Dissertationen zum Thema „Translation comment“

The purpose and focus of this essay is to study different strategies that are used when translating tourist texts of different kinds. The texts used in this essay are French ones, mainly focusing on Normandie and the D-day and they have been translated into Swedish for this comparison. Why and how do you translate for example names and different historical events to an audience from another country without losing the functions of the texts? The ones used in this essay are mainly informative and descriptive but also there to explain the events, thus it is important to keep these functions when translating into Swedish. The method used in this essay is mainly based on the theories of Newmark, Munday and Ingo. The analysis showed that a translator has to know the cultures linked to the the texts, both the original ones as well as the one translated, in order to be able to transmit the text in a good way. When translating you can do it word by word but that might mean a difficulty in transfering the text to another culture. You have to consider the fact that as a translator it is important trying to stay as close as possible to the original text, but still give the new reader an opportunity to understand the text in a good way, wether it means adding an explanation or adapting the choice of words or expressions. In conclusion, a translator should adapt the translation to the target culture carefully, trying not to lose the functions of the text.

La traduction peut-elle véritablement créer un dialogue transculturel éthique et non hiérarchique? C'est la question que souhaite déconstruire cette thèse, plutôt que d'y répondre. Celle-ci s'articule ainsi autour de la notion d'éthique de la traduction : en explorant d'abord certains des récents développements en théorie féministe et en traductologie, nous souhaitons découvrir les fondements de différentes éthiques du traduire afin de les mettre à l'épreuve. Puis, en analysant le style de l'auteure cubaine dissidente et transgressive Ena Lucía Portela en traductions française et anglaise, nous découvrons que la traduction fait subir de nombreux changements au discours transgressif de l'auteure, inscrivant celui-ci dans les normes des cultures d'arrivée. Nous en concluons que la pratique de la traduction doit revoir ses objectifs et ses stratégies et prendre en considération les arguments des théories féministes actuelles si elle veut pouvoir prétendre participer à un dialogue éthique et avoir une « visée résistante ». La présente thèse propose ainsi une réflexion féministe transnationale sur l'éthique et sur la pratique de la traduction littéraire à l'heure actuelle.

This thesis consists of a commented translation of an excerpt from a ninth century C.E. letter by the celebrated Arabic translator Hunayn Ibn Ishaq. The epistle is addressed to one of his patrons, 'Ali ibn Yahya, and gives an account of the works of the Greek physician Galen as well as their translations. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part One provides a historical background to the translation, and is subdivided into two sections: (1) Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (his life, his achievements); (2) Hunayn's fellow translators and patrons mentioned in the epistle. Part Two comprises the Arabic text (Source Text), about 5,000 words, and its English translation (Target Text). Part Three consists of a theoretical discussion of the problems of translating this letter. In the first section of that part, we explain the purpose and style of our translation. We also analyze some of the main differences between Arabic and English textuality (e.g. cohesion), and discuss translation difficulties of different types, namely interpretive (e.g. polysemy) and terminological (e.g. synonymy). In Section Two, we expound Hunayn's own method of research and views on translation. Finally, we summarize the main conclusions that we draw from the epistle, and from its translation. For the convenience of the reader, a glossary of proper names is provided at the beginning of the thesis. We include as appendices three samples from various translations of the letter. Given the different nature of the three parts of this thesis, the bibliographical references are arranged under three headings, each corresponding to a part. An index of names and subjects appears at the very end.

This thesis, a "commented translation", is comprised of two main parts. The first part features the translation of two lyrical essays, "Noces a Tipasa" and "L'ete a Alger", from French Algerian writer Albert Camus' four-essay set entitled Noces. The second part consists of commentary: three chapters treat individual, but interrelated aspects of the source text that were particularly challenging to translation. The first chapter examines four thematic undercurrents that dominate Camus' writing; the second chapter analyzes the stylistic devices Camus favoured to highlight those undercurrents; the third chapter studies the Cagayous vernacular used in the essays. The concept that grew out of the translation and underlies the commentary is that context and style are inseparable in a literary text such as Noces; both must be clearly understood and adequately represented in translation for together they create the unique, complex and multi-dimensional meaning and message of the text.

This dissertation consists in subtitling the first three episodes of a bilingual situation comedy: "¿Qué pasa, U.S.A.?". From a translating point of view, this sitcom offers a wide range of interesting elements that may constitute obstacles in the translating process such as cultural references, humour and, in particular, the simultaneous presence of two languages: English and Spanish. It is rare for a bilingual audiovisual product to be subtitled: usually, the most sought out technique used to translate them is dubbing. In addition, even if they were subtitled, as it happens with dubbing, the result would be a monolingual product where all traces of the original languages are likely to be eliminated to facilitate the comprehension of the target audience. The aim of this dissertation is to show that it is possible to subtitle a bilingual audiovisual product while retaining some trace of bilingualism in the translated text thus creating a target text that is as faithful as possible to the source one. The work is divided into four main chapters. The first one carries out an analysis of the situation comedy "¿Qué pasa, U.S.A.?" and sheds light on its historical background. The second chapter provides a general overview of audiovisual products, focusing in particular on the sitcom genre and its main characteristics. The third one offers some insight into audiovisual translation, particularly in terms of subtitling, bilingualism, humor and cultural references. The last chapter shows the main translation challenges posed by the three episodes and how they were dealt with in the translation process.

This thesis is divided into two parts, the first consisting of a French to English translation of excerpts from the novel Cher Hugo, chere Catherine. The second part comprises a commentary of the difficulties encountered in the translation. Although the novel is a record of correspondence between four characters over a 43-year period, this work deals only with the letters exchanged between father and daughter, Hugo and Catherine. Literary translation is often a very difficult endeavour and we discuss the challenging task of translating a rich literary text by studying the concrete textual features in which are rooted the themes of the source text. The textual features also contribute to the text's impact on the reader. The problems involved in rendering these textual features are in turn discussed. Throughout this work, the issue of acquiring additional information from the author of the novel is addressed in relation to its effect on the translation; in order to emphasize the need for a carefully balanced translation, this thesis closes by examining the repercussions of abusing this "privileged" information. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1993.
Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Clifford Hill. Dissertation Committee: Jo Anne Kleifgen. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-157).

This work presents an overview of audiovisual translation (AVT) modes: song translation, dubbing and the new phenomenon of fansubbing. The dissertation aims to analyse the Italian dubbing and subtitling of a film and a series in Spanglish. Furthermore, it focuses on the analysis of translation techniques for multilingual audiovisual products. As a matter of fact, I decided to analyse an animated film, Coco and an American tv show, Vida. Both tv show and animated film have Mexican protagonists and present typical cultural references of the Mexican and Latinx culture. The work is divided into four chapters. The first chapter provides a historical overview of Hispanic immigration to the United States and outlines the three main groups of immigrants: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans. Therefore, the phenomenon of language contact between Spanish and English, Spanglish or Espanglés, found within these immigration groups, is explained. The second chapter describes audiovisual translation, specifically the AVT modes of subtitling and dubbing. In particular, it deals with the phenomenon of fansubbing, which influenced audiovisual consumption, especially in Italy, a traditional dubbing country. In addition to this, the phenomenon of dubbing in Italy is explained, the origins of which can be traced back to the fascist regime. The third chapter focuses on the analysis and commentary of Coco, specifically the song translation from Spanglish to Italian and the translation challenges found throughout the film, from a cultural point of view. The fourth chapter describes the birth of the American series, the plot and the characters of Vida. Consequently, I analysed some Italian subtitles of Vida provided by the fansubbers of Subspedia. In the commentary, the main problems of the subtitling of a multilingual series are highlighted from the code-switching (between Spanish and English) and the extralinguistic and intertextual references related to the Latinx culture.

