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1
Oliver, Stanley. „Trap avoidance techniques“. Manufacturing Engineer 69, Nr. 1 (1990): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/me:19900024.
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Young, Julie, Jeffrey Schultz, Buck Jolley, Nekol Basili und John Draper. „Social Learning of Avoidance Behaviors: Trap Aversion in Captive Coyotes“. Animal Behavior and Cognition 9, Nr. 3 (01.08.2022): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.09.03.06.2022.
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Social learning can help animals gain knowledge rapidly and may enhance survival. In species that are subjected to capture in foothold traps and then lethally removed, such as the coyote (Canis latrans), learning to avoid traps is critical to survival. Here, we tested social learning of trap avoidance behavior in three experimental scenarios with captive coyotes. In the first experiment, coyotes observed an unfamiliar coyote get captured in a foothold trap (i.e., demonstrator) or did not observe a demonstrator and were therefore naïve to traps. The coyotes that observed a demonstrator showed similar latencies to approach the trap and be captured as coyotes without a demonstrator. In the second experiment, coyotes observed their trap-naïve mate get captured in a foothold trap while housed together. These coyotes had longer latencies to approach the trap and be captured than their mates. In the third experiment, demonstrator coyotes were housed separately in an enclosure adjacent to two other enclosures – one housing their mate and one housing an unfamiliar coyote. Here, unfamiliar coyotes had longer latencies to approach the trap and get captured than the mates of the demonstrator coyotes. These results suggest that coyotes have limited ability to socially learn avoidance behavior, with familiarity and proximity of the demonstrator influencing the ability of coyotes to use social learning. Thus, the different results emerging from this study may reflect behaviors related to territoriality and pair-bonds.
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Laurance, WF. „Abundance estimates of small mammals in Australian tropical rainforest: a comparison of four trapping methods“. Wildlife Research 19, Nr. 6 (1992): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920651.
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I compared the efficacy of terrestrial, arboreal, carnivore, and pitfall trapping methods for censusing small (200 animals per 1000 trap-nights), whereas carnivore (83.7 animals per 1000 trap-nights) and pitfall (9.1 animals per 1000 trap-nights) traps were less effective. However, each method was particularly effective for 1-4 species, with factors such as diet, vertical microhabitat use, body size and trap avoidance strongly influencing trappability of different species. Strategies for censusing small mammals in tropical rainforest are discussed.
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Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Sebastian Demtröder, Claire Fuchs, Diana Petrich, Friedrich Pfisterer, Andreas Richter, Clemens Stolpe et al. „Does intraspecific and intersexual attraction or avoidance influence newt abundance estimates based on fish funnel trap records?“ Amphibia-Reptilia 35, Nr. 1 (2014): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002932.
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We experimentally investigated whether intraspecific and intersexual attraction (or avoidance) by chemical signals may bias newt trapping success. We installed commercially available fish funnel traps which are often used in newt monitoring studies. We tested if capture rates differed between traps with or without newts. One experimental trap set comprised five traps, one trap being empty and four traps containing one male or female Lissotriton vulgaris or Ichthyosaura alpestris, respectively. Capture rates of newts of neither species nor sex was significantly affected by the presence of a particular newt species or sex in the traps, compared to control traps without newts. Trapping success thus seems not to be biased beyond random effects.
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Foot, G., S. P. Rice und J. Millett. „Red trap colour of the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function“. Biology Letters 10, Nr. 4 (April 2014): 20131024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1024.
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The traps of many carnivorous plants are red in colour. This has been widely hypothesized to serve a prey attraction function; colour has also been hypothesized to function as camouflage, preventing prey avoidance. We tested these two hypotheses in situ for the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia . We conducted three separate studies: (i) prey attraction to artificial traps to isolate the influence of colour; (ii) prey attraction to artificial traps on artificial backgrounds to control the degree of contrast and (iii) observation of prey capture by D. rotundifolia to determine the effects of colour on prey capture. Prey were not attracted to green traps and were deterred from red traps. There was no evidence that camouflaged traps caught more prey. For D. rotundifolia , there was a relationship between trap colour and prey capture. However, trap colour may be confounded with other leaf traits. Thus, we conclude that for D. rotundifolia , red trap colour does not serve a prey attraction or camouflage function.
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Gracia, Luis, Antonio Sala und Fabricio Garelli. „A path conditioning method with trap avoidance“. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 60, Nr. 6 (Juni 2012): 862–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2012.01.009.
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Harding, G. C., W. P. Vass, B. T. Hargrave und S. Pearre Jr. „Diel Vertical Movements and Feeding Activity of Zooplankton in St. Georges Bay, N.S., Using Net Tows and a Newly Developed Passive Trap“. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, Nr. 5 (01.05.1986): 952–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-118.
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Newly developed plankton traps, designed to passively collect vertically mobile plankters, sampled ascending plankton but failed to collect many species during descent. This discrepancy may be behavioral with passively sinking organisms reacting to the trap surface with an upward avoidance reaction. Simultaneous use of conventional net tows and semiautomated traps allowed us to interpret the vertical movements of plankton more fully than by either method alone. Asynchronous vertical movement of the Pseudocalanus population is suspected because the percentage of trapped animals with food in their guts was usually higher in the downward moving fraction of the population. Migratory behaviors ranged from dusk and dawn ascent with midnight sinking to reverse migrations where the night level inhabited is deeper than the day depth. Noctural dispersal of herbivore and omnivore populations over depth probably reflects predator avoidance by presenting less dense aggregations to vertically mobile predators. Sightless predators reside in deeper waters than their prey during daylight presumably because they are larger and more vulnerable themselves to visual predation. Visual predators descend to greater depths than their prey at night. All the migration patterns observed can be explained in evolutionary terms simply by competition for food and avoidance of predators.
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Pham, Duc, Thach-Thao Duong und Abdul Sattar. „Trap Avoidance in Local Search Using Pseudo-Conflict Learning“. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, Nr. 1 (20.09.2021): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8149.
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A key challenge in developing efficient local search solvers is to effectively minimise search stagnation (i.e. avoiding traps or local minima). A majority of the state-of-the-art local search solvers perform random and/or Novelty-based walks to overcome search stagnation. Although such strategies are effective in diversifying a search from its current local minimum, they do not actively prevent the search from visiting previously encountered local minima. In this paper, we propose a new preventative strategy to effectively minimise search stagnation using pseudo-conflict learning. We define a pseudo-conflict as a derived path from the search trajectory that leads to a local minimum. We then introduce a new variable selection scheme that penalises variables causing those pseudo-conflicts. Our experimental results show that the new preventative approach significantly improves the performance of local search solvers on a wide range of structured and random benchmarks.
