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Ulybina, Olga. „Transnational agency and domestic policies: The case of childcare deinstitutionalization in Georgia“. Global Social Policy 20, Nr. 3 (09.06.2020): 333–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018120926888.
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This article describes a policy adoption case study about deinstitutionalization of childcare in Georgia since independence. It highlights the evolving and non-homogeneous nature of transnational agency in the area of childcare deinstitutionalization, and offers insights into the complex relationship between transnational agency and national policymaking. The analysis draws on national policy documents, reports of United Nations agencies, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and non-governmental organizations that contributed to the evolution of childcare deinstitutionalization in Georgia. We trace several developments: evolution of Georgian domestic policy versus the changing role of childcare deinstitutionalization in activities of various transnational actors. We find that Georgian childcare was shifting towards deinstitutionalization at the same time as global policy actors were developing their interventions in this policy area, showing how a lower middle-income country can develop its domestic social policies in conditions of an incoherent external environment.
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Nordin, Andreas, und Ninni Wahlström. „Transnational policy discourses on ‘teacher quality’: An educational connoisseurship and criticism approach“. Policy Futures in Education 17, Nr. 3 (09.01.2019): 438–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210318819200.
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In this article, we analyse key policy documents on teacher quality produced by the OECD and the EU during the period 2005 to 2017 using an educational connoisseurship and criticism approach. The purpose of this article is to explore how Eisner’s concepts of educational connoisseurship and educational criticism can be understood and used to analyse educational policy, especially how teacher quality is discursively constructed in transnational authoritative texts on education policy. Eisner’s three aspects of criticism, description, interpretation and evaluation can be utilised in a differentiated critical approach to the analysis of transnational policy documents on education. While the critical descriptive discourse can be viewed as ‘identifying a simple relationship’ between social development and educational needs, the interpretative critical discourse can be regarded as ‘recognising the complexity’ of teachers’ tasks in changing societies and the critical evaluative discourse as ‘recognising and problematising contradictory interests’ that affect teachers’ work. We argue that the philosophical concepts of connoisseurship and criticism contribute to policy research by demonstrating that a multifaceted concept of teacher quality is needed to capture the complex nature of education.
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Barnawi, Osman Z. „EMI-cum-acceleration policy in the contemporary transnational HE market“. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 44, Nr. 2 (07.07.2021): 208–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.20092.bar.
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Abstract Conceptualizing EMI-cum-acceleration policy in a transnational HE market as the regulation and institutionalization of language practices through a chronometrical approach to time for the sake of global economic competition and social mobility, this qualitative case study explores the experiences and enactments of such a policy by six engineering students at Manar University (a pseudonym) in Saudi Arabia. The data were gathered from analysis of policy documents, individual interviews, and a group interview. The findings reveal that the ways in which each student negotiates, resists, and desires such a policy suggest that an individual has some temporal resources and autonomy to make sense of “the acceleration experience” within the broader “structural forces of acceleration” (Vostal, 2016, p. 117) created at the university. It was also found that students are positioned in a double-bind-between the capitalist logic of accumulation and competition (speed), and the democratic value of equity in the EMI program.
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Aminzade, Ronald, Rachel Schurman und Francis Lyimo. „Circulating Discourses“. Sociology of Development 4, Nr. 1 (2018): 70–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2018.4.1.70.
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In recent years, neo-institutional sociologists, political scientists and geographers have engaged in a lively set of theoretical debates about how policy ideas move from one place to another. This paper seeks to engage with claims about global norm diffusion or policy transfer by studying policy discourses on agricultural development in the East African country of Tanzania. Using documents produced by international donors and research institutions, the Tanzanian government, and national and transnational civil society organizations; transcripts of parliamentary debates; and over 30 interviews with policy actors in Tanzania, we identify and compare three discourses that are currently circulating on African agricultural development policy: a global discourse, a dominant national discourse, and a subordinate national discourse. Based on an analysis of these discourses’ similarities and differences—and of the policy coalitions that are promoting them—we advance arguments about (a) the role of national contexts and historical legacies in shaping the diffusion of a global discourse; (b) power dynamics and political contention within the state itself; and (c) the transnational networks of both dominant and subordinate discourse coalitions.
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Koido, Akihiro. „Migration: Diversifying transnational flows under neoliberal transformation“. International Sociology 36, Nr. 2 (März 2021): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02685809211005357.
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Transnational migration to Japan has been developing since the 1980s, despite the fact that the Japanese government has officially denied accepting ‘immigrants’ and maintained a rigid immigration control policy over the years. This contradiction produced multiple gates of entry for migrants and led to the fragmentation of transnational networks of human movement. The neoliberal transformation of Japanese labor markets began in the mid-1990s, and migrant labor played a pivotal role in its restructuring. Sociologists have been dedicated to the analysis of the unique structures of the transnational supply chains and the surrounding constellations of interests in each labor market. Researchers have also identified the emergence of diverse ethnic entrepreneurs beyond their ethnic enclaves and across national borders, while other researchers have examined the structural constraints facing highly skilled workers in Japan. Recently, this transnational structure has been extended to include reproductive spheres of labor allowing the incorporation of nurses, care workers, and domestic workers as migrant workers. Beneath the diversity of types of transnational networks, Japanese sociologists have documented the increasing influence of the migration industry in the commercialization of transnational mobilities.
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Górka, Marek. „The Cybersecurity Strategy of the Visegrad Group Countries“. Politics in Central Europe 14, Nr. 2 (01.09.2018): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2018-0010.
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Abstract The Visegrad Group is the most dynamic transnational group in the Central and Eastern European region, connecting the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. Together these countries have established a useful framework for engaging with and coordinating policy at a regional level. At the same time, they are implementing EU programmes by creating cooperating networks with neighbouring countries based on their common security needs and strategic culture. This article focuses on the cybersecurity policies of the Visegrad Group countries. My analysis aims to reveal similarities and differences among these states that may be crucial for their future cooperation on a joint Central and Eastern European cybersecurity strategy. A cybersecurity strategy is a basic document created in a governmental context that reflects the interests and security rules at work in cyberspace. This document establishes the framework for future legislation, policies/standards, guidelines and other security- and cybersecurity‑related recommendations. This study is also an attempt to assess the development of cybersecurity policies; as such, it provides an opportunity to hypothesise about the future of cybertechnology in the Visegrad Group region.
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Hamann, Steffi. „Not home-made: Historical and contemporary social policy dynamics in Cameroon“. Global Social Policy 20, Nr. 3 (07.06.2020): 286–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018120923235.
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Social policy development trajectories in post-colonial sub-Saharan African states deviate from those in highly industrialized countries. Recent research endeavours established broad patterns of global interdependencies dating back to colonialism. This article contributes to these efforts by presenting a case study of the dynamics animating social policy development in Cameroon. It examines the progressive evolution of global determinants and their impacts on Cameroon’s welfare system over three periods: (1) decolonialization and post-colonial restructuring in the mid-20th century, (2) structural adjustment in response to the 1980s’ debt crisis and (3) the contemporary era of market liberalization driven by accelerated economic globalization. The research draws on a mixed-methods approach involving a document analysis and a survey administered in 400 rural households. Findings indicate that horizontal interdependencies were predominant in the establishment phase of Cameroon’s national social insurance scheme, but eventually gave way to vertical interdependencies in the 1980s. Recent efforts to advance economic liberalization represent a return to horizontal transnational forces, given the growing influence of multinational corporations on the country’s social security landscape. The study reinforces existing research insights in showing that, unlike social protection in the global north, social policy dynamics in Africa tend to actively contribute to the marginalization of underprivileged groups.
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Chen, Qiongqiong, und Yuan Li. „Mobility, Knowledge Transfer, and Innovation: An Empirical Study on Returned Chinese Academics at Two Research Universities“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 22 (16.11.2019): 6454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226454.
