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Postulka, Aleš. „Zobrazení a úprava informací v Transparency and Consent Framework“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445505.
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This thesis deals with the development of multilingual for web browsers Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome. The purpose of the extension is to enable the automated management of provided consents to the processing of personal data on websites using the Transparency and Consent Framework. Extension was developed on the basis of knowledge about this framework and about legal norms GDPR and ePrivacy Directive, which deal with the protection of personal data. Knowledge of the method of developing extensions for web browsers using WebExtensions was also used during the implementation. During testing, consent was successfully enforced in 96,2 % of tested websites in Mozilla Firefox. In Google Chrome, success has been achieved in 82,1 % of tested websites. The banner requiring consent was not displayed in 33 % of websites in Mozilla Firefox and in 31,1 % of websites in Google Chrome.
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Kirrane, Sabrina, Garcia Javier David Fernandez, Wouter Dullaert, Uros Milosevic, Axel Polleres, Piero A. Bonatti, Rigo Wenning, Olha Drozd und Philip Raschke. „A Scalable Consent, Transparency and Compliance Architecture“. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6483/1/ESWC2018.pdf.
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In this demo we present the SPECIAL consent, transparency and compliance system. The objective of the system is to afford data subjects more control over personal data processing and sharing, while at the same time enabling data controllers and processors to comply with consent and transparency obligations mandated by the European General Data Protection Regulation. A short promotional video can be found at https://purl.com/specialprivacy/demos/ESWC2018.
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Karegar, Farzaneh. „Towards Improving Transparency, Intervenability, and Consent in HCI“. Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-66109.
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Transparency of personal data processing is enforced by most Western privacy laws, including the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which will be effective from May 2018. The GDPR specifies that personal data shall be processed lawfully, fairly, and in a transparent manner. It strengthens people's rights for both ex-ante and ex-post transparency and intervenability. Equally important is the strict legal requirements for informed consent established by the GDPR. On the other hand, the legal privacy principles have Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) implications. People should comprehend the principles, be aware of when the principles may be used, and be able to use them. Transparent information about personal data processing should be concise, intelligible, and provided in an easily accessible form, pursuant to the GDPR. Nonetheless, the answer to the question about how HCI implications can be addressed depends on the attempts to decrease the gap between legal and user-centric transparency, intervenability, and consent. Enhancing individuals' control in a usable way helps people to be aware of the flow of their personal information, control their data, make informed decisions, and finally preserve their privacy. The objective of this thesis is to propose usable tools and solutions, to enhance people's control and enforce legal privacy principles, especially transparency, intervenability, and informed consent. To achieve the goal of the thesis, different ways to improve ex-ante transparency and informed consent are investigated by designing and testing new solutions to make effective consent forms. Moreover, ex-post transparency and intervenability are improved by designing a transparency enhancing tool and investigating users' perceptions of data portability and transparency in the tool. The results of this thesis contribute to the body of knowledge by mapping legal privacy principles to HCI solutions, unveiling HCI problems and answers when aiming for legal compliance, and proposing effective designs to obtain informed consent.The new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) strengthens people’s rights for transparency, intervenability, and consent. The legal privacy principles have Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) implications. Besides aiming for legal compliance, it is of paramount importance to investigate how to provide individuals with usable and user-centric transparency, intervenability, and consent. The objective of this thesis is to propose usable tools and solutions, to enhance people's control and enforce legal privacy principles, especially transparency, intervenability, and informed consent. To achieve the goal of the thesis, different ways to improve ex-ante transparency and informed consent are investigated by designing and testing new solutions to make effective consent forms. Moreover, ex-post transparency and intervenability are improved by designing a transparency enhancing tool and investigating users' perceptions of data portability and transparency in the tool. The results of this thesis contribute to the body of knowledge by mapping legal privacy principles to HCI solutions, unveiling HCI problems and answers when aiming for legal compliance, and proposing effective designs to obtain informed consent.
The 3. article was in manuscript form at the time of the licentiate defense: Karegar, F. / User Evaluations of an App Interface for Cloud-based Identity Management / / Manuskript (preprint)
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Morel, Victor. „Enhancing transparency and consent in the internet of things“. Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI073.
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Le nombre d’appareils connectés à Internet ne cesse d’augmenter, certaines perspectives prédisant 75 milliards d’appareils d’ici 2025. L’Internet des Objets envisagé il y a 20 ans se matérialise à une vitesse soutenue, mais cette croissance n’est pas sans conséquence. Le nombre croissant d’appareils suscite en effet des possibilités de surveillance jamais vu auparavant. Un cap a été franchi en 2018 pour la protection de l’intimité numérique (privacy), avec la mise en application du Règlement Européen sur la Protection des Données (RGPD) dans l’Union Européenne. Il impose des obligations aux responsables de traitements sur le contenu de l’information à communiquer aux personnes concernées à propos de la collecte et du traitement de leurs données personnelles, ainsi que sur les moyens de communiquer cette information. Cette information est d’autant plus importante qu’elle est une condition préalable à la validité du consentement. Cependant, l’Internet des Objets peut poser des difficultés pour mettre en place la communication de l’information nécessaire à la validité légale d’un traitement, ainsi qu’à la gestion du consentement. La tension entre les exigences du RGPD à propos de l’information et du consentement et l’Internet des Objets n’est pas chose facile à résoudre. Ce n’est cependant pas impossible. Le but de cette thèse est de fournir une solution pour la communication de l’information et la gestion du consentement dans l’Internet des Objets. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel générique pour la communication de l’information et la gestion du consentement dans l’Internet des Objets. Ce cadre conceptuel est composé d’un protocole de communication et de négociation des politiques de protection de la vie privée (privacy policies), d’exigences pour la présentation de l’information et l’interaction avec les personnes concernées, ainsi que d’exigences pour la démonstration du consentement. Nous soutenons la faisabilité de ce cadre conceptuel générique avec différentes options de mise en oeuvre. La communication de l’information et du consentement peut être effectuée de deux manières : directement et indirectement. Nous proposons ensuite différentes manières de mettre en oeuvre la présentation de l’information et la démonstration du consentement. Un espace de conception (design space) est aussi proposé à destination des concepteurs de systèmes, afin d’aider à choisir entre différentes options de mise en oeuvre. Enfin, nous proposons des prototypes fonctionnels, conçus pour démontrer la faisabilité des options de mise en oeuvre du cadre conceptuel. Nous illustrons comment la communication indirecte de l’information peut être mise en oeuvre au sein d’un site web collaboratif appelé Map of Things. Nous présentons ensuite la communication directe de l’information et du consentement combinée à un agent présentant l’information aux personnes concernées à travers une application mobile nommée CoIoTIn an increasingly connected world, the Internet permeates every aspect of our lives. The number of devices connected to the global network is rising, with prospects foreseeing 75 billions devices by 2025. The Internet of Things envisioned twenty years ago is now materializing at a fast pace, but this growth is not without consequence. The increasing number of devices raises the possibility of surveillance to a level never seen before. A major step has been taken in 2018 to safeguard privacy, with the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union. It imposes obligations to data controllers on the content of information about personal data collection and processing, and on the means of communication of this information to data subjects. This information is all the more important that it is required for consent, which is one of the legal grounds to process personal data. However, the Internet of Things can pose difficulties to implement lawful information communication and consent management. The tension between the requirements of the GDPR for information and consent and the Internet of Things cannot be easily solved. It is however possible. The goal of this thesis is to provide a solution for information communication and consent management in the Internet of Things from a technological point of view. To do so, we introduce a generic framework for information communication and consent management in the Internet of Things. This framework is composed of a protocol to communicate and negotiate privacy policies, requirements to present information and interact with data subjects, and requirements over the provability of consent. We support the feasibility of this generic framework with different options of implementation. The communication of information and consent through privacy policies can be implemented in two different manners: directly and indirectly. We then propose ways to implement the presentation of information and the provability of consent. A design space is also provided for systems designers, as a guide for choosing between the direct and the indirect implementations. Finally, we present fully functioning prototypes devised to demonstrate the feasibility of the framework’s implementations. We illustrate how the indirect implementation of the framework can be developed as a collaborative website named Map of Things. We then sketch the direct implementation combined with the agent presenting information to data subjects under the mobile application CoIoT
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Adjerid, Idris. „Uninformed Consent: The Benefits and Limits of Transparency and Choice in Privacy Decision Making“. Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/403.
