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1
Benlakehal, Ryma. „Study of maternal-mediated mechanisms in the epigenetic programming induced by maternal stress : Transgenerational transmission and oxytocin“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILS105.
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Les facteurs environnementaux défavorables jouent un rôle majeur dans la santé et le développement des maladies, parmi ces facteurs figure le stress, surtout lorsqu'il survient durant des périodes critiques telles que la période périnatale (prénatale et postnatale). Le stress augmente les glucocorticoïdes maternels et réduit le comportement maternel, entraînant une programmation inadaptée chez la progéniture. En utilisant le modèle de stress périnatale (PRS) chez le rat, mon projet de doctorat vise à étudier la transmission des déficits induits par le PRS à travers la lignée maternelle vers les générations suivantes via l'hérédité intergénérationnelle et transgénérationnelle, et à explorer les mécanismes de la transmission sur plusieur générations par l'activation du système ocytocinergique grâce au traitement postpartum des mères stressées. Cette étude est la première à examiner la transmission ainsi que la correction des déficits induits par le PRS à travers plusieurs générations. Ainsi, nous avons exploré l'effet correcteur de l'amélioration du comportement maternel par l'activation ocytocinergique en utilisant un analogue de l'ocytocine (carbétocine : CBT ; injecté par voie intrapéritonéale ou intranasale) ou une approche alternative via le probiotique Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), connu pour son activité ocytocinergique. Nos résultats ont révélé que le stress gestationnel chez les mères F0 réduisait les soins maternels sur trois générations jusqu'aux mères F2. De plus, les mères stressées présentaient un déséquilibre du stress/anti-stress et un dysfonctionnement de l'axe Hypothalamo-Hypophyso-Surrénalien (HPA), caractérisé par une augmentation des niveaux de corticostérone (CORT) et une réduction de l'ocytocine (OT) dans le plasma. Par ailleurs, les mères stressées présentaient des niveaux réduits d'OT et de son récepteur OTR dans l'hypothalamus, ainsi qu'une augmentation du BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) et de ses isoformes. Ces changements maternels ont conduit à des perturbations chez la progéniture, y compris un comportement de prise de risque altéré dans le labyrinthe en croix surélevé (EPM) et un déséquilibre de l'axe HPA, persistant de manière transgénérationnelle jusqu'à la progéniture F3. Cela s'accompagnait de changements neurochimiques dans l'hippocampe de la progéniture PRS, y compris une augmentation du BDNF et une réduction des récepteurs des minéralocorticoïdes (MR), des récepteurs des glucocorticoïdes (GR) et des récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate 2 et 3 (mGluR2/R3) jusqu'à la génération F2. Globalement, des corrélations robustes ont été mises en évidence entre l'exposition précoce chez les mères et les changements chez la progéniture sur plusieurs générations. Remarquablement, le CBT IP et IN ont réussi à augmenter les niveaux périphériques d'OT chez les mères F0 traitées, avec une amélioration conséquente des soins maternels qui a à son tour corrigé les déficits comportementaux et neurochimiques observés chez la progéniture PRS qui persistaient jusqu'à la génération F2. Nous avons également démontré l'action de L. reuteri sur l'augmentation du comportement maternel chez les mères stressées associée à une augmentation d'OT dans le plasma et l'hypothalamus, et une normalisation des niveaux hypothalamiques de BDNF à ceux des mères controles. Là encore, la réversion du déficit de comportement maternel induit par L. reuteri a bénéficié à la progéniture PRS.Cette étude a souligné l'importance des soins maternels et de la période postpartum, et l'activation ocytocinergique qui exerce des effets bénéfiques via un mécanisme impliquant l'équilibre stress/anti-stress et l'interaction OT/BDNF. Ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent des stratégies thérapeutiques potentielles pour atténuer les effets du stress précoce et améliorer la santé de la dyade mère-enfantAdverse environmental factors play a major role in health and disease development, among these factors is stress, especially when it occurs during critical periods, such as the perinatal period (prenatal and postnatal), it increases maternal glucocorticoids and reduces maternal behavior, leading to maladaptive programming in the offspring. Using the perinatal stress (PRS) model in rats, my PhD project aimed to investigate the transmission of PRS-induced deficits through the maternal line to subsequent generations via intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance, and to uncover the mechanisms of multigenerational transmission via activation of the oxytocinergic system through postpartum treatment of the stressed mother. This study is the first to examine the transmission as well as the reversal of PRS deficits through multiple generations. Thus, we explored the corrective effect of enhancing maternal behavior through oxytocinergic activation using an oxytocin analog (carbetocin: CBT; injected intraperitoneally and intranasally) or an alternative approach via the probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri (administered in drinking water) which is known to display oxytocinergic activity. Our findings revealed that gestational stress in F0 dams reduced maternal care over three generations until F2 dams. Additionally, stressed dams showed a disturbed stress/anti-stress balance and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, characterized by increased corticosterone levels (CORT) and reduced oxytocin (OT) in the plasma. Moreover, stressed mothers exhibited reduced OT levels and its receptor OTR in the hypothalamus, alongside increased BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) and its isoforms. These maternal changes led to disturbances in the offspring, including impaired risk-taking behavior in the Elevated-Plus Maze (EPM) and an imbalance in the HPA axis, persisting transgenerationally up to the F3 offspring. This was accompanied by neurochemical changes in the hippocampus of the PRS offspring, including increased BDNF and reduced MR (mineralocorticoid receptors), GR (glucocorticoid receptors), and mGluR2/R3 (metabotropic glutamate 2 and 3 receptors) up to the F2 generation. Overall, robust correlations were highlighted between early-life exposure in mothers and changes in offspring over multiple generations. Remarkably, both intraperitoneal and intranasal CBT successfully increased peripheral OT levels in F0 treated dams with consequent enhancement of maternal care which in turn rescued all the behavioral and neurochemical deficits studied in the PRS offspring which persisted up to the F2 generation. We also provided groundbreaking evidence of L. reuteri action on maternal behavior in the stressed dams with associated elevation of OT levels in both plasma and hypothalamus and normalization of hypothalamic BDNF levels to those of control unstressed dams. Again, the reversal of maternal behavior deficit induced by L. reuteri benefited the PRS offspring.This study underscored the importance of maternal care and the postpartum period, and oxytocinergic activation appears to exert beneficial effects through a mechanism involving the stress/anti-stress balance and the OT/BDNF interplay. Together, these findings suggest potential therapeutic strategies for mitigating the effects of early-life stress and improving the health of the mother-infant dyad
2
Fiers, Olivia. „Abord transgenerationnel des adolescents suicidants“. Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M110.
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3
Klinitzke, Grit. „PSYCHISCHE UND KÖRPERLICHE AUSWIRKUNGEN POLITISCHER HAFT IN DER SBZ UND DDR AUF DIE BETROFFENEN UND IHRE NACHKOMMEN“. Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-116915.
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In der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone (SBZ) und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (DDR) waren schätzungsweise 300000 Menschen aus politischen Gründen inhaftiert, mindestens 200000 allein in der DDR. Dabei erlebten sie während der Haft physische und psychische Misshandlungen bzw. Folter. Mit der Inhaftierung unmittelbar verbunden war die Trennung von der Familie inklusive der Kinder. Frühere wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen aus den 90er Jahren zeigten, dass diese potentiell traumatischen Erlebnisse in den Gefängnissen langfristige körperliche und psychische Folgen für die Betroffenen nach sich zogen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, 20 Jahre nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung die aktuelle psychische und körperliche Belastung ehemals politisch Inhaftierter in der DDR zu erfassen, diese mit der Allgemeinbevölkerung zu vergleichen und potentielle Einflussfaktoren auf das Ausmaß der Belastung zu detektieren. Des Weiteren sollte die Frage untersucht werden, wie sich das psychische Wohlbefinden der Nachkommen ehemals politisch Inhaftierter in der SBZ und DDR im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung darstellt und ob es Faktoren gibt, die das Ausmaß der psychischen Belastung beeinflussen. Dabei war von besonderem Interesse, ob sich diejenigen Nachkommen, die zum Zeitpunkt der elterlichen Haft bereits geboren waren, bezüglich der psychischen Belastung von denen unterschieden, die erst später geboren wurden.
Die Datenerhebung fand jeweils querschnittlich im Rahmen zweier Forschungsprojekte an der Selbständigen Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig statt. Die ehemals politisch Inhaftierten in der DDR (Studie I; Forschungsbeginn 2007; n=157) und die Nachkommen von ehemals politischen Häftlingen in der SBZ und DDR (Studie II; Forschungsbeginn 2010; n=43) wurden mittels verschiedener standardisierter und validierter Fragebogenverfahren zu den aktuellen körperlichen Beschwerden (Studie I: GBB-24; Studie II: PHQ-15) und zum psychischen Wohlbefinden (Studie I: Depressivität und Angst [HADS], Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) [IES-R]; Studie II: Depressivität [PHQ-9], Ängstlichkeit [GAD-7], PTBS [IES-R]) sowie zur gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität (Studie I: EORTC-QLQ C30) befragt. Für den Vergleich der Stichprobendaten wurden in beiden Studien Substichproben aus bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Daten generiert. In Studie I wurden diese Vergleichsdaten alters- und geschlechtsparallelisiert, in Studie II alters-, geschlechts- und bildungs-parallelisiert.
