Thematische Bibliographien / Treaty instrument

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Treaty instrument“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Treaty instrument"

Prameswari, Zendy Wulan Ayu Widhi. „RATIFIKASI KONVENSI TENTANG HAK-HAK ANAK DALAM SISTEM PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN DI INDONESIA“. Yuridika 32, Nr. 1 (23.08.2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v32i1.4842.

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The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the most comprehensive human rights treaty and legal instrument for the promotion and protection of children’s rights. Unfortunately, while the other international human rights instruments ratified by Indonesia through an Act; CRC is the only international human rights instrument which ratified by Indonesia through a Presidential Decree. The CRC ratified by Indonesia through Presidential Decree Number 36 Year 1990. The use of a Presidential Decree as the instrument to ratify the CRC has delivered some critiques. This research examines the powers of the president on the formulation of the presidential decree on the ratification of the international legal instrument. In the second case, it analyses the position of the Presidential Decree Number 36 Year 1990 in the systems of laws and regulations in Indonesia. The findings of this study indicate that Indonesia has to consider the possibility of strengthening the instrument of ratification of the CRC from a Presidential Decree to an Act since in terms of its legal position, a Presidential Decree is not an appropriate instrument as the instrument of ratification of a treaty which subject matter involves human rights.

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Nakanishi, Yusuke. „Defining the Boundaries of Legally Binding Treaties – Some Aspects of Japan’s Practice in Treaty-Making in Light of State Practice“. International Community Law Review 20, Nr. 2 (17.04.2018): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341372.

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Abstract The boundaries between legally binding treaties and non-legally binding instruments have long been a subject of dispute. The ICJ judgments suggest focus on ‘the actual terms and to the particular circumstances in which it was drawn up’ in order to determine the legal nature of an instrument. This article explores some aspects of Japan’s practice in treaty-making in light of State practice, aiming at uncovering the approach and thinking behind State practice in treaty-making.

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Kleist, David. „A Multilateral Instrument for Implementing Changes to Double Tax Treaties: Problems and Prospects“. Intertax 44, Issue 11 (01.11.2016): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2016075.

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The Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) package developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and G20 countries along with developing countries includes a number of measures that, in order for the measures to become fully effective, require changes to be made to the tax treaties of the states involved in the project. As a renegotiation of the tax treaties on a treaty-by-treaty basis would take years, the OECD has initiated the development of a multilateral instrument intended to swiftly implement tax treaty changes agreed on as part of the BEPS Project. Negotiation of the instrument is currently going on and involves about 100 states. This article sets out to describe the background of the multilateral instrument and aims to discuss some difficulties that need to be overcome if the instrument is to become a reality. Furthermore, it aims to provide a high-level analysis of what the instrument may mean in the short and long term.

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Gomes, Marcus Livio. „The DNA of the Principal Purpose Test in the Multilateral Instrument“. Intertax 47, Issue 1 (01.01.2019): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2019005.

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This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the framework of the principal purpose test (PPT) included in the Multilateral Convention (MLI) designed by the OECD as part of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action 6 Final Report, ‘Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances’, included in the BEPS Project. This article maps the primary and secondary elements generally used in a general antiavoidance rule (GAAR) to check the feasibility of these concepts in the PPT. Potential weaknesses are pointed out, as well as challenges for its legal implementation, application and interpretation. The article assesses the feasibility of the main features of the PPT as a general anti-treaty avoidance rule (GATAR) to be included in the tax treaties of the states and jurisdictions that joined the MLI. From this perspective, whether the PPT will prevent treaty abuse, treaty avoidance or aggressive tax planning without creating uncertainty and shifting too much discretionary power to tax administrations is one of the issues. Ultimately, the strengths of this provision will depend on the legislatures and courts in the near future.

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Matabudul, Rachna. „The Multilateral Instrument in Africa: A Strategic Analysis“. Intertax 51, Issue 5 (01.05.2023): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2023036.

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The Multilateral Instrument (MLI) was launched under Action 15 of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project in November 2016 under the joint collaboration of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the G20 in order to update existing bilateral tax treaty provisions to counter BEPS more effectively. Despite the benefits that the MLI presents for updating the African treaty network, the analysis in this contribution reveals that its provisions addressing certain high priority BEPS issues such as the artifical avoidance of permanent establishment (PE) status under Action 7 and even the minimum standard provisions under Action 14 for improving the mutual agreement procedure (MAP) were implemented rather poorly in less than 40% of the eligible African treaties. The exception to this are the minimum standard provisions under Action 6 that modified more than 75% of the treaties to counter treaty shopping. This paper elaborates on the resulting policy implications and offers a number of normative recommendations for maximizing the benefits of the MLI implementation in the African context which could also be relevant in light of the proposed Pillar Two reform. Multilateral Instrument (MLI) implementation, BEPS in Africa, policy implications, developing countries, capacity building, Pillar Two, STTR

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Bosman, Alexander. „General Aspects of the Multilateral Instrument“. Intertax 45, Issue 10 (01.10.2017): 642–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2017055.

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The Multilateral Instrument (MLI) can be regarded as the most innovative and far-reaching development in the area in the area of tax treaties in recent decades. The implementation of the tax treaty related Base Erosions and Profit Shifting (BEPS) measures through the MLI will have major consequences for the global network of bilateral tax treaties. The actual impact of the MLI on tax treaties depends to a large extent on the choices and reservations made by each participating state, especially with regard to provisions that do not reflect BEPS minimum standards. These positions will also influence the impact of the MLI for each state’s participating treaty partners. This article examines certain general and procedural aspects of the MLI, including the scope and interpretation of the MLI. This is followed by a discussion of the operation and legal consequences of the compatibility clauses, the reservations and the notification obligations. The focus is then shifted to various procedural aspects related to the final provisions of the MLI, including the entry into effect and timing aspects.

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Kalyadin, A. „«64 Actions» Plan as Instrument of Containing Proliferation“. World Economy and International Relations, Nr. 1 (2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-1-25-34.

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The eighth Review Conference of the States – parties to the Treaty on Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was held in New York on 3-28 May 2010. It was attended by a total of 172 states. The Conference became the most representative, authoritative and effective international forum in recent years specially devoted to key issues of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. The Conference ended by a consensus adoption of the substantive document containing a platform for action of the NPT member states to ensure the effective implementation of the Treaty in the five-year period. It was adopted in the format of a plan embracing 64 “actions” and reflected a real shift in the global situation in the field of nuclear security.

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QUAYLE, PETER. „Treaties of a Particular Type: The ICJ's Interpretative Approach to the Constituent Instruments of International Organizations“. Leiden Journal of International Law 29, Nr. 3 (28.07.2016): 853–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156516000340.