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Solutions to privacy concerns centered on notifying consumers about (transparency), and granting them control over the collection and use of their personal information (choice) are pervasive. Policy makers posit that these measures will aid consumers in improved privacy decision making. Conversely, scholars argue that these protections may have a negative impact on market efficiency and firm technology innovation and adoption. Chapter 2 evaluates the impact of regulation providing consumers transparency and choice on technology adoption by hospitals and finds, in contrast to prior results, evidence for a beneficial role of privacy regulation. I also find evidence that these gains may be a result of reduced barriers to adoption stemming from consumer privacy concerns. In Chapters 3 and 4 I shift my focus to evaluate the premise proposed by policy makers that increased transparency and choice will improve consumer privacy decision making. In Chapter 3, I first find that simple privacy notices communicating lower privacy decision making. I Chapter 3, I first find that simple privacy notices communication lower privacy protection can, under some conditions, result in less disclosure from participants, in-line with the policy aims for increased transparency. However, I also find that simple and common changes in those same notices, exploiting individual heuristics and biases, can result in the effect of even straightforward and accessible privacy notices being predictably manipulated (Experiment 1) or entirely thwarted (Experiment 2). Finally, in chapter 4 I find substantial malleability in individual privacy decision making in response to changes in choice framing. Specifically, the labeling of settings, the mix of setting relevance, and the presentation of choices as a choice to reject all impacted the decision frame for participants in a manner that significantly influenced participants' choice of privacy protective settings. Taken together, these results suggest that while privacy solutions centered on transparency and choice may alleviate barriers to technology adoption stemming from consumer privacy concerns, the implicit assumption that they will reduce consumer privacy risks may be questioned. Implications for policy makers include a persistence, and perhaps increase, in consumer privacy risks despite increased transparency and control.
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Ryde, Michael Daniel. „A high usability transparency framework for model interoperability using COTS simulation packages“. Thesis, Brunel University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425026.
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Korjonen, M. H. „Clinical trial information : developing an effective model of dissemination and a framework to improve transparency“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1344051/.
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Purpose: The research aim has two parts: Firstly, to characterise and evaluate clinical trial information and the dissemination of that information by constructing a conceptual model structuring the processes of information generation. Secondly, to test the model by identifying the dissemination methods used, consider their effectiveness and what factors affect dissemination. The research findings contribute to outline a framework of recommendations with an optimal model of effective dissemination for improved transparency in clinical research. Design and methodology: Based on the literature review, a conceptual model was constructed outlining the structure of information generation throughout the clinical research process. A mixed approach with qualitative and quantitative studies were undertaken to form a comprehensive picture of the dissemination of clinical trial information and in order to test the model. Key findings: The model identified that clinical trial information is very complex, scattered across many resources and many factors affect how, where and what clinical trial information is disseminated. A model of effective dissemination and a framework of recommendations for improved transparency in dissemination were drawn up for three areas; regulations and standards, communication planning and the organisation of clinical trial information. Limitations: This research has been done during a time of significant and rapid change in the clinical research environment and therefore this thesis is a snapshot of a time when new web tools allows for information to be disseminated rapidly. A series of small studies were made to gather an overall picture of information transparency in clinical trials as we lack evidence in these new areas. Originality/value: There is no existing conceptual model that explains and tests the dissemination and transparency of clinical trial information. Models can structure processes, suggest improvements in the processes and be used as a basis for further research.
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Mushi, Shirley Baldwin. „Transparency and accountability in the legal framework governing the upstream hydrocarbon industry in Tanzania mainland“. Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32852.
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It is widely believed that the slow socio-economic development of resource rich countries may be curbed by the promotion of transparency and accountability in resource governance. There is a universal consensus among politicians, multilateral institutions, corporations, and civil societies that the ‘paradox of plenty' and its associated social ills of corruption, poverty and conflict are mainly due to the lack of transparent and accountable resource governance. Nations have thus adopted policies and legal frameworks on resource governance that seek to codify and implement the principles of transparency and accountability. Even so, transparency and accountability are still far from being realised in most developing nations. This thesis argues that transparency and accountability may only be realised in practice if their aspects are duly incorporated in the law. Using the conceptual foundations on the governance principles of transparency and accountability, the thesis identifies four components that a legal framework ought to incorporate to foster transparency and accountability in practice. First, there has to be clear provisions establishing accountability relationships in the legal framework. Questions on who the actors are, who is to be called to account, who is entitled to hold another to account, and for what could one be held accountable have to be made very clear in the law. Even within the framework of multiple accountability mechanisms clarity of the circumstance the various mechanisms function is key. Equally, transparency relationships have to be clear on the kind and nature of the information to be disclosed, to whom it may be disclosed, at what time and in which manner such information may be disclosed. Second, the legal framework must provide for suitable accountability implementation mechanisms that give the accountor the required independence and mandate to inquire, render judgment and have the capacity to put its decisions to effect. Third, the legal framework ought to be able to create a well-coordinated web of accountability structures to provide for checks and balances. The legal framework should be able to ensure that actors given authority to fulfil their obligations are able to answer and face vigorous scrutiny and verification processes by independent actors. Lastly, the legal framework has to facilitate access to clear, reliable and complete information by interested parties and the public to promote transparency. The thesis uses these components to conduct an appraisal of the legal and institutional framework governing hydrocarbons in Tanzania. It establishes whether the governance aspects of transparency and accountability are duly incorporated in the legal framework to ensure their implementation in practice. It concludes that Tanzania's legal framework on hydrocarbons recognises on paper the value of transparency and accountability, but it largely fails to incorporate them sufficiently in a way that ensures they are fully implemented.
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LARSEN, ALEXANDER, und PONTUS LINDQUIST. „A performance measurement framework for R&D activitiesIncreasing transparency of R&D value contribution“. Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199223.
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To measure the performance of research and development organizations has long been a difficult task and still is partly due to the complex nature of its processes and activities, but also since the outcome in many cases can be seen first after many years. Also, the outcome is dependent on efforts from several other business functions within an organization. There has been a shift in how organizations view R&D, from being technology-push centered, where R&D had full responsibility of all innovations, to collaborating with innovation across functions within a company. Historically, R&D has been considered to be impossible to manage and control, but as the development has taken place R&D is now aligned with an organization’s business strategy. There is a vast amount of literature on performance measurement systems with focus on R&D to access, however, the focus of that research has been on evaluating performance of an entire R&D department or a specific project and not as much can be found on how to evaluate R&D related activities, which is what this thesis centers on. The research in this thesis has been done by conducting a case study at Sandvik Materials Technology’s R&D department in Sandviken, Sweden. Three case study objects have been studied within the case study and these objects are the OCTG project, non-destructive testing and hydraulic & instrumentation tubing. The case study consisted of interviews with employees at various functions within the company, an extensive literature review as well as a review of internal documentation. The result from the case study has been the design of a performance measurement ramework and its application to the three case study objects, illustrating that it is possible to measure the performance of R&D related activities, thus, enabling a more transparent view of what value R&D contributes with. The framework is created in a way that allows for other organizations with similar settings as the one currently in place at Sandvik Materials Technology to utilize it. Implications from the findings have an impact both from an industrial and research perspective, but also from a sustainability perspective. The industrial implication is that a framework for evaluating and illustrating the performance of a R&D organization on an activity level has been designed. Considering the research aspects, this research contributes to the identified gap in the existing body of knowledge, providing additional knowledge on performance measurement systems on an activity level. From a sustainability perspective the framework enables monitoring and supervising of important processes, which could stimulate employees to undertake necessary actions, potentially leading to reduced negative impact on the environment since a lesser amount of resources and energy is consumed.Att mäta prestationen av forskning- och utvecklingsorganisationer har länge varit en svår uppgift, vilket det fortfarande delvis är på grund av de komplexa processer och aktiviteter som existerar. Detta beror även på att resultatet av forskning och utveckling (FoU) ej synliggörs förrän långt senare. Vidare är resultatet av FoU beroende av insatser från andra funktioner inom en organisation. Det har skett ett skifte i hur organisationer ser på forskning och utveckling, från att tidigare varit drivna av att utveckla teknologier med fullständigt ansvar för innovationer till att nu arbeta med innovation över funktionsgränserna som existerar i en organisation. Historiskt sett har FoU setts som omöjligt att styra och kontrollera men i takt med att skiftet har skett så är forskning och utveckling nu i linje med en organisations affärsstrategi. Litteratur på ämnet prestationsmätningssystem med fokus på FoU finns att tillgå, men fokus i de studierna har varit att utvärdera prestationen av hela FoU-organisationer eller specifika projekt. Desto mindre finns på ämnet hur man utvärderar FoU-relaterade aktiviteter, vilket är fokus i denna studie. Studien i detta arbete har utförts som en fallstudie på Sandvik Materials Technology’s forsknings- och utvecklingsenhet i Sandviken, Sverige. Tre fallstudieobjekt har studerats inom fallstudien och dessa objekt är OCTG-projektet, oförstörande provning och hydraulik- och instrumentrör. Fallstudien har bestått av intervjuer med anställda på diverse funktioner inom företaget och en extensiv genomgång av litteratur har gjorts samt en genomgång av intern dokumentation. Resultatet från fallstudien blev skapandet av ett ramverk för prestationsmätning och en tillämpning på de tre fallstudieobjekten, vilket syftar till att illustrera möjligheten att mäta prestationen av FoU-relaterade aktiviteter. Detta leder till en mer transparent syn på vilket värde forskning och utveckling bidrar med. Ramverket har skapats på ett sätt som möjliggör organisationer med liknande struktur som existerar på Sandvik Materials Technology att utnyttja det. Implikationerna från resultaten har en inverkan både ur ett industriellt perspektiv och ur ett forskningsperspektiv men även ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Den industriella implikationen är att ett ramverk för utvärdering och synliggörande av prestationer av en forsknings- och utvecklingsorganisation på en aktivitetsnivå har skapats. Vid betraktande av forskningsperspektivet så bidrar denna studie till att fylla det identifierade gapet i kunskapsbanken genom att tillföra ytterligare kunskap av prestationsmätning på en aktivitetsnivå. Ramverket möjliggör övervakning och kontroll av viktiga processer, vilket kan motivera anställda att vidta nödvändiga åtgärder, som kan leda till reducerad negativ inverkan på miljön då en mindre mängd resurser och energi används.