In drei Einzelpublikationen zur den Langzeitfolgen politischer Haft für die Betroffen und in einer Publikation zu den Nachkommen der Betroffenen wurden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen dargestellt. Im Folgenden werden sie überblicksartig zusammengefasst:
Ergebnisse Studie I:
- Ehemals politisch Inhaftierte in der DDR berichten zum Teil noch 20 Jahre nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung signifikant vermehrt über Symptome von Traumafolge-störungen wie Ängstlichkeit, posttraumatische Belastungssymptome und Depressionen im Vergleich zu einer alters- und geschlechtsparallelisierten Stichprobe der Allgemein-bevölkerung.
- Die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität ehemals politisch Inhaftierter in der DDR ist im Vergleich zu einer alters- und geschlechtsparallelisierten Stichprobe der Allgemein-bevölkerung in allen Funktions- (körperliche, emotionale, soziale, kognitive Funktion, Rollenfunktion) und Symptombereichen (Fatigue, Übelkeit/Erbrechen, Schmerz, Kurzatmigkeit, Schlaflosigkeit, Appetitlosigkeit, Verstopfung, Durchfall, finanzielle Schwierigkeiten) signifikant niedriger. Es fand sich kein durchgängiger Einfluss der haftbezogenen Merkmale auf das Ausmaß der Lebensqualität. Jedoch berichteten diejenigen Betroffenen, die mehrfach verhaftet wurden, geringere Werte auf allen Funktionsskalen der Lebensqualität als diejenigen, die „nur“ einmal verhaftet wurden.
- Bei 50 % der Betroffenen wurde auf Grundlage der Fragebogendaten eine PTBS ermittelt. Diejenigen Betroffenen, die länger als zwei Jahre inhaftiert waren, litten seltener an einer PTBS als Personen, die zwei Jahre oder kürzer inhaftiert waren. In welcher Haftära die Betroffenen in der DDR inhaftiert waren (1949-1971 vs. 1972-1989), wie alt sie bei der ersten Inhaftierung waren und ob sie nach der Haft in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland oder in die DDR entlassen wurden, hatte keinen Einfluss auf das Ergebnis. Diejenigen Betroffenen, die mehrfach verhaftet wurden, wiesen jedoch signifikant häufiger eine PTBS auf.
- Ehemals politisch Inhaftierte in der DDR berichteten signifikant mehr Körperbeschwerden (Erschöpfung, Magen-, Herzbeschwerden, Gliederschmerzen) im Vergleich zu einer alters- und geschlechtsparallelisierten Stichprobe der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Die Variable Haftdauer hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Ausmaß der Körperbeschwerden.
Ergebnisse Studie II:
- Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass die Gruppe der Nachkommen politisch Inhaftierter in der SBZ und DDR im Durchschnitt in den psychischen Störungsbereichen Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität und somatoforme Symptome signifikant stärker belastet ist als eine repräsentative alters-, geschlechts- und bildungsparallelisierte Stichprobe der Allgemeinbevölkerung.
- 49 % der Nachkommen ehemals inhaftierter Personen in der SBZ und DDR wiesen auf Grundlage der Fragebogendaten eine psychische Störung in den Bereichen Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität und somatoforme Störung auf. Bei 51 % wurde keine psychische Störung in den erhobenen Bereichen gefunden.
- Diejenigen Nachkommen politisch Inhaftierter, die zum Zeitpunkt der elterlichen Haft bereits geboren waren, unterschieden sich in den Bereichen Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität und Somatisierung nicht signifikant von denen, die erst nach der Haft geboren wurden.
- 88,4 % der befragten Nachkommen berichteten mindestens ein selbst erlebtes traumatisches Ereignis. 34,9 % von ihnen gaben als das schrecklichste Ereignis eines im Zusammenhang mit der politischen Inhaftierung ihrer Eltern an. 9,1 % Personen wiesen dabei auf Grundlage der Fragebogendaten eine PTBS auf.
- Diejenigen Nachkommen, bei denen beide Elternteile in politischer Haft waren, wiesen über alle Störungsbereiche hinweg tendenzielle höhere Belastungswerte auf, allerdings blieb dieser Unterschied ohne statistische Signifikanz.
Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass eine politische Inhaftierung in der DDR weitreichende Folgen für den körperlichen und psychischen Gesundheitszustand eines Betroffenen haben konnte und dass diese Belastungen zum Teil noch bis heute anhalten können. Dabei ist auch die aktuelle gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität stark beeinträchtigt. Die Umstände der Haft scheinen nur vereinzelt einen Einfluss auf die Ausprägung der Belastungen zu haben. Für die klinische Praxis bedeuten diese Befunde, dass die historisch-biografischen Lebensumstände eines Individuums als Teil der ätiologischen Rahmenbedingungen für die Entstehung von Psychopathologie unbedingt mit betrachtet werden müssen. Für eine Gruppe von Nachkommen ehemals politisch inhaftierter Personen in der SBZ und DDR ergaben sich Hinweise auf eine erhöhte psychische Belastung in den Störungsbereichen Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität und somatoforme Symptome, unabhängig davon, ob sie zum Zeitpunkt der elterlichen Haft bereits geboren waren oder nicht.
Die Interpretation der Studienergebnisse ist vor dem Hintergrund einiger methodischer Einschränkungen vorzunehmen. Das Fehlen klinisch-strukturierter Experteninterviews, die alle psychiatrischen Störungsbereiche erfassen, geringe Fallzahlen besonders in der Untersuchung zu den Nachkommen der ehemals politisch Inhaftierten, das Querschnittsdesign und die hohe Selektivität der Stichprobe sind kritische Aspekte, die in zukünftigen Untersuchungen besonderer methodischer Aufmerksamkeit bedürfen. Um die Auswirkungen der elterlichen Haft auf die Kinder umfassender zu untersuchen, sei empfohlen, sowohl systembezogene Variablen wie Eltern-Kind-Beziehung und Bindung, innerfamiliäre Kommunikation und den elterlichen Erziehungsstil zur Aufklärung der Beziehungen auf Verhaltensebene, als auch epigenetische, neuroendokrinologische oder neurologische Parameter, die Aufschluss auf der biologischen Ebene liefern können, zu erfassen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit zu den Auswirkungen politischer Haft in der DDR und SBZ leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Aufarbeitung der jüngsten deutsch-deutschen Geschichte. Sie macht deutlich, wie stark dieses potentiell traumatische Ereignis der politischen Haft in der DDR und SBZ zum Teil auch den gegenwärtigen körperlichen und psychischen Zustand der Betroffenen und deren Nachkommen bestimmt.
Zugehörige Publikationen
1. Weißflog, G., Klinitzke, G. & Hinz, A. (2011). Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität und Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen bei in der DDR politisch Inhaftierten. Psychother Psych Med 2011; 61; 133-139
2. Weißflog, G., Böhm, M., Klinitzke, G. & Brähler, E. (2010). Erhöhte Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität als Spätfolgen bei Menschen nach politischer Inhaftierung in der DDR. Psychiat Prax 2010; 37; 297-299
3. Weißflog, G., Daig, I., Klinitzke, G. & Brähler, E. (2012). Körperbeschwerden nach politischer Inhaftierung und deren Zusammenhang mit Ängstlichkeit und Depressivität. Verhaltenstherapie 2012; 22; 37-46
4. Klinitzke, G., Böhm, M., Brähler, E. & Weißflog G. (2012). Ängstlichkeit, Depressivität, Somatisierung und Posttraumatische Belastungssymptome bei den Nachkommen ehemals politisch inhaftierter Personen in Ostdeutschland (1945-1989). Psychother Psych Med 2012; 62: 18-24
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Merck, Rhea Ann M. „Transgenerational Patterns of Adult Attachment Relationships“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278195/.
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The purpose of the study is to examine adult attachment relationships among a group of college students and their parents. Two attachment hypotheses were tested: The mental model hypothesis for attachments with parents and romantic partners and the compensation hypothesis for attachment with God. Hypothesis 1 attempted to determine if there was agreement between parents and children about a self-reported attachment style. Support was found as students and parents had a significantly higher level of agreement when reporting a secure style of attachment between them, with sons being significantly highest. Hypothesis 2 examined agreement on attachment style between generations: Children's report of attachments to parents and parents' report of attachment to their parents. Results indicated that parents' reporting a secure style of attachment to their parents was significantly higher with their same gender parents. Hypothesis 3 produced two 15 x 15 correlation matrices including measures of romantic attachment and religiousness for children and parents. In general, further validity for measures used is provided in numerous expected correlations. Anxious and avoidant romantic attachment styles and desperate love were significantly positively related and were often negatively related to a secure style of attachment. Results indicate significant relationships between fathers' and children's (particularly daughters') romantic styles. The only significant correlation for mothers and sons was on religiousness; however, mothers and daughters, fathers and daughters, as well as mothers and fathers were all significantly positively correlated on religiousness. Hypothesis 4 results indicated that when there was disagreement with fathers on attachment style, children scored higher on a measure of religiousness, supporting the compensation hypothesis. Hypothesis 5 found that children with secure attachments to both parents and mothers with high importance of religion also scored significantly higher on importance of religion, supporting the mental model hypothesis. Overall, this study suggests that the mental model and compensation hypotheses do not compete, but rather, coexist in different contexts, perhaps with mediating events that discriminate between the two processes.
