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Fuentes, Sigfredo, Eden Tongson und Claudia Gonzalez Viejo. „Urban Green Infrastructure Monitoring Using Remote Sensing from Integrated Visible and Thermal Infrared Cameras Mounted on a Moving Vehicle“. Sensors 21, Nr. 1 (04.01.2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010295.
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Climate change forecasts higher temperatures in urban environments worsening the urban heat island effect (UHI). Green infrastructure (GI) in cities could reduce the UHI by regulating and reducing ambient temperatures. Forest cities (i.e., Melbourne, Australia) aimed for large-scale planting of trees to adapt to climate change in the next decade. Therefore, monitoring cities’ green infrastructure requires close assessment of growth and water status at the tree-by-tree resolution for its proper maintenance and needs to be automated and efficient. This project proposed a novel monitoring system using an integrated visible and infrared thermal camera mounted on top of moving vehicles. Automated computer vision algorithms were used to analyze data gathered at an Elm trees avenue in the city of Melbourne, Australia (n = 172 trees) to obtain tree growth in the form of effective leaf area index (LAIe) and tree water stress index (TWSI), among other parameters. Results showed the tree-by-tree variation of trees monitored (5.04 km) between 2016–2017. The growth and water stress parameters obtained were mapped using customized codes and corresponded with weather trends and urban management. The proposed urban tree monitoring system could be a useful tool for city planning and GI monitoring, which can graphically show the diurnal, spatial, and temporal patterns of change of LAIe and TWSI to monitor the effects of climate change on the GI of cities.
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Daoud-Opit, Savannah, und Darryl N. Jones. „Guided by the light: Roost choice and behaviour of urban Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus)“. European Journal of Ecology 2, Nr. 1 (01.06.2016): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2016-0008.
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Abstract 1. The formation of large communal roosts is a conspicuous phenomenon associated with a wide range of bird species successfully exploiting urban environments. In many Australian cities, the abundance of the Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus), a native parrot, has increased markedly in recent decades, with the species roosting in very large numbers within suburban sites. These roosting locations are noisy and cause significant fouling of the land beneath, resulting in conflict with humans. 2. We investigated the selection of roosting sites in this species in Brisbane, Australia, by comparing characteristics of both the general sites of these roosts as well as individual trees used within roosting sites and trees that were avoided. 3. Lorikeets used a wide variety of tree types for roosting but demonstrated a clear preference for clumped trees within sparsely treed areas that received significantly more artificial light at night than otherwise suitable sites and trees nearby. 4. These features of roosting sites may enhance the detection of nocturnal predators by Rainbow Lorikeets, suggesting a potential positive impact of anthropogenic lighting. Our findings provide valuable insights into the management of roost-related conflicts in urban areas. We encourage further investigations into the possible benefits of artificial light.
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Brown, Helen, Katrina Proust, Barry Newell, Jeffery Spickett, Tony Capon und Lisa Bartholomew. „Cool Communities—Urban Density, Trees, and Health“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, Nr. 7 (22.07.2018): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071547.
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A move towards more compact and climate-resilient cities is being encouraged around the world. As part of these plans, there is a need to manage the potential conflict between increasing urban densities and the extent of tree canopy in cities. Reductions in tree canopy are a major contributor to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which will act to reduce rather than increase climate resilience in many cities. A systems thinking approach called Collaborative Conceptual Modelling was used to study the interaction between urban infill, tree canopy, and human health in Perth, Australia. The results indicated that under current planning policies and development practices, the behaviour of the system is dominated by the drive towards higher housing densities. While this may result in the attainment of urban infill targets, it is likely to lead to a reduction in tree canopy, higher temperatures, and a decrease in a range of other benefits provided by trees. Recommended actions to overcome this behaviour were determined by the identification of leverage points in the system. These included a shift to a sustainable development paradigm that places greater value on the environmental and social benefits provided by trees and a greater emphasis on a climate-resilient future. Market and legislative mechanisms should be integrated into the city’s greening strategy and development plans to ensure the protection of existing trees and the inclusion of new trees on public and private land.
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McKinnon, Ross, Malcolm Bunzli und Ray Steward. „Harry Oakman (1906–2002): A Retrospective of his Life and Work“. Queensland Review 10, Nr. 2 (November 2003): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600003329.
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The vision of Harry Oakman has brought pleasure, relaxation and, at times, solace to most of us, but few know his name. As we stroll in parks among trees, shrubs and colourful flowerbeds, pass by ponds and fountains, or play bat and ball with the kids on large grassy spaces, we are giving life to his dreams.Judy CannonOn 16 June 2002 a remarkable Australian, Harry Oakman, died. The author of thirteen books on tropical and subtropical gardening, he remains the most widely read gardener in Queensland and probably Australia. He was one of the early public horticulturalists, parks department manager, landscaper, planner with probably more public open space and recreation areas designed by him in the cities of Newcastle, Brisbane and Canberra than any other parks administrator.
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Yenneti, Komali, Lan Ding, Deo Prasad, Giulia Ulpiani, Riccardo Paolini, Shamila Haddad und Mattheos Santamouris. „Urban Overheating and Cooling Potential in Australia: An Evidence-Based Review“. Climate 8, Nr. 11 (04.11.2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8110126.
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Cities in Australia are experiencing unprecedented levels of urban overheating, which has caused a significant impact on the country’s socioeconomic environment. This article provides a comprehensive review on urban overheating, its impact on health, energy, economy, and the heat mitigation potential of a series of strategies in Australia. Existing studies show that the average urban heat island (UHI) intensity ranges from 1.0 °C to 13.0 °C. The magnitude of urban overheating phenomenon in Australia is determined by a combination of UHI effects and dualistic atmospheric circulation systems (cool sea breeze and hot desert winds). The strong relation between multiple characteristics contribute to dramatic fluctuations and high spatiotemporal variabilities in urban overheating. In addition, urban overheating contributes to serious impacts on human health, energy costs, thermal comfort, labour productivity, and social behaviour. Evidence suggest that cool materials, green roofs, vertical gardens, urban greenery, and water-based technologies can significantly alleviate the UHI effect, cool the ambient air, and create thermally balanced cities. Urban greenery, especially trees, has a high potential for mitigation. Trees and hedges can reduce the average maximum UHI by 1.0 °C. The average maximum mitigation performance values of green roofs and green walls are 0.2 °C and 0.1 °C, respectively. Reflective roofs and pavements can reduce the average maximum UHI by 0.3 °C. In dry areas, water has a high cooling potential. The average maximum cooling potential using only one technology is 0.4 °C. When two or more technologies are used at the same time, the average maximum UHI drop is 1.5 °C. The mitigation strategies identified in this article can help the governments and other stakeholders manage urban heating in the natural and built environment, and save health, energy, and economic costs.
