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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Trees“

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Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 4. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 7. September 2023

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1

Jasmine, Jasmine, Pankaj Bhambri und Dr O. P. Gupta Dr. O.P. Gupta. „Analyzing the Phylogenetic Trees with Tree- building Methods“. Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, Nr. 7 (01.10.2011): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2012/25.

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2

Sefidi, Kiomars, und Carolyn A. Copenheaver. „Tree-Related Microhabitats: A Comparison of Managed and Unmanaged Oriental Beech–Dominated Forests in Northern Iran“. Forest Science 66, Nr. 6 (24.08.2020): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa028.

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Abstract Tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) provide ecological niches in features for a variety of species in forests and are suitable indicators of biodiversity for certain taxa. The study objective was to compare the abundance and occurrence of TreMs in managed versus unmanaged Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of northern Iran to quantify the effect of forest management on biodiversity indicators. We inventoried 3,954 trees to identify the number of trees with TreMs and quantify the occurrence of different types of TreMs. Managed forests averaged 25 trees with TreMs per hectare, and unmanaged forests averaged 41 trees with TreMs per hectare. In both forests, larger-diameter trees (≥50 centimeters diameter at breast height [dbh]) had more TreMs than smaller-diameter trees. TreMs were found on trees larger than a minimum size (32 centimeters dbh) and were more common on trees in poor health, as indicated by vitality class. According to our findings, managed forests have a lower diversity of TreMs than unmanaged forests. However, if management plans in deciduous forests include the retention of large-diameter trees during harvesting events, it is possible to balance providing TreMs within the forest while maintaining growth of economically valuable timber. Study Implications Forest biodiversity is time and labor intensive to quantify, and researchers have begun using tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) as a proxy for biodiversity. This study found TreMs occurred at lower abundances but had a similar occurrence of TreM groupings (cavities, injuries and wounds, deformation/growth form, and epiphytes) in managed Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests compared with unmanaged Oriental beech forests. Managed hardwood stands provided 25 TreMs per hectare, which is similar to numbers recommended for managing for biodiversity, and thus it may be possible to promote TreM creation and retention as an opportunity to increase forest biodiversity while also managing forests for timber production. Abundance of TreMs was associated with large-diameter trees and low-vitality trees (poor health). In deciduous forests managed for timber production, the retention of large-diameter trees is likely to align more closely with other management objectives than the retention of trees in poor health.

3

Asbeck, Thomas, Christian Messier und Jürgen Bauhus. „Retention of tree-related microhabitats is more dependent on selection of habitat trees than their spatial distribution“. European Journal of Forest Research 139, Nr. 6 (07.07.2020): 1015–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-020-01303-6.

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Abstract Habitat trees, which provide roosting, foraging and nesting for multiple taxa, are retained in managed forests to support biodiversity conservation. To what extent their spatial distribution influences provisioning of habitats has rarely been addressed. In this study, we investigated whether abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) differ between habitat trees in clumped and dispersed distributions and whether the abundance of fifteen groups of TreMs is related to tree distribution patterns. To identify habitat trees, we quantified TreMs in temperate mountain forests of Germany. We determined clumping (the Clark–Evans index), size of the convex hull, diameter at breast height, as well as altitude, slope and aspect of sites for their possible influence on TreMs. We additionally determined the difference in TreM abundance and richness among four options of selecting five habitat trees per ha from 15 candidates: (a) the most clumped trees, (b) five randomly selected and dispersed trees, (c) the single tree with highest abundance or richness of TreMs and its four closest neighbors and (d) a “reference selection” of five trees with known highest abundance or richness of TreMs irrespective of their distribution. The degree of clumping and the size of the convex hull influenced neither the abundance nor richness of TreMs. The reference selection, option (d), contained more than twice the number of TreMs compared to the most clumped, (a), or random distributions, (b), of five habitat trees, while option (c) assumed an intermediate position. If the goal of habitat tree retention is to maximize stand-level abundance and richness of TreMs, then it is clearly more important to select habitat trees irrespective of their spatial pattern.

4

Brower, Andrew V. Z. „Trees and more trees“. Cladistics 32, Nr. 2 (06.05.2015): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cla.12122.

