Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Translation de signal à signal“
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Finidori, J., L. Rizzolo, A. Gonzalez, G. Kreibich, M. Adesnik und D. D. Sabatini. „The influenza hemagglutinin insertion signal is not cleaved and does not halt translocation when presented to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as part of a translocating polypeptide.“ Journal of Cell Biology 104, Nr. 6 (01.06.1987): 1705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.104.6.1705.
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The co-translational insertion of polypeptides into endoplasmic reticulum membranes may be initiated by cleavable amino-terminal insertion signals, as well as by permanent insertion signals located at the amino-terminus or in the interior of a polypeptide. To determine whether the location of an insertion signal within a polypeptide affects its function, possibly by affecting its capacity to achieve a loop disposition during its insertion into the membrane, we have investigated the functional properties of relocated insertion signals within chimeric polypeptides. An artificial gene encoding a polypeptide (THA-HA), consisting of the luminal domain of the influenza hemagglutinin preceded by its amino-terminal signal sequence and linked at its carboxy-terminus to an intact prehemagglutinin polypeptide, was constructed and expressed in in vitro translation systems containing microsomal membranes. As expected, the amino-terminal signal initiated co-translational insertion of the hybrid polypeptide into the membranes. The second, identical, interiorized signal, however, was not recognized by the signal peptidase and was translocated across the membrane. The failure of the interiorized signal to be cleaved may be attributed to the fact that it enters the membrane as part of a translocating polypeptide and therefore cannot achieve the loop configuration that is thought to be adopted by signals that initiate insertion. The finding that the interiorized signal did not halt translocation of downstream sequences, even though it contains a hydrophobic region and must enter the membrane in the same configuration as natural stop-transfer signals, indicates that the HA insertion signal lacks essential elements of halt transfer signals that makes the latter effective membrane-anchoring domains. When the amino-terminal insertion signal of the THA-HA chimera was deleted, the interior signal was incapable of mediating insertion, probably because of steric hindrance by the folded preceding portions of the chimera. Several chimeras were constructed in which the interiorized signal was preceded by polypeptide segments of various lengths. A signal preceded by a segment of 111 amino acids was also incapable of initiating insertion, but insertion took place normally when the segment preceding the signal was only 11-amino acids long.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Rong, Chao, Dingfan Zhang, Yuwen Cao und Zhengbin Li. „Analyze the Difference Between Rotational and Translational Motions Produced by High-speed Train“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2651, Nr. 1 (01.12.2023): 012141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2651/1/012141.
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Abstract The development of fiber optic gyroscope technology makes it possible to directly measure the rotational ground-motion. The joint observation of the three-component rotational seismometer and the traditional three-component translational seismometer is a trend of future. In this paper, the translational and rotational signals generated during the high-speed trainway are studied, and the three-component translational and rotational seismometers are fixed together to realize the joint recording of the high-speed trainway signal. Comparing the translational and rotational three-component data, we find that only one component waveforms and the spectrum have certain consistency. However, the difference between them indicates that the rotation and translation signals generated by the shallow surface wave signal have different frequency bands.
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Pah, Nemuel D., und Dinesh Kant Kumar. „Thresholding Wavelet Networks for Signal Classification“. International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 01, Nr. 03 (September 2003): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691303000220.
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This paper reports a new signal classification tool, a modified wavelet network called Thresholding Wavelet Networks (TWN). The network is designed for the purposes of classifying signals. The philosophy of the technique is that often the difference between signals may not lie in the spectral or temporal region where the signal strength is high. Unlike other wavelet networks, this network does not concentrate necessarily on the high-energy region of the input signals. The network iteratively identifies the suitable wavelet coefficients (scale and translation) that best differentiate the different signals provided during training, irrespective of the ability of these coefficients to represent the signals. The network is not limited to the changes in temporal location of the signal identifiers. This paper also reports the testing of the network using simulated signals.
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Chen, Zhuo. „Signal Recognition for English Speech Translation Based on Improved Wavelet Denoising Method“. Advances in Mathematical Physics 2021 (18.09.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6811192.
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The signal corresponding to English speech contains a lot of redundant information and environmental interference information, which will produce a lot of distortion in the process of English speech translation signal recognition. Based on this, a large number of studies focus on encoding and processing English speech, so as to achieve high-precision speech recognition. The traditional wavelet denoising algorithm plays an obvious role in the recognition of English speech translation signals, which mainly depends on the excellent local time-frequency domain characteristics of the wavelet signal algorithm, but the traditional wavelet signal algorithm is still difficult to select the recognition threshold, and the recognition accuracy is easy to be affected. Based on this, this paper will improve the traditional wavelet denoising algorithm, abandon the single-threshold judgment of the original traditional algorithm, innovatively adopt the combination of soft threshold and hard threshold, further solve the distortion problem of the denoising algorithm in the process of English speech translation signal recognition, improve the signal-to-noise ratio of English speech recognition, and further reduce the root mean square error of the signal. Good noise reduction effect is realized, and the accuracy of speech recognition is improved. In the experiment, the algorithm is compared with the traditional algorithm based on MATLAB simulation software. The simulation results are consistent with the actual theoretical results. At the same time, the algorithm proposed in this paper has obvious advantages in the recognition accuracy of English speech translation signals, which reflects the superiority and practical value of the algorithm.
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Yang, Ying, und Yusen Wei. „RANDOM INTERPOLATION AVERAGE FOR ECG SIGNAL DENOISING USING MULTIPLE WAVELET BASES“. Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, Nr. 04 (August 2013): 1350042. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500427.
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The random interpolation average (RIA) is a simple yet good denoising method. It firstly employed several times of random interpolations to a noisy signal, then applied the wavelet transform (WT) denoising to each interpolated signal and averaged all of the denoised signals to finish the denoising process. In this paper, multiple wavelet bases and the level-dependent threshold estimator were used in the RIA scheme so that it can be more suitable for the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal denoising. The synthetic ECG signal, real ECG signal and four types of noise were used to perform comparison experiments. The results show that the proposed method can provide the best signal to noise ratio (SNR) improvement in the deoising applications of the synthetic ECG signal and the real ECG signals. For the real ECG signals denoising, the average SNR improvement is 5.886 dB, while the result of the RIA scheme with single wavelet basis (RIAS), the fully translation-invariant [TI (fully)] and the WT denoising using hard thresholding [WT (hard)] are 5.577, 5.274 and 3.484 dB, respectively.
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Lipp, J., N. Flint, M. T. Haeuptle und B. Dobberstein. „Structural requirements for membrane assembly of proteins spanning the membrane several times.“ Journal of Cell Biology 109, Nr. 5 (01.11.1989): 2013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.5.2013.