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Kirkpatrick, J. B., A. Davison und G. D. Daniels. „Resident attitudes towards trees influence the planting and removal of different types of trees in eastern Australian cities“. Landscape and Urban Planning 107, Nr. 2 (August 2012): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.015.
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Coutts, Andrew M., Nigel J. Tapper, Jason Beringer, Margaret Loughnan und Matthias Demuzere. „Watering our cities“. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 37, Nr. 1 (06.11.2012): 2–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133312461032.
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Urban drainage infrastructure is generally designed to rapidly export stormwater away from the urban environment to minimize flood risk created by extensive impervious surface cover. This deficit is resolved by importing high-quality potable water for irrigation. However, cities and towns at times face water restrictions in response to drought and water scarcity. This can exacerbate heating and drying, and promote the development of unfavourable urban climates. The combination of excessive heating driven by urban development, low water availability and future climate change impacts could compromise human health and amenity for urban dwellers. This paper draws on existing literature to demonstrate the potential of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) to help improve outdoor human thermal comfort in urban areas and support Climate Sensitive Urban Design (CSUD) objectives within the Australian context. WSUD provides a mechanism for retaining water in the urban landscape through stormwater harvesting and reuse while also reducing urban temperatures through enhanced evapotranspiration and surface cooling. Research suggests that WSUD features are broadly capable of lowering temperatures and improving human thermal comfort, and when integrated with vegetation (especially trees) have potential to meet CSUD objectives. However, the degree of benefit (the intensity of cooling and improvements to human thermal comfort) depends on a multitude of factors including local environmental conditions, the design and placement of the systems, and the nature of the surrounding urban landscape. We suggest that WSUD can provide a source of water across Australian urban environments for landscape irrigation and soil moisture replenishment to maximize the urban climatic benefits of existing vegetation and green spaces. WSUD should be implemented strategically into the urban landscape, targeting areas of high heat exposure, with many distributed WSUD features at regular intervals to promote infiltration and evapotranspiration, and maintain tree health.
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Kirkpatrick, J. B., G. D. Daniels und A. Davison. „Temporal and spatial variation in garden and street trees in six eastern Australian cities“. Landscape and Urban Planning 101, Nr. 3 (Juni 2011): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.029.
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Bhullar, Simrath, und Jonathan Majer. „Arthropods on street trees: a food resource for wildlife“. Pacific Conservation Biology 6, Nr. 2 (2000): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000171.
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As with most cities throughout the world, the Western Australian city of Perth is beautified with rows of street trees. Here, the choice of trees tends to be dictated by their hardiness and ease of cultivation (e.g., Queensland Box Lophostemon confertus), their perceived beauty (e.g., Lemon Scented Gum Eucalyptus citriodora) and the affiliation with species from regions where many of the settlers originated (e.g., London Plane Tree Platanus acerifolia). Evidence indicates that the abundance and diversity of arthropods on a tree species is, to a large extent, a reflection of the tree in recent geological history ? the more recent the arrival, the less arthropods are likely to occur on it (Southwood 1960, 1961). From work with native eucalypt species, Recher et al. (1996) have found that arthropod density and diversity differs markedly between tree species within an ecosystem, and this phenomenon flows through to the insectivorous birds which forage on these trees. Those species with high levels of arthropods, such as Narrow-leaved Ironbark E. crebra in New South Wales are visited by pardalotes, thornbills and weebills to a much greater extent than the co-dominant Grey Box E. moluccana (Recher et al. 1994).
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Aryal, Jagannath, Chiranjibi Sitaula und Sunil Aryal. „NDVI Threshold-Based Urban Green Space Mapping from Sentinel-2A at the Local Governmental Area (LGA) Level of Victoria, Australia“. Land 11, Nr. 3 (27.02.2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030351.
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Obtaining accurate, precise and timely spatial information on the distribution and dynamics of urban green space is crucial in understanding livability of the cities and urban dwellers. Inspired from the importance of spatial information in planning urban lives, and availability of state-of-the-art remote sensing data and technologies in open access forms, in this work, we develop a simple three-level hierarchical mapping of urban green space with multiple usability to various stakeholders. We utilize the established Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) threshold on Sentinel-2A Earth Observation image data to classify the urban vegetation of each Victorian Local Government Area (LGA). Firstly, we categorize each LGA region into two broad classes as vegetation and non-vegetation; secondly, we further categorize the vegetation regions of each LGA into two sub-classes as shrub (including grassland) and trees; thirdly, for both shrub and trees classes, we further classify them as stressed and healthy. We not only map the urban vegetation in hierarchy but also develop Urban Green Space Index (UGSI) and Per Capita Green Space (PCGS) for the Victorian Local Government Areas (LGAs) to provide insights on the association of demography with urban green infrastructure using urban spatial analytics. To show the efficacy of the applied method, we evaluate our results using a Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform across different NDVI threshold ranges. The evaluation result shows that our method produces excellent performance metrics such as mean precision, recall, f-score and accuracy. In addition to this, we also prepare a recent Sentinel-2A dataset and derived products of urban green space coverage of the Victorian LGAs that are useful for multiple stakeholders ranging from bushfire modellers to biodiversity conservationists in contributing to sustainable and resilient urban lives.
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Emmerson, Kathryn M., Malcolm Possell, Michael J. Aspinwall, Sebastian Pfautsch und Mark G. Tjoelker. „Temperature response measurements from eucalypts give insight into the impact of Australian isoprene emissions on air quality in 2050“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, Nr. 10 (28.05.2020): 6193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6193-2020.