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5

Alperin, J. L. „Trees and Brauer trees“. Discrete Mathematics 83, Nr. 1 (Juli 1990): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(90)90228-a.

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6

Chaffey, N. J. „Popular trees, specialist trees“. New Phytologist 154, Nr. 3 (06.06.2002): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00434_3.x.

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7

Steele, James, und Anne Kandler. „Language trees ≠ gene trees“. Theory in Biosciences 129, Nr. 2-3 (09.06.2010): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12064-010-0096-6.

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8

Pollin, Burton R. „Kilmer's Trees and Asselineau's Trees“. Explicator 64, Nr. 3 (März 2006): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/expl.64.3.160-162.

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9

Maddison, Wayne P. „Gene Trees in Species Trees“. Systematic Biology 46, Nr. 3 (01.09.1997): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/46.3.523.

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10

Azais, Romain, Guillaume Cerutti, Didier Gemmerle; und Florian Ingels. „treex: a Python package for manipulating rooted trees“. Journal of Open Source Software 4, Nr. 38 (24.06.2019): 1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.01351.

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11

Bahendwar, Isha Ashish, Ruchit Purshottam Bhardwaj und Prof S. G. Mundada. „Amortized Complexity Analysis for Red-Black Trees and Splay Trees“. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology 6, Nr. 6 (November 2018): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijircst.2018.6.6.2.

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12

Asbeck, T., M. Basile, J. Stitt, J. Bauhus, I. Storch und K. T. Vierling. „Tree-related microhabitats are similar in mountain forests of Europe and North America and their occurrence may be explained by tree functional groups“. Trees 34, Nr. 6 (04.08.2020): 1453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-02017-3.

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Abstract Key message Drivers of the abundance and richness of tree-related microhabitats are similar in mountain forests of Europe and North America and their occurrence may be explained by tree functional groups. Abstract A common approach to support forest-dwelling species in managed forests is to preserve valuable habitat trees. To assess the quality of habitat trees, a hierarchical typology of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is applied in the European context for inventory standardization. The first aim of this study was to evaluate whether it is possible to use this hierarchical typology as a standard protocol regardless of location, which is important for potentially standardizing future studies of TreMs, by testing whether the typology could be applied to the western North American mountain forests of Idaho. The second aim of the study was to analyse drivers that influence TreMs in forests of the region. Thirdly, we assessed whether the occurrence of TreMs could be explained by functional groups of trees across the western mountain forests of Idaho and Central European mountain forests, using TreM inventory data previously collected in the Black Forest, Germany. Abundance and richness of TreMs per tree were analyzed as a function of tree species, live status (dead vs. live trees), diameter at breast height (DBH), and site factors (latitude and altitude). Our results show that the TreM typology could be applied with slight modifications in the forests of Idaho. The abundance and richness of TreMs per tree increased with DBH. Snags offered more TreMs per tree than live trees. We were able to group tree species from the two continents in functional groups that were related to the occurrence of certain TreMs. Tree functional groups offer an opportunity to predict the role of certain tree species for habitat provision through TreMs. Combinations of trees from different functional groups could be used to optimize provisioning of TreMs within forest stands.

13

Jones, Joe, und Olcay Jones. „Trees“. Annals of Paediatric Rheumatology 3, Nr. 2 (2014): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/apr.062020140706.

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14

Ward, J. P. „Trees“. English 41, Nr. 171 (01.09.1992): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/41.171.234.

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15

ACHARYA, SHANTA. „Trees“. Critical Quarterly 37, Nr. 3 (September 1995): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1995.tb01075.x.

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16

Swann, B. „Trees“. Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 9, Nr. 2 (01.07.2002): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/9.2.260.

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17

Brash, Jorge, und Steven F. White. „Trees“. Callaloo 26, Nr. 4 (2003): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2003.0125.

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18

Epstein, Henri. „Trees“. Nuclear Physics B 912 (November 2016): 151–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2016.04.029.

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19

Staub, Julie Cadwallader. „Trees“. Spiritus: A Journal of Christian Spirituality 19, Nr. 2 (2019): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scs.2019.0048.

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20

Raven, John, und Peter Crane. „Trees“. Current Biology 17, Nr. 9 (Mai 2007): R303—R304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.041.

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21

Leach, Amy. „When Trees Dream of Being Trees“. Iowa Review 36, Nr. 1 (April 2006): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6166.