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Blackburn, Paul. „Transgenerational influences in families containing young adults“. Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243329.
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Marrazzo, Joseph. „Gender considerations in the phenomenon of transgenerational grief“. Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798480861&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Holden, Sarah. „Subjective experiences of transgenerational parenting effects: A qualitative analysis“. Thesis, Lancaster University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485038.
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There exists convincing evidence to support the view that parenting style is important to child development. There has been increasing attention paid to the antecedents of parental behaviour and the extent to which previous experience of being parented influences subsequent parenting. This is an area dominated by quantitative research. Evidence suggests the transgenerational transmission of attachment style, and modelling of behaviour has also been implicated in the process oftransmission. In addition, several mediating factors have qeen identified. However, across the spectrum of adaptive and problematic parent-child relations, there has been a failure to clarify which factors determine transgenerational continuity or discontinuity of parenting. Whilst theoretical models emphasise the reciprocal nature of parent-child relations, there has been a lack of empirical validation oftransactional models. There has been a lack of attention paid to parents' perspectives regarding factors that influence their parenting. The present study adopted a qualitative methodology in order to explore parents' and grandparents' experiences of parenting and the extent to which the parents were influenced by the way in which they were parented. A community sample was utilised. Four mother-grandmother and' one fathergrandmother white British dyads participated in individual semi-structured interviews regarding their parenting and grandparenting experiences. Ail of the parents lived with partners. Three parents had two children and two parents had three children. Each parent-grandparent pair of interviews was analysed together using interpretative methodological analysis. The superordinate theme and six sub-themes suggest the potential importance of confiding relationships in which parents have opportunities to reflect on past experiences of being parented. The extent to which this .is possible appears to influence opportunities to integrate new ideas about parenting from sources /
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Kathiria, Palak, und University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. „Transgenerational changes in progeny of compatible pathogen infected plants“. Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2588.
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Gomes, André Manuel Gonçalves França. „The gene-expression analysis of transgenerational instability in mice“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28466.
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Transgenerational instability is characterized by genome-wide increases in mutation rates observed in the somatic and germline tissues of non-exposed offspring of irradiated parents. An increasing body of experimental evidence from animal studies suggests that the phenomenon of transgenerational instability is attributed to the yet unknown epigenetic changes induced in the germline of irradiated animals and manifested in their offspring. To establish whether paternal irradiation could result in the transgenerational changes in gene expression, CBA/Ca and BALB/c male mice were given 1 Gy of acute X-rays and mated 10 weeks after exposure to control females from the same strain. RNA samples were extracted from kidney, liver, spleen and brain of the first-generation offspring of irradiated and control parents. They were hybridised to the NimbleGen 12x135K multiplex expression array, containing 135,054 features on the expression profiles and covering 42,575 known mouse transcripts. Highly significant changes in gene expression at the FDR < 0.05 were detected in 39 transcripts, showing the same pattern in all four tissues. The GO analysis revealed three overlapping pathways showing highly significant enrichment (P < 10[superscript -6]) – rhythmic process, circadian rhythm and DNA-dependent regulation of transcription. Differentially expressed genes of interest were further validated by qPCR. The pattern of DNA methylation of a number of genes was established by single-molecule and conventional bisulfite sequencing. Paternal irradiation caused no differences in DNA methylation of the genes analysed. Methylation can be transmissible through many cell divisions, however, the transcripts and size of expression change varied between tissue-types suggesting a more permissive/modifiable epigenetic alteration including, perhaps, the histone code.
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Nelson, Vicki R. „Transgenerational Genetic Effects In Mouse Models Of Complex Traits“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1278706008.
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Reynolds, Tamara. „Transgenerational effects of maternal age on fertility of offspring“. The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492115742061456.
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Smith, T. S. „DNA methylation and transgenerational stress memories in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5194/.
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The long-standing proposition that plants may pass on a memory of stress events to the following generations is again gaining interest now that a plausible mechanism has been identified. Specifically, changes in DNA methylation, a dynamic epigenetic mark which regulates gene expression, can be inherited. Whilst indirect evidence indicates transgenerational stress memories may involve perturbations to the DNA methylome, we are still some way from identifying specific regions of the epigenome which can carry a memory of stress to the following generations. This research therefore sought to establish to what extent stress-induced changes in DNA methylation are inherited and what regions of the genome are epigenetically regulated in the progeny of stressed plants. A novel stress memory was observed in the progeny of Arabidopsis thaliana plants subjected zinc stress. This stress memory was observed to be stable over an untreated generation and appears to be specific to zinc. RNA-Seq analysis suggests that the progeny of zinc stressed plants display an altered transcriptome relative to control progeny in the absence of stress. Genes involved in iron uptake in the roots, which are upregulated in zinc stress, show a reduced expression in the progeny of zinc stressed plants. Biochemical analysis identified alterations in iron uptake in the zinc stress progeny. The activity of the jasmonate signalling pathways also appears to be altered in the zinc stress progeny. Wide-scale changes in DNA methylation were not observed during zinc stress or in the progeny of zinc stressed plants. Indeed, the DNA methylation profile of Arabidopsis thaliana was observed to be stable in response to a variety of stress conditions. Additionally, none of the other stressors tested resulted in a stress memory in the progeny. The results presented here suggest that transgenerational stress responses, such as the zinc stress memory identified, are rare in A.thaliana.
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Kłosin, Adam 1985. „Mechanism and dynamics of transgenerational epigenetic memory in Caenorhabditis elegans“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482206.
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Desde Darwin y Lamarck, a los biólogos les ha intrigado la posibilidad de que rasgos adquiridos debido al ambiente pudieran ser heredados. Se han descrito muchos ejemplos de este tipo debidos a perturbaciones del ambiente y transmitidos durante generaciones en numerosas especies, aunque por el momento no se conoce su regulación a nivel molecular. Usando C. elegans como modelo demostramos que el aumento de la expresión de un transgén artificial en células somáticas inducido por altas temperaturas es conservado durante múltiples generaciones. Esta memoria epigenética está regulada por la transmisión entre generaciones de dos memorias epigenéticas: el principal regulador de los niveles de expresión en la siguiente generación es la transmisión en cis de la modificación de la histona H3K9me3, mientras que los represores RNA pequeños (dsRNA) se heredan en trans y actúan de mediadores en la restitución del estado reprimido de la cromatina. Además, la puesta a cero epigenética es reforzada por la comunicación desde células somáticas a germinales regulada por el canal de dsRNA SID-1. También demostramos finalmente que un estrés en la replicación del DNA durante el desarrollo embrionario interfiere con la transmisión epigenética del estado reprimido de la cromatina. Estos resultados contribuyen a aumentar el conocimiento que tenemos de la herencia epigenética y la posible puesta a cero de los rasgos adquiridos debidos a cambios en el ambiente.Since Darwin and Lamarck, biologists have been intrigued by the possibility of the inheritance of environmentally-acquired traits. Examples of inter-generational transmission of traits induced by an environmental perturbation have been reported in multiple species, but the molecular mechanisms governing these responses remain obscure. Using C. elegans as a model system we demonstrate that high temperature-induced increase in expression from a somatically expressed transgene array persists for multiple generations. This epigenetic memory is governed by transgenerational transmission of two conflicting epigenetic memories: H3K9me3 histone marks are inherited in cis and act as the major determinant of expression levels in the next generation, whereas repressive small RNAs are inherited in trans and mediate restoration of the repressed state. In addition, epigenetic resetting is reinforced by soma to germline communication mediated by the dsRNA channel SID-1. Finally, we discovered that replication stress during early embryonic development interferes with epigenetic inheritance of a repressed state. These findings contribute to our understanding of the epigenetic inheritance and eventual resetting of environmentally acquired traits.
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Kelly, Patricia A. „"Born into absence" : transgenerational trauma in Anne Michaels' Fugitive Pieces“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32455.
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My research draws on critical theories of trauma, specifically the concept "postmemory" (Hirsch) and the emerging concept "cultural trauma" (Alexander et al). I investigate the representation of transgenerational memory in the aftermath of cultural genocide in the Canadian Holocaust novel Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michaels (1996). These two models, one with polysemous and multivalent influences (Holocaust literature, visual culture, cultural memory, testimony) and one sociological, offer a sociocultural perspective from which to investigate how the individual and the collective respond to cultural trauma and articulate meaning-making for the group. In addition, I draw on the psychoanalytic frameworks of trauma studies to respond to ethical concerns arising in relation to the effects of catastrophic events on the individual and collective (Caruth, Freud, LaCapra).