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This study provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of academic mobility on higher education innovation through an empirical study on returned Chinese academics at two research universities in China. Based on data obtained through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with 15 academic returnees, this paper aims to examine the everyday interactions between individual returnees and their environment, with a focus on exploring how different institutional contexts affect returnees’ capacity for integration and innovation. It finds that returned academics play an important role in promoting higher education innovation in China through mobilizing their transnational capital and resources. However, their capacity to innovate is largely subject to their working environment. Evidence from the study suggests that differing institutional contexts make a substantial difference to the reintegration experiences of returnees and to their contributions to institutional changes. This paper provides a window into the changing institutional environment in China and the academic lives of returnees there. It also provides important implications for talent policy decisions.
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Nawaz, Tasawar. „Internationalisation strategy, faculty response and academic preparedness for transnational teaching“. Education + Training 60, Nr. 9 (08.10.2018): 1084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-09-2017-0141.
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Purpose Transnational education (TNE), interpreted as the mobility of education programmes and providers between countries, has grown exponentially as a worldwide phenomenon in recent years. Higher education institutions (HEIs) have mainly used such opportunities to internationalise their degrees and programmes, and have paid scant attention on preparing academics to teach cross-culturally. As a result, academics being at the coalface of teaching and learning often feel under-informed, under-supported, underprepared and under-confident when it comes to cross-cultural teaching, suggesting that universities have largely failed to prepare their academic faculty members to face the challenges of internationalisation. This is particularly important for new and young players such as the post-92 universities in the UK. However, such institutions have largely been ignored by the previous research in this area. Reverting the research focus on young HEIs, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of preparing faculty staff members in the context of a post-92 university in the UK, to teach cross-culturally at partner institutions via the TNE route. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts Deardorff’s intercultural competency process model to develop a framework (focussing on three core elements of knowledge, skills and attitudes) that could help the academic staff members to prepare for teaching internationally. The paper is based on a detailed analysis of university’s internationalisation strategy, policy documents and related reports for the 1999–2016 period. The initial analysis is further supplemented by 11 interviews with the main stakeholders, i.e. academics, educational developers and policy makers. Findings As the post-92 university in focus, like its counterparts, continues to proliferate its degrees and programmes through the TNE route, academics who are tasked with transnational teaching have an increased responsibility to develop the competencies required to work with learners from diversified cultural backgrounds. However, there has been less interest at university or faculty level in ensuring that academic faculty members who teach in transnational context are prepared for the specific rigours of transnational teaching. Research limitations/implications The research findings have broader implications at individual, organisational and industry-level for individual academic faculty members to progress further in their career, HEIs to improve the quality of training programmes and policies and the HE industry to adjust the strategy towards internationalisation. Practical implications In the absence of any formally structured training, the paper proposes pre-departure informal training workshops/seminars conducted by seasoned academics at faculty, school or department level to help new academics transform their knowledge, skills and attitudes in order to facilitate positive interactions with students in a cross-cultural teaching environment. Although the focus is on one post-92 university; however, the proposed framework could be adopted across HEIs worldwide. Originality/value The paper is based on a detailed analysis of university’s internationalisation strategy, policy documents and related reports for the 1999–2016 period. The initial analysis is further supplemented by 11 interviews with the main stakeholders, i.e. academics, educational developers and policy makers. Informed by the best practices, the paper also discusses the implication of intercultural competencies for cross-cultural teaching.
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Bakker, Felix Ferdin, und Muh Alif Jamil Pratama. „STRENGTHENING THE POSITION OF IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN THE PREVENTION OF TRADE CRIMINAL ACTIONS AND HUMAN STUNNING“. Journal of Law and Border Protection 2, Nr. 2 (10.12.2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v2i2.194.
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Transnational crime in the territory of Indonesia is increasingly motivated by several pushes and pull factors. First, Indonesia's strategic position makes many people tempted to anchor to Indonesia to make Indonesia a transit country and live and develop. This is worrying because it cannot be denied that foreigners enter a country in an illegal way and cross borders. Second, state borders without immigration documents or other valid documents will create new problems, which of course, can lead to criminal issues. Of course, a policy of equitable borders and controls is the answer to this problem.Another thing that cannot be left out is that establishing a positive law that is firm and binding is the key to the success of this policy. This research study uses normative legal research methods with qualitative data collection juxtaposed with descriptive analysis techniques so that the existing problems regarding transnational crimes, especially human smuggling, can be presented comprehensively and informatively. Outreach to the community as the first informant is one of the keys to community-based surveillance and enforcement management. It is hoped that with the coordination and synergy of problems related to foreign nationals who are the perpetrators of human smuggling crimes, it is expected that it can decrease statistically so that the selective policy principle that is aspired is that only foreigners who provide benefits and have valid documents can enter Indonesian territory and give services to Indonesia's national progress.
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Grimmer, Bettina, und Jennifer Hobbins. „Active entrepreneurs and blue-collar workers. Cultural understandings mirrored in European youth unemployment policies“. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, Nr. 7/8 (08.07.2014): 559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2013-0084.
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Purpose – With a particular focus on cultural understandings and the concepts behind welfare policies, the purpose of this paper is to analyse commonalities and dissimilarities in the patterns of social policy, and more precisely youth unemployment policies, in Sweden and Germany. Design/methodology/approach – A document analysis of Swedish and German youth unemployment policies was conducted with regard to how the two welfare regimes’ policies define the underlying problem, the instruments through which this problem is tackled, and the aim of youth activation policies. Findings – The findings show congruency concerning the definitions of the problem of youth unemployment, in which the unemployed are regarded as lacking in discipline, as well as in the policies through which the problem is tackled: through conditionality and pastoral power as policy tools. The solution of the problem on the other hand, found in the notion of the ideal worker to be produced, diverges between active entrepreneurs in one country, and blue-collar workers in the other. The authors conclude that the introduction of supranational policy concepts is not a matter of mere implementation, and that concepts like activation are reinterpreted according to differing cultural ideologies and accommodated into the context of particular welfare states. Originality/value – This paper provides an innovative framework for the understanding of the influence of cultural understandings on policy making, but also on challenges facing activation governance on the one hand and European Union policy initiatives and transnational policy diffusion on the other.
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Ivan, Loredana, Dorin Beu und Joost van Hoof. „Smart and Age-Friendly Cities in Romania: An Overview of Public Policy and Practice“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 14 (18.07.2020): 5202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145202.
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The role of smart cities in order to improve older people’s quality of life, sustainability and opportunities, accessibility, mobility, and connectivity is increasing and acknowledged in public policy and private sector strategies in countries all over the world. Smart cities are one of the technological-driven initiatives that may help create an age-friendly city. Few research studies have analysed emerging countries in terms of their national strategies on smart or age-friendly cities. In this study, Romania which is predicted to become one of the most ageing countries in the European Union is used as a case study. Through document analysis, current initiatives at the local, regional, and national level addressing the issue of smart and age-friendly cities in Romania are investigated. In addition, a case study is presented to indicate possible ways of the smart cities initiatives to target and involve older adults. The role of different stakeholders is analysed in terms of whether initiatives are fragmentary or sustainable over time, and the importance of some key factors, such as private–public partnerships and transnational bodies. The results are discussed revealing the particularities of the smart cities initiatives in Romania in the time frame 2012–2020, which to date, have limited connection to the age-friendly cities agenda. Based on the findings, a set of recommendations are formulated to move the agenda forward.
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Wahlström, Ninni. „Equity: Policy Rhetoric or a Matter of Meaning of Knowledge? Towards a Framework for Tracing the ‘Efficiency-Equity’ Doctrine in Curriculum Documents“. European Educational Research Journal 13, Nr. 6 (01.01.2014): 731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2014.13.6.731.