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22

Ma, Bin, Ming Li und Louxin Zhang. „From Gene Trees to Species Trees“. SIAM Journal on Computing 30, Nr. 3 (Januar 2000): 729–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/s0097539798343362.

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23

Duchamps, Jean-Jil. „Trees within trees II: Nested fragmentations“. Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré, Probabilités et Statistiques 56, Nr. 2 (Mai 2020): 1203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/19-aihp999.

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24

JANSON, SVANTE. „Random Recursive Trees and Preferential Attachment Trees are Random Split Trees“. Combinatorics, Probability and Computing 28, Nr. 1 (21.05.2018): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963548318000226.

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We consider linear preferential attachment trees, and show that they can be regarded as random split trees in the sense of Devroye (1999), although with infinite potential branching. In particular, this applies to the random recursive tree and the standard preferential attachment tree. An application is given to the sum over all pairs of nodes of the common number of ancestors.

25

Zelinka, Bohdan. „Partitionability of trees“. Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 38, Nr. 4 (1988): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/cmj.1988.102263.

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26

Bereczky, Nikolett, Amalia Duch, Krisztián Németh und Salvador Roura. „Quad-kd trees: A general framework for kd trees and quad trees“. Theoretical Computer Science 616 (Februar 2016): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2015.12.030.

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27

Page, Roderic D. M. „Extracting Species Trees From Complex Gene Trees: Reconciled Trees And Vertebrate Phylogeny“. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14, Nr. 1 (Januar 2000): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0676.

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28

Sellin, Arne. „Sapwood–heartwood proportion related to tree diameter, age, and growth rate in Piceaabies“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, Nr. 5 (01.05.1994): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-133.

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The relationships of sapwood radial width and transverse area to tree diameter, age, and growth rate were investigated in Piceaabies (L.) Karst. A total of 125 trees growing with (suppressed trees) and without (dominant trees) competition for light were sampled. Both sapwood and heartwood amounts showed an increase with diameter at the stem base, with the heartwood portion increasing more rapidly. In young trees sapwood prevails both in terms of diameter and transverse area. After trees have reached a certain age, the width of the sapwood band remains more or less constant (on average 7.8 cm for dominant and 2.0 cm for suppressed trees), and the heartwood amount exceeds that of sapwood. The percentage of heartwood in suppressed trees is substantially greater than in dominant trees of the same age. Sapwood amount is closely correlated with the tree diameter, but not with age. Tree age controls the number of rings in sapwood, while the sapwood width depends on the tree's radial growth rate as well.

29

Vololazskiy, Yevgen V. „A Modification of the Frechet Distance for Nonisomorphic Trees“. Control Systems and Computers, Nr. 2-3 (292-293) (Juli 2021): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/csc.2021.02.020.

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The paper presents a modification of the Frechet distance for nonisomorphic trees. While the classical Frechet distance between nonisomorphic trees is undefined, a new measure called similarity of a tree to a reference tree is given that is defined for a wider class of trees. A polynomial-time algorithm is given to determine whether one tree’s similarity to another is less than a given number.

30

Huck, Andreas. „Independent Trees in Planar Graphs Independent trees“. Graphs and Combinatorics 15, Nr. 1 (März 1999): 29–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00021190.

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31

Liu, Liang, und Lili Yu. „Estimating Species Trees from Unrooted Gene Trees“. Systematic Biology 60, Nr. 5 (28.03.2011): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr027.

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32

Gowers, Emily. „Trees and Family Trees in the Aeneid“. Classical Antiquity 30, Nr. 1 (01.04.2011): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2011.30.1.87.