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Abstract. Predicting future air quality in Australian cities dominated by eucalypt emissions requires an understanding of their emission potentials in a warmer climate. Here we measure the temperature response in isoprene emissions from saplings of four different Eucalyptus species grown under current and future average summertime temperature conditions. The future conditions represent a 2050 climate under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, with average daytime temperatures of 294.5 K. Ramping the temperature from 293 to 328 K resulted in these eucalypts emitting isoprene at temperatures 4–9 K higher than the default maximum emission temperature in the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). New basal emission rate measurements were obtained at the standard conditions of 303 K leaf temperature and 1000 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation and converted into landscape emission factors. We applied the eucalypt temperature responses and emission factors to Australian trees within MEGAN and ran the CSIRO Chemical Transport Model for three summertime campaigns in Australia. Compared to the default model, the new temperature responses resulted in less isoprene emission in the morning and more during hot afternoons, improving the statistical fit of modelled to observed ambient isoprene. Compared to current conditions, an additional 2 ppb of isoprene is predicted in 2050, causing hourly increases up to 21 ppb of ozone and 24-hourly increases of 0.4 µg m−3 of aerosol in Sydney. A 550 ppm CO2 atmosphere in 2050 mitigates these peak Sydney ozone mixing ratios by 4 ppb. Nevertheless, these forecasted increases in ozone are up to one-fifth of the hourly Australian air quality limit, suggesting that anthropogenic NOx should be further reduced to maintain healthy air quality in future.
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Parmehr, Ebadat G., Marco Amati und Clive S. Fraser. „MAPPING URBAN TREE CANOPY COVER USING FUSED AIRBORNE LIDAR AND SATELLITE IMAGERY DATA“. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-7 (07.06.2016): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-7-181-2016.
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Urban green spaces, particularly urban trees, play a key role in enhancing the liveability of cities. The availability of accurate and up-to-date maps of tree canopy cover is important for sustainable development of urban green spaces. LiDAR point clouds are widely used for the mapping of buildings and trees, and several LiDAR point cloud classification techniques have been proposed for automatic mapping. However, the effectiveness of point cloud classification techniques for automated tree extraction from LiDAR data can be impacted to the point of failure by the complexity of tree canopy shapes in urban areas. Multispectral imagery, which provides complementary information to LiDAR data, can improve point cloud classification quality. This paper proposes a reliable method for the extraction of tree canopy cover from fused LiDAR point cloud and multispectral satellite imagery data. The proposed method initially associates each LiDAR point with spectral information from the co-registered satellite imagery data. It calculates the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) value for each LiDAR point and corrects tree points which have been misclassified as buildings. Then, region growing of tree points, taking the NDVI value into account, is applied. Finally, the LiDAR points classified as tree points are utilised to generate a canopy cover map. The performance of the proposed tree canopy cover mapping method is experimentally evaluated on a data set of airborne LiDAR and WorldView 2 imagery covering a suburb in Melbourne, Australia.
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Parmehr, Ebadat G., Marco Amati und Clive S. Fraser. „MAPPING URBAN TREE CANOPY COVER USING FUSED AIRBORNE LIDAR AND SATELLITE IMAGERY DATA“. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-7 (07.06.2016): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-7-181-2016.
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Urban green spaces, particularly urban trees, play a key role in enhancing the liveability of cities. The availability of accurate and up-to-date maps of tree canopy cover is important for sustainable development of urban green spaces. LiDAR point clouds are widely used for the mapping of buildings and trees, and several LiDAR point cloud classification techniques have been proposed for automatic mapping. However, the effectiveness of point cloud classification techniques for automated tree extraction from LiDAR data can be impacted to the point of failure by the complexity of tree canopy shapes in urban areas. Multispectral imagery, which provides complementary information to LiDAR data, can improve point cloud classification quality. This paper proposes a reliable method for the extraction of tree canopy cover from fused LiDAR point cloud and multispectral satellite imagery data. The proposed method initially associates each LiDAR point with spectral information from the co-registered satellite imagery data. It calculates the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) value for each LiDAR point and corrects tree points which have been misclassified as buildings. Then, region growing of tree points, taking the NDVI value into account, is applied. Finally, the LiDAR points classified as tree points are utilised to generate a canopy cover map. The performance of the proposed tree canopy cover mapping method is experimentally evaluated on a data set of airborne LiDAR and WorldView 2 imagery covering a suburb in Melbourne, Australia.
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Helmholz, P., D. Bulatov, B. Kottler, P. Burton, F. Mancini, M. May, E. Strauß und M. Hecht. „QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF URBAN INFILL ON THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT – A CASE STUDY FOR AN ALTERNATIVE MEDIUM DENSITY MODEL“. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W1-2021 (03.09.2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w1-2021-43-2021.
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Abstract. Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) impact the quality of life in many urban centres. Metropolitan areas of Australian cities and urbanised regional centres, in particular, show vulnerability towards UHIs due to challenging climatic conditions and the model of greater subdivision of established properties whereby backyards and mature trees are replaced with more residential dwellings and sealed areas. The measurements for the UHI mitigation, such as imposing reforestation, employing sustainable and medium density housing build form typology must be quantified. Simulation-based identification and mitigation of UHIs can be used for planning decisions. There are several advantages to use simulations. For instance, alternative subdivision design, building design and the placement of trees and other measures is only required in the digital twin. Experimenting with the digital twin saves resources and maximises the outcome by being able to quantify the heat reduction. The aim of this work is to quantify the impact of the current urban infill methods on UHI. We focus on an area that has gone through a process of re-subdivision that is bounded by roads within Perth, Western Australia. For the same area we propose an alternative design with an urban infill model based on a medium density housing guidelines with an improved green space allocation. While the current model shows significant effects of UHIs we could mitigate those effects in the alternative proposed model. In our simulation the hottest surfaces are roads with a temperature of approximately 45 °C at 2PM in the afternoon. In the current model close to 100% of the road surfaces reach this temperature. In contrast, in the alternative model only 45% of all road surfaces reach this temperature, significantly reducing the impact of UHI for pedestrian walking close by to those roads. At 2PM, the most frequent temperature of all surfaces for the current model is around 44 °C while the alternative’s model the most frequent temperature is approximately 28 °C – a difference of 16 °C.
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Nguyen, Thu Thi, Harry Eslick, Paul Barber, Richard Harper und Bernard Dell. „Cooling Effects of Urban Vegetation: The Role of Golf Courses“. Remote Sensing 14, Nr. 17 (01.09.2022): 4351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174351.