Deploying paradigms from trauma studies, I focus on an undertheorized aspect of Fugitive Pieces—second generation member Ben, the narrator of Part II. I compare traumatic memory, grounded in the geologic and geographic landscape of the child survivor Jakob Beer, narrator of Part I, to Ben's domestic sphere. I argue that in Part II the sites of catastrophe shift from the ground of the bog, the riverbed, the shelf of limestone and relocate indoors to the "ground" of the family home. The sociological conception of cultural trauma contributes to my reading of Ben's postmemory in Fugitive Pieces and establishes Ben as a conduit for cultural trauma—the group's collective memory and collective identity. Ben's importance to the representation of collective suffering lies in the transmission of trauma from Ben's parents to Ben that results in his membership in the collective. Next, I include visual theorists (Barthes, Mitchell, Sontag) and speculate on the presence of the Holocaust photograph in Part II. I suggest that the Holocaust family photograph helps Ben fill in some of the narrative gaps from his past and distinguish his parents' historical losses, as well as his own losses, from ranshistorical
absence without diminishing or negating his parents' original traumatic rupture. Finally,
following from Hirsch, I discuss the photographic postmemorial aesthetic of Fugitive Pieces, and I identify, in Barthes' language, Ben's familial noeme as "born-into-absence."Arts, Faculty of
English, Department of
Graduate
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Myron-Wilson, Rowan Rachel. „The family and bullying : transgenerational patterns of attachment and parenting“. Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423459.
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Matsuda, Naoki. „Physiological study on the transgenerational timing mechanism in an aphid“. Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253117.
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Ciabrelli, Filippo. „Stable transgenerational inheritance of alternative chromatin states in Drosophila melanogaster“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT034.
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L’héritage épigénétique transgénérationnelle est un phénomène très controversé, selon lequel un phénotype non-génétiquement déterminé peut être transmis à la génération suivante. Jusqu'à présent, ce mode de transmission a été décrit dans quelques cas et il a été suggéré que les composants de la chromatine peuvent être impliqués, y compris des protéines du groupe Polycomb, qui agissent comme des répresseurs de gènes clés du développement et coordonnent la différenciation cellulaire et la prolifération. Les mécanismes moléculaires à la base du rôle de la répression génique Polycomb-dépendante à hérédité épigénétique transgénérationnelle sont loin d'être compris. Par conséquent, j’ai développé un système expérimental chez Drosophila melanogaster pour induire un héritage épigénétique transgénérationnelle stable, dans lequel des états d'expression génique alternatifs peuvent être transmis en présence de la même séquence d'ADN. A partir de ces « épilignes » stables, j’ai pu disséquer certaines des propriétés génétiques des épiallèles induits, tels que leur héritage quantitatif et leur capacité à communiquer à longue distance. En outre, les épiallèles montrent une synergie dans leur expression et transmission héréditaire. L'une des signatures moléculaires des épiallèles est une différence de répression médiée par les complexes Polycomb et par leur marque d’histone caractéristique. Cette distribution différente est indépendante de l’activité transcriptionnelles des gènes en aval, au moins dans un stade de développement précoce, et pourrait influer l'organisation tridimensionnelle du locus impliqué. Curieusement Ago2, un composant de la voie ARNi, a été montré interagir avec les épiallèles génétiquement et la protéine Ago2 se fixe directement à leur chromatine, ce qui indique un rôle possible pour le ncRNAs dans l'expression des épiallèles et éventuellement dans leur transmission. Ces résultats plaident en faveur e l’existence d’une hérédité épigénétique transgénérationnelle stable chez les métazoaires et fournissent un modèle qui se prête à une dissection moléculaire de ce phénomèneTransgenerational epigenetic inheritance is a hotly debated phenomenon whereby a non-genetically determined phenotype can be transmitted to the next generation. So far, this mode of inheritance has been described in few cases and it was suggested that chromatin components might be involved, including Polycomb group proteins, which act as repressors of key developmental genes and coordinate cell differentiation and proliferation. The molecular mechanisms linking Polycomb-mediated silencing to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance are far from being understood. Therefore, I developed an experimental system in Drosophila melanogaster to induce stable transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, in which alternative gene expression states can be transmitted in the presence of the same DNA sequence. Starting from these highly stable “epilines”, I could dissect some of the genetic properties of the induced epialleles, such as their quantitative inheritance and their ability to trans-communicate. Moreover, the epialleles displayed synergy in their expression and transmission. One of the molecular signatures of the epialleles is the differential presence of the Polycomb repressive complexes and their related epigenetic marks. This different distribution is independent of the transcriptional activity of the downstream genes, at least in an early developmental stage, and could influence the three-dimensional organization of the locus involved. Intriguingly Ago2, an RNAi pathway component, has been found to genetically interact with the epialleles and to be directly bound on their chromatin, indicating a possible role for the ncRNAs in the expression of the epialleles and possibly in their transmission. These results make a case for strong and stable transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in metazoan and provide a model that is amenable for the molecular dissection of this phenomenon
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Kuba, Alyson. „Transgenerational Effects of Thermal Stress: Impacts On and Beyond Coral Reproduction“. NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/429.
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Ocean warming causes stress to corals and records reveal that periods of thermal stress are increasing in frequency and severity. Previous studies show that thermal stress negatively impacts the reproductive output of corals. However, the transgenerational impacts of coral bleaching have never been quantified. As a consequence, it is unclear how ocean warming may alter population dynamics due to effects on reproduction and recruitment. This study quantified the transgenerational impacts of thermal stress in Montastraea cavernosa. To assess transgenerational effects of temperature stress during gametogenesis, colonies were exposed to elevated temperature for two weeks four months prior to spawning, and then returned to the reef. At spawning, eggs were collected to measure egg diameter and eggs from stressed females were significantly smaller than those from unstressed females. Then gametes from temperature stressed and unstressed corals were combined to create four fertilization crosses: unstressed female and male, unstressed female with stressed male, stressed female with unstressed male, and stressed female and male. Larvae and juveniles from each cross were kept at ambient (29°C) and elevated (31°C) temperatures. Larvae originating from stressed gametes overall had lower survival, but the separate effects of the male and female revealed paternal transgenerational acclimation and negative maternal effects. There were no transgenerational effects on initial size of juveniles, but elevated temperature in the larval stage decreased initial size. The transgenerational effects on juvenile survival were negative parental effects. Juvenile growth rate was only affected by adult male exposure to thermal stress. Juveniles originating from a thermally stressed male had higher growth rates. The timing of the thermal stress, which was during oogenesis and before spermatogenesis, most likely explains why negative effects were observed from the female and positive effects from the male. These results demonstrate that temperature stress has varying transgenerational effects.
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Migicovsky, Zoë. „Transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic response to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana“. Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3311.
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Abiotic stresses are one of the major limiting factors of plant growth and thus
crop productivity. Exposure to these stresses, including temperature and UV, cause
physiological and epigenetic changes in plants. Such changes may be inherited in the
progeny of stressed plants, and may change their ability to respond to stress. To
understand the ability of plants to inherit an epigenetic stress memory as well as the
physiological manifestations of such a memory, we propagated both stressed and control
plants and compared the progeny under both normal and stressed conditions. In addition
to wild-type plants we used Dicer-like mutants dcl2, dcl3 and dcl4, as Dicers have been
linked to RNA-directed DNA methylation, a form of epigenetic memory. These studies
revealed that leaf number decreases in the progeny of stressed plants, and bolting occurs
earlier in the progeny of temperature stressed plants but later in the progeny of UV-C
stressed plants. Transposons were also re-activated in the progeny of stressed plants.
While heat shock transcription factor 2A increased expression in the progeny of heat
stressed plants, many genes involved in DNA repair and histone modifications decreased.
DCL2 and DCL3 appeared to be more important in transgenerational stress memory than
DCL4. However, all dcl plants were generally not significantly different than wild-type
plants, indicating that a single DCL deficiency may be compensated for by another DCL.xiv, 246 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Ward, Lewis Henry. „Holocaust memory in contemporary narratives : towards a theory of transgenerational empathy“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/47273.
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What is the relationship between writing in the present and the traumatic historical events that form the subject of that writing? What narrative strategies do authors employ in order to negotiate the ethical and epistemological problems raised by this gap in time and experience? “Trauma theory” is undermined by clinical controversies and contradictory claims for “literal truth” and “incomprehensibility”. Similarly, the Holocaust has been considered inherently unrepresentable unless by those who witnessed it, leading to a false opposition between genres of “testimony” and “fiction”. A way out of these dead ends is to consider the role of the first-person narrator in contemporary Holocaust narratives. While use of this device risks an inappropriate level of identification with those whose experience is both extreme and unknowable, I argue that this problem may be resolved to an extent through “transgenerational empathy”, an approach to the past that is self-reflexive, incorporates ideas of time, memory and generations, and moves both towards and away from the victims of the past in a simultaneous gesture of proximity and distance. For this theory I draw on Dominick LaCapra’s definitions of empathy and “empathic unsettlement”, and on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s concept of the “fusion of horizons” between past and present. Transgenerational empathy involves giving equal weight to “memory” and “history”. An over-emphasis on memory leads to narratives that are merely identificatory, such as Anne Michaels’ Fugitive Pieces and Binjamin Wilkomirski’s Fragments. In contrast, W. G. Sebald’s use of a narrative persona in The Emigrants and Austerlitz enables transgenerational empathy in narrative by simultaneously imposing layers of distance while establishing close personal connection. Similarly, Jonathan Safran Foer’s third-generation aesthetic of “post-postmemory” in Everything is Illuminated uses a “dual persona” device to foreground empathically the abyss at the heart of any attempt to recapture the past. My analysis of these authors draws on the writings of Gillian Rose, Paul Ricoeur, Marianne Hirsch and Jacques Derrida. However, the concept of “transgenerational empathy” would benefit from further research, both in terms of its “temporal dimension” and the use of narrative personae by other contemporary authors such as Philip Roth.