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AbstractThe ICJ has confirmed that, on the one hand, the customary status of the general rule of treaty interpretation in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties makes it applicable to the constituent instruments of all international organizations, but, on the other hand, constituent instruments are ‘treaties of a particular type’ with special considerations. This article examines the resultant implication that the Court adopts an approach to constituent instrument interpretation that supplements or modulates the approach provided for in the Convention. In doing so, it examines both the Advisory Opinions that respond to direct questions of constituent instrument interpretation, as well as Opinions and Judgments in which a question of constituent instrument interpretation is incidental to a dispute with respect to another treaty or general international law. The article identifies nine interpretative propositions used by the Court: (1) sufficiently clear text is conclusive; (2) the text cannot be nullified; (3) working documents (travaux préparatoires) afford auxiliary interpretation; (4) consistent practice precludes contrived interpretation; (5) to be consistent, practice need not be unanimous; (6) consistent institutional practice is determinative; (7) purpose can supplement text, but cannot contradict practice; (8) practice is interpretation, unless institutionally overruled; and (9) interpretation cannot be gratuitous. It is argued that to the extent the Court diverges from the Convention, it in fact allows for a more efficient and effective approach to constituent instrument interpretation and accords institutional practice particular prominence.

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Saputra, Akbar, und Muchamad Irham Fathoni. „Principal Purpose Test (PPT) As An Instrument To Detect Tax Treaty Abuse“. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities 1, Nr. 07 (24.04.2023): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59888/ajosh.v1i07.33.

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Using descriptive qualitative method, this paper collects various references and literary sources regarding tax treaty abuse and policy recommendations that can be implemented to prevent tax treaty abuse, one of which is using Principal Purpose Test (PPT). Besides, this paper also explains Indonesia’s current tax regulations regarding PPT, as well as learns how other country like Australia could implement PPT into its own domestic tax regulations. From our discussion, it can be concluded that Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has recommended a series of policies to prevent tax treaty abuse, i.e. Multilateral Instrument in the form of General Anti-Abuse Rule (GAAR), which include PPT and other optional policies combined like Limitation on Benefit. Through Director General of Taxes Regulation Number PER-25/PJ/2018, Indonesia has actually started to implement PPT into domestic tax regulations, even though it is not as strict and complex as those of Australia, through its tax authority, Australia Tax Office (ATO). ATO, using PSLA 2019/D2, has also implemented step-by-step procedures to handle cases indicated to be related with tax treaty abuse

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DEMIRKOL, BERK. „Non-treaty Claims in Investment Treaty Arbitration“. Leiden Journal of International Law 31, Nr. 1 (23.11.2017): 59–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215651700053x.

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AbstractThis article explores the conditions under which it is possible to bring claims based on non-international investment agreement (IIA) norms of international law in investment treaty arbitration. For that purpose, it analyzes in the first instance broad dispute settlement clauses incorporated in IIAs that make reference to the settlement of ‘any investment dispute’. Such clauses grant jurisdiction to investment treaty tribunals to hear non-IIA claims. However, at least two additional conditions need to be satisfied for the investor to bring a self-standing claim based on a non-IIA norm of international law. First, the non-IIA instrument (a contract or another international treaty) may include a dispute settlement clause envisaging exclusive jurisdiction in favour of another forum. Second, the investor's standing to bring a claim based on a non-IIA norm of international law depends on whether this norm attributes any legal entitlement in the benefit of the investor.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Treaty instrument"

Yahaya, Shamsu. „Multilateral investment treaties : is the energy charter treaty an effective instrument for protecting international investments?“ Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510625.

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Chu, Chunhua. „La planification française comme instrument de politique industrielle de la Libération au milieu de la présidence du Général De Gaulle (1945-1965)“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL101.

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Immédiatement après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, sous l’impulsion du Général de Gaulle et de Jean Monnet, le Gouvernement provisoire de la République française décida d’engager dans le système capitaliste français une politique économique à moyen terme désignée par le terme de « planification ». Le Plan, en tant qu’outil d’élaboration et de mise en œuvre de politiques industrielles, dirigea l’industrie française pour qu’elle puisse se développer et s’adapter aux différentes circonstances. Quatre plans furent successivement mis en œuvre dès la Libération jusqu’en 1965 par le Commissariat Général du Plan (CGP) sous la direction successive de trois commissaires généraux du Plan, à savoir Jean Monnet, Etienne Hirsch, Pierre Massé. Dans ce laps de temps furent lancés les plans suivants : Plan Pinay-Rueff, Plan intérimaire, Plan d’adaptation des charbonnages, Plan de stabilisation. Imbriquée de multiples manières à une « expansion industrielle », la planification française réussit à transformer la France rurale en une société industrielle et à faire passer l’industrie française de la situation fermée et protégée à la confrontation de la concurrence internationale. Elle joua aussi un rôle important dans le mode de rapport entre le secteur public et privé et en particulier, le fonctionnement des entreprises nationales. À plus long terme, c’était encore au Plan que revenait le mérite de tracer les lignes d’un harmonieux développement des régions françaises, surtout de l’aménagement du territoire
Immediately after the Second World War, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, under the leadership of General de Gaulle and Jean Monnet, decided to engage in the French capitalist system a medium-term economic policy designated by the term "planning". The Plan, as a tool for the elaboration and implementation of industrial policies, directed French industry so that it could develop and adapt to different circumstances. Four Plans were successively implemented from the Liberation until 1965 by the General Planning Agency under the successive direction of three commissioners, namely Jean Monnet, Etienne Hirsch, Pierre Massé. Meanwhile, the Rueff-Pinay Stabilization Plan, Interim Plan, Plan d’adaptation des charbonnages, Giscard d’Estaing’s Stabilization Plan were launched. Interwoven in many ways with an "industrial expansion", French planning succeeded in transforming rural France into an industrial society and to shift French industry from the closed and protected situation to the confrontation of international competition. It also played an important role in the relationship between the public and private sectors and, in particular, the functioning of national enterprises. In the longer term, it was again in the Plan that the merit of drawing the lines of a harmonious development of the French regions, especially of the Spatial planning

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Andrews, Pearl Deidre. „Links between international child abduction and relocation: moving towards likemindedness in relocation disputes internationally - Is it time for a protocol regulating international relocation disputes“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3259_1364198101.