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Smith, Michael Timothy, und Evelyn T. Bruner. „Pitfalls and Traps in Neuropathology“. AJSP: Reviews and Reports 25, Nr. 2 (März 2020): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcr.0000000000000365.
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Abstract Impediments to making a correct diagnosis are avoided, and complex administrative efforts are used to make those impediments less frequent. There are quality control procedures, patient safety initiatives, and endless meetings attempting to lessen medical errors. Pitfalls and traps are encountered daily by pathologists, and most are avoided. Artifacts produce traps created by cautery, physical crush, thick sections, and drying and are well known. Appropriate deferral, recuts, stains, and collegial consultations aid in error avoidance in these instances. Neuropathology has some pitfalls and traps that are encountered infrequently especially in the low neuropathology case load environment. Those traps are unfamiliar and treacherous for the unwary pathologist. This review describes five cases each with its special trap.
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Zhao, Yibo, Li-Ying Hao und Zhi-Jie Wu. „Obstacle Avoidance Control of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Motor Loss-of-Effectiveness Fault Based on Improved Artificial Potential Field“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 3 (28.01.2023): 2368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032368.
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This paper presents an obstacle avoidance control strategy for an underactuated quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle with motor loss-of-effectiveness fault and disturbance. The control system is divided into two parts: the obstacle avoidance loop and the tracking loop. By introducing the height factor in the artificial potential field function, an improved obstacle avoidance strategy is designed in the obstacle avoidance loop. Compared with the existing literature, the proposed obstacle avoidance strategy can avoid falling into the trap of the local optimum when a UAV encounters obstacles. At the same time, considering the sudden motor loss-of-effectiveness fault of UAV, adaptive technology is used to estimate the fault parameters online to restrain the effects of motor loss-of-effectiveness fault in the tracking loop. The stability of the closed-loop UAV system is guaranteed by stabilizing each of the subsystems through backstepping technology. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed obstacle avoidance control strategy.
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Lentle, Roger G., Murray A. Potter, Brian P. Springett und Kevin J. Stafford. „A Trapping and Immobilisation Technique for Small Macropods“. Wildlife Research 24, Nr. 3 (1997): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95052.
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A technique for trapping and immobilising small macropods is described and tested on forest-dwelling Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii Desmarest). The trapping method uses wire fencing and a monofilament nylon drop-net. The animals were immobilised with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. Tammar wallabies are reputedly hard to catch, but our technique produced higher trapping rates, lower trap-avoidance rates and lower death rates than other methods. In all, 46 Tammars were captured in 29 trap-nights. No deaths occurred during, or in the four weeks following, trapping.
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Wah, Benjamin W., und Zhe Wu. „Penalty Formulations and Trap-Avoidance Strategies for Solving Hard Satisfiability Problems“. Journal of Computer Science and Technology 20, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11390-005-0002-8.
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Dumont, F., und C. Provost. „Combining the use of trap crops and insecticide sprays to control the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in strawberry (Rosaceae) fields“. Canadian Entomologist 151, Nr. 02 (06.03.2019): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.7.
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AbstractThe tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), causes severe damages in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier; Rosaceae) fields in Québec, Canada. Currently, only chemical insecticides successfully control that major pest. Lygus lineolaris aggregate in trap crops such as buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench; Polygonaceae) and white mustard (Sinapis alba Linnaeus; Brassicaceae) but do not remain long enough on these plants to significantly reduce damages on strawberries. However, the attractiveness of the trap crop gives the opportunity to gather L. lineolaris in an area of the field where chemical treatments could be applied more efficiently. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of the combination of trap crop (buckwheat and white mustard) and chemical treatments to control L. lineolaris. Randomised complete-block design included treatment with either no trap crop, buckwheat, or white mustard row planted close to strawberry plants. Half blocks were treated with insecticide (cypermethrin) sprayed on strawberry plants (in treatment without trap crop) or directly on trap crop. We found that L. lineolaris was more abundant on buckwheat than on white mustard or strawberry plants. Insecticide application on trap crops reduced the population on these hosts, but did not reduce L. lineolaris on adjacent strawberry plants. Behavioural avoidance and physiological pesticide resistance could explain this result.
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Dahai Xu, Yizhi Xiong, Chunming Qiao und Guangzhi Li. „Trap avoidance and protection schemes in networks with shared risk link groups“. Journal of Lightwave Technology 21, Nr. 11 (November 2003): 2683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2003.819545.
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Guo, Tiezheng, Jie Wang, Zhiming Wang, Wei Chen, Guojun Chen und Shishi Zhang. „Research on Path Planning of Mobile Robot with a Novel Improved Artificial Potential Field Algorithm“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (09.09.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5692350.
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For the path planning and obstacle avoidance problem of mobile robots in unknown surroundings, a novel improved artificial potential field (IAPF) model was proposed in this study. In order to overcome the shortages of low efficiency, local optimization trap, and unreachable target in the classical artificial potential field (APF) method, the new adaptive step length adjustment strategy was proposed in IAPF, which improved the path planning and obstacle avoidance efficiency. A new triangular navigation method was designed to solve the local optimization trap in joint force zero condition for a variety of path planning. In order to solve the target unreachable problem, a new target attraction model was established based on the distance of obstacle to improve convergence rate, and the new method was designed such as adding the aim factor to optimize the rejection force function and so on. The two methods of IAPF and APF are compared using MATLAB simulation, the average path planning efficiency of IAPF is increased by 42.8% compared with APF, the average path length is reduced by 8.6%, and the average target convergence rate is increased by 26.1%. Finally, the physical test of the mobile robot verified the effectiveness and accuracy of IAPF.
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Fox, CH, C. Robertson, PD O’Hara, R. Tadey und KH Morgan. „Spatial assessment of albatrosses, commercial fisheries, and bycatch incidents on Canada’s Pacific coast“. Marine Ecology Progress Series 672 (19.08.2021): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13783.
