Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Trap-loss spectroscopy“

We experimentally investigate trap-loss spectra of the cesium 6 S1/2( F = 4) → 71 P3/2 Rydberg transition by combining the cesium atomic magneto-optical trap with the narrow-linewidth, continuously tunable 318.6 nm ultraviolet laser. Specifically, the atoms in the magneto-optical trap are excited to the Rydberg state due to the ultraviolet laser single-step Rydberg excitation, which leads to the reduction of atomic fluorescence. Based on the trap-loss spectroscopy technology, the Autler–Townes (AT) splitting due to a strong cooling laser is observed, and the parameter dependence of the AT splitting interval of trap-loss spectroscopy is investigated. The effective temperature of cold atoms is measured by using simplified time-of-flight fluorescence imaging. In addition, closed-loop feedback power stabilization of 318.6 nm ultraviolet laser is carried out. This lays the foundation for further experimental research related to the Rydberg atoms using ultraviolet lasers, which is of great significance for the development of quantum computing and quantum information.

In order to suppress the intra-nitride charge spreading in 3D Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) flash memory where the charge trapping layer silicon nitride is shared along the cell string, N2 plasma treated on the silicon nitride is proposed. Experimental results show that the charge loss decreased in the plasma treated device after baking at 300 °C for 2 h. To extract trap density according to the location in the trapping layer, capacitance-voltage analysis was used and N2 plasma treatment was shown to be effective to restrain the interface trap formation between blocking oxide and silicon nitride. Moreover, from X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, the reduction of Si-O-N bonding was observed.

This paper systematically studies the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticle size on the insulation performance of nanofluid impregnated paper. Three kinds of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different sizes and their nanofluid impregnated papers were prepared. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the combination of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and nanofluid impregnated paper. The effect of nanoparticle size on breakdown voltage and several dielectric characteristics, e.g., permittivity, dielectric loss, of the nanofluid impregnated paper were comparatively investigated. Studies show that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were bound to impregnated paper fibers by O–H bonds, while the relative permittivity and dielectric loss of the nanofluid impregnated papers were increased. Meanwhile, the increase of trap depth, caused by the nanoparticles, can trap the electric charge and improve the breakdown strength. The test results show that the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) breakdown voltages of nanofluid impregnated paper increased by 9.1% and 10.0% compared to FR3 nanofluid impregnated paper, respectively.

Abstract Impedance spectroscopy has been increasingly employed in quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) to investigate the charge dynamics and device physics. In this review, we introduce the mathematical basics of impedance spectroscopy that applied to QLEDs. In particular, we focus on the Nyquist plot, Mott−Schottky analysis, capacitance-frequency and capacitance-voltage characteristics, and the dC/dV measurement of the QLEDs. These impedance measurements can provide critical information on electrical parameters such as equivalent circuit models, characteristic time constants, charge injection and recombination points, and trap distribution of the QLEDs. However, this paper will also discuss the disadvantages and limitations of these measurements. Fundamentally, this review provides a deeper understanding of the device physics of QLEDs through the application of impedance spectroscopy, offering valuable insights into the analysis of performance loss and degradation mechanisms of QLEDs.