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Robol, Marco. „Consent modeling and verification: privacy regulations compliance from business goals to business processes“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/277802.
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Privacy regulations impose on companies limitations about the collection, use, and disclosure of user data. One of the actions most companies undertake for this, consists in modifying their systems with processes for consent acquisition and management. Unfortunately, where systems are large and with many dependencies, they often also have little documentation, and knowledge on the system is distributed among different domain experts. These circumstances make the re-engineering of systems a tedious and complex, if not impossible, activity. This PhD Thesis proposes a model-based method with a top-down approach, for modeling consent requirements and analyzing compliance with regulations, by refinement of models from organizational structure down to business processes. The method is provided with guidelines in the form of a process and includes modeling languages and reasoning frameworks for the analysis of requirements with respect to a preset of privacy principles on consent. The Thesis includes validations with realistic scenarios and with domain practitioners from the healthcare domain.
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Knutsen-Öy, Karolin. „Transparency in public procurement processes : a case study of a Swedish public procurement process in the consultancy market“. Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169906.
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This thesis explores the transparency in public procurement processes in Sweden. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the procurement process in the case of framework agreements on consultancy services and the focus is on exploring perceptions on the procurement process from both suppliers and procurers. The thesis contributes with findings to a research area that is not well studied, and where there is a need for more research. Previous research has focused on evaluating the regulations rather than the process. The results suggest that the specific procurement process studied is perceived to work well and being transparent. There might be information asymmetries present in the process which could potentially threaten the transparency. To further improve the procurement process both suppliers and procures would like to see more room for dialogue and less focus on following the regulations to the letter.
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RODRIGUES, Thiago Gomes. „Cloudacc: a cloud-based accountability framework for federated cloud“. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18590.
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The evolution of software service delivery has changed the way accountability is performed. The complexity related to cloud computing environments increases the difficulty in properly performing accountability, since the evidences are spread through the whole infrastructure, from different servers, in physical, virtualization and application layers. This complexity increases when the cloud federation is considered because besides the inherent complexity of the virtualized environment, the federation members may not implement the same security procedures and policies. The main objective of this thesis is to propose an accountability framework named CloudAcc, that supports audit, management, planning and billing process in federated cloud environments, increasing trust and transparency. Furthermore, CloudAcc considers the legal safeguard requirements presented in Brazilian Marco Civil da Internet. We confirm the CloudAcc effectiveness when some infrastructure elements were submitted against Denial of Service (DoS) and Brute Force attacks, and our framework was able to detect them. Facing the results obtained, we can conclude that CloudAcc contributes to the state-of-the-art once it provides the holistic vision of the cloud federated environment through the evidence collection considering the three layers, supporting audit, management, planning and billing process in federated cloud environments.
A maneira de realizar accountability tem variado à medida em que o modo de entrega de serviços de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) tem evoluído. Em ambientes de nuvem a complexidade de realizar accountability apropriadamente é alta porque as evidências devem ser coletadas considerando-se as camadas física, de virtualização e de aplicações, que estão espalhadas em diferentes servidores e elementos da infraestrutura. Esta complexidade é ampliada quando ocorre a federação das infraestruturas de nuvem porque além da complexidade inerente ao ambiente virtualizado, os membros da federação podem não ter os mesmos grupos de políticas e práticas de segurança. O principal objetivo desta tese é propor um framework de accountability, denominado CloudAcc, que suporte processos de auditoria, gerenciamento, planejamento e cobrança, em nuvens federadas, aumentando a confiança e a transparência. Além disso, o CloudAcc também considera os requisitos legais para a salvaguarda dos registros, conforme descrito no Marco Civil da Internet brasileira. A efetividade do CloudAcc foi confirmada quando alguns componentes da infraestrutura da nuvem foram submetidos a ataques de negação de serviço e de força bruta, e o framework foi capaz de detectá-los. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o CloudAcc contribui para o estado-da-arte, uma vez que fornece uma visão holística do ambiente de nuvem federada através da coleta de evidências em três camadas suportando os processos de auditoria, gerenciamento, planejamento e cobrança.
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Bauer, Julian, und Benjamin Bachmaier. „A framework of blockchain technology for green real estate bonds“. Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277057.
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This thesis investigates potential solutions to blockchain technology to develop thegreen real estate bond market further. Previous research focused mostly on thetechnology itself, or in connection to other real estate processes such as transactionsor land registries. However, due to climate change and the increasing awareness ofsustainability, a growing interest in sustainable bonds developed. As a result, thenumber of bond issuers increased, and various guidelines, which impose differentrequirements on green real estate bonds, were developed. The result was a lack oftransparency as well as an increased number of discounted sustainable real estateinvestments, so-called greenwashing. This also led to a loss of confidence.Additionally, conventional green bond structures are costly due to administrative effort. The goal of the study is to investigate how blockchain technology could increase thetransparency of, and trust in, sustainable real estate bonds. Also, the technology'sinfluence on the process is examined from a financial perspective. A further goal is tosee what additional data on sustainable real estate bonds could be added to addressthe problems. To answer the research questions, interviews with experts were conducted due to thelimited literature available on the subject. The evaluation of the interviews led to theconclusion that uniform guidelines, and the linking of CO2 emissions from buildingcomponents with sustainable certification, can reduce greenwashing. Furthermore, animproved risk assessment of real estate plays an important role in times of increasingclimatic changes and should, therefore, be considered in the risk assessment ofsustainable real estate bonds. The combination with blockchain technology couldreduce costs and increase confidence in the investment form.Denna avhandling undersöker möjliga lösningar av blockchain-teknik för attvidareutveckla den gröna fastighetsobligationsmarknaden. Tidigare forskningfokuserade mest på själva tekniken eller i samband med andra fastighetsprocessersom transaktioner eller markregister. På grund av klimatförändringar och ökad medvetenhet om hållbarhet utveckladesemellertid ett växande intresse för hållbara obligationer. Ett resultat av växandeintresse är antalet personer som vill investera ökades och fler riktlinjer utvecklades föratt ställa olika krav på gröna fastighetsobligationer. Detta orsakade olika problem så som brist på klarhet och hållbarafastighetsinvesteringar, som kallas för greenwashing. Konventionella grönafastighetsobligationer är dyra på grund av det administrativa arbetet som krävs.Studiemålen är att undersöka hur blockchain-teknik skulle kunna öka transparens ochförtroendet för hållbara fastighetsobligationer. Teknikens inflytande på processengranskas ur ett finansiellt perspektiv. Studien undersöker också vilka ytterligareuppgifter om hållbara fastighetsobligationer som kan vara till nytta för att lösaproblemen. På grund av den begränsade kurslitteraturen i detta ämne så besvaradesforskningsfrågor med hjälp av expertintervjuer. Enligt utvärdering för att minskagreenwash, behövs det: enhetliga riktlinjer och koldioxidutsläpp frånbyggnadskomponenter med hållbara certifieringarMed tanke på klimatförändringar finns det en ökad riskbedömning av fastigheter.Därför bör riskbedömningen göras på hållbara fastighetsobligationer. Kombinationenmed blockchain-teknik kan minska kostnaderna och öka förtroendet för investeringar.
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Kuti, Temitope Babatunde. „Towards effective multilateral protection of traditional knowledge within the global intellectual property framework“. University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6339.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)Traditional Knowledge (TK) has previously been considered a 'subject' in the public domain, unworthy of legal protection. However, the last few decades have witnessed increased discussions on the need to protect the knowledge of indigenous peoples for their economic sustenance, the conservation of biodiversity and modern scientific innovation. Questions remain as to how TK can best be protected through existing, adapted or sui generis legal frameworks. Based on an examination of the formal knowledge-protection mechanisms (i.e. the existing intellectual property system), this mini-thesis contends that these existing systems are inadequate for protecting TK. As a matter of fact, they serve as veritable platforms for incidences of biopiracy. It further argues that the many international initiatives designed to protect TK have so far failed owing to inherent shortcomings embedded in them. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of several national initiatives (in New Zealand, South Africa and Kenya) supports an understanding that several domestic efforts to protect TK have been rendered ineffective due to the insurmountable challenge of dealing with the international violations of local TK rights. It is therefore important that on-going international negotiations for the protection of TK, including the negotiations within the World Intellectual Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), do not adopt similar approaches to those employed in previous initiatives if TK must be efficiently and effectively protected. This mini-thesis concludes that indigenous peoples possess peculiar protection mechanisms for their TK within the ambit of their customary legal systems and that these indigenous mechanisms are the required anchors for effective global protections.