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We have investigated the structural requirements for the biogenesis of proteins spanning the membrane several times. Proteins containing various combinations of topological signals (signal anchor and stop transfer sequences) were synthesized in a cell-free translation system and their membrane topology was determined. Proteins spanning the membrane twice were obtained when a signal anchor sequence was followed by either a stop transfer sequence or a second signal anchor sequence. Thus, a signal anchor sequence in the second position can function as a stop transfer sequence, spanning the membrane in the opposite orientation to that of the first signal anchor sequence. A signal anchor sequence in the third position was able to insert amino acid sequences located COOH terminal to it. We conclude that proteins spanning the membrane several times can be generated by stringing together signal anchor and stop transfer sequences. However, not all proteins with three topological signals were found to span the membrane three times. A certain segment located between the first and second topological signal could prevent stable membrane integration of a third signal anchor segment.
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Shome, Debaditya, Pritam Sarkar und Ali Etemad. „Region-Disentangled Diffusion Model for High-Fidelity PPG-to-ECG Translation“. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, Nr. 13 (24.03.2024): 15009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i13.29422.
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The high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) calls for accessible and cost-effective continuous cardiac monitoring tools. Despite Electrocardiography (ECG) being the gold standard, continuous monitoring remains a challenge, leading to the exploration of Photoplethysmography (PPG), a promising but more basic alternative available in consumer wearables. This notion has recently spurred interest in translating PPG to ECG signals. In this work, we introduce Region-Disentangled Diffusion Model (RDDM), a novel diffusion model designed to capture the complex temporal dynamics of ECG. Traditional Diffusion models like Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM) face challenges in capturing such nuances due to the indiscriminate noise addition process across the entire signal. Our proposed RDDM overcomes such limitations by incorporating a novel forward process that selectively adds noise to specific regions of interest (ROI) such as QRS complex in ECG signals, and a reverse process that disentangles the denoising of ROI and non-ROI regions. Quantitative experiments demonstrate that RDDM can generate high-fidelity ECG from PPG in as few as 10 diffusion steps, making it highly effective and computationally efficient. Additionally, to rigorously validate the usefulness of the generated ECG signals, we introduce CardioBench, a comprehensive evaluation benchmark for a variety of cardiac-related tasks including heart rate and blood pressure estimation, stress classification, and the detection of atrial fibrillation and diabetes. Our thorough experiments show that RDDM achieves state-of-the-art performance on CardioBench. To the best of our knowledge, RDDM is the first diffusion model for cross-modal signal-to-signal translation in the bio-signal domain.
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Wild, Klemens, Matthias M. M. Becker, Georg Kempf und Irmgard Sinning. „Structure, dynamics and interactions of large SRP variants“. Biological Chemistry 401, Nr. 1 (18.12.2019): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0282.
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Abstract Co-translational protein targeting to membranes relies on the signal recognition particle (SRP) system consisting of a cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex and its membrane-associated receptor. SRP recognizes N-terminal cleavable signals or signal anchor sequences, retards translation, and delivers ribosome-nascent chain complexes (RNCs) to vacant translocation channels in the target membrane. While our mechanistic understanding is well advanced for the small bacterial systems it lags behind for the large bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic SRP variants including an Alu and an S domain. Here we describe recent advances on structural and functional insights in domain architecture, particle dynamics and interplay with RNCs and translocon and GTP-dependent regulation of co-translational protein targeting stimulated by SRP RNA.
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Warr, Paul A., und Alan M. Potter. „A Reduced-Complexity Mixer Linearization Scheme“. Research Letters in Communications 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/541084.
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Measurement results of the signals emanating from both IF and LO ports of a double balanced mixer are presented, and, thus, it is shown that the linearization of the output in a down-converting mixer by the summation of the IF signal and the signal emanating from the LO or RF port is feasible. Feedforward-based architectures for the linearization of down-conversion mixers are introduced that exploit this phenomenon, and linearity performance results of the frequency translation of both two-tone and TETRA-modulated signals are presented. This technique employs only a single mixer and hence overcomes the complexity of other mixer linearization schemes. The overall processing gain of the system is limited by the level of wanted signal present in the error signal.
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Robinson, A., O. M. R. Westwood und B. M. Austen. „Interactions of signal peptides with signal-recognition particle“. Biochemical Journal 266, Nr. 1 (15.02.1990): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2660149.
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The mechanisms whereby isolated or synthetic signal peptides inhibit processing of newly synthesized prolactin in microsome-supplemented lysates from reticulocytes and wheat-germ were investigated. At a concentration of 5 microM, a consensus signal peptide reverses the elongation arrest imposed by the signal-recognition particle (SRP), and at higher concentrations in addition inhibits elongation of both secretory and non-secretory proteins. A photoreactive form of a synthetic signal peptide cross-links under u.v. illumination to the 54 kDa and 68 kDa subunits of SRP, whereas the major cross-linked protein produced after photoreaction of rough microsomes is of 45 kDa. As SRP-mediated elongation arrest is unlikely to be essential for translocation, it is suggested that signal peptides may interact with components other than SRP in the translation system in vitro.
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Mazo, Chantell, und Jamie C. Theobald. „To keep on track during flight, fruitflies discount the skyward view“. Biology Letters 10, Nr. 2 (Februar 2014): 20131103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.1103.
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When small flying insects go off their intended course, they use the resulting pattern of motion on their eye, or optic flow, to guide corrective steering. A change in heading generates a unique, rotational motion pattern and a change in position generates a translational motion pattern, and each produces corrective responses in the wingbeats. Any image in the flow field can signal rotation, but owing to parallax, only the images of nearby objects can signal translation. Insects that fly near the ground might therefore respond more strongly to translational optic flow that occurs beneath them, as the nearby ground will produce strong optic flow. In these experiments, rigidly tethered fruitflies steered in response to computer-generated flow fields. When correcting for unintended rotations, flies weight the motion in their upper and lower visual fields equally. However, when correcting for unintended translations, flies weight the motion in the lower visual fields more strongly. These results are consistent with the interpretation that fruitflies stabilize by attending to visual areas likely to contain the strongest signals during natural flight conditions.
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Kolakowski, Marcin, Vitomir Djaja-Josko, Jerzy Kolakowski und Jacek Cichocki. „Wrist-to-Tibia/Shoe Inertial Measurement Results Translation Using Neural Networks“. Sensors 24, Nr. 1 (03.01.2024): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24010293.
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Most of the established gait evaluation methods use inertial sensors mounted in the lower limb area (tibias, ankles, shoes). Such sensor placement gives good results in laboratory conditions but is hard to apply in everyday scenarios due to the sensors’ fragility and the user’s comfort. The paper presents an algorithm that enables translation of the inertial signal measurements (acceleration and angular velocity) registered with a wrist-worn sensor to signals, which would be obtained if the sensor was worn on a tibia or a shoe. Four different neural network architectures are considered for that purpose: Dense and CNN autoencoders, a CNN-LSTM hybrid, and a U-Net-based model. The performed experiments have shown that the CNN autoencoder and U-Net can be successfully applied for inertial signal translation purposes. Estimating gait parameters based on the translated signals yielded similar results to those obtained based on shoe-sensor signals.