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Torrens, Christopher. „Transgenerational programming of the cardiovascular system by protein restriction in pregnancy“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403953.
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Martinez, Bautista Naim. „Transgenerational Responses to Environmental Stressors in Vertebrates: From Organisms to Molecules“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609067/.
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Genomic modifications occur slowly across generations, whereas short-term epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of adaptive phenotypes may be immediately beneficial to large numbers of individuals, acting as a bridge for survival when adverse environments occur. In this study we used dietary exposure to crude oil as an example of an environmental stressor to assess its effects from the molecular to the organismal levels in piscine and avian animal models. In addition, we assessed the role of the parental exposures on their offspring F1 generation. The research developed in this dissertation has contributed to several areas of investigation including molecular biology, animal physiology, and evolutionary biology. The quantitative information from these studies may be utilized to supplement information regarding the proximate and ultimate effects of environmental stressors on fish and bird populations. Furthermore, this information may be used as additional support for understanding the conservation of the responses from the molecular to the whole organismal levels across the vertebrate taxa, as well as their implications for population survival and maintenance. Additionally, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and the king quail (Coturnix chinensis) have proven to be excellent models to start building a strong basis for understanding the effects of environmental stressors and transgenerational epigenetic phenomena using a multi-level approach. Furthermore, as more raw data and information is discovered, the concatenation of development, organismal variation, epigenetics inheritance, natural selection, speciation and evolution is being slowly decrypted.
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Barnett, Sarah. „Eating disorders from parent to child : mothers' perceptions of transgenerational effect“. Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/19708.
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Introduction There is now a greater understanding of the significance of attachment and the importance of the mother-child dyad in relation to Eating Disorders (ED). Mothers with this illness may not be able to offer their child the best environment to develop in a healthy way. Previous literature has indicated the probability of transgenerational effect and recognised that children of mothers with an ED are a high risk group. This research takes forward such awareness in relation to transgenerational EDs. It focuses on environmental factors and attachment. It explores the effectiveness of a group therapy intervention to prevent or mitigate the perpetuation of an ED through the generations. This study presents the outcomes of the group process, discussing the effects on the participants. Aims 1. To conduct a group intervention. 2. To aid the recovery of the mother from her ED. 3. To investigate the possibility of primary prevention of an ED for the child. 4. To develop a transferable protocol from the group therapy that can be used by other therapists within a health care setting. Method Participants with an ED (AN, BN or EDNOS) as defined by DSM-IV, who had children under the age of 13 were recruited from NHS settings. Two hour sessions were conducted by a therapist at weekly intervals for 19 weeks; each session was recorded and transcribed. The transcriptions were thematically analysed using NUD*ST. The CORE and the EDI together with a semi-structured interview were administered at the beginning and end of the group and at the six and twelve month follow ups. The n=1 case study methodology was used to design and analyse the study, using the group intervention as the case investigated. Results At the end of the intervention and at 6 month follow up all participants demonstrated an improvement in their ED, but at 12 months this improvement was only sustained by 50%. At all points including the 12 month follow up all participants showed substantial improvement in the nurturing of their children. From this study we were able to complete a manual that could be disseminated to health professionals in order to replicate the organization of further groups for this particular client population. Discussion These results gave encouraging support to the hypothesis that group therapy can be a useful intervention for mothers with an ED in order to break the transgenerational cycle of dysfunction.
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Bradley, Kathleen Marie. „A Transgenerational, Cryptonymy, and Sociometeric Analysis of Marguerite de Navarre's Heptameron“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195091.
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Due to her death in 1549, Marguerite de Navarre never completed her masterwork of seventy-two short stories, the Heptameron, which differs radically in style, subject matter, and approach from her earlier pious and spiritual literary output of theater and poetry. The Heptameron focuses primarily on transgressive human behaviors such as deception, seduction, rape, incest, and corruption. In her waning years after retiring from the court, Marguerite clearly used written expression to examine those unflattering traits of human character which deviated from the spiritual path she had taken and written about throughout her life; but the reasons for this abrupt shift in Marguerite's writing have long puzzled scholars, who often interpret her novellas either as negative exempla that reinforce the morality of her poetry, or as pure entertainment.Thanks to the psychoanalytical theories formulated and developed in the twentieth century by Sigmund Freud (father of psychoanalysis, 1856-1939), J.L. Moreno (creator of psychodrama and sociometry, 1892-1974), Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (family psychologist, 1920-2007), Anne Ancelin Schützenberger (founder of transgenerational psychoanalysis 1919-) Nicholas Abraham (theorist of cryptonymy, 1919-1975), and Maria Torok (theorist of cryptonymy, 1925-1998) we have new tools that allow us to gain a different perspective on what may have motivated Marguerite to write the Heptameron and why recurring themes (i.e., marital infidelity, imprisonment, and clerical misdeeds) appear throughout her work. When analyzing the Heptameron in the light of these theories, it becomes clear that Marguerite focuses on unresolved family patterns transmitted from one generation to the next. These transgressive themes coincide with traumas that Marguerite herself experienced, which she reflects on, works through, and embeds within her text.Using Boccaccio's Decameron as a model, Marguerite creates intratextual storytellers who discuss, debate, and philosophize about human behaviors. Writing thus enables her to manipulate through fiction the unresolved conflicts and anxieties, both conscious and unconscious, that she was powerless to control in reality. The storytellers express and explore Marguerite's beliefs about life. By reinterpreting these frame discussions and Marguerite's transgressive subject matter in the light of the aforementioned social and psychological theories; I analyze the link between Marguerite's family heritage, her life, and her writing.
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Heitman-Lucy, Carol Yvonne. „THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION ON FAMILY BUSINESS SUCCESSORSHIP AND TRANSGENERATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP“. OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1457.
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Family enterprises comprise the majority of business organizations around the globe and provide significant economic benefit. Yet, continuity and stability with the family business rarely surpasses the second generation. This phenomenon leads to an understanding of the importance of succession. This study suggests transgenerational entrepreneurship and the opportunity for innovation with successive generations may resolve the long-term challenges that confront family businesses in transition. Transgenerational entrepreneurship occurs when families develop and implement entrepreneurial mindsets and capabilities across generations. Utilizing a sample of potential successor of family-owned businesses in the United States from MTurk, this study examines the relationships of entrepreneurial intention and opportunity for innovation on the succession decision made by the potential successor. The study also examines the moderating role of organizational contextual factors that impact the transgenerational entrepreneurship decision.
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Atkinson, Judy. „Lifting the blankets: The transgenerational effects of trauma in Indigenous Australia“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35841/1/35841_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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The two specific aims of the fieldwork were to understand: (a) the phenomena of violence in the lives of a group of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people (the later by invitation of the Aboriginal people), living within a central coastal region of Queensland; and (b) cultural and individual processes of recovery or healing from violence related trauma. More specifically the questions that guided the field studies were:
* What is the experience of violence?
* How do experiences of violence contribute to experiences/behaviours that influence situations of inter-and transgenerational trauma?
* What assists change or healing in such behaviours?
* What is healing and how do people heal?
* What cultural tools promote change or healing, and how can these be supported to promote individual, family and community well-being?
Through the literature review the thesis considers cultural processes Aboriginal peoples previously used to deal with the trauma of natural disaster or man induced conflict. The literature review is then used to consider the impacts of trauma on the lives of people general. Finally the literature make links to locate the violence of contemporary Aboriginal communal environment to levels of trauma transmitted across generations from colonising processes.
The thesis is based on evolving Indigenous research methodological approaches, as it uses an Aboriginal listening/learning process called *dadirri* which is described as a cyclic process of listening and observing, reflecting and learning, acting and evaluating, re-listening and re-learning, and acting with insight and responsibility both in the field and with integrity and fidelity within the dissertation.
The thesis demonstrates *dadirri* in Chapter Four as it allows the voices of six participants to tell their stories of trauma and of healing in meaningful painful conversation with each other. These six participants represent some of the six hundred people who participated in the fieldwork over the years of the study. It is from this conversation that the data for the explication of the trauma experience and the healing processes has been drawn.
Chapter Five of the thesis is the explication of the trauma experience. In this chapter links are made between the violence experience, thoughts and feelings and resulting behaviour; feelings of inadequacy as a result of childhood experiences; victim perpetrator survivor roles in family and community violence; the relationships between alcohol and drugs to trauma; suicidal behaviours as a result of trauma; the fractured self, and finally the trans generational effects of trauma.
Chapter Six is the explication of the healing processes as they were narrated by the participants. Healing was defined by participants as educating them selves about who they are. The themes on healing that emerged in chapter Four are: healing as an awakening to inner (unmet) needs; healing as an experience of safety; healing as community support; rebuilding a sense of family and community in healing; healing as an ever-deepening self-knowledge; the use of ceremony in healing; strengthening cultural and spiritual identity in healing; healing as transformation, and transcendence and integration in healing.
Chapter Seven presents a synthesis and integration of the material and a model proposed for understanding trauma and healing from an Aboriginal perspective.