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Fisheries bycatch mortality poses a primary threat to the majority of the world’s 22 albatross species, 15 of which are at risk of extinction. Although quantitative estimates of albatross bycatch are often unavailable due to a relative or total absence of monitoring, spatial overlap between fisheries and albatrosses is often used to estimate the extent of interaction, a proxy for exposure to bycatch, and to inform avoidance and mitigation actions. Using comprehensive records of commercial demersal longline and trap fishing and survey information for albatrosses (black-footed albatross Phoebastria nigripes, Laysan albatross P. immutabilis, short-tailed albatross P. albatrus), the extent of spatial potential interaction was estimated in Canada’s Pacific coast waters and examined across breeding and non-breeding seasons. The distributions of albatrosses and longline and trap fisheries were found to substantially overlap, with potential interaction hotspots concentrated along the continental shelf break. Trap fisheries reported 1 albatross bycatch incident, suggesting that these fisheries are responsible for negligible albatross mortalities. In contrast, >80% of recorded albatross bycatch incidents occurred within 10 km of albatross-longline fisheries hotspot locations, providing evidence that longline-albatross potential interaction hotspots represent actual areas of elevated bycatch mortality risk. Indicative of potential conservation concern, 60% of short-tailed albatross sightings occurred within 10 km, and 93% within 30 km, of longline-albatross potential interaction hotspots. By contributing knowledge regarding albatross-fisheries interactions, in addition to undertaking the first evaluation of albatross-fisheries hotspots with recorded bycatch incidents on Canada’s Pacific coast, this study represents a step towards enhancing albatross conservation through bycatch avoidance and mitigation.
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Mo, Junhua. „A Critical Review of the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis: Theoretical, Conceptual and Empirical Issues“. Journal of Language Teaching and Research 11, Nr. 2 (01.03.2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1102.14.
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The Unaccusative Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1978; Burzio 1986) posits that intransitive verbs are not homogenous, but can be further divided into unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs. This distinction has ever since become a topic of heated discussion not only in the field of theoretical linguistics, but also in applied linguistics. Oshita (1997, 2001) proposes the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis to delineate the mental representation and developmental path of L2 acquisition of unaccusatives. This hypothesis suggests that unaccusatives are first misanalysed by L2 learners as unergatives and L2 learners have to undergo a three-stage process before they can truly acquire the distinction between unaccusatives and unergatives. This hypothesis also predicts a U-shaped pattern in the non-target passivization and avoidance of unaccusatives by L2 learners of different levels. This study is focused on the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis with L2 English as its main example. It first of all gives a lengthy account of this hypothesis by introducing its framework, foundations, content and predictions. Then it points out that the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis is theoretically innovative, but conceptually inadequate and empirically controversial. Finally, this study calls for more studies to test and improve the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis.
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Ahmad, Arbab, Geoff J. Thomas, Susan J. Barker und William J. MacLeod. „Genotype resistance, inoculum source and environment directly influence development of grey leaf spot (caused by Stemphylium spp.) and yield loss in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius)“. Crop and Pasture Science 67, Nr. 1 (2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15073.
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The rediscovery of grey leaf spot (caused by Stemphylium spp.) in narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) in Western Australia in 2007 and identification of susceptible cultivars raised concern about potential impact of this disease in crop production. This study assessed potential yield loss in narrow-leafed lupins and the importance of inoculum source in the development of the disease. In two field experiments, no disease was observed in the resistant cultivar Mandelup, but disease progress was rapid in susceptible genotypes Unicrop and WALAN2333 and resulted in up to 64% yield loss. Disease progress and yield loss were greater in plots inoculated with infested trash than in those with spray-only inoculum. Release of Stemphylium spores from infested trash was monitored during the lupin-growing period by using spore traps and seedling trap plants. Conidia were released continuously throughout the growing period and significant (P < 0.01) correlation was found between the number of conidia captured and the frequency of rain, and between disease severity on trap plants and aerial concentration of conidia. The results confirm that grey leaf spot can severely reduce yield of susceptible narrow-leafed lupin cultivars and that removal or avoidance of previous season trash will be important in preventing spread of the disease.
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Chen, Zuo, Lei Ding, Kai Chen und Renfa Li. „The Study of Cooperative Obstacle Avoidance Method for MWSN Based on Flocking Control“. Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/614346.
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Compared with the space fixed feature of traditional wireless sensor network (WSN), mobile WSN has better robustness and adaptability in unknown environment, so that it is always applied in the research of target tracking. In order to reach the target, the nodes group should find a self-adaptive method to avoid the obstacles together in their moving directions. Previous methods, which were based on flocking control model, realized the strategy of obstacle avoidance by means of potential field. However, these may sometimes lead the nodes group to fall into a restricted area like a trap and never get out of it. Based on traditional flocking control model, this paper introduced a new cooperative obstacle avoidance model combined with improved SA obstacle avoidance algorithm. It defined the tangent line of the intersection of node’s velocity line and the edge of obstacle as the steering direction. Furthermore, the cooperative obstacle avoidance model was also improved in avoiding complex obstacles. When nodes group encounters mobile obstacles, nodes will predict movement path based on the spatial location and velocity of obstacle. And when nodes group enters concave obstacles, nodes will temporarily ignore the gravity of the target and search path along the edge of the concave obstacles. Simulation results showed that cooperative obstacle avoidance model has significant improvement on average speed and time efficiency in avoiding obstacle compared with the traditional flocking control model. It is more suitable for obstacle avoidance in complex environment.
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Wisenden, Brian. „Active space of chemical alarm cue in natural fish populations“. Behaviour 145, Nr. 3 (2008): 391–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853908783402920.
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AbstractChemical cues released from injured fish skin during a predator attack provide reliable information about the presence of predation risk. Here, I report estimates of the area avoided by littoral fishes after experimental release of chemical alarm cues in two small lakes in northern Minnesota. Minnow traps were labeled chemically with either water (control) or skin extract (chemical alarm cue) made from 2 cm2 of cyprinid skin (redbelly dace in experiment 1, fathead minnows in experiment 2). Traps labeled with water were placed 1, 2, or 8 m from traps labeled with alarm cue. After 2 h, water-traps that were either 1 or 2 m distant from an alarm-trap caught significantly fewer fish than water-traps 8 m distant from alarm-traps. Conspecific and heterospecific skin extract produced similar area avoidance by fathead minnows. Redbelly dace showed a larger active space in response to conspecific than heterospecific alarm cues. Brook stickleback showed reduced catches within 2 m of skin extract of fathead minnows. Overall, the radius of active space was between 2 and 8 m under lake conditions with average subsurface currents of 0.82 cm/s. These data are the first field estimates of active space of ostariophysan chemical alarm cues.
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Burs, Kathrin, Lydia Möcklinghoff, Marinez Isaac Marques und Karl-L. Schuchmann. „Spatial and Temporal Adaptations of Lowland Tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) to Environmental and Anthropogenic Impacts“. Life 13, Nr. 1 (25.12.2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010066.
