Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Translations into Kirghiz“

It is a well-known fact that the Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia and Siberia possess a rich heritage of oral epic poetry. Much has been written down, and in some areas the oral tradition of epic poetry is still flourishing today. While a few of the early texts, written down in the 19th century, are available in older German translations (A. Schiefner, W. Radloff), the majority of these epics can only be accessed either in their original language or (in some cases) in Russian translation. Translations of Turkic oral epics into European languages such as English, German or French are urgently needed in order to familiarize epic scholars outside the Turkic- or Russianspeaking world with this important corpus. Translating Turkic epics into European languages poses, however, a number of problems. In the following some of these problems are identified and discussed with reference to my translations of the Uzbek oral epics Ravshan and Alpamysh into German, the Karakalpak epic Edige and the Kirghiz epic Manas both into English. ´The latter translation is still ongoing; two volumes have so far been completed. The translation problems concern basic methodological questions such as the choice between a literary and a literal translation and the strategies available to overcome differences in linguistic structure between the source languages and the target languages. An important element in translation is not only the linguistic, but also the stylistic level of the text. In addition, a translation has to pay attention to paralinguistic aspects (e.g., music and performance modes) and to the cultural world of the original. The translator is not only a mediator between languages, but also between cultures.

Research objectives: Introduction of archival materials for the history of the Jewish communities of Crimea in the Middle Ages and Modern Times into scientific discourse. Research materials: Study of funds of the Russian State Historical Archives (RGIA, St. Petersburg) and State Archives of the Republic of Crimea (GARK, Simferopol) resulted in the introduction of the materials related to the history of the Karaite community of Kyrk-Yer (Chufut-Kale) into scientific discourse. This includes little-known translations of yarliqs and fermans, securing the legal and economic status, issued at different times by the Crimean khans to representatives of the Karaite community. The translations into Russian were made in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century by representatives of Russian academic circles, orientalists, historians, as well as officials of the institutions of the Taurida Governorate. Results and scientific novelty: The study considers a number of little-known documents related to the history of the Crimean Khanate, found in the archival collections of the Russian Federation. One of the earliest translations into Russian of the yarliq of the Crimean Khan Selyamet-Girey I (1608) from the collection of the Russian orientalist and statesman V.V. Grigoriev was discovered in fund No. 853 “Vasily Vasilyevich Grigoriev (1816–1881), professor of the history of the East of St. Petersburg University, governor of the Orenburg Kirghiz region, head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA)”. This document is particularly important because its original has not survived. Additionally, materials of the fund 241 “Taurida and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Government” of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (GARK) were found to contain documents, reporting the translations of the decisions of the “Kadiasker court”, as well as fermans to the Kyrk-Yer Jewish community of khans: Saadet-Girey I (1524), Inayet-Girey (1635), Mohammed-Girey IV (1642), Murad-Girey (1678–1683) and Saadet-Girey IV (1717–1724). The appendices to the article contain the full texts of the translations of the khan’s fermans into Russian made in the late 19th – early 20th centuries with the participation of prominent Russian orientalists. These documents are a valuable source for the scientific reconstruction of the past of the old nations of the Crimean peninsula in the Middle Ages and Modern Times, as well as the economic and legal life of representatives of various categories of the communities of the Crimean Khanate.

The article discusses the principles of designing of a multilingual educational terminological dictionary in the customs sphere for the Russian-Belarusian-Kazakh-Kirghiz-Armenian language pairs. The dictionary is planned in electronic format and is intended for the University of Tyumen’s students majoring in Customs. A review of the existing dictionaries of the customs subject area is made. The prerequisites for compiling such a dictionary are analyzed: both in the professional customs domain and from a linguistic point of view. The thematic criteria for determining the boundaries of the discourse of the named subject area are described, the principles of modeling the elements of discourse are listed. The corpus-based study (AntConc, SketchEngine) describes the qualitative and quantitative principles of determining the coverage of discourse, algorithms for the formation of the general population and the sample size, the selection of relevant terminological units for the dictionary. Lexicographic work involves the consideration of different types of sources: (a) official documents (standards, program documents of the EAEU, regulatory legal acts, agreements on international treaties, protocols of meetings of the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council); (b) official websites of the customs services of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan; (c) scientific/educational texts (summary monographs, articles in relevant specialized journals, new research in the field of customs studies); (d) dictionaries and encyclopedias. Each term has been selected on the basis of importance and usage within an area of the customs sphere. This dictionary will include various types of information: multilingual equivalents of terms, references to synonyms, antonyms, hypohyperonyms, and abbreviations. An ideographic dictionary - built using the corpus approach - will allow (a) analysing and structuring key concepts and trends in a simplified form using equivalents, pointers and links that reflect the subject area of the customs sphere; (b) collecting the minimum number of terminological units of real usage that are most effective in professional communication. (c) solving the problems posed by the different lexicalization of the same concepts in different languages. Quantitative and systemic criteria were used for this purpose. The learner’s dictionary can help students to understand and translate terminological texts, perform more effectively in a multilingual workplace, and advance knowledge in professional communication. The results can be applied not only to terminology representation, but also to terminography, documentation and translation. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.