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In this article, the focus is on exploring the perspective of equity in curriculum. From a background of understanding curriculum as embedded in wider transnational policy movements, in this article the author suggests a framework for exploring the trajectories between equity policy and different types of curricula with implications for what counts as knowledge, drawing on the capabilities approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. The analysis highlights the instrumental, intrinsic and positional values in terms of actual functionings, expanding the individual's set of capabilities and a pluralistic learning environment. The results suggest that the technical form of the curriculum can have determining effects on the meaning of knowledge acquisition and that the capabilities approach offers an important frame of analysis for understanding how different aspects of equity are included or excluded in curriculum.
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Loos, Eugène. „Language policy in an enacted world“. Language Problems and Language Planning 31, Nr. 1 (27.02.2007): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.31.1.04loo.
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Increasingly, foreign contacts are a daily fact of life for many companies. It is therefore remarkable that little to no empirical research has been conducted into the language policy applied by such organizations. Companies with transnational contacts are generally assumed to use English throughout the world as a “lingua franca,” yet whether this is actually the case is questionable. In a multicultural Europe that is striving to unite, there may well be other languages that could qualify as the international language of choice. Research is needed to investigate which language or languages are chosen, by whom the choice is made and why, in certain situations, speakers switch to different languages. This article focuses on the report of an empirical study addressing these aspects. A case study of a Dutch parent company that runs a holiday centre in Germany is presented in order to analyse micro-level interactions which can only be understood by considering the language choice as a result of the way in which the environment is “enacted.” For this analysis, use was made of an interview conducted with the Dutch head of the human resources department, along with transcripts of audio-recorded conversations, and also documents such as the mission statement.
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Talan, Mariya Vyacheslavovna, Ildar Rustamovich Begishev, Tatyana Gennadievna Zhukova, Diana Davlenovna Bersei, Regina Rustеmovna Musina und Bairamkulov Asker Magometovich. „Criminal Liability for Organization of Illegal Migration“. Cuestiones Políticas 39, Nr. 68 (07.03.2021): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3968.37.
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The article discusses the criminal responsibility for illegally organizing migration, using a comparative documentary-based methodology. Constant changes in public life suggest the need to improve states' criminal policy in the field of establishing responsibility for organizing illegal migration, both nationally and internationally. An analysis of the provisions of international criminal law makes it possible to consider various legal approaches to the criminalization of acts in the field of migration. The document underpins the need to develop a unified approach to determining the characteristics of the crime in question, as it is transnational. It is concluded that, regardless of the different approaches of States to recognize illegal population migration, the organization of this illegal activity, in the presence of certain signs, should be recognized as a crime. At the same time, the organization of illegal migration is defined as the commission by a criminal group (association of criminal groups) of actions aimed at creating the conditions for the illegal movement of foreign nationals across the state border or their illegal presence in each country.
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Patay, D. „Governing the Commercial Determinants of Noncommunicable Diseases: Maintaining the Regulatory Power of Governments“. Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (01.10.2018): 241s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.96500.
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Background and context: “Through the manufacture, sale and promotion of tobacco, alcohol, and ultra-processed food and drink (unhealthy commodities), transnational corporations are major drivers of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)” (Moodie et al., 2013). Furthermore, the impact of trade and investment liberalization has been correlated with the rapidly increasing prevalence of some cancers, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in developing countries. Reaching the SDG targets is a challenging task for governments of low- and middle-income countries who face constraints in regulating the commercial determinants of NCDs due to the increasing influence of unhealthy commodity industries in policy making. Although the literature recommends various approaches to maintain or strengthen the regulatory power of governments, the impact of these strategies on the governance of commercial determinants of NCDs remains unclear. Aim: Identifying the strategies which have been successfully applied in strengthening the governance of commercial determinants of NCDs in regard to tobacco. Strategy/Tactics: The strategies for strengthening the governance of unhealthy commodities recommended by the literature mostly target the issues of fragmentation of governments and the constraints on regulatory capacity. This research examines the way the governments of Fiji and Vanuatu applied these strategies for the sake of implementing tobacco control policies. The methods involve literature review, document analysis and in-depth interviews with key informants across government departments, NGOs and development agencies in these countries. The document analysis and in-depth interviews are currently ongoing in Fiji and Vanuatu. The results and conclusions will be available by early September.
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Njikang, Kennedy Ebang. „Diaspora, Home-State Governance and Transnational Political Mobilisation: A Comparative Case Analysis of Ethiopia and Kenya’s State Policy Towards their Diaspora“. Migration Letters 17, Nr. 1 (23.01.2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i1.738.
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Aligned to studies that have established that state-diaspora engagement policies consist of a diversity of measures associated with different aims, this study provides a novel approach to such research. It involves investigating how leadership (through diaspora policies) is structured using language to ensure that the objectives of state-diaspora policies are persuasive enough to draw consensual support from the diaspora. Adopting a rhetorical analysis of multi-case data, this paper compares how the notion of diaspora is used within Ethiopia and Kenya’s state-diaspora policy documents and how their understanding of their diaspora shapes the actual political mobilisation of it. The paper demonstrates that by selecting certain themes and by treating diaspora as a powerful strategy, either by segregating it from or including it in the political activities of a nation, domestic governments can strongly influence the political narrative. Results further show that when the diaspora faces state power not all categories of it are equally accepted or offered the same political rights.
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Lencucha, Raphael, Takondwa Moyo, Ronald Labonte, Jeffrey Drope, Adriana Appau und Donald Makoka. „Shifting from tobacco growing to alternatives in Malawi? A qualitative analysis of policy and perspectives“. Health Policy and Planning 35, Nr. 7 (11.06.2020): 810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa057.
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Abstract Tobacco is the primary export commodity in Malawi and an important contributor to foreign earnings. The entrenchment of tobacco interests within government has partly explained why Malawi has lagged in its efforts to address the health consequences of tobacco and has been a vocal opponent of global tobacco control. Despite the extensive historical and entrenched relationship between the economy of Malawi and tobacco production, there have been important shifts at the highest policy levels towards the need to explore diversification in the agricultural sector. There is explicit recognition that alternatives to tobacco production must be pursued. This study provides an analysis of the policies and perspectives that characterize contemporary government approaches to tobacco and alternatives in Malawi by interviewing key government officials working on tobacco policy and reviewing recent policy documents. This research finds that there is openness and movement towards reducing tobacco growing in Malaw, including efforts to reduce tobacco dependency. Rather than a singular tobacco policy discourse in the country, there is a somewhat conflictual set of policies and perspectives on the future of tobacco in Malawi. Informing these policies and perspectives is the interplay between the economics of agricultural production (tobacco vs other crops), global markets (ranging from the ability to generate export earnings to the inability to compete with wealthier countries’ non-tobacco crop subsidies) and the lack of developed supply and value chains other than those created by the transnational tobacco industry. The implications for government policy supporting a move away from tobacco dependence are not straightforward: there is a need to fill the supply chain gap for alternative crops, which requires not only strong intersectoral support within the country (and some challenge to the residual pro-tobacco narratives) but also international support.
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Hostins, Regina Célia Linhares, und Idorlene Da Silva Hoepers. „Transferência e mobilidade de políticas de educação superior na américa latina em tempos neoliberais“. education policy analysis archives 25 (01.12.2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2756.
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Abstract: The paper aims to trace the flows of global education policies in Higher Education policies in two Latin American countries - Brazil and Argentina – during the decades of 1990 and 2000, from Stephen Ball’s theoretical and methodological framework. Two major events were used for analysis - the World Conference on Education for All (Jomtien, 1990), and the World Education Forum (Dakar 2000), which are references in the transfer movement and transnational mobility of education policies led by international agencies such as the World Bank and The United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO), among others. These events and resulting documents inaugurated the discursive and epistemic connectivity of global policy networks and the export/import of reform speeches (Ball, 2014), in an environment conducive to the flow of ideas, people and values. As a result, concepts, set priorities and ratified agendas of transnational actions were disseminated, in which the Latin American countries had significant participation and established consensus on Education Reform. Within Higher Education in countries like Brazil and Argentina, a strong expression of the concepts and recommendations of the documents signed at these events was observed during this period. Thus, this paper highlights the recommendations incorporated in some policies of these countries and the interpretation of movements in the context of national policies, taking into account the historical context and political networks established in each country.