Digital audio networks allow multiple channels of audio to be streamed between devices. This eliminates the need for many different cables to route audio between devices. An added advantage of digital audio networks is the ability to configure and control the networked devices from a common control point. Common control of networked devices enables a sound engineer to establish and destroy audio stream connections between networked devices that are distances apart. On a digital audio network, an audio transport technology enables the exchange of data streams. Typically, an audio transport technology is capable of transporting both control messages and audio data streams. There exist a number of audio transport technologies. Some of these technologies implement data transport by exchanging OSI/ISO layer 2 data frames, while others transport data within OSI/ISO layer 3 packets. There are some approaches to achieving interoperability between devices that utilize different audio transport technologies. A digital audio device typically implements an audio control protocol, which enables it process configuration and control messages from a remote controller. An audio control protocol also defines the structure of the messages that are exchanged between compliant devices. There are currently a wide range of audio control protocols. Some audio control protocols utilize layer 3 audio transport technology, while others utilize layer 2 audio transport technology. An audio device can only communicate with other devices that implement the same control protocol, irrespective of a common transport technology that connects the devices. The existence of different audio control protocols among devices on a network results in a situation where the devices are unable to communicate with each other. Furthermore, a single control application is unable to establish or destroy audio stream connections between the networked devices, since they implement different control protocols. When an audio engineer is designing an audio network installation, this interoperability challenge restricts the choice of devices that can be included. Even when audio transport interoperability has been achieved, common control of the devices remains a challenge. This research investigates protocol command translation as a means to enable interoperability between networked audio devices that implement different audio control protocols. It proposes the use of a command translator that is capable of receiving messages conforming to one protocol from any of the networked devices, translating the received message to conform to a different control protocol, then transmitting the translated message to the intended target which understands the translated protocol message. In so doing, the command translator enables common control of the networked devices, since a control application is able to configure and control devices that conform to different protocols by utilizing the command translator to perform appropriate protocol translation.

This dissertation addresses the challenges of translating the Contemporary Mexican crónica from Spanish into English. The crónica, being a type of nonfiction literature and possessing unique features particularly with regards to its ability to be read like a novel, presents distinctive challenges in translation. This dissertation looks closely at the particularities of translating Elena Poniatowska’s Amanecer en el Zócalo (Mexico: Planeta, 2007), a crónica based on the 2006 federal election in Mexico and the subsequent civil resistance movement inspired by the outcome. This dissertation addresses questions surrounding the translation of the crónica: What challenges are unique in translating this genre and why? Why are there so few crónicas translated into English? What decisions can the translator make in order to resolve these particular difficulties? In order to attempt to answer these questions, I first looked into the genre of the crónica and attempted to situate it within the Mexican system of literature and culture. The result found was that, based on some recent theories of systems in culture and translation, the crónica, as a genre of literature that always seeks to address current issues in society and foster positive social development, is in itself a vehicle for social change. I then looked at other crónicas that have been translated into English and compared other translators’ decisions to the ones I made—or have yet to make—within my own translation of Poniatowska’s text. Finally, in observing the ways in which the translator of the crónica tends to alter the genre of the text in translation, I showed how the text, in English, loses some of the defining characteristics of the crónica and serves a different purpose in the target culture—it educates the reader on past (and present) social issues in other cultures, and it appeals to a different type of audience in the target culture—it attracts readers interested in studying another culture rather than readers who feel an intimate connection with the crónica’s context.

Thesis advisor: Franco Mormando
Tra il 1410 e 1411, di ritorno dal suo viaggio di formazione in Grecia, il giovane Guarino tradusse in latino il Περὶ παιδῶν αγογὴς, opuscolo contenuto nel corpus dei Moralia e attribuito ad un maestro del circolo di Plutarco. Il testo greco riassumeva concetti educativi fondamentali nell’antichità, suggerendo un modello di educazione che mirava a formare un uomo laico, cittadino consapevole dei suoi doveri familiari, civili e religiosi. Questo concetto educativo, consono alla sensibilità umanistica di Guarino, spiega la sua scelta di tradurre in latino l’opera greca. Il De liberis educandis rappresenta, dunque, dal punto di vista del contenuto, un importante divulgatore di principi educativi per i secoli a venire e, dal punto di vista linguistico, una preziosa fucina di quel nuovo latino che andava formandosi all’inizio del XV secolo e di cui Guarino è uno dei primi artefici. Questo studio si propone di sottrarre il De liberis educandis dall’ombra e di aggiungere osservazioni sulla controversa attività di Guarino come traduttore. Sulla base di un dettagliato confronto linguistico tra l’originale greco e la versione latina di età umanistica, si può concludere che Guarino traduceva il testo greco con precisione, pur permettendosi qualche libertà dal punto di vista linguistico e culturale, come si dimostrerà con precisi riferimenti testuali. Il raffronto con l’originale greco rappresenta anche la base per avviare un’edizione critica dell’opuscolo latino che, assieme ad una traduzione in italiano, non è mai stata affrontata prima d’ora
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures

Jacques Brault é um escritor canadense natural de Montréal, ainda pouco conhecido no Brasil e que não possui nenhuma obra traduzida na íntegra para o idioma português. Artista muito versátil e de múltiplas facetas, Brault atuou com romancista, poeta, crítico literário além de ter escrito diversas peças teatrais. Muito engajado social e culturalmente ele é reconhecido como o escritor vivo do Quebec com maior prestígio no meio literário. O objetivo desse trabalho é propor traduções de textos do livro Au fond du jardin accompagnements de Jacques Brault. Esse livro é considerado como um microcosmo do trabalho desse autor e oferece uma panorâmica visão de toda sua obra. Cada uma das traduções possui uma abertura, a tradução com suas respectivas notas e por fim um comentário ao texto traduzido.
Jacques Brault is Canadian writer of Montreal, still little known in Brazil and has no work completely translated into Portuguese. A very versatile and multifaceted artist, Brault has worked as a novelist, essayist, poet, literary critic and has written several plays. Very social and culturally engaged he is recognized as the most prestigious living writer of Quebec. The goal of this research is to offer translations of texts present in the book Au fond du jardin accompagnements from Jacques Brault. This book is considered as a microcosm of Brault´s production and offers a panoramic view of all his work. Significant aspects of his work were remarked along the research. The choice of texts to be translated was based upon those aspects. Each of the translations possesses a brief explanatory text, the translation with notes and, at the end, a commentary section of the translated text.

This thesis presents a new Latin text of the Prolegomena and accompanying prefatory material of the Cologne 1642 edition of the Virgil commentary by the Spanish Jesuit scholar Juan Luis De La Cerda. It provides an original English translation of this material along with explanatory notes which focus upon the social, educational, intellectual and political influences that informed La Cerda's work. The notes also take account of some of the rhetorical and stylistic aspects of La Cerda's work. An introduction situates the work in its cultural and intellectual context and provides a clear overview of the structure and composition of the Prolegomena.