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This by implication would mean that the best way to prevent child abduction is to desist from international marriages and moving abroad.The modern reality is that
relationships are being formed internationally. In the same breath, relationships are easily un-formed and the family fractured. The emotional impact of any breakup is usually
tense, and it follows by implication that this will be exacerbated if a child is involved. For reasons that will be expounded on in the thesis, many caregivers, usually mothers have
opted to abduct their children. Some have opted to apply formally to relocate. Relocation disputes are widely regarded as one of the most controversial and difficult issues in
family law internationally. These disputes usually arise pursuant to a relational breakdown, when the resident parent (usually the mother) seeks to relocate with the children
either
domestically or internationally. This causes a significant impact
on contact arrangements with the other parent (usually the father). Depending on the country in which they find themselves and the laws applicable to relocation with the child, mothers are faced with the decision to remove the child either lawfully or wrongfully. International family law
jurisprudence has been developed over time to assist with custody and relocation disputes. &lsquo
Much has been written on the Hague Convention &ndash
its flaws and its successes, its
effectiveness and utilization. This thesis aims to look specifically at relocation disputes within the context of international parental child abduction
more specifically, it sets out to
explore whether there is a link between those phenomena, and whether the Hague Convention is sufficient for dealing with relocation disputes. I hope to make a convincing
argument that if there were an international instrument regulating relocation, there would be uniformity and consistency. People&rsquo
s confidence in the legal processes would be
restored, motivating them to apply formally to relocate and, in doing so, the incidence of child abductions would be reduced.

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Supapa, Rattapong. „The protection of upstream energy contracts under investment treaty arbitration : a study of the interaction between contract and treaty instruments“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225686.

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This thesis analyses how and to what extent the contractual and treaty instruments interact in protecting upstream energy contracts against political interference by the host state. The study considers whether the interaction between the upstream contracts and international investment treaties provide effective protection for the upstream investors and whether the interaction between them prevents the host state from exercising its regulatory rights. By examining both jurisdictional and substantive aspects of the interaction between these two instruments, the study found that political risks in the upstream industry are not effectively mitigated and managed. The study therefore calls for a higher degree of interaction between these two instruments. This can be achieved by drafting the relevant upstream contracts and investment treaties in a more interactive manner so that they would together provide maximum protection for the upstream investors.

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Vondrášek, Štěpán. „Globální trendy v high-tech průmyslu: případová studie Texas Instruments“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16161.

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Work deals with global trends in high-tech industry which are mainly consolidation, concentrations and regionalization. It provides the definition of the high-tech industry, then focuses on specific sector - semiconductor industry. It describes the characteristics of the manufacturing process and workforce. A special part is devoted to government policies regards to the semiconductors research and development. The last part is devoted to a case study of the American company - Texas Instruments Inc. which has been playing the important role in the world semiconductor industry.

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Versiani, Marco Aurelio. „Avaliação do preparo biomecânico e da obturação de canais radiculares ovais promovidos pelos sistemas de instrumento único WaveOne, Reciproc e SAF“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/58/58133/tde-22052012-164928/.

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O objetivo deste estudo ex vivo foi avaliar o preparo biomecânico e a obturação de canais radiculares ovais utilizando os sistemas ProTaper, WaveOne, Reciproc e Self-Adjusting File. Com esta finalidade avaliou-se: 1) área, perímetro, circularidade, diâmetro maior, diâmetro menor, área de superfície, volume e SMI após o preparo biomecânico, por meio de microtomografia computadorizada (μTC); 2) percentual volumétrico de espaços vazios após a obturação do canal, por meio de μTC; 3) resistência de união (RU) e tipo de falha ocorrida após teste de push-out; e 4) a interface dentina/material obturador em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Cem caninos inferiores humanos foram escaneados no microtomógrafo SkyScan 1174v.2. Após o preparo do terço cervical dos canais, os dentes foram distribuídos em 4 grupos (n=25), de acordo com o sistema usado no preparo biomecânico: ProTaper; WaveOne; Reciproc; Self-Adjusting File (SAF). Após a segunda μTC, 18 espécimes de cada grupo foram redistribuídos em dois grupos (n=9), de acordo com a técnica de obturação: Técnica Modificada da Onda Contínua de Condensação e técnica recomendada pelo fabricante. Os sete espécimes restantes de cada grupo constituíram os grupos controle negativo e positivo. Após a TC dos espécimes obturados, as raízes foram seccionadas transversalmente em fatias de 1 mm de espessura correspondentes às regiões cervical, média e apical. A RU foi avaliada pelo teste de push-out e as falhas após desunião observadas em microscópio digital. Após preparo para MEV, avaliou-se a interface adesiva de forma qualitativa nominal e ordinal pelo estabelecimento e determinação de escores. No conjunto, a análise dos parâmetros avaliados no preparo biomecânico mostraram que as alterações mais significativas ocorreram nos grupos ProTaper e WaveOne. Os resultados no grupo Reciproc ficaram em um nível intermediário, enquanto as menores alterações foram observadas no grupo SAF (ANOVA, p<0,05). Em relação à obturação, a Técnica Modificada da Onda Contínua de Condensação apresentou menor percentual volumétrico de espaços vazios que a técnica recomendada pelo fabricante apenas no terço cervical (Kruskall-Wallis, p<0,05). Após o teste de push-out, a análise das médias indicou RU (MPa) significativamente maior nos espécimes obturados pela técnica do fabricante em comparação com a Técnica Modificada de Onda Contínua de Condensação (teste t para amostras independentes, p<0,05). Em todos os grupos foi verificado maior percentual de falhas adesivas, com predominância de falhas mistas na técnica do fabricante e de falhas adesiva na dentina na Técnica Modificada de Onda Contínua de Condensação. Em MEV, não houve tags na maioria dos espécimes obturados pela Técnica Modificada da Onda Contínua de Condensação e quando presentes, eram pequenos e irregularmente distribuídos. Nos espécimes obturados pela técnica recomendada pelo fabricante observou-se formação de tags longos e bem distribuídos, principalmente no terço apical (teste de Friedman, p<0,05). Concluiu-se que todos os sistemas resultaram em alterações nos parâmetros bidimensionais e tridimensionais do canal após o preparo biomecânico; a técnica recomendada pelo fabricante resultou em maior volume de espaços vazios no terço cervical e maior RU do material obturador do que a Técnica Modificada de Onda Contínua de Condensação. Obs: tese completa no site: https://rapidshare.com/files/963588082/Tese_Prof._Dr._Marco_Versiani_FORP_USP_2012.pdf (na pagina que abrir, clicar no botao \"download\").
The purpose of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the biomechanical preparation and obturation of root canals using ProTaper, WaveOne, Reciproc and Self-Adjusting File systems. It was evaluated: 1) area, perimeter, roundness, major diameter, minor diameter, surface area, volume and SMI after biomechanical preparation, using microcomputed tomography (μTC), 2) percentage volume of voids in the obturation material by means of μTC, 3) bond strength (BS) and type of failure after the pushout test, and 4) the analysis of the interface dentin / filling material using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-hundred human mandibular canines were scanned in the SkyScan 1174v.2 device. After preparing the coronal third of the canals, the teeth were divided into 4 groups (n=25), according to the biomechanical preparation system used: ProTaper, WaveOne, Reciproc, and Self-Adjusting File (SAF). After the second TC, eigthteen specimens of each group were assigned to two groups (n=9), according to the obturation technique: the Modified Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique and the technique recommended by the manufacturer. The remaining seven specimens of each group were used as negative and positive controls. After scanning, the obturated specimens were sectioned perpendicularly to its long axis into 1-mm slice thickness of the coronal, middle and apical thirds. The bond strength (BS) was performed by the push-out test and, after dislodgments, the failures were observed in a digital microscope. The specimens were processed for SEM analysis to observe bonding interface formation and resin tag density using a four-step scale method. Overall, the analysis of the biomechanical parameters showed that the most significant changes in the root canal occurred in the ProTaper group and WaveOne groups. Reciproc results were in an intermediate level and smaller changes were observed in the SAF group (ANOVA, p<0.05). In the coronal third, the Modified Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique showed a lower percentage volume of voids than the technique recommended by the manufacturer (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<0.05). After the push-out test, the analysis indicated the mean BS (MPa) was significantly higher in specimens filled by the manufacturer\'s technical than the Modified Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique (t test for independent samples, p<0.05). The adhesive failures were frequent in all groups. The Modified Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique showed the highest percentage of adhesive failure in dentin while in the technique recommended by the manufacturer, mixed failure was predominant. Overall, in SEM analysis, no tags were observed in most of the specimens filled by the Modified Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique. When present, they were small and irregularly distributed. The specimens filled by the technique recommended by the manufacturer showed long and well-distributed tags, especially in the apical third (Friedman test, p<0.05). It was concluded that all systems promoted root canal changes after the biomechanical preparation, the obturation technique recommended by the manufacturer resulted in a higher volume of voids in the coronal third and BS of the Modified Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique group.