Les atomes de Rydberg sont des atomes portés dans un état de grand nombre quantique principal, et dont l'électron de valence orbite très loin du noyau. Cet éloignement confère aux atomes de Rydberg des propriétés hors-normes par rapport aux atomes ordinaires, grâce auxquelles ils sont devenus le cœur de nombreux développements et applications de la physique quantique expérimentale moderne. En particulier, ils possèdent des transitions dans les domaines radiofréquence (RF) et terahertz (THz) avec de très grands éléments de matrice, qui les rendent extrêmement sensibles aux champs électromagnétiques dans ces domaines de fréquences. Cela a conduit il y a une dizaine d'années à l'émergence une nouvelle technologie de capteurs de champs RF et THz, dans lesquels l'amplitude du champ est mesurée en faisant la spectroscopie, avec un signal de transparence électromagnétiquement induite, du doublet Autler-Townes induit par l'interaction entre le champ et les états de Rydberg des atomes d'une vapeur chaude. De tels capteurs offrent plusieurs avantages intéressants par rapport aux antennes classiques, parmi lesquels une meilleure sensibilité, une plus large gamme de fréquences accessibles, une taille indépendante de la fréquence du champ mesuré, un besoin en calibration fortement réduit, et la possibilité de mesurer en plus de l'amplitude la phase et la polarisation. Tous ces avantages font des capteurs à base d'atomes de Rydberg de très bons candidats pour des applications de type télécommunications, radar, spatial, etc. Actuellement, ces capteurs font l'objet d'une multitude de travaux et d'évolutions visant à améliorer leurs performances en termes de sensibilité, d'exactitude, de bande passante de mesure, ou de résolution spatiale. L'usage d'atomes froids au lieu de vapeurs chaudes constitue pour cela une piste prometteuse, d'une part en raison de leur meilleure cohérence et de leur effet Doppler fortement réduit, et d'autre part car ils se prêtent à d'autres formes de spectroscopie potentiellement plus robustes sur certains aspects. La présente thèse porte sur l'étude expérimentale d'une nouvelle approche pour la métrologie de champs RF avec des atomes de Rydberg froids, basée sur la spectroscopie de déplétion de piège. Elle consiste à faire interagir avec le champ RF un ensemble d'atomes de ⁸⁷Rb refroidis et confinés dans un piège magnéto-optique, et à sonder le doublet Autler-Townes induit par le champ à l'aide d'un effet de déplétion du piège. Le mécanisme responsable des pertes est l'ionisation des atomes sous l'action du rayonnement de corps noir ambiant. Cette étude s'est appuyée sur la réalisation complète d'un dispositif expérimental permettant de mettre en œuvre la spectroscopie de déplétion. Malgré une faible bande passante de mesure, la méthode proposée ici a démontré une linéarité inférieure à 2%, une sensibilité de l'ordre de 250 µV/cm/Hz1/2, ainsi qu'une absence de dérives sur plusieurs heures d'intégration avec une résolution de l'ordre de 5 µV/cm. Elle offre également une plus grande simplicité de mise en œuvre que d'autres approches utilisant des atomes froids, et permet en principe de déterminer à la fois la fréquence et l'amplitude du champ. Dans ce manuscrit, nous décrirons le principe, le montage et la mise en œuvre de notre dispositif expérimental, nous présenterons les résultats des mesures effectuées grâce à lui, puis nous en analyserons les performances métrologiques, les avantages et les limites
Rydberg atoms are atoms excited to states with a very high principal quantum number, where the valence electron orbits very far from the nucleus. This large distance imparts exceptional properties to Rydberg atoms compared to ordinary atoms, which has made them central to many developments and applications of modern experimental quantum physics. In particular, they exhibit transitions in the radiofrequency (RF) and terahertz (THz) domains with very large dipole matrix elements, making them extremely sensitive to electromagnetic fields in these frequency domains. This has led over the last ten years to the emergence of a new technology of RF and THz field sensors, where the amplitude of the field is measured by performing electromagnetically induced transparency spectroscopy of the Autler-Townes doublet induced by the interaction between the field and Rydberg states of atoms in a thermal vapor. Such sensors offer several advantages over classic antennas, including a greater sensitivity, a wider frequency range, a size independent from the frequency of the measured field, a significantly reduced need for calibration, and the ability to measure, in addition to the amplitude, the phase and the polarization. All these benefits make Rydberg atoms-based RF field sensors excellent candidates for applications in telecommunications, radar systems, and the space sector. Currently, these sensors are the subject to numerous works aiming at improving their performance in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, measurement bandwidth or spatial resolution. The use of cold atoms instead of thermal vapors represents a promising avenue in these goals, due to their better coherence and strongly reduced Doppler effect. Additionally, cold atoms are suitable for other forms of spectroscopy that are potentially more robust in certain aspects. This thesis focuses on the experimental study of a new approach for RF field sensing using cold Rydberg atoms, based on trap-loss spectroscopy. It consists in making the RF field interact with a set of ⁸⁷Rb atoms cooled and confined in a magneto-optical trap, and in probing the Autler-Townes doublet created by the field through a trap depletion effect. The mechanism responsible for the losses is the ionization of the atoms under the action of background blackbody radiation. This study involved the development of an entire experimental setup to perform trap-loss spectroscopy. Despite a low measurement bandwidth, the method proposed here has demonstrated a deviation from linearity of less than 2%, a sensitivity of the order of 250 µV/cm/Hz1/2, as well as an absence of drifts over several hours of measurement, with a resolution of the order of 5 µV/cm. Moreover, this method is easier to implement than other approaches involving cold atoms, and theoretically allows for determining both the amplitude and the frequency of the field. In this manuscript, we will describe the principle, setup and implementation of our experimental apparatus, present the results of the measurement performed with it, and then analyze its metrological performance, advantages and limitations