The thesis is an exploratory study. The findings and conclusions will be of use in the development and delivery of programs for community action in primary prevention and critical intervention in family violence, alcohol and drug programs, social and emotional well-being programs and crime prevention strategies. The thesis could be used as a foundation for future studies into violence and into healing within Aboriginal situations within Australia.
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Bartoletti, Daniela. „Transgenerational effects of temperature on egg and larval development in Cyprinodon variegatus“. Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10103/.
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Transgenerational plasticity (TGP), a type of maternal effect, occurs when the environment experienced by one or both the parents prior to fertilization directly translates, without changing DNA sequences, into changes in offspring reaction norms. Evidence of such effects has been found in several traits throughout many phyla, and, although of great potential importance - especially in a time of rapid climate change - TGP in thermal growth physiology had never been demonstrated for vertebrates until the first experiment on thermal TGP in sheepshead minnows, who, given sufficient time, adaptively program their offspring for maximal egg viability and growth at the temperature experienced before fertilization. This study on sheepshead minnows from South Carolina and Connecticut investigates how population, parent temperature, and offspring temperature affect egg production, size, viability, larval survival and growth rates, whether these effects provide evidence of TGP, and whether and how they vary with length of exposure time (5, 12, 19, 26, 33 and 43 days) of the parents to the new experimental temperatures of either 26°C or 32°C. Several results are consistent with those obtained in the previous TGP study, which outline a sequence of events consisting of an initial adjustment period to the new temperatures, in which egg production decreases and no signs of TGP are present, followed by a shift to TGP (towards 26-33 days of exposure) in which parents start to produce more eggs which are better adapted to the new thermal environment. Other results present new information, such as signs of TGP in the parent temperature effect on egg sizes already around 20 days of exposure. The innovative idea of populations being able to adapt to rapidly shifting environments through non-genetic mechanisms such as TGP opens new possibilities of survival of species and will have important implications on ecology, physiology, and contemporary evolution.
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Bouvette-Turcot, Andrée-Anne. „Maternal history of early adversity: transgenerational risk transmission to offspring, temperament development“. Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103680.
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Epidemiological data and the perinatal programming hypothesis suggest that the effects of a maternal history of early adverse experiences may affect the next generation. Such effects are likely to occur interactively with offspring factors, such as genotype. The serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) is a plausible candidate for the early emergence of individual differences in temperament, especially negative emotionality, in combination with prenatal adversity. The focus in this study was on the 5-HTTLPR gene in the child and the interactive effects of this polymorphism and early childhood experience of the mother on the negative emotionality/behavioural regulation of the offspring. Offspring negative emotionality/behavioural regulation was not affected by this gene x environment interaction and only maternal postnatal depression was predictive of offspring negative emotionality/behavioural regulation. Although depression is known to influence mother-reports of infant temperament, offspring negative emotionality/behavioural regulation ratings remained stable between 18 and 36 months. Negative emotionality/behavioural regulation was also predictive of psychosocial impairments at 60 months, as assessed by both mothers and fathers, thereby confirming the impact of maternal depression on offspring temperament, over and above any bias reflected in the parental reports.Les études épidémiologiques suggèrent que les événements négatifs survenus chez la mère lors de son enfance et/ou de sa grossesse sont associés à des difficultés autant au niveau comportemental qu'émotionnel plus tard dans la vie de l'enfant. Les impacts de ces événements négatifs sont également influencés par le génotype des enfants. Il est fort probable que les polymorphismes du transporteur de sérotonine (5-HTTLPR) influencent, de concert avec l'historique d'événements négatifs vécus par les mères, l'émergence des premières différences individuelles au niveau du tempérament des enfants, en particulier l'émotivité négative. Cette étude visait à déterminer les impacts du gène 5-HTTLPR chez les enfants, combinés aux impacts des expériences négatives vécues par les mères antérieurement à la grossesse, sur l'émotivité négative/régulation du comportement des enfants. L'émotivité négative/régulation du comportement des enfants ne fut pas affectée par cette interaction gène x environnement et seule la dépression maternelle postnatale fut associée à l'émotivité négative/régulation du comportement des enfants. Même s'il a été établi que la dépression affecte l'exactitude de l'évaluation que les mères font du tempérament de leurs enfants, l'émotivité négative/régulation du comportement demeura stable entre 18 et 36 mois. De même, l'émotivité négative prédit les troubles psychosociaux des enfants à l'âge de 60 mois, tel qu'évalués tant par les mères que par les pères, confirmant, dès lors, que la dépression maternelle affecte bel et bien le tempérament des enfants.
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Leshem, Ela A. „The state as a moral person and the problem of transgenerational binding“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:52a5b68f-a55c-41e9-8c31-4cc1285a7c85.
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Modern states are committed to the implicit assumption that one generation has the normative power to bind later generations through laws and contracts. My dissertation explores this assumption through two case studies: constitutions and sovereign debt contracts. I show that in both cases the assumption of transgenerational binding shapes the legal practices and doctrines of modern states. It informs, for instance, the ratification of eternity clauses, the interpretation of constitutions, and the doctrines of sovereign immunity and odious debt. But although these practices of transgenerational binding are prevalent in modern states, they stand in tension, I argue, with the liberal moral commitments of these states. Liberals are committed to moral individualism, according to which only individual human beings (and some nonhuman animals) are moral persons. Moral individualism, I show, is incompatible with the assumption of transgenerational binding and its accompanying practices and doctrines. By contrast, moral statism, according to which states themselves are moral persons, can easily justify those transgenerational practice. But moral statist justifications are illiberal because they assign states intrinsic moral status above and beyond individual human beings. I argue that liberals must engage in revisionism whichever theory of political obligation they pick - whether it is a theory of agreement, restitution, justice, reciprocity, or instrumentalism. If liberals assume moral individualism and combine it with any of these theories, they will be forced either to declare some transgenerational practices and doctrines illegitimate or to revise the justification and scope of transgenerational binding in light of instrumentalism. If liberals choose moral statism, they will be able to justify the transgenerational doctrines and practices of constitutions and sovereign debt contracts - but only at the cost of illiberalism. The dissertation's analysis thus shows that liberals face a trilemma between illegitimacy, instrumentalism, and illiberalism.
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García, Domínguez Ximo. „Developmental plasticity and transgenerational reprogramming following vitrified embryo transfer in Oryctolagus cuniculus“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/149562.
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Tesis por compendio[ES] Las tecnologías de reproducción asistida suponen un cambio drástico en el entorno natural del embrión, al no conseguir imitar las condiciones maternales óptimas, por lo que su aplicación implica consecuencias para el desarrollo del organismo. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue estudiar los efectos a largo plazo y transgeneracionales del estrés provocado durante un procedimiento de transferencia de embriones vitrificados, utilizando el conejo como modelo animal. En el Capítulo I, demostramos que la transferencia de mórulas tempranas o compactas resulta en tasas de supervivencia al parto > 70% en fresco y > 55% tras la vitrificación. La facilidad con la que se pueden realizar estos procedimientos, el elevado número de descendientes que podemos obtener y el corto ciclo de vida del conejo, fomentaron y facilitaron los siguientes estudios. En el Capítulo II, se compararon las diferencias en el desarrollo a corto y largo plazo entre los animales nacidos de embriones transferidos en fresco (FT) o tras su vitrificación (VT), utilizando una población concebida de forma natural (NC) como referencia. Tanto las tasas de supervivencia prenatal, como el rendimiento del crecimiento postnatal, se redujeron significativamente a medida que aumentó la manipulación embrionaria (NC
TESIS
Compendio
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Mayeda, Karen A. „Generational and Transgenerational Issues of the Japanese American Internment : A Phenomenological Study“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278845/.
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This study utilized a qualitative/phenomenological research methodology to examine the generational and transgenerational issues of five identified Japanese American families. To be included in this study, families were identified to contain at least one member who was interned during World War II or who had parents, grandparents, or great-grandparents who were interned. Semistructured interviews, including Adlerian lifestyle assessments, were conducted with the 28 research informants who represented the second, third, and fourth generations of their families.
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Green, Kate L. „An investigation of transgenerational parenting constructs and their relationship to childhood behaviour difficulties“. Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422965.
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McCoy-Wilson, Sonya Lynette. „Transgenerational Ghosting in the Psyches and Somas of African Americans and their Literatures“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_theses/39.
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I argue that William Wells Brown’s narrative, Clotel, is informed by the white racism inherent in Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia and reveals evidence of the trauma it has fostered transgenerationally. By examining Toni Morrison’s Beloved, I assert that the trauma of slavery is transmitted transgenerationally in the black female body. I develop my argument using trauma theory, postulated through the work of Cathy Caruth, Dori Laub, Diana Miles, Abraham and Maria Torok, and William Cross. My purpose is to reveal the relevance and lasting significance of the legacy of slavery in contemporary American society. Thomas Jefferson’s white supremacist ideas, along with the system of slavery which nurtured them, continue to plague contemporary American thought and continue to shape African American female identity.
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Langen, Esther [Verfasser]. „Transgenerational effects of the social environment in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica / Esther Langen“. Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169825141/34.
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Lapwoch, Grace. „The long term consequences of political violence : transgenerational transmission of war related knowledge“. Thesis, Ulster University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669692.