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Kuti, Temitope Babatunde. „Towards effective Multilateral protection of traditional knowledge within the global intellectual property framework“. University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6245.
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Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)Traditional Knowledge (TK) has previously been considered a 'subject' in the public domain, unworthy of legal protection. However, the last few decades have witnessed increased discussions on the need to protect the knowledge of indigenous peoples for their economic sustenance, the conservation of biodiversity and modern scientific innovation. Questions remain as to how TK can best be protected through existing, adapted or sui generis legal frameworks. Based on an examination of the formal knowledge-protection mechanisms (i.e. the existing intellectual property system), this mini-thesis contends that these existing systems are inadequate for protecting TK. As a matter of fact, they serve as veritable platforms for incidences of biopiracy. It further argues that the many international initiatives designed to protect TK have so far failed owing to inherent shortcomings embedded in them. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of several national initiatives (in New Zealand, South Africa and Kenya) supports an understanding that several domestic efforts to protect TK have been rendered ineffective due to the insurmountable challenge of dealing with the international violations of local TK rights. It is therefore important that on-going international negotiations for the protection of TK, including the negotiations within the World Intellectual Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), do not adopt similar approaches to those employed in previous initiatives if TK must be efficiently and effectively protected. This mini-thesis concludes that indigenous peoples possess peculiar protection mechanisms for their TK within the ambit of their customary legal systems and that these indigenous mechanisms are the required anchors for effective global protections.
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Ruan, Chun, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College und School of Computing and Information Technology. „Models for authorization and conflict resolution“. THESIS_CSTE_CIT_Ruan_C.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/546.
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Access control is a significant issue in any secure computer system. Authorization models provide a formalism and framework for specifying and evaluating access control policies that determine how access is granted and delegated among particular users. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate flexible decentralized authorization model supporting authorization delegation, both positive and negative authorization, and conflict resolution. A graph based authorization framework is proposed which can support authorization delegations and both positive and negative authorizations. In particular, it is shown that the existing conflict resolution methods are limited when applied to decentralized authorization models and cyclic authorizations can even lead to undesirable situations. A new conflict resolution policy is then proposed, which can support well controlled delegation by giving predecessors higher priorities along the delegation path. The thesis provides a formal description of the proposed model and detailed descriptions of algorithms to implement it. The model is represented using labelled digraphs, which provide a formal basis for proving the semantic correctness of the model. A weighted graph based model is presented which allows grantors to further express degrees of certainties about their granting of authorizations. The work is further extended to consider more complex domains where subjects, objects and access rights are hierarchically structured and authorization inheritance along the hierarchies taken into account. A precise semantics is given which is based on stable model semantics, and, several important properties of delegatable authorization programs investigated. The framework provides users a reasonable method to express complex security policy. To address the many situations in which users may need to be granted or delegated authorizations for a limited period of time, a temporal decentralized authorization model is proposed in which temporal authorization delegations and negations are allowable. Proper semantic properties are further investigated. Finally, as an application, the thesis shows how the proposed authorization model can be used in a e-consent system on health data. A system architecture for e-consent is presented and different types of e-consent models discussed. The proposed model is shown to provide users a good framework for representing and evaluating these models.Doctor of Philosphy (PhD)
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Nilsson, Towe. „A Transparent Agile Change : Predicting a Transparent Organizational Change from Change Recipients’ Beliefs and Trust in Management“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för psykologi (PSY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95495.
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The popularity of agile methodologies is steadily increasing. This study is an intent to balance the agile change literature with a psychological perspective and quantitative measures of an agile change made within a Swedish organization. Organizational change recipients’ beliefs (discrepancy, appropriateness, valence, efficacy, & principal support) and trust in management were measured in an online survey to see how well these variables could predict a successful agile change towards transparency. The results indicate a lack of support for several previously cited success factors in the agile literature and a need for more quantitative and research-driven literature. No support could be found for a relationship between discrepancy, appropriateness, valence, principal support, trust in management, and the outcome of a successful implementation of transparency. Efficacy was found to be a significant and robust predictor of the outcome. More research is needed to ensure the generalizability of the results.
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Chen, Jiahong. „Data protection in the age of Big Data : legal challenges and responses in the context of online behavioural advertising“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33149.
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This thesis addresses the question of how data protection law should respond to the challenges arising from the ever-increasing prevalence of big data. The investigation is conducted with the case study of online behavioural advertising (OBA) and within the EU data protection legal framework, especially the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It is argued that data protection law should respond to the big data challenges by leveraging the regulatory options that are either already in place in the current legal regime or potentially available to policymakers. With the highly complex, powerful and opaque OBA network, in both technical and economic terms, the use of big data may pose fundamental threats to certain individualistic, collective or societal values. Despite a limited number of economic benefits such as free access to online services and the growth of the digital market, the latent risks of OBA call for an effective regulatory regime on big data. While the EU's GDPR represents the latest and most comprehensive legal framework regulating the use of personal data, it has still fallen short on certain important aspects. The regulatory model characterised by individualised consent and the necessity test remains insufficient in fully protecting data subjects as autonomous persons, consumers and citizens in the context of OBA. There is thus a pressing need for policymakers to review their regulatory toolbox in the light of the potential threats. On the one hand, it is necessary to reconsider the possibilities to blacklist or whitelist certain data uses with mechanisms that are either in place in the legal framework or can be introduced additionally. On the other hand, it is also necessary to realise the full range of policy options that can be adopted to assist individuals in making informed decisions in the age of big data.
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Owens, Jeffrey, Rick McDonell, Riël Franzsen und Jude Thaddeus Amos. „Inter-agency Cooperation and Good Tax Governance in Africa“. Pretoria University Law Press (PULP), 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6292/1/2018_Inter%2Dagency_Cooperation_and_Good_Tax_Governance_in_Africa.pdf.
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In 2015, the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU) and the
African Tax Institute at the University of Pretoria launched a project to
identify the links between corruption, money laundering and tax crimes in
Africa. The project promotes the concepts of good tax governance and the
importance to economic development of a tax system that is transparent
and free of corruption. The project explores how law enforcement agencies
and tax authorities can best cooperate to counter corruption and bribery.
The project was initially aimed at three focus countries, namely, Ghana,
Nigeria and South Africa, but soon was extended to other African
countries. This is a joint initiative with the United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC) and is also supported by the World Bank.
This book brings together a series of background papers prepared for the
Conference on Inter-Agency Co-operation and Good Tax Governance in
Africa held at the University of Pretoria in July 2016. After a rigorous
double peer-review process, the papers were revised by the authors. We
express our gratitude to and acknowledge the services of the following peer
reviewers: Tom Balco; Carika Fritz; Leon Gerber; Willem Jacobs;
Benjamin Kujinga; Thabo Legwaila; Annet Oguttu; Dirk Scholtz; David
Solomon; and Xeniya Yeroshenko.
Finally, we express our sincere gratitude to all the research and
administrative assistants who contributed to the Good Tax Governance in
Africa Project. This book pays tribute to their efforts.
Jeffrey Owens, Rick McDonell, Riël Franzsen and Jude Amos
(Vienna and Pretoria,
November 2017)
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Petersson, Frida. „Sustainable investments : Transparency regulation as a tool to influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156659.
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In March 2018 the European Commission published the Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth. One of the main objectives with the actions presented in the action plan is to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investments, i.e. to influence more investors to invest sustainably. The action plan was followed by three proposals for transparency regulation regarding an EU taxonomy on sustainability, sustainability benchmarks and sustainability disclosures. Furthermore, the action plan included actions regarding two other transparency measures – sustainability labels and sustainability ratings. The first purpose of the thesis is to investigate if transparency regulation in the EU can be used as a tool to influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds. One of the main aims of the actions presented in the Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth, as well as the accompanying regulation proposals, is to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investments, i.e. to influence more investors to invest sustainably. In light of this, the Commission’s three proposed transparency regulations, as well as the concept of sustainability labels and ratings, are used as a basis for the investigation. The second purpose of the thesis is therefore to critically review the three regulation proposals and the concept of sustainability labels and ratings in order to gain an understanding of how different transparency measures can influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds. The transparency regulations and measures are analysed and critically reviewed in light of their objective to influence more investors to invest sustainably. A behavioural economics perspective, as well as consumer behaviour theories and decision-making models, are applied in order to analyse the transparency regulations and measures from an external perspective. Based on the analysis there are many indicators that transparency regulation can be used as a tool to influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds. However, to what extent transparency regulation can influence investor behaviour varies depending on which transparency measures are used and how they are designed. Sustainability benchmarks seem to have the least potential to influence investor behaviour, while the EU taxonomy on sustainability and sustainability labels seem to have the best potential to influence investor behaviour.