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Jiang, Hongkai, Zheng Jia He, Chendong Duan und Xue Feng Chen. „Gearbox Fault Diagnosis Using Adaptive Redundant Second Generation Wavelet“. Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.95.
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Vibration signals acquired from a gearbox usually are complex, and it is difficult to detect the symptoms of an inherent fault in a gearbox. In this paper, an adaptive redundant second generation wavelet (ARSGW) based on second generation wavelet (SGW) is developed. It adopts data-based optimization algorithm to design the initial prediction operator and update operator at each scale. The initial operators are interpolated with zero, and then the redundant prediction operator and update operator are obtained. The splitting step in ARSGW is removed, the approximation signal at each scale is predicted and updated with redundant prediction operator and update operator directly, and the length of approximation signal and detail signal at every scale remains the same, ARSGW eliminates translation variance of SGW. Since the redundant prediction operator and update operator lock on to the dominant structure of the signal, ARSGW can well reveal the characteristics of the signal in time domain. ARSGW is found to be very effective in detection of symptoms from the vibration signal of a large air compressor gearbox with impact rub fault. SGW is also used to analyze the same signal for comparison, no modulation signals and periodic impulses appear at any scale.
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Abdulwahab, Samaa S., Hussain K. Khleaf und Manal H. Jassim. „A Survey in Implementation and Applications of Electroencephalograph (EEG)-Based Brain-Computer Interface“. Engineering and Technology Journal 39, Nr. 7 (25.07.2021): 1117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i7.1854.
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A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is an external system that controls activities and processes in the physical world based on brain signals. In Passive BCI, artificial signals are automatically generated by a computer program without any input from nerves in the body. This is useful for individuals with mobility issues. Traditional BCI has been dependent only on recording brain signals with Electroencephalograph (EEG) and has used a rule-based translation algorithm to generate control commands. These systems have developed very accurate translation systems. This paper is about the different methods for adapting the signals from the brain. It has been mentioned that various kinds of surveys in the past to serve the purpose of the present research. This paper shows a simple and easy analysis of each technique and its respective benefits and drawbacks, including signal acquisition, signal pre-processing, feature classification and classification. Finally, discussed is the application of EEG-based BCI.
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Satoh, Ryosuke. „Regulation of translation initiation via signal transduction“. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 147, Nr. 6 (2016): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.147.368.
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Frederickson, Robert M., und Nahum Sonenberg. „Signal transduction and regulation of translation initiation“. Seminars in Cell Biology 3, Nr. 2 (April 1992): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-4682(10)80020-0.
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Dougherty, Shannon E., Austin O. Maduka, Toshifumi Inada und Gustavo M. Silva. „Expanding Role of Ubiquitin in Translational Control“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, Nr. 3 (09.02.2020): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031151.
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The eukaryotic proteome has to be precisely regulated at multiple levels of gene expression, from transcription, translation, and degradation of RNA and protein to adjust to several cellular conditions. Particularly at the translational level, regulation is controlled by a variety of RNA binding proteins, translation and associated factors, numerous enzymes, and by post-translational modifications (PTM). Ubiquitination, a prominent PTM discovered as the signal for protein degradation, has newly emerged as a modulator of protein synthesis by controlling several processes in translation. Advances in proteomics and cryo-electron microscopy have identified ubiquitin modifications of several ribosomal proteins and provided numerous insights on how this modification affects ribosome structure and function. The variety of pathways and functions of translation controlled by ubiquitin are determined by the various enzymes involved in ubiquitin conjugation and removal, by the ubiquitin chain type used, by the target sites of ubiquitination, and by the physiologic signals triggering its accumulation. Current research is now elucidating multiple ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms of translational control, including ribosome biogenesis, ribosome degradation, ribosome-associated protein quality control (RQC), and redox control of translation by ubiquitin (RTU). This review discusses the central role of ubiquitin in modulating the dynamism of the cellular proteome and explores the molecular aspects responsible for the expanding puzzle of ubiquitin signals and functions in translation.
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Harfiya, Latifa Nabila, Ching-Chun Chang und Yung-Hui Li. „Continuous Blood Pressure Estimation Using Exclusively Photopletysmography by LSTM-Based Signal-to-Signal Translation“. Sensors 21, Nr. 9 (23.04.2021): 2952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092952.
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Monitoring continuous BP signal is an important issue, because blood pressure (BP) varies over days, minutes, or even seconds for short-term cases. Most of photoplethysmography (PPG)-based BP estimation methods are susceptible to noise and only provides systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) prediction. Here, instead of estimating a discrete value, we focus on different perspectives to estimate the whole waveform of BP. We propose a novel deep learning model to learn how to perform signal-to-signal translation from PPG to arterial blood pressure (ABP). Furthermore, using a raw PPG signal only as the input, the output of the proposed model is a continuous ABP signal. Based on the translated ABP signal, we extract the SBP and DBP values accordingly to ease the comparative evaluation. Our prediction results achieve average absolute error under 5 mmHg, with 70% confidence for SBP and 95% confidence for DBP without complex feature engineering. These results fulfill the standard from Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and the British Hypertension Society (BHS) with grade A. From the results, we believe that our model is applicable and potentially boosts the accuracy of an effective signal-to-signal continuous blood pressure estimation.
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Maloney, Michael, Emrah Ilker Ozay, Amy Merino, Andrea Silva, Amber Martin, Sanjana Manja, Madhav Upadhyay et al. „211 SQZ™ eAPCs generated from PBMCs by delivery of multiple mRNAs encoding for antigens, costimulatory proteins, and engineered cytokines“. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.211.
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BackgroundAntigen-specific CD8+ T cells are critical components of mounting an effective immune response against tumors. Generation of antigen-specific T cells require interactions with multiple signals produced by antigen presenting cells (APCs). These signals are comprised of three components: (signal 1) the peptide-MHC complex binding to the T cell receptor, (signal 2) costimulatory molecules on the surface of APCs, and (signal 3) inflammatory cytokines binding to cognate receptors on T cells.MethodsTo engineer all major cell subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to become enhanced APCs (eAPCs), we used Cell Squeeze® technology to deliver multiple mRNA encoding for non-self-antigens (signal 1), CD86 (signal 2), and/or membrane-bound cytokines (signal 3). The signal 3 molecules, membrane-bound IL-12 (mbIL-12) and membrane-bound IL-2 (mbIL-2), are chimeric proteins designed to increase the localized concentration of the cytokines and limit off-target effects. Flow cytometry and western blots were used to confirm the translation of each of the delivered mRNA. The increased capabilities of these enhanced APCs were assessed in vitro by culturing the APCs with antigen-specific T cells for multiple days before measuring the functionality of antigen-specific T cells via intracellular cytokine staining or ELISA.ResultsWe demonstrate that Cell Squeeze® processing of PBMCs with mRNA encoding for signals 1, 2, and 3 results in highly effective enhanced APCs in vitro. In a single squeeze process, efficient delivery and translation of up to five mRNA is observed in all major PBMC cell subsets including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes. Once translated, the chimeric mbIL-2 and mbIL-12 can bind to their cognate receptors and exhibit minimal shedding from the surface. We show that enhanced APCs can present antigenic peptides derived from mRNA encoding for a foreign antigen on MHC complexes in an HLA agnostic manner, which drives antigen-specific T cell responses. The addition of CD86, mbIL-2, and mbIL-12 further enhance the activation and potency of antigen-specific T cells, as measured by an increase in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines upon restimulation (i.e. IFNγ).ConclusionsCell squeezing of human PBMCs with mRNA encoding for signals 1, 2, and 3 has the potential to generate enhanced APCs that drive robust CD8+ T cell response against multiple targets across several disease areas. The versatility of the Cell Squeeze® technology potentially enables rapid exchange of mRNA to other antigens or T cell activation signals.