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Tree-chopping in the Aeneid has long been seen as a disturbingly violent symbol of the Trojans' colonization of Italy. The paper proposes a new reading of the poem which sees Aeneas as progressive extirpator not just of foreign rivals but also of his own Trojan relatives. Although the Romans had no family “trees” as such, their genealogical stemmata (“garlands”) had “branches” (rami) and “stock” (stirps), and their vocabulary of family relationships takes many of its metaphors from planting, adoption, and uprooting, while plant life is often described in human metaphors. Imperial historians use the growth and collapse of trees to mark the rise and fall of dynasties; natural historians like Columella and Pliny use metaphors of adoption, abortion, and adultery to characterize the perversions of agriculture and horticulture. It is thus no coincidence that Aeneas' encounters with Hector, Priam, Deiphobus, and others often take place against a background of real or metaphorical trees (tree similes, headless or mutilated human trunks, ancient trees and woods). These encourage us to see an element of dynastic encroachment in scenes that look pious and peaceable but confirm Aeneas' ascendancy and claim to Trojan succession. The Polydorus episode in particular can be read not just as a grotesque interlude but as a nightmare about endlessly reproducing heirs; one loose strand from Priam's house is allowed to remain, while Virgil deals imperfectly with the problem of Aeneas' own successors. The paper ends by re-examining Virgil's account of grafting in Georgics 2 and arguing that it is viewed positively, perhaps in order to cast Augustus' adoption of heirs as a miracle solution.

33

Simion, Rodica. „Trees with 1-factors and oriented trees“. Discrete Mathematics 88, Nr. 1 (März 1991): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-365x(91)90061-6.

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34

Page, Roderic D. M., und Michael A. Charleston. „Trees within trees: phylogeny and historical associations“. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, Nr. 9 (September 1998): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01438-4.

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35

Chvátal, Vašek, Dieter Rautenbach und Philipp Matthias Schäfer. „Finite Sholander trees, trees, and their betweenness“. Discrete Mathematics 311, Nr. 20 (Oktober 2011): 2143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2011.06.011.

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36

Yan, Sherry H. F., und Xuezi Liu. „2-noncrossing trees and 5-ary trees“. Discrete Mathematics 309, Nr. 20 (Oktober 2009): 6135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disc.2009.03.044.

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37

Frati, Fabrizio, Markus Geyer und Michael Kaufmann. „Planar packing of trees and spider trees“. Information Processing Letters 109, Nr. 6 (Februar 2009): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipl.2008.11.002.

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38

Huff, Tristan D., und John D. Bailey. „Longevity and dynamics of fatally and nonfatally topped Douglas-fir in the Coast Range of Oregon“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, Nr. 11 (November 2009): 2224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-141.

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Worldwide, snags are an important, but often lacking, component of forest ecosystems. We revisited artificially topped Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees 16–18 years after treatment in a replicated experiment in western Oregon. Some trees had been topped such that no live crown was retained (fatally topped), while others retained some portion of their live crown after topping (nonfatally topped). Topped trees were created under three different silvicultural regimes: clearcut, two story, and group selection. Twenty-three percent (61 of 262) of nonfatally topped trees remained living 16–18 years after treatment; 4% (19 of 482) of fatally topped trees had broken at some point up the bole by 16–18 years after treatment. Silvicultural regime, post-treatment height, stem diameter, stem lean, and ground slope were considered as potential explanatory variables in logistic regression models explaining mortality and breakage. A nonfatally topped tree’s odds of surviving 16–18 years after treatment was greater in the mature matrix of group selection stands than in clearcuts or two-story stands. A fatally topped tree’s odds of breaking within 16–18 years of treatment decreased as DBH increased. If carefully created, artificially topping trees can be a useful silvicultural tool to increase structural heterogeneity.

39

Kala, Duran. „Epidemiology and Ecological Distribution of Tree Tumors in the Territory of Landscape Reserve “Teply stan”“. International Journal of Biology 8, Nr. 1 (11.11.2015): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v8n1p42.

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<p class="1Body">This study focuses tumors of woody trees in the territory of landscape reserve “Teply stan” in Moscow. Abnormal swellings on the trunk of woody trees are called Tumor. Formation of a swell is an evidence of an infringement of metabolism in a tree's body, is a disease of a tree and is a cause of a tree's premature death. Tumor prevents transportation of water and minerals from roots towards the leaves of a tree and transportation of organic matters from the leaves towards roots. The purpose of this study is to find out some appropriatenesses of spreading of tumors of trees in the landscape reserve “Teply stan”.</p><p class="1Body">In this study, landscape reserve divided into 9 study sections according to ecological conditions. Surveillance of all trees and statistical analysis of tumor trees in studied section of landscape reserve have done. The results showed that 57 of the counted 25 thousands trees have tumors. 50 of the tumors trees are belong to birch<em> (Betula pendula)</em>.Trees with tumors are distributed non-uniformly, generally in central and east parts of landscape reserve that had ecologic pollution. Mainly birch <em>(Betula pendula)</em><em>,</em> oak <em>(Quercus rubor)</em><em> </em>and linden <em>(Tilia cordata)</em> are damaged by tumors in the studied territory. The most effected trees with tumors are birch <em>(Betula pendula)</em><em> </em>tree population. The direct proportion between ecological situation and the number of tumors have found.</p>