Orientador: Antônio Roberto Esteves
Banca: Heloisa Costa Milton
Banca: Mário Miguel González
Resumo: O presente trabalho se trata de uma tradução comentada do romance Cómo se hace una novela (1927), do escritor espanhol Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936). O romance, dentro do estilo particular de seu autor, constitui-se numa mistura de ficção, autobiografia e memórias, explicitando, ao mesmo tempo, a visão que seu autor tem do processo de criação literária e do gênero romanesco e as críticas que faz à situação política pela qual passa a Espanha no momento da escritura. A obra foi escrita na França, durante o período de exílio voluntário de Unamuno, logo após ter sido desterrado na Ilha de Fuerteventura por não estar de acordo com a Ditadura do General Primo de Rivera que governou o país entre 1923 e 1930. A tradução é antecedida por um breve ensaio introdutório que tem o objetivo de apresentar o escritor espanhol, e o contexto em que viveu e produziu sua ampla obra, ao leitor brasileiro, pouco familiarizado com sua literatura.
Abstract: This paper deals with a commented translation of the novel Cómo se hace una novela (How to make a novel-1927), by Spanish writer Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936). The novel, considering the author's style, is a mixture of fiction, autobiography and memmories, showing, at the same time, the writer's view on literature creation process and on romance genre and his reviews of the political situation which Spain goes through during the writing time. The work was written in France, during Unamuno's voluntary exile time, right after he was banned from Fuerteventura Island by not agreeing with General Primo de Rivera's Dictatorship, this one ruled the country between 1923 and 1930. The translation is preceded by a small introductory essay introducing the Spanish writer, and the context he lived in and produced his wide range of materials to the Brazilian reader, not used to his literature.
Mestre

Mestrado em Tradução Especializada
A tradução jurídica, ao longo dos anos, tem vindo a despertar um grande interesse no mundo da tradução. É neste seguimento que este projeto se insere, procurando demonstrar estratégias e ferramentas que auxiliam no processo tradutivo bem como a terminologia específica do género textual Vollmacht/procuração quer na língua alemã quer na língua portuguesa. Serve então como meio de reflexão e sobretudo de difusão, contribuindo para avanços na tradução jurídica.
Legal translation has occupied great interest in the translation industry over the years. In this context, this project aims to describe the strategies and tools that assist the translation process, as well as the specific German and Portuguese terminology of the textual genre that confers powers of attorney. Therefore, it is used as reflection tool and, above all, a means of dissemination which will contribute towards the advance of legal translation

Os contos de fada de George MacDonald são obras de grande influência no âmbito da literatura infantil, particularmente no caso de autores como Lewis Carroll e C. S. Lewis. De fato, muitos apreciaram suas histórias enigmáticas, que misturam humor e reverência, nonsense e sentido, luz e escuridão. Apesar disso, no contexto do português brasileiro, poucos dos seus contos de fada estão traduzidos e há ainda menos crítica literária disponível. Aqui procuro ajudar a preencher ambas essas lacunas ao produzir uma tradução comentada de três de seus contos de fada. O objetivo é realizar um estudo que encontre algumas das características literárias mais importantes nesses contos e, então, produzir uma tradução que leve em conta as percepções proporcionadas por esse estudo. Este trabalho contém, então, um exame crítico dos contos de fada de MacDonald, uma consideração sobre como traduzi-los, os três contos de fada em formato bilíngue (incluindo a fonte em inglês e a tradução para o português) e, também, uma seção comentando minhas escolhas de tradução e como elas se relacionam com as análises feitas.
George MacDonald\'s fairy tales are works of great influence in the realm of children\'s literature, particularly so for authors such as Lewis Carroll and C. S. Lewis. Indeed, many have enjoyed his enigmatic stories, which blend humor and reverence, nonsense and meaning, light and darkness. In spite of that, in the context of Brazilian Portuguese, few of his fairy tales are translated, and there is even less literary criticism available. Here, I aim to help fill both of those gaps by producing a commented translation of three of his fairy tales. The goal is to carry out a study which finds out some of the most important literary characteristics in these tales, and then produce a translation that is mindful of the insights provided by that study. This work contains, then, a critical appraisal of MacDonald\'s fairy stories, some consideration on how to translate them, the three fairy tales presented as bilingual texts (including the English source and the translation to Portuguese), and also a section commenting on my translation choices and how they relate to the analyses made.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os binômios que ocorrem em contratos de common law à luz da Lingüística de Corpus, procurando dar subsídios que auxiliem os tradutores de textos jurídicos a chegar a uma tradução natural, ou seja, para que traduzam linguagem jurídica por linguagem jurídica. Os binômios são formados por duas palavras pertencentes à mesma categoria gramatical, ligadas pela conjunção and ou or. Alguns exemplos são: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Os binômios são uma marca do inglês jurídico e como tal têm sido objeto de diversos estudos. O mesmo, porém, não ocorre com a linguagem jurídica em português. Assim, ao lidar com a tradução de binômios, estudos mostram que os tradutores brasileiros se apegam à opção mais literal. A escolha de estudar os binômios nos contratos de common law se deve ao fato de estarem os contratos entre os documentos mais difíceis de traduzir e de ler e por terem uma altíssima concentração de binômios. Por essas razões, para estudar os binômios na linguagem jurídica em inglês e dar elementos para o tradutor chegar à tradução em português do Brasil, compilamos um corpus comparável de agreements e contratos autênticos perfazendo, aproximadamente, 1 milhão de palavras - 705 744 em inglês e 289 984 em português - composto por 5 amostras de 28 espécies de contratos e agreements, totalizando 140 documentos em cada língua. O corpus foi explorado de acordo com os princípios e ferramentas da Lingüística de Corpus. Para etiquetar o corpus usamos o programa CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) do UCREL (Universidade de Lancaster) e para explorá-lo, o WordSmith Tools de Mike Scott.
This research aims at studying binomial expressions in common law agreements in the light of Corpus Linguistics in an attempt to provide translators with the necessary linguistic elements that will enable them to render a natural translation, that is, to translate legal language into legal language. Binomial expressions are formed by two words belonging to the same grammatical category and joined by and or or. Some examples are: terms and conditions, any and all, executed and delivered, due and payable, action or proceeding, agreement or obligation. Binomials are an integral part of English legal language and as such have deserved a considerable amount of study. The same, however, does not occur in Brazilian Portuguese legal language. Therefore, when dealing with binomial expressions, studies show that Brazilian translators tend to translate all the elements of a binomial literally. The choice of text type is due to the fact that agreements and contratos are among the most difficult documents to translate and seem to have an incredibly high concentration of binomial expressions. For said reasons, in order to study binomials in English legal language and provide elements for translators to arrive at their own translation into Brazilian Portuguese, we have compiled and explored a bilingual comparable corpus consisting of authentic agreements and contratos, totalling, approximately, 1 million words - 705,744 in English and 289,984 in Brazilian Portuguese - made up of 5 samples of 28 different kinds of contratos and agreements, a total of 140 documents in each language. Exploring such a corpus greatly depended on the principles and tools of Corpus Linguistics. To tag the corpus we used UCREL\'s CLAWS 7 (the Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System) and to explore the corpus we used Mike Scott\'s WordSmith Tools.