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Dan, Zarina Othman. „Illicit Drug Syndication Threat towards Juvenile in Malaysia“. Journal of Social and Development Sciences 5, Nr. 4 (30.12.2014): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v5i4.828.
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The issue of international drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking is a problem that is often associated with transnational organised crimes. Malaysia is of no exception where the threat from drug syndicates has become more prevalent especially since the existence of the internet facilities all over the world. Thus, this paper examines the reason why the juvenile are exposed to illicit drugs and are vulnerable to become victims to these substances to an extent that they are caught as Juvana offenders. This paper applying neolibralisme theoretical approach, as a guiding and analyzing the issue of juvenile involvement in illicit drug trafficking in Malaysia. Primary data was collected through document analysis, interviews, and for the case study, an interview was carried out on selected Juvana offenders. The findings of the research have shown the roles of the syndicates, to recruit the juvenile as trafficker as well as to bind them from staying away from the syndicate after they are released from the detention. It is hoped that by creating a more effective and systematic policy, the threat on juvenile from the illicit drug issue can be addressed accordingly and in turn, will enable them to contribute to the development and security of the country in the future.
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Martens, Deborah, Annelien Gansemans, Jan Orbie und Marijke D'Haese. „Trade Unions in Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives: What Shapes Their Participation?“ Sustainability 10, Nr. 11 (20.11.2018): 4295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114295.
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There is a growing concern about the extent to which multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs), designed to improve social and environmental sustainability in global supply chains, give a meaningful voice to less powerful stakeholders. Trade unions are one particular civil society group whose participation in MSIs has received little scholarly attention so far. The objective of this paper is to examine the determinants that enable and constrain trade union participation in MSIs. Based on interviews, focus groups, observations and document analysis we determine local trade union participation in three MSIs, operating at company, national and transnational level respectively, in the Costa Rican pineapple industry. To explain the limited encountered trade union participation, an analytical framework is developed combining structural and agency dimensions, namely the MSI design and trade union’s power resources. The findings show shortcomings in the representativeness, procedural fairness and consensual orientation in the design and implementation of the MSIs. These are, however, not sufficient to explain weak trade union participation as trade union power resources also have an influence. Strong network embeddedness and improved infrastructural resources had a positive effect, whereas the lack of internal solidarity and unfavourable narrative resources constrained the unions’ participation.
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Ylimaki, Rose M., und Annika Wilmers. „Historical perspectives and contemporary challenges to education (Bildung) and citizenry in the modern nation state: Comparative perspectives on Germany and the USA“. European Educational Research Journal 20, Nr. 3 (11.04.2021): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14749041211004659.
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In this article, we provide a comparative analysis of public education in Germany and the US, focusing on historical and contemporary challenges to education, Bildung, and citizenry in the modern nation state. In particular, we examine relations among nation building processes and education, transnational discourses, mutual influences, and relations regarding public education over time, and identity building and citizenship within and between federal, nation state and international levels. Comparative methods are utilized to examine policy documents as well as the literature, looking for similarities and differences among key concepts and discourses. The article concludes by pointing out that a number of contemporary developments bringing public education to a crossroads today are not entirely new and that foundations of education theory are still relevant. At the same time, we suggest new cross-national dialogues regarding the challenges bringing public education to the crossroads today.
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Siouta, Eleni, und Ulf Olsson. „Patient Centeredness from a Perspective of History of the Present: A Genealogical Analysis“. Global Qualitative Nursing Research 7 (Januar 2020): 233339362095024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333393620950241.
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The overall aim of this study, performed in Sweden, was to problematize the contemporary national and transnational discourse on patient centeredness, which during recent decades has become a given, having become established as a dogma in conversations, writing, and thinking about patients and health care. We did that by showing that ideas such as patient centeredness can be seen differently from the way they are depicted in contemporary discourses about health care. In the presented analysis, we drew on Foucault’s concepts of governmentality, ‘history of the present’ and genealogy. This means that we reflected on contemporary conceptions of how phenomena, such as the care seeker, have been constructed within other discourses about health care. Empirically, we used different health policy documents—government reports from three different historical periods. The analysis showed that contemporary narratives about centeredness are neither more, nor less, care seeker-centered than the narratives of yesteryear. Rather, the phenomenon of the care seeker is given different frames and meanings within the framework of different economic and historical discourses about health care. Our analysis raised questions about the contemporary construction of patient centeredness. In a world with such huge economic differences between nations, as well as between citizens within most nations, the contemporary discourse may be limited as it does not problematize structural issues in the same way as previous discourses had done. Perhaps what is needed today are national and international patient-centered or person-centered discourses which also discuss policies and practices that are population- and social group-centered. In the final discussion of the analysis, we identified a new patient-centered discourse, which views the patient as a resource among other resources. The most important limitation of this type of study is that it is only about discourses and policy issues and not about daily practical activities.
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Wright, Susan. „Molecular Politics in a Global Economy“. Politics and the Life Sciences 15, Nr. 2 (September 1996): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400022966.
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Launched during the heydays of the copying machine and the U.S. sunshine laws and surrounded by controversy from its inception, genetic engineering may be the best documented technology ever to emerge from a laboratory. This essay draws on the pages that flowed forth from formal policy arenas as well as from less accessible places to examine the rise and fall of genetic engineering controls in the United States and Britain. The general argument developed here is that the settling of the issues raised by this field was achieved not through the resolution of technical problems but rather through the exertion of social interests—notably those of national governments, transnational corporations, genetic engineering firms, scientists, and sectors of the public. A synthesis of methods of analysis drawn from critiques of pluralism and from Foucault's analysis of the relation between power and discursive practice is used to assess the relative effects of these interests.
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Onifade, Temitope Tunbi. „Regulating Natural Resource Funds: Alaska Heritage Trust Fund, Alberta Permanent Fund, and Government Pension Fund of Norway“. Global Journal of Comparative Law 6, Nr. 2 (07.07.2017): 138–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211906x-00602002.
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The paper is a comparative regulatory analysis of the Alaska Heritage Trust Fund, the Alberta Permanent Fund, and the Government Pension Fund of Norway, as developed country natural resource fund (nrf) models. Its objective is to examine how nrfs are regulated. To achieve this objective, it explores and compares the socio-political contexts and regulatory features of the three nrfs, drawing lessons along the way. Given the dearth of publications on the domestic as opposed to the transnational regulation of nrfs, it carries out an original review of primary and secondary policy sources, both legal and non-legal documents, along with a synthesis of representative bodies of literature. It finds that nrfs are mainly regulated by laws and institutional support, which constitute four key regulatory features: legal frameworks and objectives, ownership regimes, structure and functionality, and governance and operation. The conclusion is that how nrfs are regulated, based on these features, determines their outcomes.
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Thompson, Gareth. „The propaganda of universal fascism: peace, empire and international co-operation in British Union of Fascists' publicity from 1932 to 1939“. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 25, Nr. 4 (16.07.2020): 577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-11-2019-0138.