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Nicolo, Francesca, Elissa Cardoso und Puente Julia Ramos. „Strategic Sustainable Development for transparent, accountable and participatory governments“. Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-12729.
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During the last century, the world has faced unprecedented challenges relating to the degradation of the socio-ecological system. In light of this, governments play an important role to help tackle these issues. This thesis identifies the Open Government Partnership (OGP) organisation, as an initiative that can support governments in addressing these challenges. In particular, the potential to address these issues relates to OGP’s vision of strengthening governance by increasing transparency, accountability and participation. Therefore, the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) was used to analyse the results from the semi-structured interviews, literature review and document analysis, in order to identify the strengths and limitations of OGP’s planning approach. Based on these results, recommendations call for the utilisation of the ABCD strategic planning process to assist OGP member governments and stakeholders to develop a concrete definition of sustainability, and a strategic planning approach that can support society in moving towards sustainability.
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Jansson, Daniel, und Daniel Strallhofer. „Operationalizing FAccT : A Case Study at the Swedish Tax Agency“. Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276408.
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Fairness, accountability and transparency (FAccT) in machine learning is an interdisciplinary area that concerns the design, development, deployment and maintenance of ethical AI and ML. Examples of research challenges in the field are detecting biased models, accountability issues that arise with systems that make decisions without human intervention or oversight, and the blackbox issues where decisions made by an AI system are untraceable. Whereas previous research within the FAccT domain typically only uses one perspective to investigate and research ethical AI, this paper takes the opposite approach of considering all three perspectives and uses them together to conduct a holistic case study. The aim of this paper is to provide tangible insights into how organizations can work with ethical AI and ML. The empirical evidence is gathered from the advanced data analytics (ADA) team at the Swedish Tax Agency in the form of interviews and quantitative data from a model developed by the team. Most notably, the quantitative and qualitative results show that: the data set used to train the model is biased, and there are risks with the current modus operandi due to (1) disagreeing views on accountability and (2) differences in literacy and understanding of ML and AI. Furthermore, this paper also features examples of how newly proposed frameworks such as SMACTR (a large scale AI systems audit framework), data sheets and model cards can be used by ADA in the development process to address these issues, and the potential benefits and caveats of the frameworks themselves. We also showcase how theoretical models such as Larssons 7 nuances of transparency and Bovens accountability framework can be applied in a practical setting and provide supporting evidence that shows their respective applicability. Finally, the implications of taking a collective approach to FAccT, the importance of ethics and transparency, and comparisons of different used frameworks are discussed.Rättvisa, ansvarsskyldighet och transparens (eng. Fairness, accountability and transparency (FAccT) inom maskininlärning (ML) är ett tvärvetenskapligt område som berör designen, utvecklingen, implementeringen och underhållet av etisk AI och ML. Exempel på områdets forskningsutmaningar är att upptäcka partiska modeller, ansvarighetsfrågors som uppstår med system som fattar beslut utan mänskligt ingripande eller översikt, och black-box frågor där beslut som fattas av ett AI-system inte kan spåras. Medan tidigare forskning inom FAccT-domänen oftast använder ett av de tre tidigare nämnda perspektiven för att undersöka och utforska etisk AI tar denna artikel en motsatt strategi genom att beakta alla tre perspektiv för att tillsammans kunna genomföra en heltäckande fallstudie. Syftet med denna uppsats är ge konkreta insikter för hur organisationer kan arbeta med etisk AI och ML. De empiriska bevisen samlas in med hjälp av det avancerade dataanalysteamet (ADA) på Skatteverket via intervjuer. Kvantitativ data samlas även in från en modell som har utvecklats och används av ADA. De kvalitativa och kvantitativa resultaten visar att: datasetet som används för att träna modellen är partisk och det finns risker med den nuvarande modus operandi på grund av (1) oeniga åsikter om ansvarsskyldighet och (2) skillnader i läskunnighet och förståelse för AI och ML. Vidare så innehåller denna uppsats också exempel på hur nyligen utvecklade ramverk såsom SMACTR, datasheets och model cards kan användas av ADA i utvecklingsprocessen för att motverka dessa problem, samt de potentiella fördelarna och varningarna som ramverken har och ger. Vi visar även hur teoretiska modeller såsom Larssons 7 nyanser av transparens och Bovens ramverk för ansvarsskyldighet kan tillämpas i en praktisk miljö och ger underlag för deras respektive användbarhet. Slutligen diskuteras konsekvenserna av att ta en kollektiv inställning till FAccT, vikten av etik och transparens och en jämförelse av olika ramverk görs.
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Jackson, Kellee, Pierre Johnson und Melinda Jolley. „Strategic Methods in Community Engagement for UNESCO Biosphere Reserves“. Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4935.
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This research aimed to find strategic methods in community engagement related to regional sustainable development, specifically within the context of regions in Europe and North America that are applying for the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve designation. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development was presented as a planning framework that can fill gaps in the current Biosphere Reserve planning process. A tool for assessing community engagement based on the five Process Characteristics of transparency, cooperation, openness, inclusiveness, and involvement was created and used to explore community engagement practices in six UNESCO Biosphere Reserve regions in Sweden and Canada. The assessment of methods used in those six regions yielded a list of nine methods which stood out in contributing to community engagement.
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Erlandsson, Gustaf, und Anton Wahlstedt. „Promoting Green Investments Within the Retail Sector“. Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246075.
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The environmental problem has become more prominent in the last decade, and in the recent years there has been a number of alarming reports published on this topic. In order to fight the climate change, the financial industry can play a key role by directing their investments towards green projects and sustainable companies, pushing companies to participate in the transformation to a sustainable world. The development of issued green bonds is evidence on that the financial market has started to allocate more money in the green market, and this development is expected to continue going forward. The development is mainly driven by institutional capital, with only very little support from the Retail segment. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to provide the market with possible solutions on how to enhance the volume of capital invested in green products from this segment. Semi-structured interviews with 8 stakeholders on the market, together with seminar discussions on a TBLI Sustainability conference and thoughts obtained through a Sustainable Advisory Board at Nasdaq constitutes the foundation of this report in order to deduce patterns to why investors choose to invest or not invest in green instruments, as well as deducing the existing problems with the current market. The opinions are compiled and discussed in aspects concerning framework issues, definition issues, future outlook and policies. Our commissioner Nasdaq has helped guided the focus of this thesis. Our interviews combined with current literature works as the foundation to the findings on the specific area which could be of interest to all stakeholders on the financial market, but more specifically to investors, financial institutions and the government. Key findings of this thesis shows that the market in general is in need of clear guidance from the government in order to be able to adapt to the changing world. Further, the lack of a standardised framework and assessment of green investments leads to low transparency and problems with measuring impact. This describes why private investors say they do value sustainability, but fail to invest in it. Better transparency and reporting would make it easier showing the impact of the investment, which ultimately would affect private investors in a positive way as investors valuing sustainability would obtain a tangible sustainability measure on their investment, resulting in that their utility from the investment is maximised. In order to enhance the market in the current state, the authors of this report states that government support towards fintech companies contributing to the development of transparency, reporting and impact would be of interest. The authors see that such a subsidy would yield a lot of value to all stakeholders on the market, including the Retail sector.Miljöproblemen har blivit allt mer framträdande under det senaste decenniet, framförallt under de senaste åren då flertalet alarmerande rapporter har publicerats inom detta område. För att motverka klimatförändringarna kan finansbranschen spela en nyckelroll genom att styra investeringarna mot gröna projekt och hållbara företag, och därmed driva företag till att vara med i omvandlingen till en hållbar värld. Utvecklingen av emitterade gröna obligationer är ett bevis på att finansmarknaden börjar investera mer pengar på den gröna marknaden, vilket förväntas fortsätta i framtiden. Utvecklingen drivs huvudsakligen av institutionellt kapital, med endast liten uppbackning av Retail-segmentet. Syftet med denna avhandling är därför att presentera möjliga lösningar på hur man kan öka volymen av investerat kapital i gröna produkter från detta kundsegment. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer med 8 intressenter på marknaden tillsammans med seminariediskussioner på en TBLI hållbarhetskonferens och tankar från Sustainable Advisory Board på Nasdaq utgör grunden för denna rapport. Baserat på detta härleds mönster till varför investerare väljer, eller inte väljer, att investera i gröna instrument, samt befintliga problem med den nuvarande marknaden. Åsikterna sammanställs och diskuteras rörande frågor om ramverk, definitioner, framtidsutsikter och marknadsfrämjande åtgärder. Vår uppdragsgivare Nasdaq har bidragit till att utforma inriktningen på detta arbete. Våra intervjuer i kombination med aktuell litteratur fungerar som grunden för resultaten i denna studie, vilka kan vara av intresse för alla intressenter på finansmarknaden, men specifikt för investerare, finansinstitut men också regeringen. De viktigaste resultaten visar på att marknaden i allmänhet behöver tydlig vägledning från regeringen för att kunna anpassa sig till den föränderliga världen. Vidare leder bristen på ett standardiserat ramverk och frånvaron av hur man bedömer gröna investeringar till låg transparens och problem med mätning av effekter. Detta beskriver varför privata investerare säger att de värderar hållbarhet, men misslyckas med att investera i det. Högre transparens och bättre rapportering skulle göra det enklare att visa effekten av investeringen, vilket i slutändan skulle påverka privata investerare på ett positivt sätt, eftersom investerare som värderar hållbarhet skulle få ett konkret mått på sin investerings bidrag, vilket leder till att den personliga nyttan av investeringen kan maximeras. För att förbättra marknadens nuvarande tillstånd påstår författarna till denna rapport att statligt stöd till fintech-bolag som bidrar till utveckling av transparens, rapportering och inverkan skulle vara intressant. Författarna ser att en sådan subvention skulle bidra med ett stort värde för alla intressenter på marknaden, inklusive den privata sektorn.