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Rapstine, Thomas, und Paul Sava. „Removing residual airborne sensor motion for measuring seismic signals from a drone“. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 9, Nr. 3 (01.09.2021): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2020-0017.
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Acquiring seismic data using drones requires excellent knowledge of the drone’s motion since positional measurements made from an airborne sensor represent a combination of sensor and ground motion. Recent advancements in laser Doppler vibrometry and repeat lidar surveys show that the frequency and resolution of non-contact motion measurements is increasing to the point necessary for measuring seismic signals. We explore the conditions under which separation of sensor motion from ground motion can be accomplished in practice. We assume (i) that the translation and rotation of a stabilized airborne sensor follows an analytic form in time that is either known or can be estimated from the sensor’s measurements, (ii) that the seismic signal we observe has compact support contained within the measurement window, and (iii) that the ground motion can be described by a rigid translation. We analyze the effectiveness of our signal separation problem as a function of peak signal, sensor noise level, sensor rotation angle, and sensor point sampling density by defining a boundary where SNR = 0 dB for various combinations of these parameters. We find that under the set of assumptions, lower rotation angles, lower sensor noise, and denser point samplings on the ground provide better signal separation using our method.
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Ronghui, Liu. „Voltage Flicker Signal Denoising Based on Translation Invariance“. Physics Procedia 24 (2012): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02.055.
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Kleijn, Miranda, Gert C. Scheper, Harry O. Voorma und Adri A. M. Thomas. „Regulation of translation initiation factors by signal transduction“. European Journal of Biochemistry 253, Nr. 3 (Mai 1998): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2530531.x.
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Proud, Christopher G. „Signalling to translation: how signal transduction pathways control the protein synthetic machinery“. Biochemical Journal 403, Nr. 2 (26.03.2007): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20070024.
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Recent advances in our understanding of both the regulation of components of the translational machinery and the upstream signalling pathways that modulate them have provided important new insights into the mechanisms by which hormones, growth factors, nutrients and cellular energy status control protein synthesis in mammalian cells. The importance of proper control of mRNA translation is strikingly illustrated by the fact that defects in this process or its control are implicated in a number of disease states, such as cancer, tissue hypertrophy and neurodegeneration. Signalling pathways such as those involving mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and mitogen-activated protein kinases modulate the phosphorylation of translation factors, the activities of the protein kinases that act upon them and the association of RNA-binding proteins with specific mRNAs. These effects contribute both to the overall control of protein synthesis (which is linked to cell growth) and to the modulation of the translation or stability of specific mRNAs. However, important questions remain about both the contributions of individual regulatory events to the control of general protein synthesis and the mechanisms by which the translation of specific mRNAs is controlled.
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Toda, Hiroshi, und Zhong Zhang. „Signal quantitative analysis using customizable perfect-translation-invariant complex wavelet functions“. International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 12, Nr. 04 (Juli 2014): 1460010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691314600108.
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In this paper, we introduce several methods of signal quantitative analysis using the perfect-translation-invariant complex wavelet functions (PTI complex wavelet functions), which are used in our proposed perfect-translation-invariant complex discrete wavelet transforms (PTI CDWTs) and can be designed by customization. First, using PTI complex wavelet functions, we define the continuous wavelet coefficient (CWC). Next, using orthonormal wavelet functions in the classical Hardy space, we analyze the CWC, and show that, using a CWC, we can measure the energy of a customizable frequency band, and additionally, using numbers of CWCs, we can measure the energy of the whole frequency band. Next, we introduce the fast calculation method of CWCs and show the applicability of the PTI CDWTs to digital signals. Based on them, we introduce some examples of signal quantitative analysis, including the methods to obtain instantaneous amplitude, instantaneous phase and instantaneous frequency. Additionally, we introduce the energy measurement of the whole frequency band using the PTI DT-CDWT, which is one of our proposed PTI CDWTs.
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Zhao, Baining, Zhewen Niu, Qiheng Liang, Yanli Xin, Tong Qian, Wenhu Tang und Qinghua Wu. „Signal-to-Signal Translation for Fault Diagnosis of Bearings and Gears With Few Fault Samples“. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3123433.
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Aldroubi, Akram, Rocio Diaz Martin, Ivan Medri, Gustavo K. Rohde und Sumati Thareja. „The Signed Cumulative Distribution Transform for 1-D signal analysis and classification“. Foundations of Data Science 4, Nr. 1 (2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/fods.2022001.
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<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This paper presents a new mathematical signal transform that is especially suitable for decoding information related to non-rigid signal displacements. We provide a measure theoretic framework to extend the existing Cumulative Distribution Transform [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref>] to arbitrary (signed) signals on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \overline {\mathbb{R}} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. We present both forward (analysis) and inverse (synthesis) formulas for the transform, and describe several of its properties including translation, scaling, convexity, linear separability and others. Finally, we describe a metric in transform space, and demonstrate the application of the transform in classifying (detecting) signals under random displacements.</p>
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Maheswari, R. V., B. Vigneshwaran und L. Kalaivani. „Genetic algorithm based automated threshold estimation in translation invariant wavelet transform for denoising PD signal“. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, Nr. 4 (06.07.2015): 1252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2014-0332.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the condition of insulation in high-voltage equipments using partial discharge (PD) measurements. It proposes the methods to eliminate several noises like white noise, random noise and discrete spectral interferences which severely pollutes the PD signals. The study aims to remove these noises from the PD signal effectively by preserving the signal features. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs fast Fourier transform, discrete wavelet transform and translational invariant wavelet transform (TIWT) for denoising the PD signals. The simulated damped exponential pulse and damped oscillatory pulse with low- and high-level noises and a measured PD signal are considered for this analysis. The conventional wavelet denoising approach is also improved by estimating the automated global optimum threshold value using genetic algorithm (GA). The statistical parameters are evaluated and compared. Among these methods, GA-based TIWT approach provides robustness and reduces computational complexity. Findings – This paper provides effective condition monitoring of power apparatus using GA-based TIWT approach. This method provides the low value of mean square error, pulse amplitude distortion and also high reduction in noise level due to its robustness and reduced computational complexity. It suggests that this approach works well for both signals immersed in noise as well as for noise immersed in signals. Research limitations/implications – Because of the chosen PD signals, the research results may lack for multiple discharges. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. Practical implications – The paper includes implication for the development of online testing for equipment analysis and diagnostics during normal operating condition. Corrective actions can be planned and implemented, resulting in reduced unscheduled downtime. Social implications – This PD-based analysis often present well in advance of insulation failure, asset managers can monitor it over time and make informed strategic decisions regarding the repair or replacement of the equipment. These predictive diagnostics help society to prioritize investments before an unexpected outage occurs. Originality/value – This paper provides an enhanced study of condition monitoring of HV power apparatus by which life time of insulation can be increased by taking preventive measures.
