.
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de Blok, Kees. „Novel 4-Stage Traveling Wave Thermoacoustic Power Generator“. In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30527.
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Utilizing low temperature differences from solar vacuum tube collectors or waste heat in the range 70–200 °C seems to be the most promising and commercial interesting field of applications for thermoacoustic systems. Recently a novel 4-stage “self matching” traveling wave engine is developed and tested. Beside the low acoustic loss and compactness, due to traveling wave feedback, all components per stage are identical which is beneficial from (mass) production point of view. Based on this concept a 100 kWT thermoacoustic power (TAP) generator is under construction. This project is carried out in the framework of phase two of the Dutch SBIR program. The 100 kWT TAP will be installed at a paper manufacturing plant in the Netherlands for converting part of the flue gas at 150°C from the paper drying process into electricity. Emphasis in this project is on production and cost aspects lowering the investment per kWe to a level competitive to ORC’s. After successful completion of this pilot, commercialization and delivery of 100kW to 1 MW thermoacoustic power generators for industrial waste heat recovery and as add-on for CHP systems is planned to begin in 2012. The same concept of the 4-stage traveling wave engine is also implemented in an atmospheric pressure operated thermoacoustic cooking device for developing countries which generate beside hot water up to 50 W electricity. Details, ongoing work and experimental results of these projects will be presented.
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Yamazaki, Takanori, und Masaki Endo. „Estimation of Mach Number of Shock Wave Propagating in Pipe“. In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45783.
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A useful way to estimate the local Mach number of shock propagating in a pipe is proposed in this paper. The shock Mach number, or the shock strength gradually decreases or increases as the shock propagates downstream in pipe due to the shock-boundary layer interaction. In general, the shock Mach number is estimated through the measurement of the time, which it takes for the shock to propagate between any two points along the pipe. This technique is very useful if the decreasing rate of the shock strength is given and it, after all, yields the average Mach number between the two points. In this paper the measurement of the local Mach number of shock in the shock tube is examined using one pressure transducer. The pressure history after the shock reaches the pressure tap is analyzed. The method to estimate the local Mach number is discussed considering the dynamic characteristic of the pressure transducer.
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Wang, Yana, Jane H. Davidson und Lorraine F. Francis. „Scaling in Polymer Tubes Used in Solar Water Heating Systems“. In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65056.
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An experimental study of the growth of calcium carbonate (commonly termed scaling) on copper, nylon 6,6, semiaromatic high temperature nylon, polypropylene, polybutylene, and Teflon tubes exposed to hard water is presented. The objective of the study is to gain qualitative information on the scaling of polymer tubes in nonisothermal, flowing conditions expected in heat exchangers and solar absorbers. The 89-cm long tubes were placed in tube-in-shell heat exchangers. Water prepared from 10 °C tap water with a total calcium concentration of 4×10−3 M, and a pH of 9.0 was pumped through the tubes at 4 cm/s. A 50 percent propylene glycol solution at 60 °C was maintained on the shell-side of the heat exchanger. The experiment was carried out for 540 hours with these conditions. Sections of the tubes were removed periodically to determine the extent of scaling. Results include scanning electron microscope images of the tube surfaces before and after exposure to the flowing water, X-ray diffraction to determine the crystalline phase content of the observed deposits, and chemical analysis to determine the mass of calcium carbonate per unit surface area and to estimate the scaling rate. A model of the scaling process is presented to help interpret the data. The data show conclusively that polymer tubes are prone to scaling. With the exception of nylon 6,6, the scaling rate on the polymers is about the same as that on copper. The nylon 6,6 substrate appears to enhance scaling.
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Murakami, Toshihiro, Rei Takei und Tomio Okawa. „Variation of Critical Heat Flux by Flow Oscillation in a Small Vertical Channel“. In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75147.
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The effect of sinusoidal oscillation of inlet mass flux on the critical heat flux (CHF) in forced convective boiling was investigated in experiment and numerical calculation. In the experiment, the test section was a small stainless steel round tube of 5 mm in inside diameter, filtrated and deionized tap water was used as a test fluid, and the flow direction was set to vertical upward. The heated length was 1,600 mm. Electric power supplied to a circulation pump was varied periodically to oscillate the inlet mass flux sinusoidally. Direct current was passed through the test section tube to heat it ohmically. The occurrence of critical heat flux condition was detected using the signal from the thermocouples that were spot-welded on the outer wall of the test section tube. In the present experimental conditions, it was expected that the critical heat flux condition was triggered by the dryout of liquid film in annular two-phase flow regime. The main experimental parameters were the time-averaged inlet mass flux and the amplitude and period of flow oscillation. The system pressure was also used as an important experimental parameter since a boiling water reactor is operated under high pressure condition. If the oscillation period is long enough, it is expected that the critical heat flux under the flow oscillation condition is close to that for the steady state when the flow rate is equal to the minimum flow rate in the oscillatory condition. On the other hand, the decrease of the critical heat flux would be mitigated if the oscillation period is shortened, since interaction would take place between the thin and thick film regions within a boiling channel. In accordance with this expectation, the critical heat flux measured under the flow oscillation condition was reduced with an increase in the oscillation period. It was demonstrated that the reduction of critical heat flux under flow oscillation condition can be correlated fairly well using the concept of dimensionless heated length. Numerical calculations using a one-dimensional three-fluid model were also carried. The calculated critical heat fluxes for flow oscillation conditions increased with increased value of dimensionless heated length, as in the present experiment.