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Nget, Sovannarith. „La Réforme Financière au centre de l’Efficacité de la Politique Monétaire au Cambodge“. Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO22004.
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Après trois décennies des conflits armés, le Cambodge a enfin la capacité d’accélérer sa croissance et l’intégration de son économie dans la région et le monde. Pour cela, le pays doit reconstruire un système financier solide et mettre en place une politique monétaire. Nous proposons une étude de l’efficacité de la politique monétaire de la BNC (Banque Nationale du Cambodge) en tenant compte du fait que le sous-développement du secteur financier amoindrit les effets des canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire.Après avoir abordé les aspects théoriques en mettant en lumière le consensus de la politique monétaire et les différents canaux de transmission, nous passons en revue les travaux empiriques menés sur ce thème tant dans les pays développés, les pays en développement que les pays en transition. Il en ressort que les spécificités des systèmes financiers des différents pays, conditionnent la complexité et les effets des canaux de transmission et que le développement du système financier favorise la conduite de la politique monétaire, ne serait-ce que parce qu’elle étaye la confiance du public. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence l’importance d’une réforme du secteur financier préalable à toute politique monétaire. Par ailleurs, l’évolution du secteur financier est liée au développement économique mais celle-ci est aussi susceptible de créer de l’instabilité financière si le pays ne met pas en place des institutions suffisamment solides. Sa réussite demande que soient préalablement remplies un certain nombre de conditions comme la stabilité macroéconomique, la qualité de la réglementation financière et le développement du marché monétaire. Ce type de stratégie a été mise en place en 2001 (Blueprint [2001]) pour développer un système financier fondé sur les mécanismes du marché ; elle n’a que partiellement abouti. Elle a été revue en 2006 (le FSDS [06-15]) avec pour objectif d’harmoniser le calendrier de la réforme avec les améliorations en matière économiques, politiques, sociales et institutionnelles.Au stade actuel de développement du Cambodge, les canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire ne sont pas tous efficients à cause d’un système financier sous-développé, de globalisation financière et la dollarisation. Nous avons par conséquent mené une étude empirique sur la base de données Cambodgiennes pour évaluer leurs effets. Il en ressort que le canal du crédit n’a pas d’impact sur la croissance économique mais sur le niveau général des prix alors que le canal monétaire a un impact positif à court-terme sur le niveau général des prix. L’agrégat M1 et le crédit sont positivement reliés à court-terme. Notre étude suggère l’existence d’un canal monétaire et l’absence d’un canal du crédit. A la recherche du cadre le plus adapté de la politique monétaire dans le contexte du pays, nous analysons trois stratégies : le ciblage du taux d’inflation, celui du taux de change et celui des agrégats monétaires. Nous prenons aussi en compte les aspects institutionnels de la politique monétaire (l’indépendance, la responsabilité et la transparence de la conduite de la politique monétaire), la stratégie de communication et des mécanismes de décision de la Banque Centrale. Une stratégie basée sur un ciblage des agrégats monétaires semble l’option la plus adaptée. Un ciblage du taux de change paraît être une option secondaire (second-best) pour modérer la volatilité excessive et ancrer les anticipations des agents économiquesAfter three decades of the armed conflicts, Cambodia finally has the capacity to accelerate her economic growth and integration into the region and the world. The country must rebuild a sound financial system and put in place an effective monetary policy. We propose to conduct a study on the efficacy of monetary policy of NBC (Central Bank of Cambodia) while taking into account of the underdevelopment of the financial system which weakens the effects of the transmission channels of the monetary policy.Following the literature reviews which highlight the consensus of an effective monetary policy and different channels of transmission, we undertake an empirical review in developed and developing countries. The specificities of financial system of each county condition the complexity and the effects of transmission channels. Moreover, the development of financial system enhances the implementation of monetary policy as long as it enjoys public confidence. We thus emphasize the importance of the reform of financial system prior to conducting an effective monetary policy. Besides, the development of financial system links closely with that of the economy but it is likely to foster financial instability if the country doesn’t have sufficiently sound institutions. The success of the reform requires a number of preconditions such as macroeconomic stability, acceptable quality of regulations, and development of monetary market. The reform was put in place in 2001 (Blueprint [2001]) to develop a sound and efficient financial system based on market mechanisms; it could only partially achieve its objectives. It was revised in 2006 (FSDS [06-15]) to harmonize its objectives with the pace of reform which experienced economic, political, social and institutional improvements.In the current state of development of Cambodia, transmission channels of monetary policy are not fully efficient. We conducted an empirical studies based on Cambodian data to evaluate its effects. It seems that credit channel doesn’t have the impacts on economic growth but on general level of prices while monetary channel has positive and short-term impacts on general level of prices. Our study suggests the existence of a monetary channel and absence of credit channel. In a quest of the suitable monetary policy framework in the current context of the country, we analyze three forms of framework: inflation targeting, exchange rate targeting and monetary aggregate targeting. We also take into account of institutional aspects (independence, accountability, and transparency of the monetary policy implementation), communication strategy, and decision mechanisms of NBC. A monetary policy strategy based on monetary aggregate targeting appears the most suitable option. Exchange rate targeting framework seems to be a second-best option to absorb the excessive volatility and anchor the public expectations
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Jaume, Bennasar Andrés. „Las nuevas tecnologías en la administración de justicia. La validez y eficacia del documento electrónico en sede procesal“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9415.
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La tesis se encarga de analizar, por un lado, la integración y el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías en la Administración de Justicia; y, por otro, los parámetros que constituyen la validez y eficacia del documento electrónico. La primera cuestión se centra en la configuración de los Sistemas de Información de la Oficina Judicial y del Ministerio Fiscal, así como de la informatización de los Registros Civiles, donde el art. 230 LOPJ es la pieza clave. Se estudian sus programas, aplicaciones, la videoconferencia, los ficheros judiciales y las redes de telecomunicaciones que poseen la cobertura de la firma electrónica reconocida, donde cobran gran relevancia los convenios de colaboración tecnológica. La digitalización de las vistas quizá sea una de las cuestiones con más trascendencia, teniendo en cuenta que el juicio es el acto que culmina el proceso. Aunque no todos los proyectos adoptados en el ámbito de la e.justicia se han desarrollado de forma integral, ni han llegado a la totalidad de los órganos judiciales. El objetivo final es lograr una Justicia más ágil y de calidad, a lo cual aspira el Plan Estratégico de Modernización de la Justicia 2009-2012 aprobado recientemente.
En referencia a la segunda perspectiva, no cabe duda que el Ordenamiento jurídico y los tribunales, en el ámbito de la justicia material, otorgan plena validez y eficacia al documento electrónico. Nuestra línea de investigación se justifica porque cada vez son más los procesos que incorporan soportes electrónicos de todo tipo, ya sea al plantearse la acción o posteriormente como medio de prueba (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre otros temas examinamos el documento informático, la problemática que rodea al fax, los sistemas de videograbación y el contrato electrónico.
La tesi s'encarrega d'analitzar, per una part, la integració i el desenvolupament de les noves tecnologies dins l´Administració de Justícia; i, per l'altra, els paràmetres que constitueixen la validesa i l'eficàcia del document electrònic.