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The Pantanal is one of the most conserved wetland ecosystems in Brazil and a hotspot for biodiversity. Over the last decades intensification of human activities has become a major threat to the stability of the unique landscape. To establish effective conservation actions, it is essential to understand how species respond to anthropogenic and environmental regional factors. Here, data from two multiannual camera trap studies, one in the northern Pantanal and one in the southern Pantanal, were used to investigate the effects of habitat characteristics, seasons, and human interactions on the spatial and temporal patterns of lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris). Between 2010 and 2017, camera traps were repeatedly placed in consistent grids covering protected areas and areas with cattle-ranching and tourism. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models and circular statistics. Activity patterns were similar and predominantly nocturnal in both areas, but tapirs indicated avoidance toward settlements and cattle and indicated habitat preferences only in the northern study area with less anthropogenic activities. The present study suggests that both environmental and anthropogenic factors can affect the species’ spatial and temporal behavior, but tapirs show varying responses across regions and gradients of disturbance. The results indicate that adapting avoidance strategies might be more likely and effective in areas with low human pressure and sufficient protected areas as alternatives.
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冯, 培红. „A Study on the Avoidance of the Intellectual Property Trap in Imitation and Innovation“. Advances in Social Sciences 05, Nr. 01 (2016): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ass.2016.51012.
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Binoy, Roshin, Bincy V. Thomas und Sheela Verghese. „Devic’s disease: A devil’s trap for the Anesthesiologist: A case report“. Indian Journal of Clinical Anaesthesia 11, Nr. 2 (15.06.2024): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijca.2024.049.
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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum of disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune inflammatory relapsing astrocytopathy due to immunoglobulin against aquaporin 4 (AQP4) receptor. It is characterized by demyelination of the spinal cord and optic nerve. The vulnerability of demyelinated neurons to local anesthetics and increased response to neuromuscular blocking agents make the choice of anesthesia challenging. The rarity of the disease has made the literature scarce, especially when it comes to those undergoing surgeries and their anesthetic implications. We report the case of a 54-year-old patient with NMOSD who underwent modified radical mastectomy for carcinoma breast under general anesthesia. The use of multimodal analgesia for pain management and the avoidance of muscle relaxants resulted in an uneventful perioperative period in this patient.
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Dewar-Fowler, V., C. Robinson, RA Saunders, SE Thorpe, EP Abrahamsen und GA Tarling. „Biological indicators reveal mesozooplankton foray behaviour in dynamic physical environments: Reply to Kaartvedt et al. (2024)“. Marine Ecology Progress Series 734 (18.04.2024): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps14578.
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Kaartvedt et al. (2024; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 734:173-175) comment on the role internal waves played in the findings of Dewar-Fowler et al. (2023; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 715:27-39) that foray behaviour was present across a number of zooplankton species in the Polar Frontal Zone of the Southern Ocean. Kaartvedt et al. (2024) contend that foray behaviour may not be responsible for the capture of zooplankton by fixed-depth bi-directional net-traps because the influence of internal waves on transporting these organisms into the traps was not accounted for. In Figs. 4 & 5 of Dewar-Fowler et al. (2023), directional biases were apparent in the abundance and taxon-ratios captured by the upward and downward looking nets, which can only be explained by the active swimming and avoidance behaviours of zooplankton. This refutes the contention that physical processes such as internal waves dominated capture rates by the net-trap. Even within this physically dynamic oceanic frontal zone, biological indicators such as these biases support the assertion of Dewar-Fowler et al. (2023) that foray behaviour is detectable and prevalent within zooplankton communities.
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Mbah, M., N. E. Charity und C. C. Solomon. „Survey of Bacterial Carriage by Musca domestica in Calabar Metropolis and Implication on Public Health“. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 44, Nr. 1 (17.04.2023): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.21.
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This study was designed to isolate the bacteria carried by houseflies (Musa domestica), determine the most occurring bacteria associated with houseflies and assess the sanitary conditions of the different sampling locations in Calabar Metropolis. Samples were collected during September and October 2015. Perforated transparent plastic buckets and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles were used to collect houseflies from houses, food spots (restaurants) and drinking spots located in Bogobiri, Goldie and Hawkings in Calabar. The samples were subjected to standard bacteriological analysis to include cultures and biochemical identification. The results of the trap were 137 (51.1%) for the bucket trap and 131 (48.9%) for the Eva bottle trap. Bogobiri location had the highest number of houseflies 95 (35.4%) followed by Hawking 90 (33.6%) and lastly Goldie with 83 (30.9%). and yielded the following results: 13 (61.9%) of the sample had significant bacteria growth while 15 (71.4%) had insignificant bacteria growth. Among bacteria isolated, Coliforms bacteria 5 (23.8%), Salmonella spp. 5 (23.8%), S. aureus 4 (19%) and Bacillusspp. 2 (9.5%). Hawking had the highest number of bacteria isolated. The result of this survey has shown that the association of houseflies with street foods and drinks is a serious public health concern. Avoidance of houseflies in our foods and drinks and good refuse dump disposal should be promoted.
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Flórián, Norbert, Júlia Katalin Jósvai, Zsolt Tóth, Veronika Gergócs, László Sipőcz, Miklós Tóth und Miklós Dombos. „Automatic Detection of Moths (Lepidoptera) with a Funnel Trap Prototype“. Insects 14, Nr. 4 (13.04.2023): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14040381.
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Monitoring insect populations is essential to optimise pest control with the correct protection timing and the avoidance of unnecessary insecticide use. Modern real-time monitoring practices use automatic insect traps, which are expected to be able to estimate the population sizes of pest animals with high species specificity. There are many solutions to overcome this challenge; however, there are only a few data that consider their accuracy under field conditions. This study presents an opto-electronic device prototype (ZooLog VARL) developed by us. A pilot field study evaluated the precision and accuracy of the data filtering using an artificial neural network(ANN) and the detection accuracy of the new probes. The prototype comprises a funnel trap, sensor-ring, and data communication system. The main modification of the trap was a blow-off device that prevented the escape of flying insects from the funnel. These new prototypes were tested in the field during the summer and autumn of 2018, detecting the daily and monthly flight of six moth species (Agrotis segetum, Autographa gamma, Helicoverpa armigera, Cameraria ohridella, Grapholita funebrana, Grapholita molesta). The accuracy of ANN was always higher than 60%. In the case of species with larger body sizes, it reached 90%. The detection accuracy ranged from 84% to 92% on average. These probes detected the real-time catches of the moth species. Therefore, weekly and daily patterns of moth flight activity periods could be compared and displayed for the different species. This device solved the problem of multiple counting and gained a high detection accuracy in target species cases. ZooLog VARL probes provide the real-time, time-series data sets of each monitored pest species. Further evaluation of the catching efficiency of the probes is needed. However, the prototype allows us to follow and model pest dynamics and may make more precise forecasts of population outbreaks.