The scope of this thesis is to offer solutions to some of the translation and interpreting issues arising in the legal field. In particular, the focus of the analysis will be the differences between a common law country, England, and a civil law country, Italy. Through some excerpts taken both by an Italian movie and a UK TV series, the issues are analysed and in the end, two glossaries(Italian-English and English-Italian) built on this analysis are offered.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho se trata de uma tradução comentada do romance Cómo se hace una novela (1927), do escritor espanhol Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936). O romance, dentro do estilo particular de seu autor, constitui-se numa mistura de ficção, autobiografia e memórias, explicitando, ao mesmo tempo, a visão que seu autor tem do processo de criação literária e do gênero romanesco e as críticas que faz à situação política pela qual passa a Espanha no momento da escritura. A obra foi escrita na França, durante o período de exílio voluntário de Unamuno, logo após ter sido desterrado na Ilha de Fuerteventura por não estar de acordo com a Ditadura do General Primo de Rivera que governou o país entre 1923 e 1930. A tradução é antecedida por um breve ensaio introdutório que tem o objetivo de apresentar o escritor espanhol, e o contexto em que viveu e produziu sua ampla obra, ao leitor brasileiro, pouco familiarizado com sua literatura.
This paper deals with a commented translation of the novel Cómo se hace una novela (How to make a novel-1927), by Spanish writer Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936). The novel, considering the author's style, is a mixture of fiction, autobiography and memmories, showing, at the same time, the writer's view on literature creation process and on romance genre and his reviews of the political situation which Spain goes through during the writing time. The work was written in France, during Unamuno's voluntary exile time, right after he was banned from Fuerteventura Island by not agreeing with General Primo de Rivera's Dictatorship, this one ruled the country between 1923 and 1930. The translation is preceded by a small introductory essay introducing the Spanish writer, and the context he lived in and produced his wide range of materials to the Brazilian reader, not used to his literature.

Cette thèse se propose de faire une critique traductologique de la première traduction complète du Divân de Hâfez en français qui, dès sa parution, a suscité admirations et reproches et qui a valu au traducteur, Charles-Henri de Fouchécour, plusieurs prix et titres littéraires. Dans la première partie, intitulée « À la recherche du traducteur », on s’intéresse à C. H. de Fouchécour en tant que chercheur et spécialiste de la littérature classique persane et traducteur du Divân de Hâfez. Dans le premier chapitre, on étudie sa carrière dès ses commencements afin de révéler la manière dont il aborde et conçoit les œuvres persanes. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré au traducteur qu’est C. H. de Fouchécour et on révèle ce qu’il pense de l’acte de traduire (sa position traductive), le projet traductif qu’il a adopté pour traduire l’œuvre de Hâfez et enfin l’horizon traductif, c’est-à-dire la situation de la traduction poétique en France et surtout l’historique de la traduction des poèmes hâféziens en français. La deuxième partie de cette recherche, « La traduction et la poésie », est consacrée au texte à traduire et au texte traduit ; c’est-à-dire que dans le troisième chapitre, on présente une nouvelle lecture de la pensée hâfézienne en prêtant une attention privilégiée à la forme de sa poésie. Dans le quatrième chapitre, après avoir établi une méthode de confrontation tridimensionnelle fondée sur la lecture présentée dans le chapitre précédent, on aborde la confrontation de cinq ghazals hâféziens avec leurs traductions françaises d’A. Guy, G. Lazard et C. H. de Fouchécour
This thesis intends to offer a “traductological critique” of the first complete translation of the Divan of Hafiz in French, which, upon its publication, aroused both admiration and criticism and earned its translator, Charles-Henri de Fouchécour, several literary awards and titles. In the first part, entitled "In Search of the translator," we focus on C. H. de Fouchécour as a researcher and specialist in classical Persian literature and translator of the Divan of Hafiz. In the first chapter, we examine his career from its beginning, to reveal how he approaches and presents Persian works. The second chapter is devoted to the translator that is C. H. de Fouchécour and reveals how he conceives translation, the specific perspective he adopted to translate the Divan of Hafiz and finally his “horizon traductif”, in other words the situation of the poetic translation in France and especially the history of the translation of Hafiz’s poems in French. The second part of this research, "Translation and poetry", is devoted to the source text and the translated text; that is to say, in the third chapter, we present a new reading of the Hafizian thought, paying a special attention to the form of his poetry. In the fourth chapter, having established a three-dimensional method of comparison, based to the reading presented in the previous chapter, we compare five ghazals of Hafiz with their French translations by A. Guy, G. Lazard and C. H. de Fouchécour