La primera qüestió es centra en la configuració dels Sistemes d´Informació de l´Oficina Judicial i del Ministeri Fiscal, així com de la informatització dels Registres Civils, on l'art. 230 LOPJ es la peça clau. S'estudien els seus programes, aplicacions, la videoconferència, el fitxers judicials i les xarxes de telecomunicacions que tenen la cobertura de la firma electrònica reconeguda, on cobren gran rellevància els convenis de col·laboració tecnològica. La digitalització de les vistes tal vegada sigui una de les qüestions amb més transcendència, tenint amb compte que el judici es l'acte que culmina el procés. Però no tots el projectes adoptats en l'àmbit de la e.justicia s'han desenvolupat d'una manera integral ni han arribat a la totalitat dels òrgans judicials. L'objectiu final es assolir una Justícia més àgil i de qualitat, al que aspira el Pla Estratègic de Modernització de la Justícia 2009-2012 aprovat recentment.
En referència a la segona perspectiva, no hi ha dubte que l´Ordenament jurídic i els tribunals, en l'àmbit de la justícia material, donen plena validesa i eficàcia al document electrònic. La nostra línia d'investigació es justifica perquè cada vegada son més el processos que incorporen suports electrònics de tot tipus, ja sigui quant es planteja l'acció o posteriorment como a medi de prova (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre altres temes examinem el document informàtic, la problemàtica que envolta al fax, els sistemes de videogravació i el contracte electrònic.
The thesis seeks to analyse, on the one hand, the integration and development of the new technologies in the Administration of Justice; and, on the other, the parameters which constitute the validity and efficiency of the electronic document.
The first question centres on the configuration of the Information Systems of the Judicial Office and the Public Prosecutor, as well as the computerisation of the Civil Registers, where the art. 230 LOPJ it's the part key. Their programmes, applications, the Video Conferencing, the judicial registers and the telecommunication networks which are covered by the recognised electronic signatures, are studied, where the agreements on technological collaboration gain great relevance. The digitalisation of evidence might perhaps be one of the questions with most consequence, bearing in mind that the judgment is the act by which the process is culminated. Although not all the projects adopted within the compass of e.justice have developed completely nor have reached all the judicial organs. The final objective is to achieve an agile, quality Justice, to which the recently approved Strategic Plan for the Modernisation of Justice aspires.
With reference to the second perspective, there is no doubt that the juridical Ordinance and the tribunals within the compass of material justice grant full validity and efficacy to the electronic document. Our line of investigation is justified because there are more and more processes which are sustained by electronic supports of all kinds, whether it be at the establishment of the action or later, as a proof of it (art. 299.2 LEC). Amongst other things, we examine the computerised document, the problems which surround the fax, the systems for video recording and the electronic contract.
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Branney, Peter, K. Reid, N. Frost, S. Coan, A. Mathieson und M. Woolhouse. „A context-consent meta-framework for designing open (qualitative) data studies“. 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16738.
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yesTo date, open science, and particularly open data, in Psychology, has focused on quantitative research. This paper aims to explore ethical and practical issues encountered by UK-based psychologists utilising open qualitative datasets. Semi-structured telephone interviews with eight qualitative psychologists were explored using a framework analysis. From the findings, we offer a context-consent meta-framework as a resource to help in the design of studies sharing their data and/or studies using open data. We recommend ‘secondary’ studies conduct archaeologies of context and consent to examine if the data available is suitable for their research questions. This research is the first we know of in the study of ‘doing’ (or not doing) open science, which could be repeated to develop a longitudinal picture or complemented with additional approaches, such as observational studies of how context and consent are negotiated in pre-registered studies and open data.
The author's manuscript has a slightly different title from the published article: A meta-framework for designing open data studies in psychology: ethical and practical issues of open qualitative data sets
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Wu, Yi-Jung, und 吳怡蓉. „The Ohlson Valuation Framework and Value-Relevance of Corporate Governance and Information Transparency“. Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18804985211642738545.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
商務經營研究所
97
This study applies Ohlson’s(1995) equity valuation model to examine the relationship between equity market value with corporate governance and information transparency features that financial statements cannot reveal. Using a sample companies of Information Disclosure and Evaluation System is degree B、C or C- to become degree A+ or A companies and the corresponding companies listed companies in electronic sector trading on the TSE(Taiwan Stock Exchange), this research discusses whether corporate governance and information transparency affects the value relevance of equity market value. The following three points can be concluded from the study： 1、The enterprises turning the degree B of the Information Disclosure System into degree A or more, or turning the degree A into degree B or less, the empirical findings implementing the Ohlson’s equity valuation model indicate that the EPS and book value per share will keep positive relationship with stock’s price. These results show that the theory concept and the practice both are met reasonably. However in our study only EPS is significant, but book value per share is not. 2、The enterprises turning the degree B of the Information Disclosure System into degree A or more, these enterprises’ information is trend to be more transparency. Therefore, by the increasing confidence in company’s information can assist investors to get necessary information. As with corporate governance variables, through using the factor analysis method, we choose such variables as the independent board, the institution investors, management participation, and the structure of board ownership. The empirical results reveal that the independent board and the institution investors both are significant and positive relationship. 3、The stakeholders such as investors and government unit may use the company’s relevant information of the Information Disclosure System to estimate the conditions of operation. However, to assist stakeholders to obtain the sound long-term decision- making, it is necessary to understand the structure of internal shareholders’ ownership or external institution’s viewpoint.
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McGregor, Kyle A. „New approaches to research with vulnerable populations - interdisciplinary application of a framework for vulnerability and adolescent capacity to consent“. 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/8035.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Children's and adolescents' capacity to provide valid informed consent is one of the key ethical concerns in pediatric research, and the focus of this project. The original contribution to knowledge is the advancement of both conceptual and empirical bioethical approaches to research with vulnerable populations. First, a review of adolescent vulnerability is presented to highlight the complex interplay between capacity and other forms of vulnerability. This review is offered as an interdisciplinary analysis to better understand why the study of vulnerable populations is critical to the ethical advancement of clinical research. Results from this analysis suggest the need for enhanced screening techniques as well as the utilization of specialized staff to identify and reduce the impact of different forms of vulnerability. The primary tasks of the empirical portion of the dissertation were to: (1) Adapt a validated adult competency assessment tool for clinical research, the MacArthur Competency Assessment Tool for Clinical Research, to assess the capacity of children and adolescents to consent to clinical research; (2) Identify predictors that impact children and adolescents’ capacity to provide consent to clinical research; and (3) assess differences and similarities in capacity between healthy and chronically ill children and adolescents. Overall results suggest adolescent capacity to consent to research was similar to adults, and most strongly associated with their family's socioeconomic status as well as their level of health literacy. These findings contrast starkly with the age-based criterion for providing consent currently utilized in assent and consent determinations. These findings also provide insights into ways to ethically involve youth in complex biomedical research.
30
Walgern, Julia. „Personalized marketing : factors influencing consumers’ choice regarding their consent for private data use“. Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26917.
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Personalized Marketing enables marketeers to influence consumers’ purchase decisions by
sending messages that are tailored to their personal interests and characteristics. It is, however,
dependent on the retailer’s ability to collect consumer data. The new data protection law,
GDPR, makes it more difficult for firms to obtain consumers’ consent to data collection. This
thesis seeks to explain how providing transparency, a financial incentive and control impacts
consumers’ willingness to share data. Additionally, the decoy effect is investigated by
differentiating between true control and decoy control. An empirical study was carried out with
492 respondents. Findings of this research suggest that the provision of transparency and the
offer of a financial incentive positively influence consumers’ willingness to share their personal
information. Providing true control over what data they share positively influences consumers’
willingness to share partial information but reduces the level of data they are willing to share.
Furthermore, the decoy effect is relevant in this context, as the introduction of a third,
dominated, option increases consumers’ willingness to share complete information. Solely the
relationship between transparency and consumers’ willingness to share data is mediated by
consumers’ trust. Moreover, consumers’ level of privacy concerns is significantly important.
When consumers have a high level of privacy concerns, they are more prone to refuse the
consent to data collection.O Marketing Personalizado permite os markteteers influenciar as decisões de compra dos consumidores, enviando mensagens distintas e adaptadas às suas preferências ou características. No entanto, depende da capacidade de recolha de dados dos consumidores por parte do retalhista. A nova lei de proteção de dados, RGDP, torna mais difícil para as empresas obter o consentimento dos consumidores para a recolha de dados. Esta tese procura explicar como a transparência, incentivo financeiro e controlo de dados tem impacto na vontade dos consumidores para partilhar esses mesmos dados. Em adição, o efeito de decoy é investigado, diferenciando o controlo real e o controlo decoy. Foi realizado um estudo empírico com 492 respondentes. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a provisão da transparência e de um incentivo financeiro influenciam positivamente a vontade dos consumidores para partilhar os seus dados pessoais e preferenciais. A provisão do controlo real influencia positivamente a vontade dos consumidores para partilhar alguns dados, mas reduz o nível de dados que estes estão dispostos a partilhar. Além disso, o efeito de decoy é também relevante neste contexto, uma vez que a introdução de uma terceira opção aumenta a participação da opção desejada. Apenas a relação entre a transparência e a vontade dos consumidores para partilhar os dados é mediada pela confiança dos consumidores. Por fim, é possível concluir-se que a preocupação dos consumidores em relação à sua privacidade influencia negativamente sua vontade para partilhar dados.