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Xinyi, Yu, Zhu Yichen, Lu Liang und Ou Linlin. „Dynamic Window with Virtual Goal (DW-VG): a New Reactive Obstacle Avoidance Approach Based on Motion Prediction“. Robotica 37, Nr. 08 (04.03.2019): 1438–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574719000043.
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SummaryThis paper proposes a dynamic window with virtual goal (DW-VG) method for local collision avoidance in dynamic environments. Firstly, the debounce filter and polynomial curve-fitting algorithm are combined to predict the trajectory of the obstacles with timestamps. Based on the motion prediction of the obstacles, the virtual goal is proposed to replace the real goal, so that the robot can escape from the concave trap and avoid the dynamic obstacles. According to the timestamps and virtual goal, the optimal linear and angular velocities are selected from the dynamic window, which drive the robot toward its real goal. The simulation and experimental results show that the DW-VG method can not only escape the local minima and avoid dynamic obstacles but also is applicable to the dense environment. Furthermore, the simulation results also verify that the DW-VG method drives the robot to reach its goal faster and safer than other reactive obstacle avoidance methods.
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Zhang, Eryi. „Path planning algorithm based on Improved Artificial Potential Field method“. Applied and Computational Engineering 10, Nr. 1 (25.09.2023): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/10/20230170.
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The domain of research and development concerning mobile robot obstacle avoidance continues to remain an active area of interest. Artificial potential fields (APF) are a common and effective method for obstacle avoidance path planning, where the robot is guided to the target location by a simulated environmental potential field. Traditional artificial potential field methods tend to trap robots in local minima, impeding their ability to reach the goal. This research endeavours to introduce a new approach, the Improved Artificial Potential Field (IAPF) algorithm, which incorporates the A-star method in constructing the artificial potential field. This technique more effectively addresses the issue of path planning for mobile robots, thereby avoiding local minimum solutions. Through simulation experiments in different scenarios, the feasibility of the IAPF algorithm of this paper is verified. The results show that, compared with the traditional APF method, the IAPF algorithm can solve problem of local minimum and plan a sensible path.
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Shu, Xiao Meng, Da Ming Jiang und Lian Dai. „Study on Improved APF Algorithm for Autonomous Mobile Robot“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (Februar 2014): 1337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.1337.
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In algorithms of obstacle avoidance for autonomous mobile robot, APF algorithm is simple, real-time and smooth, but has some limitations for solving problems. For example, the local minimum point may trap mobile robots before reaching its goal. Even though many improved APF algorithms have been put forward, few articles describe the process in detail to show how these algorithms are applied. Considering above factors, this paper focuses on embodiment of abstract improved theory for APF algorithm by showing some changes with formulas and parameters. The whole work has been done in simulation environment. According to the results this paper draws a conclusion.
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Selvan, Kangaraj Muthamizh, Bawa Mothilal Krishnakumar, Pasiyappazham Ramasamy und Thangadurai Thinesh. „Diel activity pattern of meso-carnivores in the suburban tropical dry evergreen forest of the Coromandel Coast, India“. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, Nr. 8 (26.06.2019): 13960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4850.11.8.13960-13966.
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Sympatric and similar body-sized species exhibit interspecific competition for resources. The present study investigated diel activity of five meso-carnivore species (Canis aureus, Felis chaus, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Viverricula indica, and Herpestes edwardsii) in a human-dominated region of Auroville and around Pondicherry University using camera-trap survey data. Diel activity pattern and overlap were estimated using the kernel density method. The Jungle Cat Felis chaus and the Golden Jackal Canis aureus exhibited cathemeral diel activity with a high overlap between them (Δ̂1 = 0.78). The Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii displayed a diurnal activity pattern and had low overlap with the Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica (Δ̂1 = 0.34). Moderate overlap was found between the Small Indian Civet and the Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Δ̂1 = 0.32). Therefore, diel activity patterns of mesocarnivores indicate inter- and intra-specific trade-off competition avoidance resulting in successful foraging. The present camera-trap survey has provided insights into diel activity patterns and more attention is required to be paid to the study of feeding and breeding ecology of these species in human-dominated landscapes.
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Guo, Lei, Lemin Li, Jin Cao und Hongfang Yu. „A new heuristic algorithm with shared segment-backup paths for trap avoidance in survivable optical networks“. Optics Express 14, Nr. 23 (2006): 10990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.010990.
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Wang, Minghui, Bi Zeng und Qiujie Wang. „Research on Motion Planning Based on Flocking Control and Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Robot Systems“. Machines 9, Nr. 4 (01.04.2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9040077.
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Robots have poor adaptive ability in terms of formation control and obstacle avoidance control in unknown complex environments. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a new motion planning method based on flocking control and reinforcement learning. It uses flocking control to implement a multi-robot orderly motion. To avoid the trap of potential fields faced during flocking control, the flocking control is optimized, and the strategy of wall-following behavior control is designed. In this paper, reinforcement learning is adopted to implement the robotic behavioral decision and to enhance the analytical and predictive abilities of the robot during motion planning in an unknown environment. A visual simulation platform is developed in this paper, on which researchers can test algorithms for multi-robot motion control, such as obstacle avoidance control, formation control, path planning and reinforcement learning strategy. As shown by the simulation experiments, the motion planning method presented in this paper can enhance the abilities of multi-robot systems to self-learn and self-adapt under a fully unknown environment with complex obstacles.
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Anholt, Robert R. H., Richard F. Lyman und Trudy F. C. Mackay. „Effects of Single P-Element Insertions on Olfactory Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster“. Genetics 143, Nr. 1 (01.05.1996): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/143.1.293.
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Abstract Single P-element (P[lArB]) insertional mutagenesis of an isogenic strain was used to identify autosomal loci affecting odor-guided behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. The avoidance response to benzaldehyde of 379 homozygous P[lArB] element-containing insert lines was evaluated quantitatively. Fourteen smell impaired (smi) lines were identified in which P[lArB] element insertion caused different degrees of hyposmia in one or both sexes. The smi loci map to different cytological locations and probably are novel olfactory genes. Enhancer trap analysis of the smi lines indicates that expression of at least 10 smi genes is controlled by olfactory tissue-specific promoter/enhancer elements.
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Castro-Arellano, Ivan, und Thomas E. Lacher. „Temporal niche segregation in two rodent assemblages of subtropical Mexico“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, Nr. 6 (08.10.2009): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990186.