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Increased heat in urban environments, from the combined effects of climate change and land use/land cover change, is one of the most severe problems confronting cities and urban residents worldwide, and requires urgent resolution. While large urban green spaces such as parks and nature reserves are widely recognized for their benefits in mitigating urban heat islands (UHIs), the benefit of urban golf courses is less established. This is the first study to combine remote sensing of golf courses with Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) of vegetation cover. Using ArborCamTM multispectral, high-resolution airborne imagery (0.3 × 0.3 m), this study develops an approach that assesses the role of golf courses in reducing urban land surface temperature (LST) relative to other urban land-uses in Perth, Australia, and identifies factors that influence cooling. The study revealed that urban golf courses had the second lowest LST (around 31 °C) after conservation land (30 °C), compared to industrial, residential, and main road land uses, which ranged from 35 to 37 °C. They thus have a strong capacity for summer urban heat mitigation. Within the golf courses, distance to water bodies and vegetation structure are important factors contributing to cooling effects. Green spaces comprising tall trees (>10 m) and large vegetation patches have strong effects in reducing LST. This suggests that increasing the proportion of large trees, and increasing vegetation connectivity within golf courses and with other local green spaces, can decrease urban LST, thus providing benefits for urban residents. Moreover, as golf courses are useful for biodiversity conservation, planning for new golf course development should embrace the retention of native vegetation and linkages to conservation corridors.
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Seo, S. T., C. H. Shin, J. H. Park und H. D. Shin. „First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Pseudocercospora subsessilis on Melia azedarach in Korea“. Plant Disease 97, Nr. 7 (Juli 2013): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-1004-pdn.
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Melia azedarach L., called chinaberry, is native to Southeast Asia and Australia. The trees are commonly planted as ornamentals in the southern part of Korea. In October 2010, a leaf spot disease was observed on trees for the first time in Wando, Korea. Further surveys conducted from 2010 to 2012 showed that the disease occurs on trees in Jeju, Seogwipo, and Tongyeong cities as well as Wando county with nearly 100% incidence. Leaf spots were circular to semicircular, later becoming angular, small, pale brown in the center with a dark brown margin, and later becoming milky white. Leaf spots sometimes coalesced to blight the entire leaf and were capable of rapidly defoliating whole trees in late September. Fruiting was amphigenous, but mostly hypogenous. Stromata were substomatal, globular, dark brown, and 25 to 70 μm in diameter. Conidiophores were densely fasciculate, pale olivaceous to pale brown, substraight to mildly curved, not geniculate, 10 to 30 μm long, 2.5 to 4.5 μm wide, and aseptate or uniseptate. Conidia were pale olivaceous, generally darker than conidiophores, cylindric to obclavate, substraight in shorter ones, curved to mildly sinuous in longer ones, obconically truncate at the base, obtuse at the apex, 2- to 14-septate, 16 to 120 × 3 to 5 μm, guttulate, and had inconspicuous hila. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the previous descriptions of Pseudocercospora subsessilis (Syd. & P. Syd.) Deighton (2). Voucher specimens (n = 6) were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). An isolate from KUS-F25395 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC45688). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 (3) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 517 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JX993904). A BLAST search in GenBank revealed that the sequence shows >99% similarity (1 bp substitution) with a sequence of P. subsessilis ex M. azedarach from Cuba (GU269815). For pathogenicity tests, hyphal suspensions were prepared by grinding 3-week-old colonies grown on potato dextrose agar with distilled water using a mortar and pestle. Five 3-year-old chinaberry trees were inoculated with hyphal suspensions using a fine haired paint brush. Three healthy trees of the same age, serving as controls, were sprayed with sterile water. The plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain 100% relative humidity for 24 h and then transferred to a greenhouse. Typical symptoms of necrotic spots that appeared on the inoculated leaves 10 days after inoculation were identical to the ones observed in the field. P. subsessilis was reisolated from symptomatic leaf tissues, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. The disease has been reported in several Asian countries as well as in Cuba and the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on chinaberry caused by P. subsessilis in Korea. The observed high incidence and severity suggest that this disease can be a limiting factor in utilizing this tree species as ornamentals in public areas. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication, ARS, USDA, Retrieved October 22, 2012. (2) Y. L. Guo and W. H. Hsieh. The genus Pseudocercospora in China. International Academic Publishers, Beijing, China, 1995. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Smith, Karen, Peter May und Robert White. „Above and Belowground Growth of Corymbia maculata in a Constructed Soil: The Effect of Profile Design and Organic Amendment“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, Nr. 1 (01.01.2010): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.002.
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Spotted gum (Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson), a common street tree in southern Australian cities, was used to assess growth responses to variations in profile design and organic amendment of constructed soils. Aboveground growth responses were total stem dry weight and foliar nutrient content. The belowground response was root length density. Soil profiles were constructed of sand, amended with either coir fiber, composted biosolids or composted green waste, at rates of 0, 5, 10 or 20% by volume. The profiles were either layered, with a 150 mm (6 in) organic-amended surface layer, or uniform, with amendment of the entire profile. A single fertilizer treatment was applied to all profiles. Shoot dry weight was only affected by organic matter type with the greatest growth in sand amended with composted biosolids. Foliage P and K content were affected by amendment but foliage N was not. Profile design affected root length density and distribution. Trees in uniform profiles had greater root length density, and a more uniform distribution of roots, especially with compost amendments. Above- and belowground growth increases are thought to be due to increased nutrient status resulting from organic matter mineralization.
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Shao, Huamei, und Gunwoo Kim. „A Comprehensive Review of Different Types of Green Infrastructure to Mitigate Urban Heat Islands: Progress, Functions, and Benefits“. Land 11, Nr. 10 (14.10.2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101792.
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Climate change and rapid urbanization increase/amplify urban heat islands (UHIs). Green infrastructure (GI) is an effective and popularly strategy used to moderate UHIs. This paper aims to better understand the progress of different GI types (urban parks, urban forests, street trees, green roofs, green walls) in mitigating UHIs, and what benefits they provide. Firstly, this paper used CiteSpace to analyze 1243 publications on the Web of Science from 1990 to 2021, then analyzed the function/regulation of ecosystem services/benefits and values of GI types in reducing UHIs. The historical review results show that research on all GI types showed rapid growth since 2013, and their GR increased rapidly. The highest-ranking keywords were urban heat island/heat island, climate/climate change/microclimate, and temperature/land surface temperature/air temperature. “Design,” “vegetation,” “quality,” and “reduction” are the top four strongest keyword bursts. The most published countries are the People’s Republic of China, USA, Australia, Germany, and Italy, and the top three institutions are the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Arizona State University, and the National University of Singapore. Landscape and Urban Planning, Building and Environment, Energy and Building, and Urban Forestry and Urban Greening are the most published journals. In urban areas, different GI types as a form of ecosystem hardware provide multiple functions (reduced land surface temperatures, lower building energy usage, improved thermal comfort and enhanced human health, reduced morbidity and mortality, etc.). GI thus provides a regulated ecosystem service to ameliorate UHIs primarily through temperature regulation and shade. At the same time, GI provides benefits and values (ecological, economic, social, and cultural) to humans and urban sustainable development. GI types determine the functions they provide, afford corresponding regulated ecosystem services, and provide benefits and values in a logical/recycle system. Overall, this review highlights the development and importance of GI, as well as the relationship of GI types and functions of regulating the ecosystem service benefits and values to mitigate UHI, and advances the study of climate change adaptation in cities.