Diese Dissertation widmet sich der spektroskopischen Untersuchung verschiedener Aspekte der Strahlungsemis\-sion hochgeladener Krypton-Ionen mit Relevanz für die Fusionsforschung. Die Experimente hierzu erfolgten an der Berliner Elektronenstrahl-Ionenfalle (EBIT). Der erste Teil der Arbeit hat die Messung kanalspezifischer Wirkungsquerschnitte für die dielektronische Rekombination (DR) der KL$n$-Resonanzserie ($n$=2, \ldots, 5) von Helium- bis Kohlenstoff-ähnlichen Kr-Ionen ($\mbox{Kr}^{(34\, \ldots\,30)+}$) zum Inhalt, die relativ zum Wirkungsquerschnitt der nichtresonanten strahlenden Rekombination (RR) bestimmt wurden. Die Anpassung der Anregungskurven durch eine Modellfunktion aus berechneten Resonanzst ärken ermöglichte den Vergleich mit theoretischen DR-Wirkungsquerschnitten. Es zeigt sich, dass Vorhersagen des HULLAC-Atomstrukturcodes für die Resonanz\-st"ar\-ken der Kr-Ionen durch das Experiment innerhalb der Me"sunsicherheiten best"a\-tigt werden. Darüber hinaus wurde auch die Relaxation der einfach angeregten Ionen nach erfolgtem DR-Stabilisierungsübergang analysiert. Die zur Auswertung der DR-Anre\-gungs\-kurven angewandte Technik eröffnet gleichzeitig eine spektroskopische Methode für die Bestimmung der relativen Konzentration hochgeladener Ionen in EBIT. Die Messung der Strahlungskühlungsrate von Krypton, die den zweiten inhaltlichen Schwerpunkt der Dissertation darstellt, wäre ohne diese in situ Diagnostik der Ladungbilanz nicht möglich gewesen. Hier wurde die Ionenfalle so eingestellt, dass sich eine Ladungsverteilung herausbildet, die dem Ionisationsgleichgewicht eines Plasmas bei einer Temperatur von etwa $5\;\mbox{keV}$ entspricht. Die Bestimmung der Strahlungsk"uhlungsrate profitierte von dem Potential einer EBIT, die gefangenen Ionen mit Elektronenenergien aus einem weiten Bereich abzutasten und einzelne Strahlunsprozesse selektiv anzuregen. Die Röntgenemission verschiedener Strahlungskanäle, wie Bremsstrahlung, strahlende Rekombination, dielektronische Rekombination und Linienstrahlung nach direkter Anregung wurde separat erfaßt. Hieraus konnten erstmals kanalspezifische Strahlungskühlungsraten bestimmt werden. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der dominante Beitrag zur Strahlungskühlungsrate durch die direkt angeregte Linienstr ahlung des L-Schalen-Spektrums zustande kommt, die etwa 75\% der gesamten Verlustleistung ausmacht. Beim Vergleich der totalen Strahlungsverlustleistung mit Vorhersagen der Theorie sind Abweichungen festzustellen. Die berechneten Werte sind je nach Modell um einen Faktor 1.5 - 2.0 kleiner als das Ergebnis der Messung. Dieser Unterschied liegt außerhalb der experimentellen Unsicherheit von maximal 30\%.
This thesis deals with the spectroscopic investigation of various aspects of the x-ray emission of highly charged krypton ions with relevance for fusion research. The experiments have been performed at the Berlin electron beam ion trap (EBIT). One part of the work was devoted to the measurement of channel-specific cross sections for dielectronic recombination (DR) via the KL$n$ ($n$=2, \ldots, 5) resonance series of He- to C-like krypton ions ($\mbox{Kr}^{(34\, \ldots\,30)+}$). The DR cross sections were determined relative to the cross section for non-resonant radiative recombination (RR). A fit procedure was used to compare the measured data with theoretical calculations. Predictions of the HULLAC atomic structure code are confirmed within the experimental uncertainties. Additionally, the radiative relaxation mechanism following the stabilizing transition in the DR process was analyzed. The approach used to obtain the DR excitation function opens up a spectroscopic method to determine the relative abundance of the highly charged ions in the trap. This in situ diagnostic of the charge state balance allowed for the measurement of the radiative cooling rates of krypton being the second focus of the thesis. For this purpose EBIT was tuned to a charge state distribution approaching the ionization balance of a plasma at a temperature of about $5\;\mbox{keV}$. EBIT's capability to sample a wide range of electron-beam energies and distinguish between different radiation channels was utilized to determine the cooling rate. The x-ray emission from the various plasma radiation channels, like bremsstrahlung, radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, and line radiation following electron-impact excitation was analyzed. For the first time, channel-specific cooling rates could be obtained from these data. It was found, that the dominant contribution to the cooling rate is made up by the directly excited x-rays of the L-shell spectra of krypton, producing more than 75\% of the total radiation loss. A difference with theoretical calculations is noted for the total cooling rate. The predicted values are lower by a factor of 1.5 - 2.0, depending on the theoretical model. This discrepancy is clearly beyond the experimental uncertainty of 30\% at maximum.