40

van Steenis, Jeroen. „Saproxylic breeding sites for hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae): from artificial design to natural habitat management“. Journaal van Syrphidae 2, Nr. 1 (10.03.2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55710/1.diof2888.

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This paper introduces the importance of veteran trees, tree related microhabitats (TreMs) and their associated hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) fauna. A broader perspective of creating larval habitat is discussed, based on published and novel insights. It focuses on hoverflies that specialise on veteran trees and reflects upon protection and management regimes to conserve veteran trees, TreMs and associated woody habitats. The lack of veteran trees breeding sites can be resolved by tree veteranisation or by using artificial breeding boxes. Whilst protection of veteran trees is essential, enhancement of open areas with flower resources is also vitally important for the survival of saproxylic hoverflies. The larval and adult ecology of only three out of the 134 known European saproxylic species are properly understood. Thus several suggestions are offered for future research aimed at a thorough understanding of the natural history of this unknown and ecologically relevant group of species. The list includes faunistic surveys and investigations into population dynamics, dispersal capacity and habitat preferences. Alongside this research there is a need to investigate the creation of breeding sites including veteranisation techniques and the use of breeding boxes.

41

Liu, Hua Qun, Jia Wang und Liu Ping Feng. „Research on Motion Model of “Wind-Blowing & Trees-Swinging” and “Leaves-Falling & Branches-Broken” Based on Fractal Theory“. Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (Juli 2014): 2139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.2139.

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Fractal technology can simulate the growth of trees very well.There have been many research on using fractal theory to model trees,but most methods have not further explore the tree’s natural phenomena such as swinging driven by wind Firstly, this paper gave a modeling method to generate the trees based on the three-dimensional fractal L system; Secondly, according to the hierarchy of the strength characteristics of the wind and trees progression, this paper also gave the wind model to simulate the natural wind farm.In the end , this paper made some simulation about the model of “Wind-Blowing & Tree-Swing and Leaves-Falling & Braches-Broken” .

42

Moussaid, Abdellatif, Sanaa El Fkihi und Yahya Zennayi. „Tree Crowns Segmentation and Classification in Overlapping Orchards Based on Satellite Images and Unsupervised Learning Algorithms“. Journal of Imaging 7, Nr. 11 (17.11.2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7110241.

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Smart agriculture is a new concept that combines agriculture and new technologies to improve the yield’s quality and quantity as well as facilitate many tasks for farmers in managing orchards. An essential factor in smart agriculture is tree crown segmentation, which helps farmers automatically monitor their orchards and get information about each tree. However, one of the main problems, in this case, is when the trees are close to each other, which means that it would be difficult for the algorithm to delineate the crowns correctly. This paper used satellite images and machine learning algorithms to segment and classify trees in overlapping orchards. The data used are images from the Moroccan Mohammed VI satellite, and the study region is the OUARGHA citrus orchard located in Morocco. Our approach starts by segmenting the rows inside the parcel and finding all the trees there, getting their canopies, and classifying them by size. In general, the model inputs the parcel’s image and other field measurements to classify the trees into three classes: missing/weak, normal, or big. Finally, the results are visualized in a map containing all the trees with their classes. For the results, we obtained a score of 0.93 F-measure in rows segmentation. Additionally, several field comparisons were performed to validate the classification, dozens of trees were compared and the results were very good. This paper aims to help farmers to quickly and automatically classify trees by crown size, even if there are overlapping orchards, in order to easily monitor each tree’s health and understand the tree’s distribution in the field.

43

Moskalenko, A., und I. Domina. „Mapping bee forage trees“. Zemleustrìj, kadastr ì monìtorìng zemelʹ, Nr. 4 (26.09.2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/zemleustriy2018.04.08.

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