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Mitchell, Alan. „TREES FOR TOWNS AND CITIES“. Arboricultural Journal 9, Nr. 4 (November 1985): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1985.9746727.
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MacKenzie, Rob, Tom Pugh und Chris Rogers. „Sustainable cities: seeing past the trees“. Nature 468, Nr. 7325 (Dezember 2010): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/468765b.
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Song, Xiao Ping, Daniel Richards, Peter Edwards und Puay Yok Tan. „Benefits of trees in tropical cities“. Science 356, Nr. 6344 (22.06.2017): 1241.1–1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6642.
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Asanok, Lamthai, Torlarp Kamyo, Monthon Norsaengsri, Teeka Yotapakdee und Suwit Navakam. „Assessment of the Diversity of Large Tree Species in Rapidly Urbanizing Areas along the Chao Phraya River Rim, Central Thailand“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 18 (16.09.2021): 10342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810342.
Annotation:
Urban trees provide numerous ecosystem services in cities such as pollution absorption and reduced urban heat island intensity, energy use, and mental fatigue. Understanding urban tree species diversity can enhance tree planning and management in rapidly urbanizing areas. However, few studies have examined the effects of urbanization on urban tree diversity in Thailand. This study assessed the diversity of large trees in urban landscapes including 11 cities along the 372 km Chao Phraya River Rim in central Thailand. Species diversity, importance value, and distribution were evaluated in each city. Our survey documented 987 large trees belonging to 65 species, 48 genera, and 31 families. The dominant species of Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata had the highest importance and relative abundance. The highest abundance of large trees was seen in the rural city of Sing Buri, while large urban cities such as Ayutthaya and Bangkok exhibited the highest species diversity. Detrended correspondence analysis indicated that the diversity of unique species was high in large urban cities, while dominant and common species were ubiquitous in rural cities. These findings suggest that large trees are few in number but exhibit high species diversity in large rapidly urbanizing cities. Therefore, preserving good site conditions is critical for the survival of large trees in urban cities. Heritage tree registration may aid preservation efforts and enhance the benefits of these large trees in rapidly urbanizing areas.
23
Landsberg, Jill, und F. R. Wylie. „Dieback of rural trees in Australia“. GeoJournal 17, Nr. 2 (September 1988): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02432927.
24
Kjelgren, Roger, Yongyut Trisurat, Ladawan Puangchit, Nestor Baguinon und Puay Tan Yok. „Tropical Street Trees and Climate Uncertainty in Southeast Asia“. HortScience 46, Nr. 2 (Februar 2011): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.2.167.
Annotation:
Urban trees are a critical quality of life element in rapidly growing cities in tropical climates. Tropical trees are found in a wide variety of habitats governed largely by the presence and duration of monsoonal dry periods. Tropical cities can serve as a proxy for climate change impacts of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), urban heat island, and drought-prone root zones on successful urban trees. Understanding the native habitats of species successful as tropical urban trees can yield insights into the potential climate impact on those habitats. Species from equatorial and montane wet forests where drought stress is not a limiting factor are not used as urban trees in cities with monsoonal dry climates such as Bangkok and Bangalore. Absence of trees from a wet habitat in tropical cities in monsoonal climates is consistent with model and empirical studies suggesting wet evergreen species are vulnerable to projected climates changes such as lower rainfall and increased temperatures. However, monsoonal dry forest species appear to have wider environmental tolerances and are successful urban trees in cities with equatorial wet climates such as Singapore as well as cities with monsoonal climates such as Bangkok and Bangalore. In cities with monsoonal dry climates, deciduous tree species are more common than dry evergreen species. Although dry deciduous species generally have better floral displays, their prevalence may in part be the result of greater tolerance of urban heat islands and drought in cities; this would be consistent with modeled habitat gains at the expense of dry evergreen species in native forest stands under projected higher temperatures from climate change. Ecological models may also point to selection of more heat- and drought-tolerant species for tropical cities under projected climate change.
25
Moser-Reischl, Astrid, Thomas Rötzer, Stephan Pauleit und Hans Pretzsch. „Urban Tree Growth Characteristics of Four Common Species in South Germany“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47, Nr. 4 (01.07.2021): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.015.
Annotation:
Urban trees are important, green features of cities. However, knowledge of the size development of frequently planted tree species, which is the basis for modeling environmental benefits of urban trees, is mostly limited. Within this study, allometric relationships for tree structures like tree height, crown parameters, and leaf area were developed for 4 common urban tree species in South Germany (horse chestnut [Aesculus hippocastanum], small-leaved lime [Tilia cordata], black locust [Robinia pseudoacacia], and plane tree [Platanus × hispanica]). Growth and size differences between different tree species, cities, and planting sites (street, park, square) were analyzed. Moreover, the above- and belowground growing conditions were compared and their influences on growth analyzed. Marked differences in the structural development between species were found, mostly due to their species characteristics. Fast growing species (e.g., R. pseudoacacia) also showed fastest development of the tree structures compared to other species. Differences between cities were minor, especially for trees younger than 100 years, whereas the variation of growing conditions within cities strongly influenced their growth. Park trees mostly had greater tree structures compared to trees at other growing sites, though this was also species-dependent. Above- and belowground conditions varied between species, cities, and sites (street, park, square), with obstacles (trees, buildings) south of the trees having a negative influence on crown growth. These patterns can be helpful for better planning of green features in cities. They provide a basis for urban tree management based on the growing space requirements of tree species and their ecosystem service provision.
26
Li, Kaidi, und Guangfu Zhang. „Species Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Heritage Trees in the Rapidly-Urbanizing Province of Jiangsu, China“. Forests 12, Nr. 11 (08.11.2021): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111543.