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Pavlovský, Zdeněk. „Efektivita zajištění obchodních smluv“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15677.

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The work is concerned with the comparison of the assurance instruments anchored in the law environment of the Czech Republic. The work is dealing with the importance of the assurance instruments and sets up its own criterions of efficiency used for the main comparison. The following chapters analyze individual reinsurance tools such as lien, right of retention, warranty, bank warranty, penal clause, conveyance of title and recognition of engagements. The most important aspects of the efficiency are the substance of reinsurance instruments, their law power, their area of application, their economic efficiency and some aspects regarding time delays. The last chapter compares all of these assurance tools according to the above mentioned criterions.

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GAY, JENNIFER KATHRIN. „METROLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL EVALUATION CONTROL OF WHITE SAMPLES TREATED WITH FLUORESCENT WHITENING AGENTS“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5074@1.

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FINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS
MINISTÉRIO DA CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA
A avaliação de artigos brancos tratados com alvejantes ópticos, como eles são comuns em substratos têxteis, plásticos e de papel, é uma tarefa que tradicionalmente resulta em muitas divergências entre avaliações visuais realizadas em uma cabine padronizada e avaliações instrumentais realizadas com espectrofotômetros de refletância. Mesmo entre as avaliações visuais ou entre as avaliações instrumentais são encontradas diferenças muito além do aceitável. Uma das principais causas é a fluorescência dos alvejantes ópticos que é influenciada pela quantidade de radiação UV em relação com a radiação na faixa visível do espectro. O trabalho apresentado analisa as diferentes formas de avaliação, principalmente do ponto de vista da qualidade da distribuição espectral de potência do simulador de luz do dia. No caso das avaliações visuais, são testadas diferentes lâmpadas fluorescentes. Para as avaliações instrumentais, a calibração e o ajuste de UV em conjunto com as diferentes aberturas de medição são analisados. O objetivo é aprimorar os aspectos metrológicos da avaliação e contribuir para a sua padronização a fim de garantir a maior reprodutibilidade de resultados, um procedimento importante e almejado por todos os segmentos industriais que utilizam os alvejantes ópticos.
The evaluation of white objects treated with fluorescent whitening agents, such as they are commonly found on substrates like textiles, plastics and paper, is a task that traditionally leads to frequent controversy between the visual evaluations performed in a standardized light booth and the instrumental evaluations performed on reflectance spectrophotometers. Even between visual or instrumental evaluations the differences encountered are far beyond the acceptable. One of the main reasons is the fluorescence of the optical brightening agents that is influenced by the amount of UV radiation in relation to the amount of radiation in the visible range of the spectrum. The work presented analyses the different forms of evaluation, mainly from the point of view of the quality of the daylight simulators´ spectral power distribution. In the case of the visual evaluations, different fluorescent lamps are tested. For the instrumental evaluations, the UV calibration and adjustment are analyzed together with the different measurement apertures. The objective is to improve the metrological aspects of the evaluation and contribute to its standardization with the aim to guarantee better reproducibility of results, an important procedure that is desired by all the industrial segments that use optical brighteners.

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Hříbalová, Martina. „Španělsko: trendy a politiky v oblasti cestovního ruchu“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202020.

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This thesis presents analysis of the organization of tourism policy in Spain. The thesis is structured into four chapters. First part of the thesis is devoted to description of tourism importance to the Spanish economy by using macroeconomic indicators, further presents Spain as an international tourist destination. Next part of the thesis explains various current trends and factors, which have influence on supply and demand of tourism and introduce new forms of tourism. Third chapter focuses on theoretical approaches to tourism policy in general. The thesis concludes with an analysis of tourism policy in Spain. This part involves characteristics of tourism organisation and governance, instruments and goals of tourism policy in Spain.

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Vořechovský, Jan. „Hlavní specifika a rozvojové trendy německé památkové péče v oblasti ekonomizace hmotného kulturního dědictví“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-150385.

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The aim of this work is a comprehensive grasp of significant factors intervening into the operation and structure of heritage preservation in the Federal Republic of Germany in connection with the Swiss Confederation. The work focuses on the issue of financial support for cultural heritage according to the type of property sites, especially in public administration. Attention is also paid to the perspectives of continuity and long-term effectiveness of projects in terms of available social tools. After reading this thesis the reader will be able to orient themselves in the system of heritage preservation and to determine the effectiveness of funds spent on culture in European countries.

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Mehr Quellen

Bücher zum Thema "Treaty instrument"

Ziolkowski, Andrzej. Die NATO: Instrument der US-Politik in Europa. Münster: Agenda, 1999.

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Linke, Gerrit. Das Instrument der verstärkten Zusammenarbeit im Vertrag von Nizza: Möglichkeiten eines Europas der differenzierten Integration. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2006.

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Stahl, Friedrich. Der Versailler Vertrag vom 28. Juni 1919 als Instrument zur Ausbeutung, Erniedrigung und Schikanierung Deutschlands: Die Geschichte des Vertrages und seine Bestimmungen. Bremen: Faksimile-Verlag, 1986.

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United States. Department of State, Hrsg. Extradition: Instrument Amending the Treaty of October 1, 1996 between the United States of America and Luxembourg, Signed at Washington, February 1, 2005. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2012.