Giovanni Pascoli (1855-1912) est un classique de la littérature italienne. Poète bilingue écrivant en italien et en latin, il s’est illustré dans le domaine de la littérature néo-latine en composant des poèmes qui ont remporté le certamen poeticum hoeufftianum. Son œuvre latine, les Carmina, est méconnue en France. Le premier objectif de cette recherche doctorale est de proposer une édition bilingue traduite et commentée d’une sélection des poèmes latins de Pascoli, accessible à un public français non spécialiste de littérature latine ou italienne. Nous avons tenté de sélectionner des poèmes de formes variées (poèmes narratifs, épigrammes, odes dédicatoires) afin de donner au lecteur un aperçu de ce que pourrait être une édition intégrale des Carmina. Nous avons présenté en introduction les éléments biographiques et les diverses aspects esthétiques et linguistiques de la poésie pascolienne susceptibles de faciliter la compréhension des textes. Nous y proposons également une analyse de l’expérience poétique que représente pour Pascoli le fait d’écrire en latin et de situer cette pratique par rapport à ses contemporains. Nous avons en outre essayé autant que possible d’étudier la poésie latine de Pascoli au contact de sa poésie italienne. Le second aspect de cette thèse porte sur le caractère posthume de cette œuvre, éditée par la sœur du poète, Maria Pascoli avec l’aide du philologue Ermenegildo Pistelli. Le poète n’ayant pas eu le temps de proposer une structuration de son œuvre en recueil, les poèmes latins sont organisés selon des sections thématiques qui ne sont pas toujours satisfaisantes (par exemple, les épigrammes sont éditées sans logique d’organisation dans une section rassemblant tous les poèmes de forme brève ou les poèmes qui n’ont pu être classés dans les sections thématiques). Grâce à la numérisation de l’ensemble des brouillons de G. Pascoli, nous avons pu explorer les ébauches de plans réalisés par l’auteur, et nous proposons dans l’introduction de cette thèse deux recueils possibles : le premier organisé selon la chronologie de l’écriture, le second organisé selon la chronologie des faits représentés. Notre édition commentée des Carmina est présentée selon la première organisation, afin d’offrir un aperçu de l’écriture de Pascoli comme un processus qui a évolué au fil du temps. Cette étude du processus de l’écriture pascolienne, nous l’avons également menée à l’échelle du poème, dans le détail de la composition. Nous avons réalisé une édition génétique XML-TEI d’un dossier de brouillons, celui du poème Crepereia Tryphaena. Dans cette édition, nous avons décrit avec une très grande précision les gestes d’écriture visibles sur la page (ajouter, supprimer, substituer, déplacer, réécrire une nouvelle version) et nous avons tenté, quand cela était possible d’analyser les opérations mentales qui ont provoqué ces gestes. Nous avons en outre tenté de reconstituer la chronologie de l’écriture de chaque brouillon, afin de créer un prototype d’édition qui permette de lire les brouillons de poésie en affichant le texte une campagne d’écriture après l’autre et de visualiser les modifications apportées par l’auteur jusqu’à l’échelle de la lettre. Grâce à cette édition, nous avons pu analyser dans le détail les étapes de composition, les méthodes employées par l’auteur et les gestes effectués pour mener à bien son projet, et nous livrons les résultats de cette analyse à la fin de l’introduction de cette thèse
Giovanni Pascoli (1855-1912) is a classic of Italian literature. A bilingual poet writing in Italian and Latin. He has distinguished himself in the field of Neo-Latin literature by composing poems awarded in the certamen poeticum hoeufftianum. His Latin work, the Carminas, is almost unknown in France. The first objective of this doctoral research is to propose a bilingual edition, translated and commented, of a selection of Pascoli's Latin poems, accessible to a French audience not specialised in Latin or Italian literature. We have tried to select poems of various forms (narrative poems, epigrams, dedications odes) in order to give the reader an idea of what a complete edition of the Carmina could be like. In the introduction, we presented the biographical elements and the various aesthetic and linguistic aspects of Pascolian poetry that could facilitate the understanding of the texts. We also offer an analysis of the practice consisting in writing in Latin as a poetic experiment, and tried to situated this practice in relation to his contemporaries. We also tried as much as possible to study Pascoli's Latin poetry in relation to his Italian poetry. The second aspect of this thesis concerns the posthumous nature of this work, edited by the poet's sister, Maria Pascoli, with the help of philologist Ermenegildo Pistelli. Since the poet did not have time to propose a structure of his work in a collection, the Latin poems are organized according to thematic sections that are not always satisfactory (for example, the epigrams are published without organizational logic in a section containing all the short poems or the poems that could not be classified in the thematic sections). The digitization of all of G. Pascoli's drafts enabled us to explore the drafts of the author's plans, and we propose two possible collections in the introduction to this thesis: the first organized according to the chronology of the writing, the second organized according to the chronology of the facts represented. Our commented edition of the Carmina is presented according to the first organization, in order to offer an overview of Pascoli's writing as a process that has evolved over time. This study of the Pascholian writing process was also carried out at the poem level, in the detail of the composition. We made an XML-TEI genetic edition of a draft folder, that of the poem Crepereia Tryphaena. In this edition, we have described with great precision the writing gestures visible on the page (add, delete, substitute, move, rewrite a new version) and we have tried, when possible, to analyze the mental operations that caused these gestures. We have also tried to reconstruct the chronology of the writing of each draft, in order to create an editing prototype that allows us to read the drafts of poetry by displaying the text one writing campaign after the other and to visualize the modifications made by the author up to the scale of the letter. Thanks to this edition, we were able to analyse in detail the composition steps, the methods used by the author and the gestures made to carry out his project, and we deliver the results of this analysis at the end of the introduction of this thesis
Giovanni Pascoli (1855-1912) fa parte dei classici della letteratura italiana. Poeta bilingue scrivendo in italiano e in latino, è diventato famoso nell’ambito della letteratura neolatina per avere composto poemi premiati o lodati quasi ogni anno dal 1892 al certamenpoeticum hoeufftianum. La sua opera latina, i Carmina, è sconosciuta in Francia.Il primo obbiettivo di questa ricerca dottorale è di proporre un’edizione bilingue tradotta e commentata di una selezione dei poemi latini del Pascoli e di rendere quest’edizione accessibile a un lettorato francese che non sia specialista né di letteratura latina né di letteratura italiana. Abbiamo provato a selezionare poemi di forme varie (poemi narrativi, epigrammi, odi dedicatorie) per poter dare al lettore una visione d’insieme di quello che potrebbe essere un’edizione integrale dei Carmina. Abbiamo presentato in introduzioneelementi biografici e vari aspetti estectici e linguistici della poesia pascoliana suscettibili di agevolare la comprensione dei testi. Ci presentiamo anche un’analysi delle modalità della scrittura in latino come esperienza poetica, ambientando questa pratica nel contesto culturale in cui scriveva il Pascoli. Abbiamo inoltre provato a studiare la poesia latina del Pascoi al contatto di quella italiana.Il secondo aspetto di questa tesi riguarda il carattere postumo dei Carmina, la cui edizione princeps è stata realizzata da Maria Pascoli e Ermenegildo Pistelli. Il poeta non ha avuto il tempo di raggruppare i suoi poemi in una raccolta strutturata, quindi i Carmina sono stati organizzati in sezioni tematiche che non sono sempre soddisfacenti (per esempio, gli epigrammi sono pubblicati senza logica di organizzazione in una sezione ragruppando poemi di forma breve e poemi che non entravano nei temi delle sezioni). Grazie alla digitalizzazione dell’insieme delle carte di G. Pascoli, abbiamo potuto esplorare i tentativi di strutturazionedell’opera realizzati dal poeta, e proponiamo nell’introduzione di questa testi due strutture possibili : la prima secondo la cronologia della scrittura, e l’altra secondo la cronologia dei fatti rappresentati. Abbiamo scelto per presentare l’edizione commentata dei Carmina la prima struttura, per permettere di visualizzare la scrittura dei Carmina come un processo che ha evoluto nel tempo.Questo studio del processo della scrittura pascoliana, l’abbiamo anche portato al livello del poema, nel dettaglio della composizione. Abbiamo costituito un’edizione genetica XMLTEI di una cartella di carte, quella del poema Crepereia Tryphaena. In questa edizione, abbiamo descritto con una massima precisione possibile i gesti di scrittura visibili sulla pagina (aggiungere, cancellare, sostituire, spostare, riscrivere una nuova versione), e abbiamo tentato, quando era possibile, di analizzare le operazioni mentali che hanno provocato questi gesti. Inoltre, abbiamo provato a ricostituire la cronologia della scrittura di ogni carta, percreare un prototipo di edizione che permetta di leggere le carte di una poesia facendo apparire una stesura dopo l’altra, e permettendo di visualizzare le modifiche fino al livello della lettera. Grazie a quest’edizione abbiamo potuto analizzare precisamente le varie tappe della composizione di poesia, i metodi usati dall’autore et i gesti effettuati per condurre il suo progetto creativo. Presentiamo i risultati di quest’analisi alla fine dell’introduzione della tesi