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A relatively extensive body of research exists into the concept of intergenerational transmission of trauma among survivors of holocaust and the Vietnam War. However, this information is lacking for the Acholi people in northern Uganda who have suffered over twenty five years of war. The present study set out to explore intergenerational transmission of war related knowledge from mother to child in a post conflict northern Ugandan context. In particular, the role of mother's own experiences, which in an African context appears to be a primary source of this information for children. Focus groups were conducted with 65 mothers in three selected villages in the Gulu district. A one to one semi-structured interview was also conducted with five mothers from Northern Uganda residing in five different boroughs of London. Eight hundred and thirty one children aged 8-16 years from five selected primary schools in the Gulu and the Nwoya districts completed drawings, essays, a Ladder Scale, African Youth Psychosocial Assessment and information check questionnaires. Results showed that mothers share their war experiences with their children and children are curious to know about the war. Those who do not share their experiences with their children appear to do this to protect their self image; to cope with their own traumatic experiences and due to lack of skills to handle children 's questions. Findings also showed that children are aware of war and have developed the concept of war and peace through a wider social-ecological system. The transmission of traumatic war related information may have long lasting impacts on children's adjustment and mental health. Further examination of the role played by mothers in Uganda and amongst refugee Gulu mothers who have relocated to different countries is urgently required so that appropriate support can be offered.
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Langen, Esther M. A. [Verfasser]. „Transgenerational effects of the social environment in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica / Esther Langen“. Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169825141/34.
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Nease, Abby C. „Assessing the Rate and Extent of Transgenerational Acclimation and Adaptation to Ocean Warming“. NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/444.
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A primary goal of climate change research is to determine if species will be able to persist in a warmer environment. Most studies predict climate change will cause many species to become extinct. However, these predictions are based on experiments where only a single life stage or generation of a species was exposed to predicted future conditions (i.e. shock treatments), and thus overlook the possibility of species adapting or acclimatizing to new environmental conditions over multiple generations. As a result, current projections of species persistence through climate change are likely to overestimate species extinction. In this study, the rate and extent to which adaptation and transgenerational acclimation may allow species to persist through climate change was measured. Marine rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, were reared for ~75 generations at: i) Optimal temperature (25°C), ii) Optimal temperature (25°C) with weekly sub-lethal shocks (35°C), iii) Maximum temperature (33°C), and iv) Maximum temperature (33°C) with weekly sub-lethal shocks (35°C). Changes in population growth rates and fitness were assessed weekly through rotifer density, adult size and aerobic performance (respiration rate). There was no adaptation observed, but there was evidence of transgenerational acclimation. However, populations were unable to acclimate when exposed to high temperature shocks. This study shows that acclimation through the selection of thermally tolerant individuals can occur over multiple generations in a thermally stable environment, as seen by a reversible increase in aerobic performance, and thus species with short life cycles may be better able to keep up with the pace of climate change. This multi-generational study can enhance our understanding of the rate and extent in which transgenerational acclimation may allow species to persist through climate change. These estimates can then be incorporated into models to improve projections of survival through climate change of species with longer lifespans.
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Brassell, Anne. „War in the nursery: The impact of transgenerational trauma on refugee infant development“. ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/840.
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Parental trauma symptomatology can profoundly impact a child’s social/emotional and cognitive development, a phenomenon known as transgenerational trauma. Thus far, the majority of research examining transgenerational trauma has studied the concept within mothers from Westernized cultures and their children and adolescents. Very little attention has been given to families from diverse sociocultural contexts, and few studies have examined the effects of transgenerational trauma in infancy, a period of time marked by numerous developmental considerations. The current study addresses the limitations of past work by examining transgenerational trauma in refugee/infant dyads. Building upon existing models from previous studies, this research utilizes moderated mediation models to examine (1) the relation between maternal trauma symptomatology and atypical parenting behavior in predicting infant development, (2) the mediating role of atypical parenting behavior in the relation between maternal trauma symptomatology and infant development, and (3) the role of parental resiliency in mitigating the relation between maternal trauma symptomatology and atypical parenting behaviors. Data was collected from 61 refugee mother/infant dyads. Measures included culturally informed assessment of maternal trauma symptomatology, emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, psychological flexibility, observational coding of atypical parenting behaviors, and standardized assessment of infant cognitive and social/emotional development. Findings did not provide support for the hypothesized model of transgenerational trauma. Post-hoc analyses indicated that greater maternal trauma symptomatology is related to increased negative/intrusive parenting behavior, and increased maternal psychological flexibility is related to improved infant cognitive development. Implications for study findings are reviewed and directions for future research are delineated.
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Grundwald, Natalia Janina. „Neuroendocrine and behavioural effects of stress during pregnancy across two generations of rats“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25900.
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Prenatal stress (PNS) has been shown to affect a range of different modalities, like stress responsiveness and affective traits in both animals and humans. Previously, Dr Paula Brunton’s lab has used a novel model of ethologically relevant prenatal social stress and had shown increased stress responsiveness in both first generation (F1) PNS males and females and increased anxiety-like trait in males, together with corresponding changes in mRNA expression for corticotrophin releasing hormone (Crh) and its receptors. The first aim on this project was to further explore the phenotype of PNS offspring created using this model in social context. F1 PNS females, but not males, displayed an impairment in social memory in comparison to control females, which was supported by lower vasopressin receptor type 1a (Avpr1a) mRNA expression in the anterior part of lateral septum and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. Acute stress exposure immediately prior to the social memory test, impaired social memory in control males and females, but had no effect in PNS males and markedly improved performance in PNS females. This facilitated learning in the PNS females was supported by the finding of higher Avpr1a mRNA expression in both target regions in the brain. Finally, olfactory memory for social but not non-social odours was also impaired in PNS females, compared to control females, indicating that deficits in social memory in PNS females are specific to social odours and not in the detection and/or processing of all odours. It has been shown previously that phenotypes observed in PNS animals can also be seen following disrupted maternal care in the early post-partum period and that stress can affect maternal behaviour. To investigate this possibility in the current model a maternal behaviour observation protocol was developed. Dams were observed during the first postnatal week, three times/day in 90 min blocks. Stressed dams showed an increase in pup-directed behaviours, together with an increase in arched back nursing specifically, compared to control dams. Furthermore, studies have shown that maternal behaviour patterns can be transferred from mother to daughters, therefore this possibility was also investigated here. There were no differences in maternal behaviour between F1 control and F1 PNS dams. The maternal behaviour experiment for the F1 PNS dams created a unique opportunity to study their offspring (F2). F2 PNS rats had lower body weights than their control counterparts throughout their lifetimes, while not differing significantly in their calorie intake. Increased anxiety-like behaviour was also observed in both the F2 males and females (but only during proestrous and estrous stages of their cycle). These changes were supported in males by increased Crh and Crh receptor type 1 and decreased Crh receptor type 2 mRNA expression in discrete regions of the amygdala. Furthermore, F2 PNS females exhibited exaggerated, and males attenuated ACTH and corticosterone secretion in response to acute stress, compared with controls. The reduced stress response in F2 PNS males was supported by higher glucocorticoid receptor (GR, Nr3c1) mRNA expression in field CA1 of hippocampus. In F2 PNS females, increased stress responses were associated with increased Crh and Avp mRNA expression in the medial parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and lower basal Nr3c1 and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR, Nr3c2) mRNA expression in the hippocampus. As increased stress and anxiety-like responses have been linked to a depressive phenotype that possibility was also investigated. No changes were found in either sucrose preference or floating/swimming behaviour in the forced swim test between the F2 PNS and control rats, in either sex. Finally, the variation in individual stress responsiveness and anxiety-like trait and the relationship between these phenotypes was investigated in an outbred male Sprague Dawley population. It was found that three of the most commonly used anxiety tests: open field test, light dark box and elevated plus maze do not correlate as well with each other as could be expected. Secondly plasma corticosterone concentrations 30min after the onset of acute restraint stress were positively correlated with the amount of time the rats spent in the anxiogenic environments, showing perhaps counter-intuitively, that the higher the stress responses the less anxious the male rat is. The behavioural tests were also used as a selection procedure to compare gene expression by microarray in the amygdala of high and low anxious rats and hypothalamus of high and low stress-responsive rats. To summarise, stress during pregnancy has profound effects on the dams’ immediate maternal behaviour, as well as neuroendocrine and behavioural effects in both the F1 and F2 offspring. Furthermore, there is evidence of inter-individual variation in stress responsiveness and anxiety-like behaviour in an outbred rat population. This data could lead to further understanding of the origins of inter-individual variation and appreciation of the effect of stress throughout the life course.
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Klee, Robynne. „The influence of family business resources on transgenerational success: a family business case study“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11124.