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Cario, Jenna, Andres Coila, Yuning Zhao, Rita J. Miller und Michael L. Oelze. „Identifying and overcoming limitations with in situ calibration beads for quantitative ultrasound“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, Nr. 4 (April 2022): 2701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010286.
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Ensuring the consistency of spectral-based quantitative ultrasound estimates in vivo necessitates accounting for diffraction, system effects, and propagation losses encountered in the tissue. Accounting for diffraction and system effects is typically achieved through planar reflector or reference phantom methods; however, neither of these is able to account for the tissue losses present in vivo between the ultrasound probe and the region of interest. In previous work, the feasibility of small titanium beads as in situ calibration targets (0.5–2 mm in diameter) was investigated. In this study, the importance of bead size for the calibration signal, the role of multiple echoes coming from the calibration bead, and sampling of the bead signal laterally through beam translation were examined. This work demonstrates that although the titanium beads naturally produce multiple reverberant echoes, time-windowing of the first echo provides the smoothest calibration spectrum for backscatter coefficient calculation. When translating the beam across the bead, the amplitude of the echo decreases rapidly as the beam moves across and past the bead. Therefore, to obtain consistent calibration signals from the bead, lateral interpolation is needed to approximate signals coming from the center of the bead with respect to the beam.
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Zaragoza-Gómez, Andre, Emilio García-Caffarel, Yuridia Cruz-Zamora, James González, Víctor Hugo Anaya-Muñoz, Felipe Cruz-García und Javier Andrés Juárez-Díaz. „The Nβ motif of NaTrxh directs secretion as an endoplasmic reticulum transit peptide and variations might result in different cellular targeting“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 10 (12.10.2023): e0287087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287087.
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Soluble secretory proteins with a signal peptide reach the extracellular space through the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi conventional pathway. During translation, the signal peptide is recognised by the signal recognition particle and results in a co-translational translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum to continue the secretory pathway. However, soluble secretory proteins lacking a signal peptide are also abundant, and several unconventional (endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi independent) pathways have been proposed and some demonstrated. This work describes new features of the secretion signal called Nβ, originally identified in NaTrxh, a plant extracellular thioredoxin, that does not possess an orthodox signal peptide. We provide evidence that other proteins, including thioredoxins type h, with similar sequences are also signal peptide-lacking secretory proteins. To be a secretion signal, positions 5, 8 and 9 must contain neutral residues in plant proteins–a negative residue in position 8 is suggested in animal proteins–to maintain the Nβ motif negatively charged and a hydrophilic profile. Moreover, our results suggest that the NaTrxh translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum occurs as a post-translational event. Finally, the Nβ motif sequence at the N- or C-terminus could be a feature that may help to predict protein localisation, mainly in plant and animal proteins.
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Huang, Yong Yi, und Jian Feng Zhou. „The Characters of Dual Harmonic Frames of Subspaces and Applications in Signal Processing Theory“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (Oktober 2013): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.731.
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Digital signal processing is the processing of digitized discrete-time samp-led signals. Processing is done by general-purpose computers or by digital circuits such as ASICs, field-programmable gate arrays or specialized digital signal processors. Information science focuses on understanding problems from the perspective of the stakeholders involved and then applying information and other technologies as needed. The definition of multiple pseudofames for subspaces with integer translation is proposed. The notion of a generalized multiresolution structure (GMS) of is also introduced. The construction of a generalized multiresolution structure of Paley-Wiener subspaces of is investigated. The pyramid decomposition scheme is derived based on a generalized multiresolution structure.
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Śliwowski, Maciej, Matthieu Martin, Antoine Souloumiac, Pierre Blanchart und Tetiana Aksenova. „Decoding ECoG signal into 3D hand translation using deep learning“. Journal of Neural Engineering 19, Nr. 2 (31.03.2022): 026023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ac5d69.
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Abstract Objective. Motor brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a promising technology that may enable motor-impaired people to interact with their environment. BCIs would potentially compensate for arm and hand function loss, which is the top priority for individuals with tetraplegia. Designing real-time and accurate BCI is crucial to make such devices useful, safe, and easy to use by patients in a real-life environment. Electrocorticography (ECoG)-based BCIs emerge as a good compromise between invasiveness of the recording device and good spatial and temporal resolution of the recorded signal. However, most ECoG signal decoders used to predict continuous hand movements are linear models. These models have a limited representational capacity and may fail to capture the relationship between ECoG signal features and continuous hand movements. Deep learning (DL) models, which are state-of-the-art in many problems, could be a solution to better capture this relationship. Approach. In this study, we tested several DL-based architectures to predict imagined 3D continuous hand translation using time-frequency features extracted from ECoG signals. The dataset used in the analysis is a part of a long-term clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02550522) and was acquired during a closed-loop experiment with a tetraplegic subject. The proposed architectures include multilayer perceptron, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and long short-term memory networks (LSTM). The accuracy of the DL-based and multilinear models was compared offline using cosine similarity. Main results. Our results show that CNN-based architectures outperform the current state-of-the-art multilinear model. The best architecture exploited the spatial correlation between neighboring electrodes with CNN and benefited from the sequential character of the desired hand trajectory by using LSTMs. Overall, DL increased the average cosine similarity, compared to the multilinear model, by up to 60%, from 0.189 to 0.302 and from 0.157 to 0.249 for the left and right hand, respectively. Significance. This study shows that DL-based models could increase the accuracy of BCI systems in the case of 3D hand translation prediction in a tetraplegic subject.
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Guo, Li Jie. „Nonlinear Analysis of Mixed Signal Test Based on Graphic Program Design“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 539 (Juli 2014): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.539.489.
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In this paper, based on the parabolic interpolation function of nonlinear Lagrange, we establish the mathematical model of business translation graphical teaching method. In order to verify the availability and reliability of the model and algorithm, we test the performance of graphic business English translation platform. After testing the mixed signal of platform, the current with fault is lower than circuit without fault. The peak voltage of triangular wave is about-6V and 6V. According to the response curves of English translation circuit, different sequencers realize the parallel translation. It improves business English translation speed, and provides the technical reference for the innovation cultivation of business English talents.