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Abstract:Temporal niche partitioning can be a viable mechanism for coexistence, but has received less attention than other niche axes. We characterized and compared patterns of activity, and overlap of temporal activity among the five common rodent species from a tropical semideciduous forest (TSF) and between the two common rodent species from cloud forest (CF) at El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in Mexico. Capture frequencies over 2-h intervals, obtained via live trapping (6850 trap-nights) in chosen months over 3 y formed the empirical basis for analyses. Trap transects were set from 19h00 to 07h00 and checked every 2 h. Analyses of 484 captures evinced two distinct assemblages. The TSF assemblage was diverse and with non-random temporal niche segregation, whereas the CF assemblage was depauperate with its two dominant species evincing the same activity pattern. Predator avoidance between open- and closed-microhabitat species, as well as niche complementarity may explain temporal segregation at TSF. This is the first documentation of assemblage-wide non-random temporal segregation of neotropical rodents. Time of activity may be a largely under-appreciated mechanism in other species-rich tropical rodent assemblages as well as in other species-rich biotas.
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Beresford, D. V., und J. F. Sutcliffe. „Evidence for Sticky-Trap Avoidance by Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), in Response to Trapped Flies“. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 33, Nr. 3 (September 2017): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/17-6651r.1.
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Hody, Allison W., Ricardo Moreno, Ninon F. V. Meyer, Krishna Pacifici und Roland Kays. „Canid collision—expanding populations of coyotes (Canis latrans) and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) meet up in Panama“. Journal of Mammalogy 100, Nr. 6 (19.11.2019): 1819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz158.
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Abstract The rise of the Panamanian Isthmus 3–4 million years ago enabled the first dispersal of mammals between North and South America in what is known as the Great American Biotic Interchange. Modern deforestation threatens the historic forest connectivity and creates new habitat for open-country species, as documented by recent expansions of North American coyotes (Canis latrans) and South American crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) into Central America. We used camera traps to map the expansions of these species into eastern Panama and found that, by 2015, coyote populations had colonized most agricultural area west of Lago Bayano. Most of our camera arrays east of this point documented crab-eating foxes, and evidence from roadkills showed some foxes had advanced farther west, but we never documented both species at the same camera-trap array, suggesting the possibility of fine-scale spatial avoidance. We used a data fusion approach to build species distribution models combining our camera surveys with records from the literature and roadkill. While the auxiliary data improved the predictive accuracy for both species, few clear habitat patterns emerged, which might reflect the generalist tendencies of these canids, or the fact that both are in the early stages of colonizing the region. Camera-trap photos showed that both species were nocturnal and revealed some dog-like morphology in coyotes, which could indicate their recent hybridization with dogs (Canis familiaris). Our continued monitoring of the Darién documented single coyotes moving through the western edge of the area in 2016 and 2018. This leaves only the great Darién forests between coyotes and South America. If deforestation continues in the region, these two invasive canids could represent the first of a new, Not-So-Great American Biotic Interchange, where generalist species adapted to human disturbance cross continents and threaten native biota.
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Moore, Michael J., und Julie M. van der Hoop. „The Painful Side of Trap and Fixed Net Fisheries: Chronic Entanglement of Large Whales“. Journal of Marine Biology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/230653.
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Concern over the well-being of marine mammals at sea has focused on intentional harvests, both in terms of individual welfare and population sustainability. Unintentional mortalities from fishing gear entanglement are primarily seen as a risk to population viability. Additionally, larger whales breaking free of, and subsequently carrying, fixed trap and net gear are subject to a very slow demise, averaging 6 months in the case of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Chronic cases can involve impaired foraging, increased drag, infection, hemorrhage, and severe tissue damage. The individual suffering of these cases appears to be extreme. Thus management measures should go beyond legally mandated conservation measures to include avoidance of such scenarios. Seafood consumers could succeed, where laws have failed, to demand fishing practices that do not kill whales in this manner. The effective absence of such demands would seem to reflect the cryptic nature of these cases to most consumers.
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Amoroso, Caroline R., Peter M. Kappeler, Claudia Fichtel und Charles L. Nunn. „Temporal patterns of waterhole use as a predator avoidance strategy“. Journal of Mammalogy 101, Nr. 2 (08.03.2020): 574–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa020.
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Abstract Animals that depend on water sources in dry environments must balance their water demands with predation risk. In settings of water scarcity, predators may strategically exploit prey’s dependence on water; prey may adjust their use of water sources either spatially or temporally to avoid overlapping with predators. To examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of predators and prey at water sources, we studied the use of semipermanent waterholes in the dry season by red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons), a primate species that exhibits flexible circadian activity patterns and inhabits a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. We hypothesized that lemurs avoid predators in their spatiotemporal use of waterholes. We analyzed the patterns of camera trap activations at waterholes by red-fronted lemurs and their two main predators: fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) and Madagascar harrier hawks (Polyboroides radiatus). We found that red-fronted lemurs were unlikely to use waterholes at times of day when predators were commonly present, and that the distributions of times of waterhole use differed between red-fronted lemurs and each of their predator species. Red-fronted lemurs frequently used waterholes that were also used by predators within the same week in part because the predators used a variable set of water resources. In this system, predators did not appear to exploit waterholes for the high density of red-fronted lemurs attracted to them, but instead likely used waterholes primarily to meet their own water demands. Our findings suggest that when predators and prey share water sources, prey may adjust their behavior to reduce their risk of overlap with predators, including through avoidance of indirect cues of predation, such as waterholes at particular times of day.
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Kubica, Grażyna. „Antropologowie i antropolożki na wojennej ścieżce oraz ich dylematy moralne z tym związane“. Kultura i Społeczeństwo 61, Nr. 3 (10.07.2017): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2017.61.3.13.
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In the history of anthropology, that is, a science whose borders have considerably shifted, the object of study has continually changed but there has been a prevailing conviction about the unusual sensitivity of its practices; however, such sensitivity has not been discussed by researchers in the context of wars, military intelligence, or other military endeavors. When the history of this discipline is recounted as it is by Michał Kowalski in the book Antropolodzy na wojnie [Anthropologists on War], through the prismof the complications involved in direct activities of this type, it forces one to reflect on the ethical principles that should guide field researchers. Historical analyses of such sensitive material should also incline scholars to greater methodological awareness and avoidance of the trap of presentism.
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Searle, Charlotte E., Josephine B. Smit, Jeremy J. Cusack, Paolo Strampelli, Ana Grau, Lameck Mkuburo, David W. Macdonald, Andrew J. Loveridge und Amy J. Dickman. „Temporal partitioning and spatiotemporal avoidance among large carnivores in a human-impacted African landscape“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 9 (10.09.2021): e0256876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256876.