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France. Extradition: Instrument Amending the Treaty of April 23, 1996 between the United States of America and France signed at the Hague, September 30, 2004. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2012.

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United States. Department of State, Hrsg. Extradition: Instrument Amending the Treaty of July 2, 1925, As Amended by the Supplementary Treaty of April 29, 1935 between the United States of America and the Slovak Republic, Signed at Bratislava, February 6, 2006, with Annex. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2012.

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United States. Department of State, Hrsg. Extradition: Instrument amending the Treaty of June 17, 1996 between the United States of America and Cyprus signed at Nicosia, January 20, 2006, with annex. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2012.

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United States. Department of State, Hrsg. Extradition: (Instrument Amending the Treaty of October 13, 1983 between the United States of America and Italy, Signed at Rome, May 3, 2006, with Annex. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2012.

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United States. Department of State, Hrsg. Extradition: Instrument Amending the Treaty of July 13, 1983 between the United States of America and Ireland, Signed at Dublin, July 14, 2005, with Annex. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2012.

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United States. Department of State, Hrsg. Extradition: Instrument Amending the Treaty of June 22, 1972 between the United States of America and Denmark signed at Copenhagen, June 23, 2005, with annex. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of State, 2012.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Treaty instrument"

Yang, Chung-Han. „Cross-Border Energy Investment, Energy Justice and International Economic Law“. In Just Transitions, 41–48. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46282-5_7.

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AbstractCross-border energy investments are crucial for achieving a global transition to net-zero emissions. However, these investments, often involving extensive infrastructure projects, can also have significant adverse effects on the environment, human rights, and sustainable development. This brief chapter argues that the concept of energy justice, which encompasses distributive, procedural, and recognition justice, can extend its influence beyond domestic regulations and be effectively applied to cross-border transactions. By embracing a broader understanding of energy justice, it has the potential to create synergies among international economic treaties, energy laws, human rights provisions, environmental agreements, and other domestic regulations and soft law instruments. Alongside national policy reforms and bilateral agreements, energy treaties like the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and mega-regional economic integrations such as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RECP) should consider incorporating principles of energy justice. Another potential approach is the development of an international soft law instrument dedicated specifically to energy justice and responsible investment within the context of global energy transactions. Established frameworks like the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights or the OECD’s Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises can serve as valuable references in shaping this international instrument.

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Ramaker, Jaap. „The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty; From Political Will to a Legally Binding Instrument and Beyond — a Case Study“. In Beyond the UN Charter: Peace, Security and the Role of Justice, 69–83. The Hague: Hague Academic Press, an imprint of T.M.C. Asser Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-489-9_5.

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de Witte, Bruno. „Legal Instruments and Law-Making in the Lisbon Treaty“. In The Lisbon Treaty, 79–108. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-09429-7_4.

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„Model instrument of modification of reservation(s)“. In Treaty Handbook, 55. United Nations, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/ed686d0f-en.

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Catherine, Brölmann. „Part V Treaty Interpretation, 22 Specialized Rules of Treaty Interpretation: International Organizations“. In The Oxford Guide to Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198848349.003.0023.

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International law has generally treated questions of the legal personality and legal powers of international organizations (IOs) as a distinct subject — notably one of international institutional law. However, IOs also regularly trigger questions of treaty law and practice. Most IOs are created by treaty, and that ‘constituent instrument’ provides the necessary starting point for delimiting their functions and competences. This chapter addresses treaty interpretation in the IO context, with particular attention to the interpretation of founding or constitutive treaties of international organizations. Part I examines the interpretation of constitutive treaties and IO secondary rules. Part II looks at the role of organizations as treaty interpreters. Examples are drawn predominantly from the UN context and, to a lesser degree, the European Union.

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Kaj, Hobér. „4 Interpreting the Energy Charter Treaty“. In The Energy Charter Treaty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199660995.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses the interpretation of the Energy Charter Treaty. The ECT is a multilateral treaty during the negotiation of which approximately fifty States participated, albeit to varying degrees. It goes without saying that in such a setting, there are many competing interests to take into account, often resulting in ambiguous treaty provisions. Indeed, almost every dispute based on the ECT involves issues of treaty interpretation. The law applicable to the interpretation of treaties is international law, unless the parties to the treaty in question have agreed otherwise. For all practical purposes, the most important international document when it comes to treaty interpretation is the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Article 2(1)(a) of the Vienna Convention defines ‘treaty’ as ‘an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation’. There is little doubt that the ECT is covered by this definition. Article 26(6) of the ECT provides that disputes under it are to be resolved on the basis of its provisions and ‘applicable rules and principles of international law’. The chapter then considers Articles 31—3 of the Vienna Convention, which deal with the interpretation of treaties.

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Hernández, Gleider. „7. The law of treaties“. In International Law, 163–93. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198748830.003.0007.

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This chapter describes the law of treaties. As defined in Article 2(2) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), a treaty can be embodied in a single instrument, or in two or more related instruments. It is a written agreement; between international legal subjects; and governed by international law. In short, a treaty must be written in order to fall under the scope of the VCLT. Though this does not mean that oral agreements have no effect in international law, it does mean that the law of treaties embodied in the VCLT does not govern oral agreements. While States are the most active actors entering into treaty relations, international organizations may also enter into treaties, whether between them or with a State. Ultimately, because a treaty’s purpose is to create binding international legal obligations, the law of treaties applies to agreements governed by international law.

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Hernández, Gleider. „7. The law of treaties“. In International Law, 177–209. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192848260.003.0007.

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This chapter describes the law of treaties. As defined in Article 2(2) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), a treaty can be embodied in a single instrument, or in two or more related instruments. It is a written agreement; between international legal subjects; and governed by international law. In short, a treaty must be written in order to fall under the scope of the VCLT. Although this does not mean that oral agreements have no effect in international law, it does mean that the law of treaties embodied in the VCLT does not govern oral agreements. While States are the most active actors entering into treaty relations, international organizations may also enter into treaties, whether between themselves or with a State. Ultimately, because a treaty’s purpose is to create binding international legal obligations, the law of treaties applies to agreements governed by international law.

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de Beco, Gauthier. „Historical Background: Towards a Human Rights Treaty for Disabled People“. In Disability in International Human Rights Law, 11–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824503.003.0002.

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This chapter follows the path towards the enactment of the CRPD. It looks at the preceding international instruments on disability as well as the steps taken to elaborate a legally binding international instrument. It goes on to evaluate the way in which the Convention distinguishes itself from other human rights treaties. It not only discusses the role of the prohibition of discrimination with regard to disabled people as well as its potential to address their marginalisation but also analyses any resemblances between the CRPD and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It moreover examines how the CRPD has improved human rights protection generally by advancing the principle of substantive equality.