Abstract The ions trapped, whether in the Paul trap or in the Penning trap, usually have energies of the order of 1 eV, that is, a temperature of about 10 000 K. High temperature means high kinetic energy, and this is un favourable to most trap-based experiments for the following reasons. First, with high kinetic energy, amplitudes of ion oscillations are high and consequently the chances of ion losses are high; this results in loss of sensitivity. Second, high kinetic energy enhances both the first-order and the second-order Doppler effects; so, unless the ions are cooled, all spectroscopic experiments are adversely affected in a major way. While isolation of the ions in the trapped condition does not permit ion energy to be easily dissipated to the surroundings, for the same reason, the trapped ions can be effectively cooled and, once cooled, they can be retained cold in the trap. In recent years, most of the trap-based experiments have used ion cooling of one kind or the other. In this chapter we present an overview of various cooling methods and their applications.

Abstract It has been reported that hydrogen accumulation along grain boundaries (GBs) is an important process in the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) in pure Ni. However, there are no quantitative studies that elucidate the behavior of hydrogen accumulation and its effect on HE. Consequently, the segregating behavior of hydrogen along GBs and its role in intergranular (IG) fracture in pure Ni were examined in the present research, via a combination of thermal desorption analysis, secondary iron mass spectrometry, Auger electron spectroscopy and slow strain rate tensile testing. It was successfully demonstrated that the hydrogen trapped at GBs and the sulfur segregated along GBs contributed to the hydrogen-trapping. In addition, the contribution of trapped hydrogen on the hydrogen-induced ductility loss was quantitatively investigated. The results revealed a decreased reduction in area (RA) with a concomitant increase in trap-site occupancy, implying that the trapped hydrogen controlled the hydrogen-induced IG fracture and ductility loss in pure Ni.

A significant limitation in the detection and spectroscopy of individual dye molecules in liquid room temperature samples is the loss of fluorescence signal through chromophore photobleaching. Although often considered a fundamental restriction on sensitivity, it has been shown that the probability per excitation cycle of photobleaching may be reduced by enhancing the spontaneous emission rate of the chromophore located inside a microdroplet, which acts as a optical cavity. Studies of glycerol microdroplets containing R6G dye molecules, and levitated in a three-dimensional electrodynamic trap, have demonstrated a significant enhancement of both the fluorescence decay rate [1] and the total fluorescence yield [2] of the chromophore. Modification of the emission rate is greatest for molecules located near the surface of small (< 10 μm) microdroplets, where the influence of the droplet cavity modes of the droplet is most significant. To exploit this surface sensitivity, surfactant forms of rhodamine dyes were recently studied [3]. Fluorescence emission of the dye molecules, constrained to the droplet surface and with fixed transition moments perpendicular to the surface normal, were shown to be significantly enhanced at small droplet sizes. Additionally, at larger droplet sizes corresponding to higher droplet Q’s, preferential emission into the cavity modes was observed, however the detection of fluorescence photons was delayed by the storage time of the cavity, which may be on the same order as the fluorescence lifetime. These measurements, performed on relatively concentrated dye solutions, suggest that microcavity effects may be exploited to greatly enhance single molecule detection sensitivity in glycerol microdroplets. Furthermore, the large cavity storage time of the high-Q droplets opens the possibility for re-excitation of the molecule following emission into the droplet resonance, and subsequent stimulated emission, that is, single-molecule lasing.