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PurposeThis article presents a historical investigation into the foreign policy messages of the British Union of Fascists' (BUF) publicity and propaganda from its foundation in 1932 until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, along with a discussion of the methods and institutional arrangements used to propagate its ideas of peace, empire and transnational co-operation.Design/methodology/approachThe historical investigation is based upon scrutiny of original BUF documents relating to the period 1932–1939 from various archives. After cataloguing of the relevant publicity and propaganda materials in time sequence and thematically, analysis was organised using a historical institutionalism approach.FindingsThe article explains the different phases of the BUF's message development and how publications, meetings and media were used to project its ideas. It also discussed the impact of support from Viscount Rothermere's newspapers and financial support from Benito Mussolini. Consideration of publicity materials alongside files from BUF headquarters enabled identification and investigation into the communicative actors who did the publicity work, including Director of Publicity, John Beckett.Social implicationsThe article reflects upon how the British Union of Fascists' publicity and propaganda relates to modern manifestations of the communication of authoritarian and nationalistic political propositions and the historical continuities that endure therein.Originality/valueThe project makes an original contribution to the history of British political propaganda and public relations through an inquiry based upon scrutiny of historical documents in UK archives relating to BUF publicity related to foreign policy.
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Ardi, Mahmud Ridho, Agus Subianto und Sudirman Sudirman. „IMPLEMENTATION OF INDONESIA'S MARINE POLICY A CASE STUDY: (Implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 16 of 2017 Concerning Indonesian Maritime Policy, Specifically Maritime Diplomacy in Papua)“. JOURNAL ASRO 11, Nr. 2 (20.04.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v11i2.263.
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Good management of international relations has been a major concern of Indonesia's foreign policy since the country's independence. The character of the nation and state leaders is often the determining factor that causes relations between countries in a situation full of uncertainty. Some parties, based on the analysis of confidential documents, are allegedly trying to influence the policies of their respective countries to give recognition to Papuan independence and sovereignty. Based on Presidential Regulation No. 16 of 2017 concerning the Indonesian Maritime Policy dated February 20, 2017, Indonesia's geographical and demographic conditions will have consequences for the emergence of the real challenges for Indonesia that must be managed comprehensively. Specifically, in Papua, referring to data from the Navy of 2019, at least in the last period more than 50 (fifty) transnational crime and intrastate conflicts (communal conflicts and separatist movements) occurred in Papua. In addition to maritime defense forces, maritime diplomacy as a form of state policy has been transformed into an alternative in efforts to reduce the vulnerabilities that have arisen in the Papua region. The Navy as a military force is part of implementing the policy to realize the main program of Maritime Diplomacy, namely increasing the active role in efforts to create world peace and security. The Indonesian Navy describes the policy through the perspective of modern maritime defense policies that understand the nation's history to meet the political will aspects (maritime diplomacy) through cooperative, persuasive and coercive efforts. There are six factors that influence the implementation of the Maritime Diplomacy Policy in Papua, including: 1) Size and Policy Objectives; 2) Resources; 3) Characteristics of Implementing Agencies; 4) Communication between Implementing Agencies and Implementing Activities; 5) Disposition of Implementing Agencies; and 6) Environmental Effects. Environmental influences are the most influencing factors in implementing policies. The influence can come from inside or outside. The main internal influence comes from the longstanding conflict in Papua. External influences take the form of conventional and non-conventional threats.
Keywords: Maritime, Diplomacy, Papua
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Weiss, Joseph S., Zhu Dajian, Maria Amélia Enríquez, Peter H. May, Elimar Pinheiro Do Nascimento, Walter A. Pengue und Stanislav Shmelev. „UN environmental policy: Non-State Actors, trends, and the regulatory role of the state“. Journal of Political Ecology 24, Nr. 1 (27.09.2017): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20980.
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Abstract This interdisciplinary article draws from the radical ideas of global political ecology (GPE), environmental politics, ecological economics and the sociological analysis of social movements. It seeks to help bridge the research gap regarding non-state actors' (NSAs) influence on the role of the nation-state and the United Nations in global political ecology and environmental policy, including emission reductions, such as antideforestation measures, and environmental justice. We consider NSAs as consisting of two heterogeneous global coalitions: a) civil society organizations (CSOs) and environmental non-governmental organizations, and b) peak corporate organizations with green economy objectives, here denominated green business organizations, representing transnational corporations (TNCs). After a review of prior studies, we present a version of an advocacy coalition framework; identify a timeline of changes in UN architecture and simplified NSA influence categories. We only begin to test very broad hypotheses on relative agency and to compare NSA narratives with UN documents. We show that the architecture of the UN has gradually shifted from favoring civil society to corporations. There is evidence that, in the late 1990s, in comparison with CSOs, TNCs increased their access to nation-states and UN agencies. The TNC narrative changed from a) denying climate change and ignoring the UN to b) recognizing change and guiding negotiations. These shifts in UN architecture, TNC agency and narrative appears to have influenced changes in UN documents towards a corporate global environmental framework, reducing their references to the regulatory and enforcement roles of the state and global binding agreements, shifting global debate towards a voluntary corporate orientation. This may have reduced prospects for reducing emissions and increasing environmental justice. Combining market mechanisms with strong regulatory frameworks is best practice for environmental policy. When nation-states have the will and capacity to command and control, they can reduce environmental degradation. Stronger national government competence and enforcement capacity and binding UN agreements are essential for the effectiveness of market incentives, which may be enhanced by business and civil society initiatives. If CSOs can reunite and regain their strength, maybe they could negotiate with TNCs on a more equal footing. Perhaps UN members could once again become comfortable with the idea of strong states and non-hegemonic global governance. Key words: Global political ecology, Nation-state, earth system governance, UN architecture, UN agency, green economy, non-state actors, UNCED, Rio+20, Climate convention
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Savage, Gail. „From Good Time Girl to Damsel in Distress: Protecting the British War Bride in the United States, 1944–1950“. Genealogy 4, Nr. 4 (30.11.2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4040114.
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During the Second World War, the United Kingdom became an epicenter of transnational, especially transatlantic, marriages, but not all these marriages proved successful. As one disappointed English war bride on her way back home expressed herself, she was “Too shocked to bring her baby up on the black tracks of a West Virginia mining town as against her own home in English countryside of rose-covered fences.” This essay examines the government program developed to provide financial aid and legal advice to British women estranged from or abandoned by their American husbands from the passage of the 1944 Matrimonial Causes (War Marriages) Act to its winding down in 1950. The analysis draws upon a wide range of documents to survey the formulation and implementation of the government response and to consider some illustrative cases dealt with by British consular officials in the United States. These examples illuminate the gap between human behavior envisioned by policy-makers and the more varied behavior encountered by those who carried out the duties charged to them. The cases thus represent the nexus between state intervention and the individual experience of larger-scale social dynamics set off by war and the global movement of populations.
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Yakupova, Daria, und Roman Yakupov. „Détente as a Factor of Modernization of the USSR in the 1970s - the Beginining of the 1980s in the Analytical Reviews of the Central Intelligence Agency“. Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, Nr. 3 (30.09.2019): 398–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2019.20(3).398-424.
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Coverage of the role and importance of the economic policy implemented during the détente period to solve the complex problems of the Soviet Union in the field of intensification of production is relevant in connection with the cyclical completion of the warmer climate between Russia and the West. The study of the historical experience of the development of international cooperation, the analysis of competition for a place in the global division of labor and the results of the struggle for the achievements of the scientific and technical revolution of the XX century make it possible to reconstruct the steps taken by the Soviet leadership to find new foreign economic tools against the background of modernization challenges. The article based on the materials of the electronic archive of the CIA, documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Economics and Russian State Archive of Contemporary History funds provide previously unpublished comprehensive information on the size and content of compensation agreements of the USSR with Western Europe, the USA and Japan during the détente period. The authors reveal the role of the banking capital of the USSR to ensure the country's access to hard currency and implementation of the technology transfer policy. Similarity of the strategy of containment of the USSR in the 1970s and Russia today is emphasized on the example of the analysis of the USA intelligence data. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the considerable mobilization efforts of the Soviet leadership to expand foreign trade operations, the conclusion of large-scale compensation agreements, the creation of sovereign transnational transportation and the development of Soviet financial institutions abroad, the targets set by the modernization of the 1970s were not fully met. The USSR did not maintain the export model in the global economy during the détente period for a number of reasons.