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Daniel, Bodansky. „Part IV Normative Development, Ch.24 Multilateral Environmental Treaty Making“. In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0024.

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This chapter reflects on multilateral environmental treaty making. From its inception, international environmental law has consisted primarily of treaties and other forms of negotiated instruments, which offer several advantages over more informal mechanisms of international cooperation. Traditionally, treaties were comparatively static arrangements, memorializing the rights and duties of the parties as agreed at a particular point in time. Today, environmental agreements are usually dynamic arrangements, establishing ongoing regulatory processes. The result is that, in most environmental regimes, the treaty text itself represents just the tip of the normative iceberg. Most norms are adopted through more flexible techniques, which allow international environmental law to respond quickly to the emergence of new problems and new knowledge. The chapter then introduces the basic types of international instruments, analysing why states negotiate and accept them. It describes the process by which agreements are created, from the inception of negotiations to the adoption and entry into force of the resulting instrument. The chapter also explores various design issues in developing international environmental agreements.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Treaty instrument"

Yagubali Mammadova, Vafa. „THE PANDEMIC TREATY: NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL LAW“. In X BEYNƏLXALQ ELMİ ARAŞDIRMALAR KONFRANSI. https://aem.az/, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/2022/3/4/7-10.

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Açar sözlər: müqavilə, pandemiya, beynəlxalq hüquq, tibbi hüquq, insan hüquqları Keywords: treaty, pandemic, international law, medical law, human rights The need to unify the efforts of various countries of the world in the context of the fight against the spread of medical threats on a global scale was clearly studied against the background of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). Although the issues of medical law have been discussed at the international level for many years, the urgency of the problem has become more obvious today. International law in the field of medicine is fragmented by various treaties, conventions, declarations and other documents of a mandatory and non-binding nature. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), adopted within the framework of WHO in 2003, became the first international treaty. Another legal instrument of a binding nature is the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted by WHO in 2005. However, as it became clear against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic, the mentioned documents have narrow focus.

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Silva, Bárbara Thaís Pinheiro, Priscila Carolina Pellens und Isabela de Castro Andrade da Silva. „The arms trade treaty and illicit trade under international humanitarian law“. In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-056.

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Abstract The Arms Trade Treaty was the first legally binding multilateral instrument restricting the transfer of conventional arms, with the aim of reducing violations of human rights and humanitarian principles and the commission of crimes - such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity - caused by irresponsible or illegal arms transfers. Despite the inclusion of humanitarian norms as criteria for the authorization and monitoring of international arms transfers, the lack of signature and/or ratification of half of the ten largest arms exporters restricts the application of the Treaty, which already has its effectiveness compromised due to the lack of objectivity in the export criteria and by illegal arms transfers. Therefore, this work aims to reflect on the content, achievements, weaknesses and omissions of the text, as well as on ways to improve the norms of the Treaty, from the point of view of International Humanitarian Law. The research uses the deductive method, through the technique of bibliographic and documentary research. We conclude that, despite representing an advance in the international regulation of the trade in conventional weapons, it is still not sufficient to deal with the complexity imposed by reality, especially with regard to the detour and dissemination of armaments and the resulting abuses against International Humanitarian Law due to armed conflicts.

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PODSIADLO, Piotr. „State aid for employment and competitiveness of the European Union countries - a legal and finance approach“. In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-11.

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Due to the imperfect functioning of labour markets in certain cases, State aid may be an appropriate instrument for creating new jobs and preserving existing ones. Legal regulation of the issue of State aid is an element of the competition mechanism protection, which was recognized in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107–109 of the TFEU, from the point of view of State aid for employment. Statistical analysis was carried out on State aid granted by EU Member States in the period 2001–2018 – from the perspective of its impact on competitiveness of these countries. This should lead to verify the thesis that the amount of State aid granted by EU Member States for employment should be positively correlated with the size of the GDP per capita of these countries.

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Law, Jones, und Dale Podolsky. „Toward Robotic Craniosynostosis Surgery: Development of a Novel Articulated Minimally Invasive Bone Cutting Tool“. In THE HAMLYN SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL ROBOTICS. The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London London, UK, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2023.7.

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Craniosynostosis involves premature fusion of the cranial sutures resulting in an abnormal head shape and functional sequelae such as raised intracranial pressure [1]. Surgery is required and can be performed open or endoscopically. Both approaches require osteotomies to either remove the fused suture or to remodel the bone. The endoscopic approach is performed using smaller incisions and has reduced blood loss, operative time and cost in comparison to the open approach [2]. However, with the endoscopic approach, the osteotomy extent is limited due to reduced access using currently available surgical tools [3]. As a result, the patient is required to wear a molding helmet post-operatively and only certain types of craniosynostosis can be treated using this approach. Conventional instruments for craniosynostosis surgery consists of straight rigid tools. They are simple and intuitive to manipulate with open accessibility, but are difficult to use in restricted areas. Furthermore, the unique curvature of the skull limits the reach of the instruments during craniosynostosis surgery. A novel steerable instrument would allow performance of extensive osteotomies on the skull using key-hole incisions. Such a device would eliminate the need for a molding helmet and can be used to treat all types of craniosynostosis. The following paper describes a novel articulating bone cutting device specifically designed for keyhole craniosynostosis surgery that can also be utilized for any procedure requiring a craniotomy. This device would represent a paradigm shift in minimal access cranial surgery.

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Naito, Susumu, Shuji Yamamoto, Mikio Izumi, Masamichi Obata, Yukio Yoshimura, Jiro Sakurai und Hitoshi Sakai. „Discrimination Monitors for Various Kinds of Waste to Be Down Graded“. In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59117.

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During operation and maintenance, or decommissioning of nuclear power plant, various kind of waste should be treated, and exposure control is also required. These wastes have a wide range of contamination, different composition of nuclides, and a different shape, so each measurement instrument would be optimized for its use especially for very low level radioactivity measurement. TOSHIBA provides appropriate equipment for any needs to discriminate the very low and non radioactive waste to save cost of waste disposal, based on our original and innovative technology. For alpha emitting nuclides, we are ready to supply instruments based on ionized particle measurement technology. For beta, gamma-emitting nuclides, we are ready to customize a shape of detector based on our original plastic scintillation material. Some examples are introduced.

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Godzdanker, Roy, und Richard Voyles. „Non-isomorphic tread design for a side-slipping tread/limb hybrid robot“. In SICE 2008 - 47th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sice.2008.4654803.

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Wang, Jifen, Huaqing Xie, Zhong Xin, Yang Li, Lifen Chen und Na Xu. „Experimental Study on Thermal Property of Alkali Treated CNT-Based Composite as Phase Change Materials“. In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10183.