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Yang, Liang, Weidong Yu, Shichao Zheng und Lei Zhang. „Efficient Bistatic SAR Raw Signal Simulator of Extended Scenes“. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/130784.
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Bistatic SAR system is a new mode that allocates the radar transmitter and receiver on different platforms and has more advantages compared to the monostatic case. However, the existing bistatic SAR raw data simulator in the frequency domain can only handle the case of translation invariant system. In this paper, an efficient 2D frequency-domain raw data simulator of extended scenes for bistatic SAR of translation variant system is proposed by a geometric transformation method for the first time, where inverse STOLT interpolation is used to formulate the range migration terms. The presented simulator can accommodate the translation variant bistatic SAR system compared with existing bistatic SAR simulator. And it is more efficient than the time domain one by making use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Simulation results for point targets and a real SAR image demonstrate its validity and effectiveness.
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Du, Wenliao, Shuangyuan Wang, Xiaoyun Gong, Hongchao Wang, Xingyan Yao und Michael Pecht. „Translation Invariance-Based Deep Learning for Rotating Machinery Diagnosis“. Shock and Vibration 2020 (11.08.2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1635621.
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Discriminative feature extraction is a challenge for data-driven fault diagnosis. Although deep learning algorithms can automatically learn a good set of features without manual intervention, the lack of domain knowledge greatly limits the performance improvement, especially for nonstationary and nonlinear signals. This paper develops a multiscale information fusion-based stacked sparse autoencoder fault diagnosis method. The autoencoder takes advantage of the multiscale normalized frequency spectrum information obtained by dual-tree complex wavelet transform as input. Accordingly, the multiscale normalized features guarantee the translational invariance for signal characteristics, and the stacked sparse autoencoder benefits the unsupervised feature learning and ensures accurate and stable diagnosis performance. The developed method is performed on motor bearing vibration signals and worm gearbox vibration signals, respectively. The results confirm that the developed method can accommodate changing working conditions, be free of manual feature extraction, and perform better than the existing intelligent diagnosis methods.
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Gai, Guanghong. „Translation-invariant based adaptive threshold denoising for impact signal“. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering (English Edition) 17, Nr. 04 (2004): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2004.04.552.
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Wang, Jon Y. „Lidar signal fluctuations caused by beam translation and scan“. Applied Optics 25, Nr. 17 (01.09.1986): 2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.25.002878.
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Karagyozov, Luchezar, Petar N. Grozdanov und Frank-D. Böhmer. „The translation attenuating arginine-rich sequence in the extended signal peptide of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP1 is conserved in mammals“. PLOS ONE 15, Nr. 12 (09.12.2020): e0240498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240498.
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The signal peptides, present at the N-terminus of many proteins, guide the proteins into cell membranes. In some proteins, the signal peptide is with an extended N-terminal region. Previously, it was demonstrated that the N-terminally extended signal peptide of the human PTPRJ contains a cluster of arginine residues, which attenuates translation. The analysis of the mammalian orthologous sequences revealed that this sequence is highly conserved. The PTPRJ transcripts in placentals, marsupials, and monotremes encode a stretch of 10–14 arginine residues, positioned 11–12 codons downstream of the initiating AUG. The remarkable conservation of the repeated arginine residues in the PTPRJ signal peptides points to their key role. Further, the presence of an arginine cluster in the extended signal peptides of other proteins (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, NOTCH3) is noted and indicates a more general importance of this cis-acting mechanism of translational suppression.
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Napthine, Sawsan, Susanne Bell, Chris H. Hill, Ian Brierley und Andrew E. Firth. „Characterization of the stimulators of protein-directed ribosomal frameshifting in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus“. Nucleic Acids Research 47, Nr. 15 (10.06.2019): 8207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz503.
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AbstractMany viruses utilize programmed –1 ribosomal frameshifting (–1 PRF) to express additional proteins or to produce frameshift and non-frameshift protein products at a fixed stoichiometric ratio. PRF is also utilized in the expression of a small number of cellular genes. Frameshifting is typically stimulated by signals contained within the mRNA: a ‘slippery’ sequence and a 3′-adjacent RNA structure. Recently, we showed that −1 PRF in encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is trans-activated by the viral 2A protein, leading to a temporal change in PRF efficiency from 0% to 70% during virus infection. Here we analyzed PRF in the related Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). We show that 2A is also required for PRF in TMEV and can stimulate PRF to levels as high as 58% in rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translations and 81% during virus infection. We also show that TMEV 2A trans-activates PRF on the EMCV signal but not vice versa. We present an extensive mutational analysis of the frameshift stimulators (mRNA signals and 2A protein) analysing activity in in vitro translation, electrophoretic mobility shift and in vitro ribosome pausing assays. We also investigate the PRF mRNA signal with RNA structure probing. Our results substantially extend previous characterization of protein-stimulated PRF.
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Ritter, Sean P. A., Logan A. Brand, Shelby L. Vincent, Albert Remus R. Rosana, Allison C. Lewis, Denise S. Whitford und George W. Owttrim. „Multiple Light-Dark Signals Regulate Expression of the DEAD-Box RNA Helicase CrhR in Synechocystis PCC 6803“. Cells 11, Nr. 21 (27.10.2022): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11213397.
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Since oxygenic photosynthesis evolved in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria during the Archean, a range of sensing and response strategies evolved to allow efficient acclimation to the fluctuating light conditions experienced in the diverse environments they inhabit. However, how these regulatory mechanisms are assimilated at the molecular level to coordinate individual gene expression is still being elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that integration of a series of three distinct light signals generate an unexpectedly complex network regulating expression of the sole DEAD-box RNA helicase, CrhR, encoded in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The mechanisms function at the transcriptional, translational and post-translation levels, fine-tuning CrhR abundance to permit rapid acclimation to fluctuating light and temperature regimes. CrhR abundance is enhanced 15-fold by low temperature stress. We initially confirmed that the primary mechanism controlling crhR transcript accumulation at 20 °C requires a light quantity-driven reduction of the redox poise in the vicinity of the plastoquinone pool. Once transcribed, a specific light quality cue, a red light signal, was required for crhR translation, far-red reversal of which indicates a phytochrome-mediated mechanism. Examination of CrhR repression at 30 °C revealed that a redox- and light quality-independent light signal was required to initiate CrhR degradation. The crucial role of light was further revealed by the observation that dark conditions superseded the light signals required to initiate each of these regulatory processes. The findings reveal an unexpected complexity of light-dark sensing and signaling that regulate expression of an individual gene in cyanobacteria, an integrated mechanism of environmental perception not previously reported.
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Tan, Ying. „Design of Intelligent Speech Translation System Based on Deep Learning“. Mobile Information Systems 2022 (06.09.2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2463812.