Comment les traditions orales kanak pourraient-elles agir au-delà de leurs frontières habituelles et influencer les processus de construction identitaire dans la société néo-calédonienne contemporaine ? Notre travail explore les interactions entre la tradition orale kanak et la tradition écrite néocalédonienne, en examinant les textes de réécriture, ces lieux de rencontre entre traditions qui constituent un espace de patrimoine commun. Cette thèse retrace les chemins d’une histoire, Le Chef et le lézard (dont on trouve de multiples versions dans les différentes traditions orales kanak), dans la tradition écrite. Sont élucidés les contextes historiques, politiques et littéraires des processus de production de versions de l’histoire, afin de mettre en évidence les forces en oeuvre, et d’éclairer la manière dont les représentations qui y figurent pourraient participer aux processus de construction identitaire. Les outils conceptuels employés sont la « réécriture », la « vā » (l’espace relationnel océanien d’échange et de rencontre),ainsi que la littérature comme « outil de renforcement communautaire ». La contribution originale qu'apporte notre travail consiste en démontrant le degré et l’étendue de l’intégration d'une histoire kanak dans le polysystème littéraire néo-calédonien ; en soulignant le rôle actif joué par des acteurs kanak dans les processus de réécriture ; en créant une métaphore étendue géographique du paysage littéraire néo-calédonien ; en témoignant de la richesse des traditions orales et écrites de Kanaky/Nouvelle-Calédonie ; et en constituant une passerelle entre les chercheurs/lecteurs non-francophones et la littérature néo-calédonienne
How might Kanak oral traditions move beyond their usual boundaries and influence identity construction processes in contemporary New Caledonian society? This thesis explores the interactions between Kanak oral tradition and New Caledonian written tradition, by examining the (re)writings that are places of encounter between these traditions, and thus constitute a space of shared heritage. This study traces the pathways taken by a story, Le Chef et le lézard, (a number of versions of which are found in different Kanak oral traditions), as it moves into and within written tradition. The historical, political, and literary contexts of the (re)writing processes that produce versions of Le Chef et le lézard are elucidated, to demonstrate the forces at work and shed light on how the representations that figure in the (re)writings might participate in identity construction processes. The conceptual tools used in the study include: rewriting; vā (the relational space of exchange and encounter found throughout Oceania); and literature as a means of building community. The original contribution of this thesis has been to demonstrate the degree and the extent of the integration of a Kanak story into the New Caledonian literary polysystem; to highlight the active role played by Kanak actors in the rewriting process; to develop anextended geographic metaphor for the New Caledonian literary landscape; to bear witness to the richness of oral and written traditions in Kanaky/Nouvelle-Calédonie; and to create a bridge between non-Francophone researchers/readers and New Caledonian literature (oral and written)

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In this research, we describe how common sense knowledge with machine translation can help the communication among people with different cultural background. In order to evaluate this possibility, we developed a bilingual chat called Culture-to-Chat or C2C that provides a communication channel and has resources that help its user to create messages in a second language. In the computer-mediated communication field, it is possible to notice that people are crossing geographic borders and having opportunities to share experiences among different cultures. Sharing information in a non native language can be difficult to some users. Some computational tools that support communication uses machine translation to aid users that need to work with different language. C2C also uses this approach and adopts a semantic network of cultural knowledge, collaboratively built on the Web through the Open Mind Common Sense in Brazil project (OMCS-Br) to work with cultural expression, in other words, terms whose meaning depends on user‟s culture. Following a user-centered design approach that focuses on prototyping, we present the development of C2C passing by low, middle and high fidelity prototypes. In order to observe how this computational tool is used and collect the opinion of target users, we perform a pilot study involving Brazilian and Canadian users. This study showed some enhancements for the tool and pointed evidences that this chat contributes to the communication between people with different cultural backgrounds.
Neste trabalho é descrito como o conhecimento de senso comum em conjunto com a tradução automática pode apoiar a comunicação entre pessoas de diferentes culturas. Para verificar a viabilidade do senso comum foi desenvolvido um chat bilíngue chamado Culture-to-Chat ou C2C, que, além de prover um canal de comunicação, possui mecanismos que auxiliam o usuário na criação de mensagens em língua estrangeira. No campo da comunicação mediada por computador, percebe-se que as pessoas estão cruzando as fronteiras geográficas e tendo oportunidades de troca de experiências entre diferentes culturas. Para alguns usuários, essa troca de informações é feita em uma língua não nativa, o que pode ser uma tarefa difícil para eles. Algumas ferramentas computacionais que apoiam a comunicação propõem o uso de tradução automática para trabalhar com usuários falantes de diferentes línguas. O C2C, além de adotar tal estratégia, adota a rede semântica de conhecimento cultural construida colaborativamente via Web do projeto Open Mind Common Sense no Brasil (OMCS-Br) para trabalhar com expressões culturais, ou seja, termos cujo significado depende da cultura do usuário. Utilizando uma abordagem centrada no usuário focando-se em prototipação, o desenvolvimento do C2C e suas funcionalidades são apresentados por meio de protótipos de diferentes níveis de fidelidade (baixa, média e alta). Com o intuito de observar o uso dessa ferramenta computacional e coletar opiniões de usuários, foi realizado um estudo piloto envolvendo usuários brasileiros e canadenses. Tal estudo mostrou possíveis melhorias pra a ferramenta e apontou indícios de que este chat contribui na comunicação entre pessoas de diferentes culturas.

Este trabalho se ocupa da tradução comentada para o português do Instruccion de Musica sobre la Guitarra Espanõla, de Gaspar Sanz (1697), um dos mais importantes livros de repertório e de instruções de como tocar a guitarra de cinco ordens, que ora denominamos guitarra barroca. A tradução procura contextualizar o texto de Sanz, levando ao leitor, mesmo aquele não habituado à leitura dos tratados dos séculos XVII e XVIII, subsídios que lhe permitam compreender o texto e tirar utilidade prática de seu conteúdo. Assim como o Instruccion, o trabalho aborda temas os mais diversos concernentes à guitarra barroca: música solística, para a compreensão da qual a afinação reentrante mostra-se essencial, música de acompanhamento em suas diferentes vertentes, Rasqueado, Ponteado e Obbligato, instruções de afinação, ornamentação, escolha das cordas e diferentes afinações. Abrange também, embora não como objetivo principal, uma proposta de metodologia para transcrição da tablatura original, levando em conta a afinação reentrante modificada. Os comentários sobre o vasto conteúdo do Instruccion baseiam-se na leitura da obra de Sanz, no cotejamento com outras fontes primárias e secundárias, mas também, e não menos importante, na minha experiência como instrumentista de cordas dedilhadas antigas há mais de quinze anos. Todos os exemplos e transcrições trazem o fac-símile para confronto, convidando o leitor a exercer sua curiosidade em relação às fontes primárias e fazendo disto, de fato, seu principal objetivo.
This work deals with the commented translation into Portuguese of the Instruccion de Musica sobre la Guitarra Española , by Gaspar Sanz (1697), one of the most important books of repertoire and instructions on how to play the five orders guitar, we now call baroque guitar. This translation aims to contextualize Sanz\'s, text, leading the reader, even those not used to reading the treaties of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, subsidies to help understanding the text and make practical use of it\'s content. As the Instruccion, this work addresses the most diverse topics concerning the baroque guitar: solo music, where reentrant tuning shows to be essential to their understanding, accompanying music in its various aspects, rasqueado, ponteado and obbligato, ornamentation, choice of chords and different tunings. It also covers, although not as its main objective, a proposed methodology for transcription of the original tablature, taking into account the modified reentrant tuning. Comments on the vast content of the Instruccion are based on the reading of Sanz\'s work in mutual comparison with other primary and secondary sources, but also, and not least, in my experience as a player of early plucked strings over fifteen years. All examples and transcriptions bring also the facsimile, inviting the reader to exercise their curiosity about primary sources and making it in fact their main goal.