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Kilpatrick, Claire. „TAKING THE MEASURE OF CHANGING LABOUR MOBILIZATION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION IN THE WAKE OF THE EU SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS“. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 68, Nr. 3 (07.06.2019): 665–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589319000113.
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AbstractThis analysis investigates changing mobilization at the ILO in response to the labour and social rights shock created by EU and IMF demands in the EU sovereign debt crisis (Crisis Europe or euro-crisis). Mobilization means the purposeful use of legal norms and institutions by social movements and civil society groups to advance identified policy goals. It can be contrasted with the use of legal norms and institutions by individuals or entities to settle disputes affecting them. After introducing relevant features of euro-crisis and the ILO, the article develops an analysis that measures changing mobilization at the ILO during euro-crisis. It then shows how such an analysis makes two key contributions: first, to our understanding of the ILO and, second, to how we approach mobilization. First, by viewing the ILO as a rights mobilization structure, it shows the vitality and interest of doubted or neglected ILO supervision and complaints mechanisms. Five elements are underlined: the ILO is more than existing literature assumes; it questions the depiction of the ILO as a ‘toothless tiger’; the sharp divide between unions and NGOs is overstated; certain institutional design features make the ILO a good venue for transnational mobilization; the ILO is not transparent in terms of access to documents relevant to mobilization and compares poorly in this respect with UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies. Second, by setting it against existing literature, it is shown how measuring mobilization is distinctive within the broader human rights mobilization scholarship. The most important insights it introduces are: rejecting the assumption that mobilization inevitably follows a significant rights shock such as euro-crisis; addressing the puzzles of union ‘mobilization’ and motivation; operationalizing measurement of mobilization against the backdrop of venue choices; considering how to deal with an international organization which is both a mobilization venue and an engaged actor.
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Hadden, Jennifer. „Explaining Variation in Transnational Climate Change Activism: The Role of Inter-Movement Spillover“. Global Environmental Politics 14, Nr. 2 (Mai 2014): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00225.
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How can we explain variation in the volume and character of transnational collective action on climate change? This paper presents original qualitative and quantitative data to document how transnational activism on climate change has changed over time. The author draws attention to the role of transnational social movement spillover—a process by which ideas, activists, and tactics are diffused from one movement to another—in explaining this evolution. The article examines the spillover of the global justice movement to the climate justice movement from 2007 to 2009, linking this spillover to changes in the nature of activism. In contrast to previous approaches, this work shows that transnational social movement spillover can result in the expansion of contention without radicalizing those actors already involved. This case demonstrates the theoretical importance of the spillover process and offers lessons for future climate activism.
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Pukinaitė, Vaida. „Palankiausios dimensijos „sveikata visose politikose“ požiūrio taikymui“. Health Policy and Management 1, Nr. 8 (03.07.2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13165/spv-15-1-8-01.
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The main strategic documents in Lithuania are based on Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach and aim to reduce social inequalities in health. However, there is still no consensus on an instrument of effective implementation or optimal and comprehensive HiAP implementation model. By using HiAP approach, governments, health and other sectors can choose from a wide range of tools, methods, policy instruments and strategies. Therefore, this article aims to identify, summarize and analyze the conducive dimensions for successful efforts of HiAP. The main idea of this article is to show that the generalization of major dimensions of HiAP can contribute to the formation of theoretical and practical HiAP model in Lithuania. HiAP dimensions in this context are understood as the main tools and methods of HiAP, which are significant for HiAP efforts and determine conducive HiAP implementation. This article aims to analyze the concept of HiAP, to show its historical development and examine the conducive dimensions for successful efforts of HiAP. Methods of scientific literature and case study analysis as well as analysis of the Lithuanian legislation and EU legislation and generalization are used in this article.<br />The examination of HiAP concept from the historical and present perspective showed that this approach is derived from the changes in the health concept used in international academic and practical discourse. Moreover, HiAP approach is shaped by the transnational and national commitments, international health declarations, treaties and agreements. HiAP approach focuses on the contribution of public policies to the maintenance and improvement of public health. In order to implement this approach, possibilities must be provided for various public sectors to affect health; cooperation techniques and mechanisms must be developed to coordinate the actions of various institutions, and the inclusion of the stakeholders in decision-making and development processes of public health must be encouraged. The analysis of measures and methods of HiAP allows drawing the conclusion that the conducive dimensions for successful efforts of HiAP are as follows: windows of opportunities and the promotion of the priority of health; cross-sectorial and inter-institutional cooperation and the participation of all sectors; the new role of the health sector and health sector’s leadership; shared benefits, determinants across sectors and overlapping indicators; the context and the external and internal factors.
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XUE, GAO, REN YIXIN, LI XIN und ZHANG XIAOYAN. „Multiple Spillovers of Economic Policy Uncertainty: A Transnational Analysis“. ECONOMIC COMPUTATION AND ECONOMIC CYBERNETICS STUDIES AND RESEARCH 54, Nr. 2/2020 (18.06.2020): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/18423264/54.2.20.06.
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Okungbowa, Eki. „‘Womb for Rent’: Socio-Cultural Implications of Reproductive Tourism in India“. Alberta Academic Review 2, Nr. 3 (17.12.2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/aar111.
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Background
Commercial surrogacy in India has become an increasingly controversial human rights and global health issue. Indian women living in dire poverty are the most vulnerable group in this transnational phenomenon. Reproductive tourism can be defined as the process whereby affluent people predominately from Global North countries (i.e., Canada) seek assisted reproduction in the Global South (in this case, India), to accomplish fertility and kinship formation goals while remaining oblivious to the inevitable social issues associated with this international trade.
Objective
This paper investigates how the media and academic anthropological research present current understandings of biotechnology, family, and kinship regarding commercial surrogacy. I argue that reproductive tourism is a multifaceted social issue with significant socio-cultural implications for kinship in India and the Global North, by being rooted in a gendered division of labour, culturally-specific belief systems, technological advancement, race and class stratification, capitalist structures, and globalization.
Methods
Although reproductive tourism is indeed interdisciplinary in nature, this project explicitly took an anthropological and global health approach to understanding its impacts on kinship in local and global communities. With regards to researcher positionality, I played an outsider role in understanding Indian women and the cultural context in India. I critically and reflexively analyzed diverse media sources that offered insights on reproductive tourism in India within the domains outlined in my thesis statement. These media sources were found online, and included mainstream media outlets, news articles, articles by journalists and social activists, websites for organizations of interest, corporate sources, blogs, videos, documentaries, and images. I used scholarly articles in anthropology as ethnographic evidence to support, challenge, or extend claims reported by the media. Academic sources included peer-reviewed publications, books, open access materials, grey literature, academic websites, and legal documents. I qualitatively compared and contrasted the presented narratives to conduct a secondary analysis of scholarly literature and media reports, and constructed valid arguments about the current state of reproductive tourism in India.
Results
The commodification of reproductive labour has had vast impacts on the cultural meanings of kinship in India and Global North countries. Reproductive tourism in India is evidence that culture influences biological, reproductive, and technological processes and how they are perceived in contemporary times. Technology and globalization were found to be propellers of commercial surrogacy that transcend international borders. Expectations related to family formation and gender within Western contexts, and Western forms of kinship contribute to the commercial surrogacy industry. Reproductive tourism perpetuates hierarchies along the lines of race and class, and Indian women face exploitation and serious health risks despite being paid for their reproductive labour.
Conclusion
Transnational surrogacy must be perceived by governments as a public matter rather than a private one, in order to adequately derive holistic solutions to halt the exploitation of vulnerable Indian women while balancing the desire of infertile individuals to utilize surrogacy as a means of kinship formation.
Update
This research paper was written in March 2018. As of December 2018, commercial surrogacy is illegal in India. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2018 is an attempt by the Indian government to control the industry and associated issues such as the exploitation of poor women and unprecedented health consequences. This law and policy shift by the Indian government affirms the importance of this research.