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The nanocomposites were prepared by adding the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the melting palmitic acid to improve the thermal transfer property. Mechanochemical reaction was used to treat CNTs for dispersing into organic matrix easily. The treated CNTs were introduced hydoxide radical functional groups on the surfaces during ball milling with the potassium hydroxide. And they were successfully dispersed into the palmitic acid matrix without any surfactant. The resulted nanocomposites were stable and homogeneous. The thermal conductivities and latent heat capacities of these nanocomposites were measured using a transient hot wire apparatus and a differential scanning calorimetric instrument. Nanotube composites, containing a small amount of CNTs, have substantially higher thermal conductivities than the base palmitic acid matrix, with the enhancement increasing with the mass fraction of CNTs in both liquid state and solid state. While the latent heat capacities turned out a reverse with the CNT loadings.

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Patil, Ajeeta, Todd A. Mathias und Sharon Drees. „Using Nano-Materials to Change Metal Surface Characteristics and Slow the Buildup of Paraffins, Asphaltenes and Other Oil-Based Contaminants“. In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30926-ms.

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Abstract Paraffin buildup is a fact of life in many oil and gas production fields. When downhole reservoirs lose pressure or temperature, paraffin precipitates and builds up on everything from pipe to valves to instrumentation to the walls in vessels. This buildup slows the process, constricts lines, and clogs instruments. Chemical treatments to keep paraffin from precipitating out of the fluid are widely known, but expensive. In addition to treating the liquid, producers should also consider treating the devices in the flow line to resist buildup. This paper will show how using nano-material to treat surfaces of components in the flow line—such as sensitive instruments, vessels, meters, valves—can slow or stop the buildup of these contaminants. By changing the bonding energy of the surface metal, these nano surface treatments hinder the ability of contaminants to adhere to a surface. These treatments do not affect mechanical, optical, or electrical properties of the treated devices. The discussion will include technical differences between a "coating" and "surface treatment" and the impact of these differences on a flow process. The paper will highlight environments that are best suited for these nano surface treatments and the different application methods available for treating devices. Data will showcase the performance of nano surface treatments in common applications, such as Coriolis meters, turbine meters, valves, flow and level devices. Producers have seen significant extension in the functional life of these devices and achieved significant operational savings. The paper will discuss how this data applies to other applications such as vessels, chemical reactors, filters, and more. In conclusion, nano-materials offer new and novel ways to maintain flow through valves, sensitive instruments, and other critical components in a flow line. Surface treatments, using nano-materials are easily applied, have a permanent effect on the surface energy of the metal, and do not hinder the optical, mechanical, or electrical properties of treated devices. Benefits of these treatments include reduced maintenance downtime and cost, improved performance of critical instrumentation and increased reliability of flow meters and valves.

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Leonard, Donald A., Thomas D. Wilkerson und Douglas w. Johnson. „Quantitative Concentration Measurements with Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)“. In Optical Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ors.1985.wc5.

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This paper treats the dependence of concentration accuracy, dynamic range and the product of concentration and path length on the measurement accuracy of the lidar instrument. Limiting noise sources are investigated for the measurement of DMMP vapor at a test range. Atmospheric turbulence combined with speckle from hard targets and interference from various dusts and smokes are the noise sources that are considered.

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DeVries, Dan. „Advanced Robotics in Heat Treat Verification Using Eddy Current“. In HT 2015. ASM International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2015p0390.

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Abstract Eddy current is a non-destructive testing technique proven for use in heat treat and material structure verification. Modern multi-frequency eddy current instruments can test for conditions such as misplaced case, shallow case, short heat, short quench, and delayed quench. Eddy current testing offers many benefits over traditional heat treat validation methods. Unlike sample testing processes using cut, polish, etch, and visual inspection techniques, eddy current testing provides a clean, fast, and repeatable process that can perform in-line inspections of all parts produced. Eddy current inspections have traditionally focused on symmetrical parts such as wheel bearings and gears. However, advances in robotics have paved the way for cost-effective inspection of non-symmetrical, complex components that would have previously required multiple test stations. Robotics also provides a low-cost way to retest, null, and periodically proof the testing process using multiple conditions of masters. This has been difficult and expensive with other types of automation and operator involvement.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Treaty instrument"

Falcão, Tatiana. Multilateral Carbon Tax Treaty - Draft Articles (MCTT). Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.023.

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These are the draft articles of the Multilateral Carbon Tax Treaty (MCTT). It is the product of the many comments received from the commentators invited to provide inputs to the MCTT. The MCTT comprises 31 articles that together establish an obligation on contracting states to tax carbon contained in fossil fuel ore or one of its byproducts, at the level of extraction. If the country entitled to tax at the level of extraction chooses not to exercise its right to tax, it allows first the country of refining or processing, and second, the country of consumption, under a secondary and tertiary allocation of rights. The MCTT identifies a minimum carbon tax, but not a ceiling. It provides for different tax rate schedules according to the country’s level of development and following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is an environmental agreement that uses a tax instrument (a carbon tax) to assist countries in meeting the mitigation objective contained in the nationally determined contributions, as set forth in the Paris Agreement. In other words, it is an environmental agreement that enables countries to use a tax instrument to quantify and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in furtherance of the climate commitments assumed under the Paris Agreement.

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Falcão, Tatiana. A Climate Treaty for the Global Taxation of Carbon. Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.022.

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This paper aims to highlight the key policy considerations undertaken when drafting the articles that informed the text of the Multilateral Carbon Tax Treaty (MCTT). It is the product of the many comments received from the commentators invited to provide inputs to the MCTT. The MCTT comprises 31 articles that together establish an obligation on contracting states to tax carbon contained in fossil fuel ore or one of its byproducts, at the level of extraction. If the country entitled to tax at the level of extraction chooses not to exercise its right to tax, it allows first the country of refining or processing, and second, the country of consumption, under a secondary and tertiary allocation of rights. The MCTT identifies a minimum carbon tax, but not a ceiling. It provides for different tax rate schedules according to the country’s level of development and following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is an environmental agreement that uses a tax instrument (a carbon tax) to assist countries in meeting the mitigation objective contained in the nationally determined contributions, as set forth in the Paris Agreement. In other words, it is an environmental agreement that enables countries to use a tax instrument to quantify and reduce carbon dioxide emissions in furtherance of the climate commitments assumed under the Paris Agreement.

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Reyes Díaz, Carlos Humberto. Working Paper PUEAA No. 8. CPTPP. Legal Trends. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.006r.2022.

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Free trade areas (and customs unions) were established in a multilateral level since in Article XXIV of the GATT, and that is the legal minimum from which preferential trade agreements are now built. Some say CPTPP is part of a new generation of Free Trade Agreements because it goes deeper in the integration process. The CPTPP Agreement is a 584-page treaty, a very extensive legal instrument with 30 chapters, so when we talk about legal trends it refers to all 30 chapters at first. But it’s not the idea to explain every chapter in this text, not even just the dispute mechanisms, but the legal highlights that make the CPTPP an example of the new structure in international trade law. The CPTPP’s new chapters constitute the actual trade agenda and establish a minimum level of protection on topics not specially linked to trade, but which are now essential to talk about a new configuration of trade agreements, such as investments, intellectual property, e-commerce, among others

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Bowman, Kort, und Colby Jensen. Testing Instrument Extremes in the TREAT Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2339693.