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Figueira, Rita Coelho. „Principles and practices of newborn screening programs : Portuguese newborn screening program and the european framework“. Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/36825.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014Newborn Screening Programs were created with the intention to improve the life and health of newborn suffering from rare conditions. These programs allow the early clinical management of the diseases, preventing its clinical development and symptoms. However, the setting of such a program is harder than it resembles. The basic principles that are taken into consideration for setting the panel of screened condition are the same around Europe. Still, national pressures and conditions play an important role in the establishment of the panel which explain the variations among Europe. With the genomics era, the national differences among Europe member countries increased. The technological developments allowed the access to a lot more information than required for a screening test and to the uncertainty about what to do with it. It also opened doors to a change in the paradigm of newborn screening, where samples collected to perform screening could be used to the whole population benefit through epidemiological testing and research in comparison to the initial newborn welfare. Changing the base in which Newborn Screening Programs where initially set up raised the need for changes in the whole infrastructure that supports the program: informed consent, parental education, support to positively screened child, storage of samples, etc. The Portuguese Newborn Screening Program came a long way since its establishment. The investments allowed the enlargement of the number of screened diseases, and the Screening Program is well documented in the Portuguese law. However, the improvement of a Screening Program is a work in progress and there are still components of the Portuguese one that need revision. The collaboration among European Union member states is a way to improve the European Screening Programs through collaboration and regulation at a central level. The exchange of expertise can improve the programs in terms of screening tests and to fight ethical dilemmas intrinsic to the technological developments in Newborn Screening.
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Escura, Albert Gil. „Open Data, a new approach with GIS components“. Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/18400.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesIn this work, we wanted to develop a proposal to improve the Open Data Infrastructure in Universitat Jaume I. To do this, we have studied the definition of Open Data and its principles. In addition, thanks to the rise of GIS technologies, we have studied how to add some GIS components to our proposal. These components are to manage spatial data, to visualize spatial data and to process spatial analysis. We have also made a comparison between different Open Data Infrastructures to get a general idea of how is running today. From a practical perspective, it can give a requirements for an implementation of an Open Data Infrastructure for Universitat Jaume I. Finally, we made a two cases study and we have done a test that has given us some ideas as future work.
33
Prinsen, Larisse. „An analysis of the proposed regulatory framework for the procurement and distribution of stem cells“. Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26238.
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The aim of this dissertation is an analysis of the regulatory framework for the procurement and distribution of stem cells in South Africa. This research includes aspects of the law of obligations, medical law and human rights law as found in the Bill of Rights. More specifically however, this dissertation attempts to bring to attention the shortcomings of chapter 8 of the National Health Act. An examination is undertaken according to the multilayered approach and therefore the proposed regulatory framework is examined within a constitutional framework, an ethical framework, the framework as established by common law, in this case the doctrine of informed consent and lastly within the national legislation framework as found in the National Health Act of 2003 and the regulations made in terms of the Act. This dissertation further entails a brief comparative study of the regulatory mechanisms of the United Kingdom as entrenched in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 2008 and the Human Tissue Act of 2004 and as practiced by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority and the Human Tissue Authority. The analysis in this dissertation firstly provides an overview of the clinical manifestations and science of stem cell technology. Secondly, the impact of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa is discussed with particular reference to the Bill of Rights on stem cell research and therapy. The most noteworthy conclusion to be made in this regard is that the embryo is not the bearer of constitutional rights. The ethical guidelines which act as regulatory tools in this field are then discussed with attention to general ethical principles as provided for by the Health Professions Council of South Africa as well as the Medical research Council. The doctrine of informed consent further enjoys attention as it is discussed in context of medical research and key issues are addressed regarding the process of obtaining consent in context of stem cell technologies. Certain recommendations are then made pertaining to the minimum scope required for lawful consent. Lastly a critical analysis is made of chapter 8 of the National Health Act. The findings which are made here lead to further recommendations regarding the regulation of stem cells.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Public Law
unrestricted
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Naidoo, Calvin. „A framework to optimise public participation for effective municipal service delivery“. Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23106.
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The purpose of this study was to identify the relevant factors to develop a framework for
optimising public participation to improve service delivery in a metropolitan municipality
in South Africa. This approach was undertaken with a view to identify the gaps created
through the expectations generated among citizens by the national government and the
weaknesses in the capacity of the local government to deliver through its supply chain
processes, and hence develop strategies to close the existing gaps as much as possible.
There were four samples in the study namely: citizens, managers, businesses and ward
committee members (WCM). The data that were collected for citizens were conducted at
each Customer Care Centres (CCC). For the other three sets of respondents, it was
conducted through email. The research approach was quantitative. Factor analysis was
applied in this research study in order to identify significant factors that drive public
participation in service delivery by local government. Findings of this study showed that
there are two major perceptions of the respondents perceived to affect the optimisation
of effective service delivery: 1) the facilitating factor and 2) the impeding factor. This was
assisted by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) where a model was designed which
resulted in the development of the public participation framework for effective municipal
service delivery. These findings will inform the management of local governments to
prioritise inclusion of all citizens by optimising their participation for effective service
delivery. Areas where participation in local government was lacking were identified and
this study presents well-informed strategies for local governments and for their possible
implementation.Business Management
D.B.L.
35
Razak, Ayisha. „An exploratory study towards disclosure of status and reduction of stigma for people living with HIV/AIDS in a low income community : the development of a community-based framework“. Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11088.
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Introduction: Stigma associated with HIV/AIDS creates a barrier to prevention, care and treatment of HIV/AIDS. It further restricts PLWHA from learning about their status, disclosing their status, adopting safe behaviour and accessing services such as antiretroviral treatment. Disclosure of HIV status and a reduction in stigma may contribute to the decrease in new HIV cases.
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop a community-based framework that would encourage people living with HIV/AIDS to disclose their HIV status and reduce the stigma associated with the disease.
Method: This study used the action research method to explore the experiences of stigma and disclosure of HIV status and to develop a community based framework with PLWHA who encouraged disclosure and promoted the reduction of stigma in a community-based setting. The research setting was Bhambayi, an informal settlement in the district of Inanda. Non-probability purposive sampling was used. In-depth interviews with PLWHA that had disclosed their HIV status and focus group discussions with family members, adult children and community members were conducted.
Findings: The data was analyzed manually and the following categories and subcategories emerged. The categories were experience of disclosure, stigmatizing reactions, lifestyle changes after disclosure and supports to reduce stigma. Some of the sub-categories were ‘opens out the illness’, gossiping and pointing fingers, discrimination against PLWHA by family and community, changes in relationships, community awareness and formation of support groups. The findings revealed that PLWHA that had disclosed their HIV status had changed their
lifestyles. Recommendations were made on the need for nurses to develop community engagement projects and establish partnerships in order to reach out to communities regarding HIV/AIDS. Incorporate HIV/AIDS stigma and discrimination into the current nurses’ curriculum. The need for research is expressed on the evaluation of the framework and conducting similar research in larger communities.
Conclusion: PLWHA who had disclosed their HIV-status shared their experience of being HIV-positive and encouraged other people to get tested. The community-based framework to facilitate disclosure and reduce stigma among PLWHA can be operationalised in other informal community-settings.Theses (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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Mabuza, Patrick Velaphi. „The potential role of public-private partnerships in the South African economy : an innovative conceptual public-private partnerships model for small and medium enterprise development“. Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21595.
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The introduction of PPPs in infrastructure provision has changed the way in which governments around the world now view infrastructure provision. However, the introduction of PPPs to deliver the needed infrastructure has benefited only a few companies. Most of these companies are the big construction firms that possess technological know-how and those that have the financial ability to execute large infrastructure projects. Although SMEs are important for employment creation, inequality and poverty reduction, the participation of SMEs in these PPP projects is very low. This is because PPP models in developing countries are based on those used in developed economies, and such models ignore the socio-economic problems facing developing countries.
Therefore, this study argues that PPP projects in developing countries present an opportunity for growing the SME sectors in developing countries. It challenges the viewpoint of seeing infrastructure backlogs only as providing opportunities to big private sector companies and argues that infrastructure backlogs can be used by governments to reduce the triple challenges of unemployment, poverty and inequality by linking SMEs to PPP projects. The traditional PPP model that is being applied by many developing countries does not fully encourage the participation of SMEs in PPP projects, as most of the projects executed through this model are bundled into big projects that SMEs cannot execute due to a lack of technological know-how and weak balance sheets.
The study therefore suggests different ways in which the participation of SMEs in PPP projects could be improved based on the results of the survey conducted for this study. The study then proposes an “innovative conceptual PPP model for sustainable SME development” that takes into account the needs for developing countries to create jobs, reduce poverty and inequality. It also takes into account all challenges for SMEs identified through the review of literature and the study survey.Economics
D. Litt. et Phil. (Economics)