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Stone, Diane. „The Group of 20 transnational policy community: governance networks, policy analysis and think tanks“. International Review of Administrative Sciences 81, Nr. 4 (20.04.2015): 793–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852314558035.
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Kalogirou, Maya R., Sherry Dahlke, Sandra Davidson und Shelby Yamamoto. „Integrating planetary health into healthcare: A document analysis“. Health Policy 125, Nr. 6 (Juni 2021): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.04.002.
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Noyori-Corbett, Chie, und David P. Moxley. „A transnational feminist policy analysis of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act“. International Journal of Social Welfare 26, Nr. 2 (12.06.2016): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12217.
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Nandi, Rakesh, Sujit Kumar Samanta und Chesoong Kim. „Analysis of \begin{document}$ D $\end{document}-\begin{document}$ BMAP/G/1 $\end{document} queueing system under \begin{document}$ N $\end{document}-policy and its cost optimization“. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization 13, Nr. 5 (2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/jimo.2020135.
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Hard, Natasha, Paige Lee und Sue Dockett. „Mapping the Policy Landscape of Australian Early Childhood Education Policy through Document Analysis“. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 43, Nr. 2 (Juni 2018): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23965/ajec.43.2.01.
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WHILE MUCH HAS BEEN written about recent reforms in Australian early childhood education (birth to five) policy, less attention has been directed towards the changes across the whole early childhood period (birth to eight) and potential links between policy covering the prior-to-school and early school years. The near-concurrent introduction of two national curriculum documents covering these sectors has provided opportunities to explore such links. Recognising that such national approaches do not emerge from a vacuum, we identified a wide range of additional documents that contributed to the history, development, implementation and evaluation of the national curriculum documents, with the aim of exploring the links across these and the policy imperatives guiding these. Qualitative Document Analysis was used to manage the overwhelming number of related documents that were identified. In this paper, we share the processes used in the descriptive coding of a large corpus of documents, and reflect on the advantages and challenges encountered. We share these reflections not only as a means of contributing to discussions about the nature and impact of early childhood policy, but also to provide a transparent basis for future analyses.
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Quak, Sander, Johan Heilbron und Romke van der Veen. „Has globalization eroded firms’ responsibility for their employees? A sociological analysis of transnational firms’ corporate social responsibility policies concerning their employees in the Netherlands, 1980–2010“. Business and Politics 14, Nr. 3 (Oktober 2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0020.
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Since the 1970s many firms expanded their operations across national borders and were restructured to fit the changing economic conditions during these times of economic globalization. Using a sociological approach to transnational firms, in this article the authors research the consequences of these developments for the responsibility of two transnational firms towards their employees in the Netherlands. These firms experienced a shift in their dual embeddedness in national and transnational economic fields, with the latter gaining importance. In response, they adjusted their corporate policies and structure to fit the competitive conditions of these fields, causing a centralization of their corporate labor policy on the transnational level, the polarization of this policy and the instrumentalization of labor and labor policy. This also meant that their responsibility for their employees was restructured and reduced.
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Ahrens, Petra. „Qualitative network analysis: A useful tool for investigating policy networks in transnational settings?“ Methodological Innovations 11, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 205979911876981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059799118769816.
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An essential characteristic of political systems is the coexistence and interdependence of formal and informal policy networks. This article describes applying qualitative network analysis as an innovative method of gathering discursive forms of data on maintaining complex transnational networks in the everyday work of individual actors. Complementary to social network analysis, qualitative network analysis allows collecting details on (a) the meaning individual actors attach to their network ties and the network as a whole, (b) data on informal policy networks not available through quantitative analysis, and (c) an insider view on the relationship between informal and formal policy networks. The article contributes to developing new methodological techniques in studying the European Union policy-making by illustrating opportunities and challenges of qualitative network analysis for studying transnational policy networks.
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Hofem, Andreas, und Sebastian Heilmann. „Bringing the Low-Carbon Agenda to China: A Study in Transnational Policy Diffusion“. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 42, Nr. 1 (März 2013): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261304200108.
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This study traces the transnational interactions that contributed to introducing the low-carbon economy agenda into Chinese policymaking. A microprocessual two-level analysis (outside-in as well as inside-access) is employed to analyse transnational and domestic exchanges. The study provides evidence that low-carbon agenda-setting – introduced by transnational actors, backed by foreign funding, promoted by policy entrepreneurs from domestic research institutes, propelled by top-level attention, but only gradually and cautiously adopted by the government bureaucracy – can be considered a case of effective transnational diffusion based on converging perceptions of novel policy challenges and options. Opinion leaders and policy-brokers from the government-linked scientific community functioned as effective access points to the Chinese government's policy agenda.
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Cichowski, Rachel A. „Legal Mobilization, Transnational Activism, and Gender Equality in the EU“. Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 28, Nr. 02 (28.06.2013): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2013.22.
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Abstract This article examines how EU rights and laws serve as legal opportunity structures for women’s rights activists in Europe. Further, it examines what effects this transnational activism has on the permanence and inclusion of public interests and gender equality in EU legal and political processes. The analysis examines the legal domain of EU women’s rights over a thirty-year period. Methodologically, the study relies on case law analysis, primary document collections, and interviews with non-governmental organizations and governmental elites at both the EU and the national level. I ask how legal mobilization can serve as a catalyst for institutional change (by influencing litigation and legislative action), and how this effects subsequent EU-level women’s rights mobilization and public inclusion.
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Witte, Daniel. „Business for Climate: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Policy Support from Transnational Companies“. Global Environmental Politics 20, Nr. 4 (November 2020): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00560.
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Transnational companies (TNCs) are becoming increasingly influential in the global governance of climate change. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the factors that explain why some TNCs broadly support policies to tackle climate change, while others oppose them. This study subjects previous findings from small- N case studies to a more systematic fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). It investigates previous findings that link exposure to fossil fuels to policy opposition, and transnational operations, exposure to consumers, certain factors in the institutional environment, and pressure from investors to policy support. The study concludes that findings from small- N case literature can explain the necessary conditions for climate policy support in a larger set of TNCs from a wider variety of sectors and geographies beyond GHG-intensive sectors, such as retail, technology, and telecommunication. It concludes by suggesting areas and cases for further research.