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Africa is home to some of the world’s most functionally diverse guilds of large carnivores. However, they are increasingly under threat from anthropogenic pressures that may exacerbate already intense intra-guild competition. Understanding the coexistence mechanisms employed by these species in human-impacted landscapes could help shed light on some of the more subtle ways in which humans may impact wildlife populations, and inform multi-species conservation planning. We used camera trap data from Tanzania’s Ruaha-Rungwa landscape to explore temporal and spatiotemporal associations between members of an intact East African large carnivore guild, and determine how these varied across gradients of anthropogenic impact and protection. All large carnivores except African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) exhibited predominantly nocturnal road-travel behaviour. Leopard (Panthera pardus) appeared to employ minor temporal avoidance of lion (Panthera leo) in all sites except those where human impacts were highest, suggesting that leopard may have been freed up from avoidance of lion in areas where the dominant competitor was less abundant, or that the need for leopard to avoid humans outweighed the need to avoid sympatric competitors. Lion appeared to modify their activity patterns to avoid humans in the most impacted areas. We also found evidence of avoidance and attraction among large carnivores: lion and spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) followed leopard; leopard avoided lion; spotted hyaena followed lion; and lion avoided spotted hyaena. Our findings suggest that large carnivores in Ruaha-Rungwa employ fine-scale partitioning mechanisms to facilitate coexistence with both sympatric species and humans, and that growing human pressures may interfere with these behaviours.
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Nadler, Jonah, Martin V. Day, Shadi Beshai und Sandeep Mishra. „The Relative Deprivation Trap: How Feeling Deprived Relates to Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder“. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 39, Nr. 10 (Dezember 2020): 897–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.10.897.
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Introduction: How income inequality associates with poorer mental health remains unclear. Personal relative deprivation (PRD) involves appraising oneself as unfairly disadvantaged relative to similar others and has been associated with poorer mental health and negative cognitive appraisals. As generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with negative cognitive appraisals, PRD may relate to the experience of GAD and its cognitive predictors, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), positive beliefs about worry (PBW), negative beliefs about worry (NBW), and experiential avoidance (EA). Method: In two observational studies (Study 1, N = 588; Study 2, N = 301) participants completed measures of PRD, cognitive predictors and symptoms of GAD, subjective socioeconomic status (SES), self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Results: A relationship between PRD and GAD was found across studies, which was simultaneously mediated by IU and NBW. These results remained when controlling for subjective SES but were weakened when controlling for self-concept factors. Discussion: This research supports the possibility that the experience of deprivation may “trap” people in thinking patterns that contribute to anxious symptomology.
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Allen, Maximilian L., Rachel E. Harris, Lucas O. Olson, Erik R. Olson, Julie Van Stappen und Timothy R. Van Deelen. „Resource limitations and competitive interactions affect carnivore community composition at different ecological scales in a temperate island system“. Mammalia 83, Nr. 6 (26.11.2019): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0162.
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Abstract Selective pressures (i.e. resource limitation and competitive interaction) that drive the composition of ecological communities vary, and often operate on different ecological scales (ecological variables across varying spatial scales) than observed patterns. We studied the drivers of distribution and abundance of the American marten (Martes americana) and the carnivore community at three ecological scales on a Great Lakes island archipelago using camera traps. We found different drivers appeared important at each ecological scale and studying any of the three scales alone would give a biased understanding of the process driving the system. Island biogeography (resource limitation) was most important for carnivore richness, with higher richness on larger islands and lower richness as distance from the mainland increased. Marten presence on individual islands appeared to be driven by island size (resource limitation) and human avoidance (competitive interaction). Marten abundance at camera trap sites was driven by the cascading effect of coyotes (Canis latrans) on fishers (Pekania pennanti) (competitive interaction). Incorporating three ecological scales gave novel insights into the varying effects of resource limitation and competitive interaction processes. Our data suggests that ecological communities are structured through multiple competing ecological forces, and effective management and conservation relies on our ability to understand ecological forces operating at multiple ecological scales.
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Béres, Dániel, und Katalin Huzdik. „Attitude of Hungarian Young Adults Towards Bank Loans: The Risk Mitigation Trap“. Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 67, Nr. 1 (2022): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_1_2.
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The aim of this study is to examine the attitude of young adults (18–25 years) towards bank loans. For the analysis we used two primary data sources (financial literacy surveys were executed in 2013 and 2020). The samples are non-representatives, the number of involved survey participants exceeded 1,740 in both cases. The survey included 6 sections with open and closed questions, as well as likertscales. It was found that the attitude of young adults towards the loans is negative. Between the 2013 and 2020 surveys the economic cycle showed prosperity. As a result, the respondents devalued the importance of the loans in the economy. Besides, the extreme rejection of having a bank loan was also mitigated. As for the bank loan experiences of the respondents it was found that the purposes of the borrowed loans are along the good criteria of financial literacy – the spendings examined can be considered as an investment for the future. Regarding the satisfaction level of the respondents with the bank loans the most important satisfactory factor was the expectations for the future. The measures taken after 2008 financial crisis such as re-defining consumer friendly lending and executing population supporting policy involving credit institutions resulted a mild positive effect on the attitude of the young adults towards bank loans. Risk avoidance results a trap situation that is against financial inclusion and results disequilibrium in demand and supply of banking services. The effect of the so called ‘risk mitigation trap’ can be reduced by developing the financial literacy.
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Annus, Epp. „The ghost of essentialism and the trap of binarism: six theses on the Soviet empire“. Nationalities Papers 43, Nr. 4 (Juli 2015): 595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2014.999314.
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This article endeavors to open a new critical space for Soviet studies and for nationalities studies more generally. Through analyses of recent trends in Soviet studies, the article dismantles the frequently used opposition between subjective and objective approaches to Soviet empire and suggests instead that truths and categories, whether considered “subjective” or “objective,” are constructed discursively, through legitimizing certain interpretive models over the others. The article also argues against disciplinary avoidance of “what is” questions (e.g. “what is a nation?”) and claims that an excessive concern for (re)producing essentialism should not hinder scholarly inquiry. Several new lines of inquiry for the study of the Soviet empire are suggested and also applicable in nationalities studies more generally: research on the role of symbolic violence in manufacturing consent and research concerning the role of affect in producing linkages between the performative life of a singular human being and the pedagogical discourse of a nation or empire. The article also offers an analysis of the Soviet Union as an empire in becoming and it advocates for postcolonial approaches within Soviet studies. The practical dimensions of Soviet rule are exemplified with data from the Baltic borderlands in the postwar years.
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Rosa, Clarissa Alves da, und Agnis Cristiane Souza. „Large and medium-sized mammals of Nova Baden State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil“. Check List 13, Nr. 3 (13.06.2017): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/13.3.2141.