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In order to solve the problem of low translation accuracy caused by complex sentence parameters in traditional machine translation systems, a method based on deep learning was proposed. First, MCU SPCE061A is used to study the problem of complex digital signal. The training data in the synchronous translation server support the translation services of a large number of users, and the translation results were displayed through the session interface of the user terminal. The PMDL model is used to detect the keyword signal, record the PCM audio data, and slice the collected pulse code modulation signal, so as to wake up the artificial intelligence voice service. Then, this study establishes a speech recognition process that accurately outputs the speech-related semantics. In this paper, a manual interactive synchronous translation program is designed with the input text as the search criterion, and the set is trimmed to obtain the best translation effect. The experimental results show that the sentence translation accuracy of the system is 0.9 ∼ 1.0. It is proved that the method based on deep learning solves the problem of low accuracy of the traditional translation system.
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Sarker, Shameema, Kenneth E. Rudd und Donald Oliver. „Revised Translation Start Site for secM Defines an Atypical Signal Peptide That Regulates Escherichia coli secA Expression“. Journal of Bacteriology 182, Nr. 19 (01.10.2000): 5592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.19.5592-5595.2000.
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ABSTRACT The secretion-responsive regulation of Escherichia coli secA occurs by coupling its translation to the translation and secretion of an upstream regulator, secM (formerly geneX). We revise the translational start site for secM, defining a new signal peptide sequence with an extended amino-terminal region. Mutational studies indicate that certain atypical amino acyl residues within this extended region are critical for propersecA regulation.
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Lim, Meng Hee, und M. S. Leong. „Reconstruction of Vital Blade Signal from Unsteady Casing Vibration“. Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (01.01.2014): 146983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/146983.
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Some important information pertaining to blade fault is thought to be concealed in highly unsteady casing vibration. This paper explores suitable methods to best reconstruct blade related signals from raw casing vibration, which could be used for diagnosis of blade fault. The feasibility of translation invariant wavelet transform and cycle spinning (TIWT-CS) technique in reconstruction of these signals is investigated in this paper. Subsequently, a new parameter for blade fault diagnosis, namely, the energy profile of blade signal (EPBS), is formulated. Experimental results show that TIWT-CS method effectively retained blade related signals, while other unwanted signals such as system noises and aerodynamic induced vibration are reasonably suppressed. EPBS provides an indication of the condition of blade faults in rotor system, whereby the exact position and the quantity of faulty blades, as well as the root cause of blade fault, can be identified. In comparison, the energy profile plots using unfiltered casing vibration were found to be highly unstable and therefore provides inconsistent results for diagnosis of blade fault.
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Maloney, Michael F., Emrah Ilker Ozay, Katarina Blagovic, Carolyne Smith, Andrea A. Silva, Amber Martin, Sanjana Manja et al. „Abstract 2853: Co-delivery of antigen-encoding mRNA and signal 2/3 mRNAs to PBMCs by Cell Squeeze® technology generates SQZ™ eAPCs that prime CD8+T cells in a humanized mouse model“. Cancer Research 82, Nr. 12_Supplement (15.06.2022): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2853.
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Abstract Antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are critical for mounting an effective immune response against tumors. Generation of antigen-specific T cells require interactions with multiple signals produced by antigen presenting cells (APCs). These signals are comprised of three components: (signal 1) the peptide-MHC complex binding to the T cell receptor, (signal 2) costimulatory molecules on the surface of APCs, and (signal 3) inflammatory cytokines binding to cognate receptors on T cells. To engineer all major cell subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to become enhanced APCs (eAPCs), we used Cell Squeeze® technology to deliver multiple mRNAs encoding for non-self-antigens (signal 1), CD86 (signal 2), and/or membrane-bound cytokines (signal 3). The signal 3 molecules, membrane-bound IL-12 (mbIL-12) and membrane-bound IL-2 (mbIL-2), are chimeric proteins designed to increase the localized concentration of the cytokines at the immune synapse and limit off-target effects. Flow cytometry confirmed translation of delivered signal 2/3 mRNAs by all major subsets within PBMCs: T cells, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes. The potency of these SQZ™ eAPCs was assessed in vitro by culturing the eAPCs with antigen-specific T cells for multiple days before measuring the functionality of antigen-specific T cells via intracellular cytokine staining or ELISA. Using this approach, we demonstrate that Cell Squeeze® co-delivery of antigen mRNA and signal 2/3 mRNAs significantly enhances CD8+ T cell responses to a variety of antigens, including CMV pp65, Influenza M1, HPV16 E6, and HPV16 E7. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SQZ™ eAPCs drive significant expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in a humanized mouse model. Thus, we demonstrate that Cell Squeeze® can deliver multiple mRNAs encoding for signals 1, 2, and 3 to human PBMCs and has the potential to generate enhanced APCs that drive strong CD8+ T cell responses against multiple antigens. The versatility of this approach has the potential to enable rapid exchange of mRNA to encode for other antigens or T cell activation signals. Citation Format: Michael F. Maloney, Emrah Ilker Ozay, Katarina Blagovic, Carolyne Smith, Andrea A. Silva, Amber Martin, Sanjana Manja, Madhav Upadhyay, Lindsay J. Moore, Ryan Stagg, Henry Mack, Christine Trumpfheller, Pablo Umana, Armon Sharei, Howard Bernstein, Scott M. Loughhead. Co-delivery of antigen-encoding mRNA and signal 2/3 mRNAs to PBMCs by Cell Squeeze® technology generates SQZ™ eAPCs that prime CD8+T cells in a humanized mouse model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2853.
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Haase, Nadin, Wolf Holtkamp, Simon Christ, Dag Heinemann, Marina V. Rodnina und Sophia Rudorf. „Decomposing bulk signals to reveal hidden information in processive enzyme reactions: A case study in mRNA translation“. PLOS Computational Biology 20, Nr. 3 (05.03.2024): e1011918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011918.
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Processive enzymes like polymerases or ribosomes are often studied in bulk experiments by monitoring time-dependent signals, such as fluorescence time traces. However, due to biomolecular process stochasticity, ensemble signals may lack the distinct features of single-molecule signals. Here, we demonstrate that, under certain conditions, bulk signals from processive reactions can be decomposed to unveil hidden information about individual reaction steps. Using mRNA translation as a case study, we show that decomposing a noisy ensemble signal generated by the translation of mRNAs with more than a few codons is an ill-posed problem, addressable through Tikhonov regularization. We apply our method to the fluorescence signatures of in-vitro translated LepB mRNA and determine codon-position dependent translation rates and corresponding state-specific fluorescence intensities. We find a significant change in fluorescence intensity after the fourth and the fifth peptide bond formation, and show that both codon position and encoded amino acid have an effect on the elongation rate. This demonstrates that our approach enhances the information content extracted from bulk experiments, thereby expanding the range of these time- and cost-efficient methods.