La tesi propone la traduzione/adattamento del libro per bambini “Superpaco y los niños poseídos” di Juana Cortés Amunarriz, pubblicato nel 2018 dalla casa editrice spagnola NubeOcho. Il lavoro è composto da quattro capitoli. Il primo si concentra sull’analisi del testo di partenza (genere di appartenenza, casa editrice, illustratrice, autrice, elementi paratestuali, trama, i personaggi, elementi spazio-temporali, stile e lingua utilizzata per affrontare i temi trattati direttamente e indirettamente dall’autrice). Il secondo capitolo verte sulla figura del supereroe e dell’antieroe, che Superpaco/Paco Montes, protagonista del racconto incarna pienamente. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato alla proposta di traduzione nella versione italiana Superpino e i bambini posseduti. La traduzione viene commentata nel quarto e ultimo capitolo, in tutti quegli aspetti meritevoli di attenzione: paratesto, antroponimi e toponimi, lessico, fraseologia, giochi di parole, sintassi, elementi culturali e illustrazioni.

Cette thèse s’interroge sur la difficulté qu’on rencontre pour définir l’œuvre de Théophile de Viau (1590-1626). Ensemble disparate sur le plan formel et esthétique, l’œuvre semble pâtir de l’émergence tardive d’un auteur que le procès en libertinage a construit, pour une large part (1623-1625). L’étude menée ici consiste à aller au rebours d’une lecture qui ferait des écrits théophiliens un ensemble dirigé vers cette création artificielle d’un auteur. En prenant appui sur la production poétique antérieure au procès (circa. 1614-1623), cette thèse tente de définir le mouvement de dispersion apparemment contradictoire d’une trajectoire sociale, entraînée par le mouvement de ses publications, et celui d’une densification de l’écriture littéraire autour de pratiques saillantes. En effet, pour envisager les procédures réelles de l’œuvre de Théophile de Viau, pour en dégager les lignes de force et les points de rupture, le présent travail prend appui sur le concept de désœuvrement. Qu’il s’agisse des origines sociales et symboliques du poète, des tensions que soulève le service de plume, ou des ambiguïtés des positionnements littéraires du poète vis-à-vis de la culture de l’imitation et de la tradition rhétorique des lieux communs, tout porte à croire que l’identité poétique de Théophile de Viau s’est construite sur un mouvement paradoxal de dégagement à autrui effectué dans les lieux mêmes de l’altérité, au cœur de l’identité du poète
This thesis is concerned with the difficulty one encounters when trying to define the work of Theophile de Viau (1590-1626). The set of texts it consists in is heterogeneous both formally and aesthetically, and seems to suffer the late emergence of an author who was in a large part made by his trial for licentiousness. (1623-1625). My aim here is to go against the interpretation that considers theophelian writings as a unity directed towards the artificial creation of an author. By studying the poems written before the trial (around 1614-1623), this thesis aims at defining an apparently contradictory scattered social trajectory, led by the movement of his publications, as well as the densification of his literary writing around striking practices. Indeed, in order to consider the real processes at stake in Theophile de Viau’s work, in order to distinguish its lines of force and breaking points, the present study is based on the concept of désoeuvrement (deconstructing the concept of his oeuvre). Whether it be the social and symbolical origins of the poet, the tensions raised by his patronage, or the ambiguities of the literary positions of the poet regarding the culture of imitation and the rhetoric of common places, everything leads us to believe that Theophile de Viau’s poetic identity was built on a paradoxical movement of disengagement towards others carried out in the very places of otherness. Otherness is at the heart of the poet’s identity

This thesis explores the impact of the Syrian refugee crisis on the Common European Asylum System. It evaluates the extent to which the European Union was able to implement a common asylum system, identifies discrepancies between different European countries, primarily Germany and Hungary, and briefly examines the roots of these differences. To this end, the structure of the international refugee protection regime and the German and Hungarian asylum systems are analyzed. Furthermore, the thesis explores how the governments of the two countries perceive the rights of refugees and how their views have affected their handling of the crisis. The case studies of Germany and Hungary have revealed that the treatment of Syrian refugees varies enormously within the EU. Hence, the implementation of the Common European Asylum System has not been achieved, which can be attributed to the deficiencies within the system and the growing ideological rifts within the EU.

Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in tre macro-aree. Una prima riguardante un'analisi teorica di come funzionano le intrusioni, di quali software vengono utilizzati per compierle, e di come proteggersi (usando i dispositivi che in termine generico si possono riconoscere come i firewall). Una seconda macro-area che analizza un'intrusione avvenuta dall'esterno verso dei server sensibili di una rete LAN. Questa analisi viene condotta sui file catturati dalle due interfacce di rete configurate in modalità promiscua su una sonda presente nella LAN. Le interfacce sono due per potersi interfacciare a due segmenti di LAN aventi due maschere di sotto-rete differenti. L'attacco viene analizzato mediante vari software. Si può infatti definire una terza parte del lavoro, la parte dove vengono analizzati i file catturati dalle due interfacce con i software che prima si occupano di analizzare i dati di contenuto completo, come Wireshark, poi dei software che si occupano di analizzare i dati di sessione che sono stati trattati con Argus, e infine i dati di tipo statistico che sono stati trattati con Ntop. Il penultimo capitolo, quello prima delle conclusioni, invece tratta l'installazione di Nagios, e la sua configurazione per il monitoraggio attraverso plugin dello spazio di disco rimanente su una macchina agent remota, e sui servizi MySql e DNS. Ovviamente Nagios può essere configurato per monitorare ogni tipo di servizio offerto sulla rete.

碩士
長榮大學
翻譯研究所(在職專班)
97
The object of the thesis is to apply and verify translation theories and techniques in the process of translating Never Let Me Go and commenting on the translation. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes the author’s goals and the translation strategies set in advance. The second chapter introduces the author and the background of Never Let Me Go, and describes the process of the author’s translation plans. The third chapter is the Chinese translation of Never Let Me Go from chapter I to chapter IX. The fourth chapter discusses the theories and techniques used for the translation and offers a comparison between the author’s translation and a published Chinese version. The concluding chapter reviews the goals stated in the first chapter and presents the author’s opinions and suggestions based on the author’s translation and studies.

碩士
淡江大學
法國語文學系碩士班
95
Raymond Queneau is a contemporary french writer. However, there are only a few of his works were translated in Chinese. His writing style was deeply affected by the surrealism, so that in his novels, we can apparently feel the absurdity and the black humor. What else, the author was devoted to the reform of french. For this reason, he uses plenty of argot, slang and oral french in his work, yet this manner straiten the translation. By addcuing the theory of translation with practice, this thesis has the objective to treat the problems of translating french into chinese. In order to support the demonstration, we introduce at frist the theory "communicative translation" and "semantic translation" of Peter Newmark. Then, by translating two contes, Dino and At the Edge of the Forest, of Queneau, we try combine the theory with practice. Finally, we focus on the problems occured in the process of translating, and to discuss these questions by analysing the words, the phrases and the contexts. In addition, we offer my own propositional version. With the researche of theory, my translation version is based on the method of "semantic translation", but also sustain with "communicative translation". Although the "equivalent-effect" is not easy to reach, for the geographic and cultural distance between French and China, I hope my research and demonstration could offer some possibilities on solving the difficulties of translation.