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Nova Baden State Park (NBSP) is located in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest which is a biodiversity hotspot and priority for conservation. Our aim is to provide a list of large and medium-sized mammal species recorded in NBSP. We made a camera trap survey and opportunistic observations from December 2014 to September 2015, and searched the grey literature. We recorded 12 large and medium-sized mammals in our survey and 11 more species listed in grey literature. The 23 species registered for NBSP belong to eight orders (Carnivora, Primates, Rodents, Cingulata, Pilosa, Didephimorphia, Lagomorpha and Artiodactyla), including threatened species at local, national and global levels. With an important mammal biodiversity, we concluded that avoidance of poaching and the control of domestic dogs need to be priorities for biodiversity conservation of NBSP, with a political management that includes the local community in Park activities.
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Brouwer, Lyanne, und Andrew Cockburn. „Experimental vacancies do not induce settlement despite habitat saturation in a cooperative breeder“. Biology Letters 16, Nr. 3 (März 2020): 20190757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0757.
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The paradox of cooperative breeding, whereby individuals assist others instead of reproducing independently, is generally explained through ecological constraints, but experimental evidence is scant. Here we performed the crucial test of the role of habitat saturation through the experimental creation of vacancies and found that, despite abundant presence of potential mates, subordinates are reluctant to disperse into suitable vacant habitat where conspecifics are absent. We argue that sudden disappearance of multiple group members might indicate a heightened risk of predation. Thereby the results of this study are consistent with the ‘perceptual trap’ hypothesis: the avoidance of habitats because cues do not accurately reflect their quality. Interestingly, this hypothesis can also explain previous findings, which were widely interpreted as evidence for ecological constraints as a driver of cooperative breeding. Our results can have considerable implications for conservation as they mean that opportunities for colonization might go unexploited.
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Saisamorn, Apinya, Prateep Duengkae, Anak Pattanavibool, Somphot Duangchantrasiri, Achara Simcharoen und James L. D. Smith. „Spatial and temporal analysis of leopards (Panthera pardus), their prey and tigers (Panthera tigris) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand“. Folia Oecologica 46, Nr. 2 (01.12.2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2019-0010.
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AbstractDespite their extensive distribution globally, recent reports indicate leopards are declining, especially in Southeast Asia. To support conservation efforts we analyzed the behavioral interactions between leopards (Panthera pardus), their prey, and tigers to determine if leopards fine-tune their activity to maximize contact with four prey species (sambar; wild boar; barking deer; banteng) and avoid tigers and if prey alter their temporal activity in response to variation in their relative abundance ratio with leopards. A lower density of sambar in the northern part of our study area and a lower density of wild boar and a higher density of tigers in the southern part allowed us to examine fine-grained differences in the behavior of leopards and their prey. We used camera trap data to investigate spatial and temporal overlap. Differences in tiger relative abundance did not appear to impact the temporal activity of leopards. Leopards had similar cathemeral activity at all sites with highest activity at dawn and dusk. This behavior appears to be a compromise to provide access to diurnal wild boar and barking deer and nocturnal sambar and banteng. Sambar showed higher temporal avoidance of leopards in the north where its RAI was lowest; in contrast, wild boar had the highest temporal avoidance in the south where its density was lowest. This is the first study in Southeast Asia to quantify spatial and temporal interactions between the leopard, its primary ungulate prey, and the tiger. It provides new insights for conserving this declining subspecies.
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TABARU, Yuichiro, Sakura KAMIYA und Yasuhiro WATABE. „Adhesive trap avoidance in German cockroach, Blattella germanica, American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, and brown cockroach, P. brunnea under laboratory conditions“. Medical Entomology and Zoology 62, Nr. 2 (2011): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7601/mez.62.101.
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O’Brien, Paul, Eric Vander Wal, Erin L. Koen, Carissa D. Brown, Jenn Guy, Floris M. van Beest und Ryan K. Brook. „Understanding habitat co-occurrence and the potential for competition between native mammals and invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa) at the northern edge of their range“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, Nr. 6 (Juni 2019): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0156.
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Invasive species are a major contributor to biodiversity loss worldwide. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) are highly invasive in their introduced ranges; they modify habitat and threaten native species. As recent invaders in Canada, it is unknown what habitats wild pigs occupy at the northern edge of their range and how they affect mammalian diversity. We examined habitat factors that we predicted would affect co-occurrence of wild pigs with native mammals. We randomly placed 17 camera traps in four stratified habitat types (deciduous forest, grassland, cropland, and wetland) for 2 years to examine species co-occurrence in these habitats. We analyzed camera-trap data using nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Wild pig detection during winter was greatest in wetland and cropland and positively associated with occurrence of moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)) and coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and negatively associated with the presence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817)), and humans. In summer, we detected wild pigs only in grassland; these detections were positively associated with moose and mule deer and negatively associated with domesticated cattle (Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758), elk (Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777), and humans. We conclude that invasive wild pig occurrence at the northern edge of their Canadian range varies seasonally, by habitat, and is negatively affected by the presence of humans. Moreover, apparent co-occurrence with native fauna and avoidance of domestic species provides early evidence for potential competitive interactions.
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Klees van Bommel, Joanna, Catherine Sun, Adam T. Ford, Melissa Todd und A. Cole Burton. „Coexistence or conflict: Black bear habitat use along an urban-wildland gradient“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 11 (29.11.2022): e0276448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276448.
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The urban-wildland interface is expanding and increasing the risk of human-wildlife conflict. Some wildlife species adapt to or avoid living near people, while others select for anthropogenic resources and are thus more prone to conflict. To promote human-wildlife coexistence, wildlife and land managers need to understand how conflict relates to habitat and resource use in the urban-wildland interface. We investigated black bear (Ursus americanus) habitat use across a gradient of human disturbance in a North American hotspot of human-black bear conflict. We used camera traps to monitor bear activity from July 2018 to July 2019, and compared bear habitat use to environmental and anthropogenic variables and spatiotemporal probabilities of conflict. Bears predominantly used areas of high vegetation productivity and increased their nocturnality near people. Still, bears used more high-conflict areas in summer and autumn, specifically rural lands with ripe crops. Our results suggest that bears are generally modifying their behaviours in the urban-wildland interface through spatial and temporal avoidance of humans, which may facilitate coexistence. However, conflict still occurs, especially in autumn when hyperphagia and peak crop availability attract bears to abundant rural food resources. To improve conflict mitigation practices, we recommend targeting seasonal rural attractants with pre-emptive fruit picking, bear-proof compost containment, and other forms of behavioural deterrence. By combining camera-trap monitoring of a large carnivore along an anthropogenic gradient with conflict mapping, we provide a framework for evidence-based improvements in human-wildlife coexistence.