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Sahinbegovic, Hana, Alexander Vdovin, Renata Snaurova, Michal Durech, Jakub Nezval, Jiri Sobotka, Roman Hajek, Tomas Jelinek und Michal Simicek. „Length-Dependent Translation Efficiency of ER-Destined Proteins“. Current Issues in Molecular Biology 45, Nr. 8 (14.08.2023): 6717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080425.
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Gene expression is a fundamental process that enables cells to produce specific proteins in a timely and spatially dependent manner. In eukaryotic cells, the complex organization of the cell body requires precise control of protein synthesis and localization. Certain mRNAs encode proteins with an N-terminal signal sequences that direct the translation apparatus toward a specific organelle. Here, we focus on the mechanisms governing the translation of mRNAs, which encode proteins with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal in human cells. The binding of a signal-recognition particle (SRP) to the translation machinery halts protein synthesis until the mRNA–ribosome complex reaches the ER membrane. The commonly accepted model suggests that mRNA that encodes a protein that contains an ER signal peptide continuously repeats the cycle of SRP binding followed by association and dissociation with the ER. In contrast to the current view, we show that the long mRNAs remain on the ER while being translated. On the other hand, due to low ribosome occupancy, the short mRNAs continue the cycle, always facing a translation pause. Ultimately, this leads to a significant drop in the translation efficiency of small, ER-targeted proteins. The proposed mechanism advances our understanding of selective protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells and provides new avenues to enhance protein production in biotechnological settings.
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Martin, Maria Wirtz, Anna Wacker und Harald Schwalbe. „Quantifizierung von Transkription und Translation von Riboschaltern“. BIOspektrum 30, Nr. 3 (Mai 2024): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-024-2198-6.
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AbstractRiboswitches change their secondary structure upon ligand binding, sending a signal that triggers transcriptional or translational gene regulation. Our dual-readout assay allows the simultaneous detection of ligand-dependent changes in transcription and translation. The cell-free assay utilizes the parallel detection of the fluorescent Mango (IV) aptamer downstream of the transcribed mRNA and GFP fluorescence to quantify transcription and translation products in the presence or absence of ligand.
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Maldonado, Rafael, und Alan J. Herr. „Efficiency of T4 Gene 60Translational Bypassing“. Journal of Bacteriology 180, Nr. 7 (01.04.1998): 1822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.7.1822-1830.1998.
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ABSTRACT Ribosomes translating bacteriophage T4 gene 60 mRNA bypass 50 noncoding nucleotides from a takeoff site at codon 46 to a landing site just upstream of codon 47. A key signal for efficient bypassing is contained within the nascent peptide synthesized prior to takeoff. Here we show that this signal is insensitive to the addition of coding information at its N terminus. In addition, analysis of amino-terminal fusions, which allow detection of all major products synthesized from the gene 60 mRNA, show that 50% of ribosomes bypass the coding gap while the rest either terminate at a UAG stop codon immediately following codon 46 or fail to resume coding. Bypassing efficiency estimates significantly lower than 50% were obtained with enzymatic reporter systems that relied on comparing test constructs to constructs with a precise excision of the gap (gap deletion). Further analysis showed that these estimates are distorted by differences between test and gap deletion functional mRNA levels. An internal translation initiation site at Met12 of gene 60(which eliminates part of the essential nascent peptide) also distorts these estimates. Together, these results support an efficiency estimate of ∼50%, less than previously reported. This estimate suggests that bypassing efficiency is determined by the competition between reading signals and release factors and gives new insight into the kinetics of bypassing signal action.
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Yang, Yang, und Meng Su. „Research on the Application of Computer-Assisted Translation Technology in Translation Teaching“. Mobile Information Systems 2022 (16.09.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1898066.
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In order to improve the quality of translation teaching, this study combines computer-aided translation technology to construct a translation teaching system, uses digital signal processing as a technical means to process waveform data online, and designs digital models for signal flow. Moreover, this study designs a digital filter to suppress waveform noise to improve the accuracy of amplitude measurement and uses a hardware algorithm for accumulating shift and averaging to correct the baseline stacking effect in real time. In addition, this study builds an intelligent translation software system with the support of algorithms in combination with translation requirements and conducts experimental verification of translation digital processing. Finally, the simulation experiment verifies the digital translation processing effect of the method in this study, and the application effect of computer-aided translation technology in translation teaching is verified through teaching evaluation research.
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Salas-Marco, Joe, und David M. Bedwell. „GTP Hydrolysis by eRF3 Facilitates Stop Codon Decoding during Eukaryotic Translation Termination“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 24, Nr. 17 (01.09.2004): 7769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.24.17.7769-7778.2004.
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ABSTRACT Translation termination in eukaryotes is mediated by two release factors, eRF1 and eRF3. eRF1 recognizes each of the three stop codons (UAG, UAA, and UGA) and facilitates release of the nascent polypeptide chain. eRF3 is a GTPase that stimulates the translation termination process by a poorly characterized mechanism. In this study, we examined the functional importance of GTP hydrolysis by eRF3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that mutations that reduced the rate of GTP hydrolysis also reduced the efficiency of translation termination at some termination signals but not others. As much as a 17-fold decrease in the termination efficiency was observed at some tetranucleotide termination signals (characterized by the stop codon and the first following nucleotide), while no effect was observed at other termination signals. To determine whether this stop signal-dependent decrease in the efficiency of translation termination was due to a defect in either eRF1 or eRF3 recycling, we reduced the level of eRF1 or eRF3 in cells by expressing them individually from the CUP1 promoter. We found that the limitation of either factor resulted in a general decrease in the efficiency of translation termination rather than a decrease at a subset of termination signals as observed with the eRF3 GTPase mutants. We also found that overproduction of eRF1 was unable to increase the efficiency of translation termination at any termination signals. Together, these results suggest that the GTPase activity of eRF3 is required to couple the recognition of translation termination signals by eRF1 to efficient polypeptide chain release.
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Hernández, Rosendo G., Chris I. De Zeeuw, Ruyan Zhang, Tatyana A. Yakusheva und Pablo M. Blazquez. „Translation information processing is regulated by protein kinase C-dependent mechanism in Purkinje cells in murine posterior vermis“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 29 (07.07.2020): 17348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002177117.
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The cerebellar posterior vermis generates an estimation of our motion (translation) and orientation (tilt) in space using cues originating from semicircular canals and otolith organs. Theoretical work has laid out the basic computations necessary for this signal transformation, but details on the cellular loci and mechanisms responsible are lacking. Using a multicomponent modeling approach, we show that canal and otolith information are spatially and temporally matched in mouse posterior vermis Purkinje cells and that Purkinje cell responses combine translation and tilt information. Purkinje cell-specific inhibition of protein kinase C decreased and phase-shifted the translation component of Purkinje cell responses, but did not affect the tilt component. Our findings suggest that translation and tilt signals reach Purkinje cells via separate information pathways and that protein kinase C-dependent mechanisms regulate translation information processing in cerebellar cortex output neurons.