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LaCoursiere, Marissa, Daryush K. Aidun, Pier Marzocca und Howard Lee. „An Experimental Study Investigating the Corrosion Behavior of Cu-Ni Alloys in Waters Treated and Untreated With Anti-Corrosives“. In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13341.
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This paper discusses an experimental study on how water quality affects the corrosion rate of Cu-Ni Alloys, such as those used within a heat exchanger system. Various types of water suitable for the heat exchanger operation have been tested to predict the duration during which corrosion would become a risk. Since corrosion is governed by electrochemistry, an electrochemical experimental setup was designed, consisting of a three-electrode electrochemical cell designed to simulate the on-site state and conditions of a 90–10 Cu-Ni tube bundle inside the heat exchanger. The working electrode in use is a 90-10 Cu-Ni Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE). The electrolyte solution was varied with different pH values, temperature and compositions. The corrosion rate was measured by use of the Tafel method. Experiments were performed with two solutions; De-Ionized water and Tap water. Further experimentation with anti-corrosives was also performed. All measurements were produced using a G300 Gamry® Potentiostat (computer controlled) conjugated with two general purpose electrochemical softwares: Gamry Framework® and Gamry Echem Analyst®. Trends of the corrosion rate as a function of pH and temperature were analyzed. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) tests have also been performed to determine the products, methods and elemental effects of the corrosion. Results and discussions are provided with pertinent conclusions.
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Thyagarajan, Ashok, Nandan Shettigar und Debjyoti Banerjee. „Comparison of Thermal Performance of 3D Printed Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger With Commercial Plate Heat Exchanger for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) by Incorporating Phase Change Materials (PCM)“. In ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2020-8931.
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Abstract Wet cooling is predominantly used in thermoelectric power plants for condensing steam from the turbine owing to their low system cost and for their ability to render lower turbine back pressure (in comparison to dry cooling). However, the implementation of wet cooling in arid regions is costly while implementation of dry cooling in arid regions can degrade operational reliability (while also increasing both capital costs and operational costs). As a result, alternate technologies are needed to wean power plants from using fresh water resources while also enhancing the operational reliability of dry cooling. Air cooled heat exchangers installed in arid climates are inoperable on certain days during summer as the ambient air temperature can exceed the temperature of the steam at the turbine exhaust and may lead to power plant shutdown, in-turn, causing instability in the electric supply grid infrastructure (thus compromising reliability). In order to combat these shortcomings, supplemental cooling options may be needed. Thermal Energy Storage (TES) platforms can provide an attractive option for supplemental cooling. Phase Change Materials (PCM) are often used as viable options for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems (LHTESS) as they have small footprint owing to the high latent heat values of PCM. The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of various LHTESS platforms by utilizing different configurations of the Heat Exchangers (HX) that are filled with PCM. The scope of this study is limited to using an organic Phase Change Material (PCM) and two different HX configurations are explored in this study: (a) a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger that was fabricated using Advanced Manufacturing (AM) technique (i.e., “3D Printing”); and (b) a conventional Chevron Plate Heat Exchanger (PHX) that was procured commercially from a vendor. The thermal response and performance characteristics (e.g., power rating and HX effectiveness) of the two HX configurations are measured experimentally in order to ascertain their efficacy for melting and solidification of the PCM for different flow rates and inlet temperature values of the working fluid. The working fluid is called the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF). The HTF used in this study is tap water. The PCM used in this study is PureTemp 29 (commercially procured from Pure Temp Inc., Minneapolis, MN). The propagation of the melt and the freeze fronts were monitored and tracked based on the nature of the transient temperature profiles recorded by an array of thermocouples. The array of thermocouples were strategically mounted at different locations within the HX containing the PCM. For the 3D-Printed HX (Shell and Tube HX), the thermocouples were located at different radial and axial locations within the shell containing the PCM. For the PHX, the thermocouples were located at different heights (for different plates containing the PCM). The transient values of the power and capacity ratings for the HX were estimated based on the time-history of the transient values of the temperature differential for the bulk temperature of the HTF flowing between inlet and outlet ports of the HX (and this was correlated with the transient profile and location as well as the propagation of the solid-liquid interface within the HX). The performance characteristics of both HX, analyzed from the experimental data, show that the average power rating for the melting-cycle is consistently higher than that of the solidification-cycle due to the dominance of free convection during melting (resulting in higher values of the effective heat transfer coefficients for the same temperature differential values); while the solidification process is dominated by transient conduction (resulting in lower values of the effective heat transfer coefficients for the same temperature differential values).