Thesis (M.Ed.) --University of Limpopo, 2009.
Some dictionaries are presented in such a way that their target users could not easily retrieve the required semantic information with special reference to Xitsonga/English Dikixinari/Dictionary (2005). Semantic information in the dictionary is presented unsystematically. In some cases extra-linguistic information in the form of contextual guidance is presented, which is regarded as secondary information in the place of semantic information (which is primary). The study evaluates this dictionary in terms of the primary of semantic comments in Xitsonga/English Dictionary. The study finds that translation equivalents are not arranged systematically in the microstructure. The research concludes that extra-linguistic information in a form of contextual guidance must be systematical used in the microstructure of Xitsonga/English Dikixinary/Dictionary (2005) so that dictionary users could be able to retrieve systematic information that could help them to speak the target language in a communicative functional way. This as a result will lead to communicative success.
Not listed

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
應用德語研究所
102
After World War II, German government began to recruiting guest workers (“Gastarbeiter”) from its neighboring country to speed up its post-war economy recovery. This policy not only drove the economy growth in Germany at that time, but also helped Germany to become a multicultural and multi-ethnic society. The large influx of immigrants changed the structure of German population and society and made cultural diversity a part of Germany’s society today. However, the immigrants also brought significant impact to Germany’s society and became one major challenge for its development. For example, with no sufficient German language ability, children of the immigrants often had higher dropout rate and unemployment rate; differences in culture values further caused other problems, such as mal-adaptation, conflicts and even social issues. Therefore, German government implemented the“The National Integration Plan” (Der nationale Integrationsplan der Bundesregierung) in 2007. “European Modular program for intercultural learning in teacher education and training” (European Modular Programme for Intercultural Learning, Training and Advanced Training) is the specific programs to train teachers’ intercultural teaching capacity. Similarly, with the number of foreign spouses (hereafter, “New Immigrants) and New Immigrants’ children raising steadily, Taiwan is gradually becoming a multi cultural and multi-ethnic society. The phenomenon of cultural diversity become more evident in elementary education, urging for education policies for New Immigrants’ children and social integration plan in Taiwan. To build a diverse society with fairness in development, Taiwanese government needs to educate it young citizens to accept people from different cultural backgrounds and to live with them harmoniously. However, from the current 55 major education policies established by the Ministry of Education, none of them addresses this critical issue. In contrast, Germany and EU Commission has been actively promoting intercultural education and cooperating with each other to form the modular program for the intercultural teaching capacity of teachers in elementary school. The Taiwanese society may learn the lessons from the cooperation of countries in EU. By translating “European Modular Program for Intercultural Learning in Teacher Education and Training - Guideline for Intercultural teaching—Theory Basis” into Chinese, this study aimed to introduce German policy to Taiwanese government and the public for future reference to developing intercultural education -related policies. This paper aims to translate “European Modular Programme for Intercultural Learning, Training and Advanced Training Manual of Intercultural Competence for Primary School- Translation and Comment -” into Chinese and uses Katharina Reis’s translation theory as the strategy to deal with the problems encountered during the translation process. Furthermore, the study also analyzes and gives comments on the appropriateness of the translation strategy according to Reis’s translation theory. The study is divided into five chapters: the first chapter states the background, motivation and purposes of selecting the teaching guideline as the subject matter; the second chapter introduces the background and contents of the original work, stylistic features of government documents as well as translation criticism criteria for teaching guideline. The third chapter discusses the translation strategy by using Reis’s intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic translation criteria. The fourth chapter summarizes the difficulties and translation skills in translating political documents and provides suitable translation suggestions. Key words: intercultural teaching, government documents, Katharina Reis, translation criticism

The subject of the present paper is an analysis of two formally similar comment clauses (CCs henceforth) you know and you see with the help of a parallel corpus InterCorp. First, the focus is put on their pragmatic functions; it is attempted to find out whether they perform all the functions that can be realized by you-oriented CCs as identified and characterized by Povolná (2010), i.e. whether they can be found both as appealers and empathizers, inform markers and monitors, and whether they prefer a certain sentence-position. Second, the present paper studies the Czech translation counterparts of the selected CCs; it attempts to offer a summary of the strategies concerning the translation of the CCs into Czech and to identify their most typical Czech equivalents. It also examines to what extend the type of the pragmatic function influences the translation. The theoretical part summarizes the history of the phenomenon of CCs and characterizes and describes two approaches generally applied to CCs: CCs as ordinary clause constituents (Quirk et al. (1985)) vs. CCs as discourse markers (Povolná (2010)). Also offered is the treatment of the equivalents of CCs in the Czech grammars (Cvrček et al. (2010), Daneš, Hlavsa et al. (1987) and Karlík and Grepl (1998, 1999)). The methodological part summarizes...

The aim of the present study is to describe and analyze the English comment clause you know in a corpus of written sources called Intercorp and a corpus created of eight episodes of the television series Friends, which represents the natural language. The study works with the presumption that the language of the TV show Friends is in its conversational nature similar to the natural language of conversations and therefore can be contrasted to the artificial language of written form. As the Czech translations of both corpora are available to us, the study greatly focuses on two main aspects: the Czech translation counterparts of the you know comment clause and their pragmatic functions. The theoretical part introduces the comment clauses, describing their features and functions, not only as described by Quirk et al. (1985), but also from the point of view of the discourse linguists that see the comment clauses like you know as markers and specialize in their research, mostly Povolná (2010), Stenström (1995), Schiffrin (1987) and others. The outline of potential Czech counterparts is given as well, suggested by Dušková (2009), Běličová (1993) and duo Grepl & Karlík (1998, 1999). Moreover, we mention the language of television and the difference between conventional and audiovisual translation, and the...

The master thesis treats about the multi awarded roman Le dernier des nôtres. This roman is the second written by the French novelist and journalist Adélaïde de Clermont-Tonnerre. The purpose of this thesis is the translation of some chapters of this roman into Czech language. On the following pages, we will focus on analyzing and professionally comment our way of translating. We will study the different elements composing the translation and the cultural specificities we had to consider while translating. Not less important was the general approach of theoretical translation processes and methodology, but also the problematics that could be faced by a translator. Theoretical chapters give a better understanding of translation discipline.

My thesis is an analysis of my own translation of a chapter from Dominik Nagl's legal history 'Grenzfälle,' which addresses questions of citizenship and nationality in the context of the German colonies in Africa and the South Pacific. My analysis focuses primarily on strategies that I used in an effort to preserve the strangeness of a linguistic context that is, in many ways, "foreign" to twenty first-century North Americans while also striving to avoid reproducing the violence embedded in language that is historically laden with extreme power disparities.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to create an annotated Czech translation of a literary text. Specifically, the selected three short stories from the collection Ideoluzije (2015) by a Slovenian writer Jasmin B. Frelih. The stories chosen for translation are De Nachtwacht, Vrabci and Pritisk konca. The first part of the thesis briefly introduces the author and his work. The main focus of the work is the translation of selected short stories and creating a professional commentary. The theoretical-practical part deals with individual phenomena that may be problematic in translation, such as neologisms, vulgarisms, interjections, etc. The theoretical interpretation is supported by examples from the short stories. This thesis aims to clarify translation procedures and methods as well as to present solutions to the problems mentioned.