Annotation:
Heritage trees have important ecological, historical, and landscape values in cities. Rapid urbanization may cause dramatic change of ecosystem functions of cities, thereby inevitably affecting the growth performance of ancient trees. However, few studies have explored their species diversity and spatial differentiation on the medium scale in the scenario of urbanization in China. Here, we took Jiangsu Province in China, with developed economy in recent decades, as a typical case. Based on the provincial forest inventory data, we addressed the abundance, species richness, tree density, and species diversity of ancient trees in 13 cities, and their tree habitat, growth status, and tree age, as well. Then, we compared the spatial differentiation of tree attributes by 13 districts and nine tree habitats. We also applied detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) to determine the leading factor influencing their distribution pattern. The 7678 heritage trees in Jiangsu belonged to 215 species. More than half of the trees were native with domination by Ginkgo biloba. Villages and farmlands accommodated the most heritage trees while parks and gardens harbored the most species. This indicates that sparsely-populated rural community and scenic areas with open space are conducive to accommodating more urban heritage trees. The tier 3 heritage trees (100–299 years) accounted for about 80% of the total. Overall, most ancient trees in Jiangsu grew well. The species diversity index (H) of 13 cities was between 1.98 and 3.39. The H value among the 13 cities was largely affected by elevation range shift, while the tree density by GDP per capita. DCA showed that the ratio of unique species was >40%, and that dominant species presented little habitat preference. Therefore, species diversity among different cities are affected by climate and topography, as well as human factors. With the accelerating urbanization process, tree habitat, cultural tradition, and urban history should be taken into consideration for management and conservation of heritage trees in the future.
27
Black, E. Couper. „Canoes and Canoe Trees of Australia.1“. Mankind 3, Nr. 12 (10.02.2009): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1947.tb00139.x.
28
Fyfe, Christopher B. „‘Men of The Trees’ in Western Australia“. Environmental Conservation 18, Nr. 1 (1991): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002138x.
29
Xing, Yang, und Peter Brimblecombe. „Trees and parks as “the lungs of cities”“. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 48 (Februar 2020): 126552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126552.
30
Cruz-Sandoval, Marco, María Isabel Ortego und Elisabet Roca. „Tree Ecosystem Services, for Everyone? A Compositional Analysis Approach to Assess the Distribution of Urban Trees as an Indicator of Environmental Justice“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 3 (07.02.2020): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031215.
Annotation:
Trees provide a broad amount of ecosystem services in urban areas. Although it is well documented that trees are essential for the well-being and livability of cities, trees are often not evenly distributed. Studies have found that urban residents with a deprived socioeconomic status are associated with a lower coverage and access to urban trees in their communities, yet a fair distribution of trees contributes to the sustainability and resilience of cities. In this context, the environmental justice movement seeks to ensure equal distribution of green infrastructure and its benefits throughout a territory. The objective of this study is threefold: (i) to determine whether urban trees in Guadalajara, Mexico, are distributed equally; (ii) to assess the association between urban trees and socioeconomic status; and (iii) to introduce compositional data analysis to the existing literature. Due to the compositional nature of the data, compositional analysis techniques are applied. We believe this novel approach will help define the proper management of data used in the literature. The outcomes provide insights for urban planners working towards the Sustainable Development Goals to help eradicate the uneven distribution of urban trees in cities.
31
Dowling, Robyn, Pauline McGuirk und Harriet Bulkeley. „Retrofitting cities: Local governance in Sydney, Australia“. Cities 38 (Juni 2014): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.004.
32
Verma, O. S. „Tree Cover: Bulwarks against Fury of the Nature“. Journal of extension systems 37, Nr. 1 (2021): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jes.2021.37106.
Annotation:
Over 30 per cent Indians now live in cities. In the next 15 years, over 20 per cent more are likely to be added. Cities will thus be most impacted by the bulwarks against fury of the nature. More we remove of urban nature, the more we need these bulwarks. Green Spaces, water bodies, and trees are the bulwarks. They provide shelters to the urban poors and cool the environmental heat. Unprivileged and migrant workers do not have home of their own. They seek refuge under the trees. The trees are thus the panacea of defensive wall against vagaries of the nature. Trees cover, however, is rapidly disappearing at the cost of building cities and making way for Agriculture to expand croplands. Deforestation is a global concerns and not many countries including India are making concerted efforts to protect forest and plant more trees.
33
Gibbons, P., D. B. Lindenmayer, S. C. Barry und M. T. Tanton. „Hollow formation in eucalypts from temperate forests in southeastern Australia“. Pacific Conservation Biology 6, Nr. 3 (2000): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000217.
Annotation:
We examined factors associated with the occurrence of tree hollows in four eucalypt species from temperate forest in southeastern New South Wales and East Gippsland. A total of 1 256 standing trees and 328 felled trees was examined. The proportion of trees containing hollows with small entrances (2-5 cm) was significantly negatively associated with dbh, while the proportion of trees containing hollows with medium (5-10 cm) and large (>10 cm) entrances was positively associated with dbh. There was a significant, but weak, relationship between hollow depth and minimum entrance width that was improved with the addition to the model of the variables branch diameter and branch health. Trees of all sizes and ages contained hollows, although larger and older trees had a higher probability of doing so. For two tree species (Brown Barrel or Cuttail Eucalyptus fastigata and Messmate E. obliqua), the probability of live trees containing hollows remained below 0.5 for stems less than 180 years of age. Un logged forest supported, on average, 22.0 hollowbearing trees per ha ? 18.5% of which were dead trees. For all values of dbh, trees were more likely to contain hollows if either dead or in poor physiological condition, indicating the potential for hollow development to be accelerated in eucalypts by killing or injuring suitably-sized trees.
34
Kielbaso, J. James. „Trends and Issues in City Forests“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 16, Nr. 3 (01.03.1990): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1990.020.
Annotation:
A survey of 2,787 city tree managers in 1986 resulted in a 38% return. Only 38% know with certainty how many trees are on their streets. There are an estimated 61,654,000 street trees in the 7,043 U.S. cities represented. If spaced 30 feet apart they would occupy 1,937 square miles. It is estimated that there are 10 private trees for each street tree. The average value per street tree in 47 cities able to estimate, is $525. Annual expenditures to maintain these trees average $10.62. At 6% interest this expenditure would reach $500 in 23 years. Tree care remains only .49% of city budgets, and although increasing to $2.60 per capita from $1.63 in 1974, has increased less than other city services. The ten most often occurring and planted trees are enumerated. Street trees are spaced about 105 feet apart, which is about 43% of potential stocking. A goal of the American Forestry Association, in cooperation with ISA, is to plant 100 million trees in cities by 1992 in the Global ReLeaf project to help ameliorate the CO2 buildup in the global atmosphere. This is an action program requiring input from everyone possible in order to attain success.