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Cashman, Timothy G. „“In spite of the way the world is”“. International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 22, Nr. 1 (27.08.2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-11-2018-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide comparative perspectives on how educators teach issues that affect two countries with a history of governmental tensions. The investigation examines how teachers in Cuban classrooms engage in discourses on the recent developments in Cuban and US relations, including the teaching of historical and territorial issues. This research considers border pedagogy, critical border dialogism and critical border praxis as approaches for those who educate on the effects of US international policies. Ultimately, pragmatic hope offers the possibilities for an emergent third space for Cuban and US relations, including educational exchanges. Design/methodology/approach The research took place in Cuba during an educational exchange to Cuban secondary and university educational sites. Cuban educators of pedagogy and social education engaged in dialogue and shared information on how they address US international policies during their classroom discussions. The researcher employed methodologies that followed Stake’s (2000) model for a substantive case study. Impressions, data, records and salient elements at the observed site were recorded. Transcriptions were documented for face-to-face interviews and hour-long focus group sessions. Participants also logged responses to written survey questions. The study focused on how Cuban educators taught, discussed and addressed the US international policies in classrooms. Findings Heteroglossia, meliorism, critical cosmopolitanism, nepantla, dialogic feminism and pragmatic hope were components of the data analysis. Heteroglossia was an essential consideration throughout the study as multiple interpretations of Cuban and US interconnectedness emerged. Meliorism factored into Cuban educators’ commitments to their professions. Critical cosmopolitanism developed as educators put forth different conceptualizations of human rights and democracy. Nepantla emerged as a key aspect as indigenous and self-determined viewpoints emerged. Dialogic feminism was preeminent as patriarchy continues to exist, despite a new awareness of gender roles and gender violence. Pragmatic hope offers possibilities for a transnational community of inquiry and collaboration. Research limitations/implications The most obvious limitation to this study is, as a case study, the limited scope of perception. Practical implications If future relations between Cuban and the US are deemed uncertain, critical border praxis has an essential role in addressing new sets of uncertainties. This study recommends that educational communities engage in discourses addressing ongoing issues facing the dynamic, fluid border environs. Critical border praxis provides conditions in which we, as educators and members of diverse communities of learners, become cross-borders and broaden the possibilities to achieve what had been considered the unattainable. Resources need to be prioritized and redirected toward educational efforts on national, state and local levels so critical border praxis becomes a reality. Social implications Through transnational and transborder engagements, such as educational exchanges, both US and Cuban educators are provided opportunities to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of their own educational systems. The role of education, formal and informal, then serves to transform perceptions one-by-one, school-by-school, community-by-community and to influence policy makers to reconstruct education country-by-country as part of pragmatic hope for an enduring Pax Universalis. Pax Universalis serves as a third space where transborder students and educators alike are positioned as co-creators of knowledge and agents of change. Originality/value This study proposes a new emergent third space resulting from critical border dialogism that utilizes border pedagogy and critical pedagogies of place to seek new zones of mutual respect and cooperation among educators. Common educational understandings are the key starting point for a critical border praxis that facilitates ongoing dialogue between the two countries and offers pragmatic hope for the futures of both nations and opportunities to ameliorate relationships. An emergent third space is possible through sustained critical border praxis, a praxis that seeks to address points of contention and the bridges that need crossing between the two neighboring countries.
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Shnukal, Anna. „A Failed Experiment: Okinawan Indents and the Postwar Torres Strait Pearlshelling Industry, 1958–1963“. International Labor and Working-Class History 99 (2021): 122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547920000307.
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AbstractThroughout its European history, Australia has solved recurrent labor shortages by importing workers from overseas. Situated on shipping lanes between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the northern Australian pearlshelling industry became a significant locus of second-wave transnational labor flows (1870–1940) and by the 1880s was dependent on indentured workers from the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Exempted from the racially discriminatory Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, indentured Asian seamen, principally Japanese, maintained the industry until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941. The Torres Strait pearlshelling industry, centered on Thursday Island in Far North Queensland, resumed in 1946 amid general agreement that the Japanese must not return. Nevertheless, in 1958, 162 Okinawan pearling indents arrived on Thursday Island in a controversial attempt to restore the industry's declining fortunes. This article is intended as a contribution to the history of transnational labor movements. It consults a range of sources to document this “Okinawan experiment,” the last large-scale importation of indentured Asian labor into Australia. It examines Australian Commonwealth-state tensions in formulating and adopting national labor policy; disputes among Queensland policy makers; the social characteristics of the Okinawan cohort; and local Indigenous reactions. Also discussed are the economics of labor in the final years of the Torres Strait pearling industry. This study thus extends our knowledge of transnational labor movements and the intersection of early postwar Australian-Asian relations with Queensland Indigenous labor policy. It also foreshadows contemporary Indigenous demands for control of local marine resources.
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Cheung, K. Katherine, Masoud Mirzaei und Stephen Leeder. „Health policy analysis: a tool to evaluate in policy documents the alignment between policy statements and intended outcomes“. Australian Health Review 34, Nr. 4 (2010): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09767.
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Objective. Health policy analysis remains surprisingly undeveloped in Australia given the power that policy exercises over the direction of public health. This paper describes the use of a policy analysis tool to evaluate the alignment between policy statements and intended outcomes of principal chronic illness policy documents in New South Wales (NSW) from 1999 to 2008. In doing so, it demonstrates the utility of a set of predefined criteria for use in retrospective policy analysis and potential for use in reviewing policy proposals and making future health policies. Methods. We analysed the major health policy for the care of people with chronic disease in NSW, the Chronic Care Program, using a modified set of existing criteria derived from the logic of events theoretical framework, which conceptualises the connection between policy determinants and outcomes. A document map was also developed to identify linkages between the policy documents analysed. Results. Internal validity, the alignment between policy statements and intended outcomes, was highest for policy background and goal-setting criteria, and lowest for accessibility, resources, public opportunities and monitoring and evaluation criteria. The use of document mapping was vital in determining linkages between the closely related policy documents of this complex initiative. Conclusions. The use of predefined criteria to identify in policy documents where policy statements are not consistent with intended outcomes, in conjunction with policy mapping, are useful methods of analysing complex policy initiatives. In the Australian context, the use of a validated policy-analysis tool might help achieve greater consistency. Implications. The use of a tool during policy development to identify in policy documents where statements are not consistent with intended outcomes may increase the likelihood of the successful implementation of future health policy. The tool can also assist those who make and review future policies. What is known about the topic?Chronic diseases are an increasing burden on the Australian community and effective policy is required for their prevention and management. Evidence-based policy making has much potential in effecting policy impact yet there is very little Australian research into policy making. Health policy analysis has been conducted in the past but there has not been an attempt to evaluate or analyse the documents that communicate policy in NSW. What does this paper add?This is the first attempt to analyse the policy documentation of a major health initiative for internal validity, that is, the alignment between policy statements and intended outcomes. It offers a framework that may be used to assess policy documents and demonstrates the utility of document maps to identify policy linkages. What are the implications for practitioners?The use of a predefined set of criteria highlights opportunities where policies such as the NSW Chronic Care Program can potentially be strengthened. The criteria can be used by reviewers of policy proposals to find where policy documents can be improved to better reflect their intention. This may increase the chance of successful implementation. Document maps may clarify the relationships between policy documents in policy-rich programs and improve their accessibility to target audiences.
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Putri, Respati Triana, und Nanda Bayu Pamungkas. „Indonesia's Selective Policy Against Illegal Immigrants In The Framework Of Asean Cooperation“. Journal of Law and Border Protection 2, Nr. 1 (29.05.2020): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v2i1.187.
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The chaos that has occurred in several countries has resulted in population displacement aimed at finding new safe and conducive places to live. For example, this chaos is like war, bloody conflict, genocide, and so on. So that many people from conflict countries migrate to other countries to achieve a better standard of living. However, sometimes they do the migration without following the procedure or they are called illegal immigrants. Indonesia is one of the developing countries and transit countries where the geographical condition of Indonesia which is in the form of an archipelago makes access to and out of the country more freely and open. With this, the potential for transnational (transnational) crime increases. The potential of the Indonesian state in the occurrence of transnational crimes is an interesting matter to discuss. In this paper, the authors use normative legal research methods with qualitative data collection juxtaposed with descriptive analysis techniques so that the existing problems regarding transnational crimes can be presented comprehensively and informatively. So to deal with this problem, countries in ASEAN are demanded to be able to play an active role in taking preventive steps to prevent and minimize transnational crime in ASEAN countries and Indonesia.
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Bakaki, Zorzeta. „Climate Variability and Transnational Migration: A Dyadic Analysis“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 1 (05.01.2021): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010405.
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This research builds upon and extends earlier research by studying whether people leave their homes and migrate to other states due to weather changes associated with climate variability. In particular, I examine how push and pull factors jointly influence emigration. Empirically, the theoretical arguments are analysed quantitatively with time-series cross-section data on transnational migration since the 1960s. The results suggest that climate indicators are strongly and robustly associated with transnational migration. The dyadic nature of the analysis allows for a close examination of patterns across pairs of countries by clearly distinguishing between “source” and “destination.” Controlling for unobserved influences via country and year fixed effects, as well as a series of robustness checks, further increases the confidence in this finding. This research substantially improves our understanding of climate-induced migration and emphasizes that it is, in fact, a global phenomenon.