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Quak, Evert-jan. Russia’s Approach to Civilians in the Territories it Controls. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), März 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.041.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic sources, knowledge institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and trusted independent media outlets on the approach used by the Russian government to provide any support or services to civilians in the territories it controls. The rapid review concludes that Russia provides economic, social, government, and military support to de facto states that it controls, such as Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria and the Donbas region. Russia covers large parts of the state’s budget of these separatist regions. This review uses the term aid referring to a wide range of support, such as humanitarian, social safety nets, basic services, infrastructure, state development, and security. Due to the lack of transparency on the Russian aid money that flows into the regions that are the subject of this review, it is impossible to show disaggregated data, but rather a broader overview of Russian aid to these regions. Russia used humanitarian aid and assistance to provide for civilians. During armed conflict it provided, to some extent, food, and medicines to the people. However, from the literature Russia has used humanitarian aid and assistance as an instrument to pursue broader policy goals that could not be defined as humanitarian in nature. Russia often relied on the language of humanitarianism to strengthen its credentials as a neutral and impartial actor and to justify its continued support for the residents and de facto authorities of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, to secure its aim to strengthen the political and social ties with these regions while weakening their allegiance to Georgia and Moldova. As the humanitarian activities to the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine demonstrate, the Russian state is not willing to allow scrutiny of their humanitarian aid by independent organisations. Mistrust, corruption, and the use of aid for propaganda, even smuggling arms into the separatist region, are commonly mentioned by trusted sources. After a conflict becomes more stabilised, Russia’s humanitarian aid becomes more of a long-term strategic “friendship”, often sealed in a treaty to integrate the region into the Russian sphere, such as the cases of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Transnistria clearly show. Although all these separatist regions rely on Russia (economically, politically, and through Russia’s military presence), this does not mean that they always do exactly what Russia wants, which is particularly the case for Abkhazia and Transnistria.

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Barnhoorn, Anniek. Comparing Responses to Climate-related Security Risks Among the EU, NATO and the OSCE. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/rdou1271.

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This SIPRI Policy Report compares responses to climate-related security risks by the European Union (EU), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). All three organizations have formulated ambitious policies in this area in recent years. However, while they have come a long way in raising the interlinkages between climate, peace and security on their agendas, more is required to achieve their various ambitions. This paper recommends three ways forward for policymakers: (a) enhance cooperation between relevant European regional organizations; (b) increase leadership from member states, including through dedicated bodies; and (c) strengthen financial instruments aimed at supporting responses to climate-related security risks.

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Blanco, Mariana, und Juan F. Vargas. Empowering IDPs with SMS: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Bogota. Inter-American Development Bank, Dezember 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011196.

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This paper studied whether the use of short message service (SMS) technology effectively informed Bogota's population of internally displaced persons (IDPs) about its eligibility to receive social benefits. Half of the sample population was randomly informed of their eligibility via SMS and their awareness of available benefits was estimated. On average, treated households are more aware of their rights; however, awareness varies across benefit type. The study recommends expanding the use of SMS as a policy instrument and as a means for empowering IDPs.

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Bromley, Mark, Lauriane Héau und Giovanna Maletta. Post-shipment On-site Inspections: Multilateral Steps for Debating and Enabling Their Adoption and Use. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oktober 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/owbx3499.

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Among the key tools that states that export arms and military equipment can adopt to help to prevent and mitigate the diversion of military materiel are post-shipment on-site inspections. These inspections involve the exporting state requiring and conducting physical checks on previously authorized and transferred military materiel on the territory of the importing state. In the past decade a growing number of states have adopted and implemented this policy tool. In addition, some multilateral bodies and instruments—including forums connected to the 2013 Arms Trade Treaty, the European Union and the United Nations—have been used to exchange views on the use of post-shipment on-site inspections and to develop related good practice guidelines. The wider use of post-shipment on-site inspections could help to prevent diversion of military materiel and reduce the human suffering that this generates, but several barriers and challenges appear to be blocking their broader adoption. This SIPRI Policy Paper reviews these barriers and challenges, and summarizes the steps that have been taken at the national level to address them. The paper then examines the steps that have been taken and that could be taken at the multilateral level to expand discussion about post-shipment on-site inspections and help to support those states that are considering adopting this policy tool. For each step, the policy paper presents a series of recommendations that could be taken forward by states, research institutes, or the executives or secretariats of relevant multilateral instruments or bodies.

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Varisco, Andrea Edoardo, und Mark Bromley. Good Practice Guide on Post-Shipment On-site Inspections of Military Materiel. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/riai5755.

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In order to prevent the diversion of exported military materiel, an increasing number of states have conducted post-shipment on-site inspections (i.e. physical inspections of exported military materiel on the territory of the importing state) or have introduced measures to allow for them to take place. Several multilateral instruments have produced guidance documents on arms export controls that include provisions relevant to requiring or conducting post-shipment on-site inspections and this topic has been one of the main focuses of the German presidency of the Eighth Conference of States Parties to the Arms Trade Treaty. This SIPRI Good Practice Guide is aimed at states that are in the process of developing post-shipment on-site inspections or are considering their future adoption. It highlights a series of good practices that states can apply when developing and implementing this tool and follows four steps that are part of a post-shipment on-site inspection process: (a) adopting on-site inspections, (b) requiring on-site inspections, (c) conducting on-site inspections, and (d) follow-on steps after on-site inspections. The Good Practice Guide draws from experience of states that have conducted post-shipment on-site inspections, relevant guidance and policy documents, and the work done by SIPRI on this topic.

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Díaz, Juan José, und Sudhanshu Handa. An Assessment of Propensity Score Matching as a Non Experimental Impact Estimator: Evidence from Mexico's PROGRESA Program. Inter-American Development Bank, Juli 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011170.

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In this working paper the authors present evidence on the reliability of propensity score matching to estimate the bias associated with the effect of treatment on the treated, exploiting the availability of experimental data from a Mexican antipoverty program (PROGRESA: Programa de Educación, Salud y Alimentación). The data comes from several outcomes such as food expenditure and child schooling and labor. The methodology compares the results of the experimental impact estimator with those using matched samples drawn from a (non-experimental) national survey carried out to measure household income and expenditures. The results show that simple-cross sectional matching produces significant bias for outcomes measured in different ways. Results are more positive for outcomes measured similarly across survey instruments, but even in this case there are indications of bias depending on sample and matching method.

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