35
., WIRYONO, YANSEN ., ADITYA ., DAVID JUARA LAMHOT und JURIAH HUTAHAEAN. „Short Communication: The species diversity and composition of roadside trees in five cities in Sumatra, Indonesia“. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, Nr. 5 (21.09.2018): 1615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190503.
Annotation:
Wiryono, Yansen, Aditya, Lamhot DJ, Hutahaean J. 2018. Short Communication: The species diversity and composition ofroadside trees in five cities in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1615-1621. Roadside trees make living in a city more enjoyable dueto their aesthetic values and ecosystem services. The ecological benefits of roadside trees may be enhanced by increasing the speciesdiversity and the proportion of native species. The objective of this study was to know the species diversity and composition of roadsidetrees in the cities of Palembang, Bengkulu, Curup, Pematang Siantar and Argamakmur, in Sumatra Island, Indonesia, varying in size andaltitude. Data of trees were collected from selected streets and analyzed to determine the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener index ofdiversity (Hʹ) and Ellenberg index of community similarity (ISE). The results showed that the species richness in a city ranged from 7 to26, with the diversity index between 1.05 and 2.08. The large and medium cities had higher S and Hʹ. More introduced species werefound, both in number of species and number of individuals, than the native ones. The similarity among cities in species compositionranged from 47 to 82%. Overall, Swietenia macrophylla, an introduced species, was the most abundant species. The S and Hʹ values ofall cities were considered low and the composition of tree species did not support the conservation of native species. It is, therefore,essential to increase the species diversity of street trees, especially by planting native species.
36
Williams, Kathryn. „Exploring Resident Preferences for Street Trees in Melbourne, Australia“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 28, Nr. 4 (01.07.2002): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2002.024.
Annotation:
Residents of Melbourne, Australia (n = 192) were surveyed regarding their preferences for 36 trees presented in black-and-white photographs. The findings indicate preference for medium-sized trees with a globular or oval form. Foliage texture also arose as an important factor, with higher preference for trees with relatively broad or coarse foliage. While there was no overall preference for either native or introduced trees, categories derived statistically from preference ratings suggest this criterion may have been a consideration for many residents. Some findings could not be predicted from the published literature, which has largely been conducted in the Northern Hemisphere.
37
Doran-Browne, Natalie A., John Ive, Phillip Graham und Richard J. Eckard. „Carbon-neutral wool farming in south-eastern Australia“. Animal Production Science 56, Nr. 3 (2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15541.
Annotation:
Ruminant livestock production generates higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) compared with other types of farming. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce or offset those emissions where possible. Although mitigation options exist that reduce ruminant GHGE through the use of feed management, flock structure or breeding management, these options only reduce the existing emissions by up to 30% whereas planting trees and subsequent carbon sequestration in trees and soil has the potential for livestock emissions to be offset in their entirety. Trees can introduce additional co-benefits that may increase production such as reduced salinity and therefore increased pasture production, shelter for animals or reduced erosion. Trees will also use more water and compete with pastures for water and light. Therefore, careful planning is required to locate trees where the co-benefits can be maximised instead of any negative trade-offs. This study analysed the carbon balance of a wool case study farm, Talaheni, in south-eastern Australia to determine if the farm was carbon neutral. The Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory was used to calculate GHGE and carbon stocks, with national emissions factors used where available, and otherwise figures from the IPCC methodology being used. Sources of GHGE were from livestock, energy and fuel, and carbon stocks were present in the trees and soil. The results showed that from when the farm was purchased in 1980–2012 the farm had sequestered 11 times more carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) in trees and soil than was produced by livestock and energy. Between 1980 and 2012 a total of 31 100 t CO2e were sequestered with 19 300 and 11 800 t CO2e in trees and soil, respectively, whereas farm emissions totalled 2800 t CO2e. There was a sufficient increase in soil carbon stocks alone to offset all GHGE at the study site. This study demonstrated that there are substantial gains to be made in soil carbon stocks where initial soils are eroded and degraded and there is the opportunity to increase soil carbon either through planting trees or introducing perennial pastures to store more carbon under pastures. Further research would be beneficial on the carbon-neutral potential of farms in more fertile, high-rainfall areas. These areas typically have higher stocking rates than the present study and would require higher levels of carbon stocks for the farm to be carbon neutral.
38
Zhang, Yaoqi, und Bin Zheng. „Urban Trees Programs from Municipal Officials' Perspective: Evidence from Alabama, U.S.“ Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38, Nr. 4 (01.07.2012): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2012.024.
Annotation:
Using survey data, this study explored Alabama municipal employees and policy makers’ perception of urban trees, financing, governing, and information sharing regarding urban forest management. Results suggest that the importance of urban trees is widely recognized by local municipal employees and policymakers. They also believe that urban trees would increase property value and promote community pride. Ecological benefits were, however, less valued. Alabama, U.S. cities spent less than USD $60,000 per year on tree planting, tree maintenance, debris, and tree removal. Cities with a large population usually appear to spend more on urban trees; likewise, cities with higher household incomes and lower poverty rates would have higher expenditures on urban tree programs. Relatively minor differences were found among the three types of employees and administrators: mayors, council members, and administrators. The results indicate many municipal officials were not aware of, or informed about, related agencies providing urban tree management services.
39
Mogoutnov, Alena, und Jackie Venning. „Remnant tree decline in agricultural regions of South Australia.“ Pacific Conservation Biology 20, Nr. 4 (2014): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140366.
Annotation:
Agricultural landscapes in southern Australia were once dominated by temperate eucalypt woodlands of which only fragmented patches and scattered trees in paddocks remain. This study focuses on the decline of scattered trees in the Mount Lofty Ranges and South East agricultural regions of South Australia. A combination of digitized aerial photography and satellite imagery was used to extend a previous assessment of decline undertaken in the early 1980s and increase the period over which decline was assessed to 58–72 years. A total of 17 049 scattered trees were counted from the earliest time period assessed over 11 sites of which 6 185 trees were lost by 2008 — a 36 % decline. Recruitment of 2 179 trees during this period was evident. Imagery indicates that clearing for agricultural intensification is the primary cause of the decline. A range of management options and policy settings are required to reverse the decline notwithstanding the challenges of implementation at a landscape scale across privately owned land.
40
MENZEL, C. M., und D. R. SIMPSON. „NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON LYCHEE TREES IN SUBTROPICAL AUSTRALIA“. Acta Horticulturae, Nr. 275 (Juli 1990): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.275.72.
41
Aldous, David E. „TREES OF THE HISTORIC BURNLEY GARDENS, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA“. Arboricultural Journal 14, Nr. 1 (Februar 1990): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1990.9746827.
42
Russell, J. S., D. M. Cameron, I. F. Whan, D. F. Beech, D. B. Prestwidge und S. J. Rance. „Rainforest trees as a new crop for Australia“. Forest Ecology and Management 60, Nr. 1-2 (August 1993): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90022-f.
43
ZIBTSEVA, Olha. „TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN TWO SMALL CITIES OF KYIV REGION, UKRAINE“. AgroLife Scientific Journal 10, Nr. 2 (31.12.2021): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2021227.
Annotation:
The diversity of trees is an important factor in ensuring the sustainability of urban forests, but it has hardly been studied in small towns in Ukraine. This study examines the diversity of urban tree species in two small towns in the capital region of Ukraine. The results show that the richest species composition of Vyshgorod city in the adjoining the houses territories and in mini-parks. A total of 100 species and forms of trees and shrubs have been found in the city. 27 species of trees and shrubs are represented In Ukrainka city. Spiraea vanhouttei, Syringa vulgaris and the genus Spiraea are critical for Vyshhorod city. Acer saccharinum, Pinus sylvestris, Populus piramidalis, Betula pendula and Spiraea vanhouttei are critical for Ukrainka city. In contrast to Vyshhorod, where the distribution of trees by diameter is close to optimal, Ukrainka lacks young trees and exceeds the share of ''ripening'', which violates the guarantees of sustainable development of urban plantations. The methodology used in this study may allow practitioners to better assess the sustainability of urban tree plantations.
44
Quan Sun, Wen. „Quantifying Species Diversity of Streetside Trees in our Cities“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 18, Nr. 2 (01.03.1992): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1992.021.
Annotation:
Biological/genetic diversity is a key factor in the stability and disease tolerance of streetside tree populations. Low species diversity may leave the tree population more vulnerable to new stress environments, both abiotic and biotic. Monitoring and enriching the species diversity level has become an important issue in streetside tree planning and management. The present study introduces an index to species diversity in streetside tree populations (SDI). SDI allows quantitative comparisons of species diversity between tree populations. SDIs of 21 cities and towns are calculated based on literature published in the past 10 years. The diversity levels of streetside trees in our cities may have to be doubled to avoid species-specific catastrophic losses.
45
Šerá, Božena. „Salt-tolerant trees usable for Central European cities – Review“. Horticultural Science 44, No. 1 (21.02.2017): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/201/2015-hortsci.
Annotation:
The present text is focused on an actual problem of planting of inappropriate tree taxa in many cities. It explains the causes of contaminated soils by winter salt management and principles of the toxic effect on plants. The paper summarizes the problem and brings solution. Town places with salt-contaminated soil should not be fitted with: spruce (Picea), pine (Pinus), linden (Tilia) and maples (Acer). On the other hand, resistant species are: ash (Fraxinus), poplar (Populus), willow (Salix), silverberry (Eleagnus), black locust (Robinia). Both lists of sensitive and salt-tolerant tree species have been presented. Salt-tolerant tree should be preferred before all the others species.
46
Gilbertson, P., und A. D. Bradshaw. „THE SURVIVAL OF NEWLY PLANTED TREES IN INNER CITIES“. Arboricultural Journal 14, Nr. 4 (November 1990): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1990.9746850.
47
Ferres, Kay. „Cities and Museums: Introduction“. Queensland Review 12, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600003846.
Annotation:
In September 2004, the Museum of Brisbane, Museums Australia and the Centre for Public Culture and Ideas at Griffith University hosted a symposium, ‘Cities and Museums’, at the university's Southbank campus. This event initiated a conversation among museum professionals and academics from across Australia. Nick Winterbotham, from Leeds City Museum, and Morag Macpherson, from Glasgow's Open Museum, and were keynote speakers. Their papers provided perspectives on museum policy and practice in the United Kingdom and Europe, and demonstrated how museums can contribute to urban and cultural regeneration. Those papers are available on the Museum of Brisbane website (www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/MoB). The Cities and Musuems section in this issue of Queensland Review brings together papers that explore the relationship of cities and museums across global, national and local Brisbane contexts, and from diverse disciplinary perspectives. The disciplines represented in this selection of papers from the symposium include social history, urban studies, literary fiction, and heritage and cultural policy.
48
Fogarty, James, Martin van Bueren und Md Sayed Iftekhar. „Making waves: Creating water sensitive cities in Australia“. Water Research 202 (September 2021): 117456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117456.
49
Whitzman, Carolyn. „Barriers to Planning Healthier Cities in Victoria, Australia“. International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 3, Nr. 1 (2007): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v03i01/59429.
50
Kendig, Hal, Anne-Marie Elias, Peter Matwijiw und Kaarin Anstey. „Developing Age-Friendly Cities and Communities in Australia“. Journal of Aging and Health 26, Nr. 8 (Dezember 2014): 1390–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264314532687.
Annotation:
Objective: The aim of the study is to present case studies and assess the impact of political, policy, consultative, and research processes used to implement Age Friendly Cities (AFC) initiatives in Australia. Method: A review and interpretation was conducted based on public documents, community consultations, survey analyses, and participant observation. Results: Governments in Australia have drawn on World Health Organization (WHO) concepts to establish AFC initiatives. In Melbourne, state political leadership established Positive Ageing plans that have reinforced local government actions. In Canberra, a baseline survey and an Older Persons Assembly were followed by modest positive ageing plans. In Sydney, a State Ageing Strategy developed a whole-of-government plan that has yet to be incorporated into budget processes. Discussion: AFC initiatives in Australia have had promising and varied starts with some aims to benefit disadvantaged older people. Notwithstanding the potential benefits, AFC influence on mainstream actions of government has been limited by uncertain political commitment and growing fiscal austerity.