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Family businesses are major contributors to the economies of most countries and are known to be one of the best performing, most prevalent and resilient forms of business throughout the world. Despite their importance and based on the vast amount of research done in the field of family businesses, this form of business appears to be laden with challenges and is short-lived. Amongst others, one of the most fundamental challenges and contributors to the short-lived nature, and thus high failure rate of family businesses is poor succession planning. In order to address this challenge, the Successful Transgenerational Entrepreneurship Practices (STEP) research framework was developed to ascertain the factors that contribute to entrepreneurial performance and the effective transgenerational potential and success of family businesses globally. Transgenerational potential, entrepreneurial performance, the external mediating factors influencing family businesses, Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and the Resource Based View (RBV) of familiness resource pools are the components that make up the STEP research framework. By adopting the STEP research framework, the primary objective of this study is to establish how a transgenerational family business creates new economic activity over time by using and transferring familiness resource pools from one generation to the next. Due to the primary focus of the study being to research familiness resource pools and how they generate transgenerational potential for family businesses, this component of the STEP research framework is investigated in detail. The literature review therefore highlights the eight dimensions of familiness resource pools, namely: leadership, networks, capital, decision-making, culture, relationships, governance and knowledge, and are the main focus of this study. An interpretivism research paradigm is selected for this study. Interpretivism paradigms are associated with qualitative research methodologies. Owing to the fact that much still remains to be discovered in terms of familiness and familiness resource pools, a descriptive, single-case study is the type of research method undertaken. The sample is identified based on non-probability purposive sampling as per the strict guidelines of the STEP project. The sample size in this study consisted of one family business operating in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The STEP interview schedule, which consists of semi-structured questions, is the research instrument used to collect the necessary data from five participants involved in the family business (a prominent motorcar dealership). Once all the data is collected, a combination of directed content analysis and explanation building are used to analyse the data. The findings of the study reveal that the leadership values present in the family business stem from that of the founder. Contrary to the current CEO’s beliefs that the family business investigated operates primarily under his participative leadership style, the interviews reveal that while the CEO does demonstrate participative leadership, his leadership style is somewhat autocratic in nature. This autocratic leadership style has caused the employees and the business as a whole, to become too reliant on the CEO, especially in terms of strategic decision-making, which may be a threat to the future succession of the business. The CEO’s expert leadership however, ensures that the business adheres to strict guidelines in terms of employing the best person for the job, regardless of whether the candidates are family members or not. As such, the prominent motorcar dealership is marketed as a family business and together under the family leadership, has helped attract customers and well qualified non-family employees to the business. While there is ample leadership available within the business, the lack of succession planning is reiterated to be a major threat facing the future of the business. Almost all of the original networks established by the founder in the prominent motorcar dealership studied still exist in the business in 2014. It is established that employees, especially those in the third generation, are encouraged to build their own networks within their relevant spheres of responsibility. Moreover, the business family’s history, reputation and goodwill have helped create and establish networks for the family business, especially within the Eastern Cape. These networks have helped the business drive sales and have contributed to the success of the business.
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Mughal, Safeer Kamil. „The dose and dose-rate effects of paternal irradiation on transgenerational instability in mice“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27822.
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Of the non-targeted, delayed consequences of exposure to ionising radiation, genomic instability is a particular area of concern, especially with regard to its manifestation in the non-exposed offspring of irradiated parents. However, further analysis of these effects and their implications is mainly limited by our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the lack of reliable data for humans. As of yet, transgenerational instability has only been consistently demonstrated in animal models using high, acute doses of ionising radiation (> 1 Sv). To investigate the effects of low-dose acute and low dose-rate (chronic) irradiation and whether or not they are capable of destabilizing the genomes of the unexposed offspring, we exposed male BALB/c mice to a range of γ-ray doses (10- 100 cGy) and dose-rates (chronic and acute), and mated them to unexposed BALB/c females 10 weeks post-irradiation. The mutation frequency at the Ms6-hm locus was established in DNA samples extracted from the sperm of directly exposed mice, as well as from the sperm and brains of their F1, using the single-molecule PCR technique. A linear dose-response was observed for direct exposure across the range of acute doses, with a doubling dose of 57 cGy. Furthermore, 100 cGy of acute γ-rays was shown to be more mutagenic than chronic exposure to the same accumulated dose. However, acute exposure to 10-25 cGy failed to manifest genomic instability in the derived offspring. This was also true of low dose-rate exposure to 100 cGy. Only acute paternal exposure to 50 and 100 cGy resulted in transgenerational instability, to a similar extent for both doses. Analogous results were found for both tissues. Taken together, this would imply the presence of a stress-like response where a threshold of acute dose determines the onset of transgenerational instability. Our results also suggest that children whose fathers are subject to most forms of human exposure to ionizing radiation would be safe from the effect.
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Voutounou, Mariel. „The effects of methyl-donor deficiency on mutation induction and transgenerational instability in mice“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27953.
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Data from various recent human and animal studies link epigenetic changes caused by dietary deficiency of methyl donors like folate with many common human diseases, including cancer (Esteller, 2007; Feinberg, 2007). However, the mechanisms underlying the observed links between epigenetic alterations and disease remain elusive (Ames & Wakimoto, 2002; Davis & Uthus, 2004). Since the development of cancer is a multistep process in which somatic cells acquire mutations in a specific clonal lineage (Loeb et al., 2003), it appears plausible that hypomethylation following dietary restriction may destabilise the genome of treated animals. To determine whether a methyl-donor deficient diet can cause longterm changes in the mutation rates of treated animals, BALB/c male mice were kept on a synthetic diet lacking in choline and folic acid for a duration of 8 weeks, directly after weaning. Sperm tissue was collected and analysed either at the end of treatment or 6 and 10 weeks after the end of dietary restriction. Single-molecule PCR technique was used to establish the frequency of mutation at the mouse expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) locus Ms6-hm in the treated males as well as their age-matched control groups. The results of this study showed that 8-weeks of dietary restriction did not affect ESTR mutation rate in the germline of treated male mice. Given that the epigenetic landscape of mammalian cell is not fixed and undergoes massive reprogramming during development (Reik, 2007), it can potentially be affected by a variety of environmental factors (Cropley et al., 2006; Waterland et al., 2006). To investigate any transgenerational effects of methyl-donor deficiency on genome stability, sperm and brain tissues from the first-generation offspring of treated animals were also analysed. The frequency of ESTR mutation in the offspring of treated males did not significantly differ from that in controls, therefore implying the lack of measurable transgenerational effects of paternal dietary restriction. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the effects of methyl-donor deficient diet on mutation induction and transgenerational instability in mice are likely to be negligible (Voutounou et al., 2012).
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Abouzeid, Ali Hamdy Ebraheam. „The effects of maternal irradiation on ESTR mutation induction and transgenerational instability in mice“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28592.
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The main source of data used to assess genetic risks of radiation exposure for humans has been derived from experiments analysing the male germline, while the effects of maternal irradiation remain poorly understood. This project therefore aims to analyse the long term genetic effects of acute maternal irradiation. To investigate the effects of acute irradiation on genome stability in the germline of directly exposed females, adult BALB/c and CBA/Ca mice were exposed to 1 Gy of acute X-rays and mated with control males 2-5 days following exposure, enabling analyses of offspring that were conceived from irradiated dictyate oocytes in maturing follicles. The data revealed that frequency of mutation at expanded simple tandem repeat (ESTR) loci in the germline of directly exposed females did not differ from that in control families. To address the effect of parental irradiation on transgenerational instability, ESTR mutation frequency was also established in the germline and somatic tissues of first-generation offspring of exposed adult males and females using single-molecule PCR. The breeding scheme used implied that the offspring of irradiated males and females were derived from irradiated post-meiotic stages spermatozoa and meiotically arrested dictyate oocytes in maturing follicles, respectively. While the frequency ESTR mutation in the offspring of irradiated males was significantly elevated, maternal irradiation did not affect the F1 stability. The results of this project therefore show that, in sharp contrast to the paternal exposure to ionising radiation, the transgenerational effects of maternal high-dose acute irradiation are likely to be negligible. The analysis of transcription profiles of first-generation offspring of irradiated males and females reveals drastically different patterns of gene expression profiles in both groups. Specifically, a substantial number of genes significantly deregulated in the offspring of irradiated males belong to functional groups directly involved in maintaining the stability of the genome. In contrast, in the offspring of irradiated females none of the significantly deregulated genes can be implicated in the maintenance of genome stability. The work presented here therefore provide new evidence for striking differences in the manifestation of long-term effects of paternal and maternal acute exposure to ionising radiation in mice.
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Dew-Budd, Kelly, Julie Jarnigan und Laura K. Reed. „Genetic and Sex-Specific Transgenerational Effects of a High Fat Diet in Drosophila melanogaster“. PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621481.
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An organism's phenotype is the product of its environment and genotype, but an ancestor's environment can also be a contributing factor. The recent increase in caloric intake and decrease in physical activity of developed nations' populations is contributing to deteriorating health and making the study of the longer term impacts of a changing lifestyle a priority. The dietary habits of ancestors have been shown to affect phenotype in several organisms, including humans, mice, and the fruit fly. Whether the ancestral dietary effect is purely environmental or if there is a genetic interaction with the environment passed down for multiple generations, has not been determined previously. Here we used the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate the genetic, sex-specific, and environmental effects of a high fat diet for three generations' on pupal body weights across ten genotypes. We also tested for genotype-specific transgenerational effects on metabolic pools and egg size across three genotypes. We showed that there were substantial differences in transgenerational responses to ancestral diet between genotypes and sexes through both first and second descendant generations. Additionally, there were differences in phenotypes between maternally and paternally inherited dietary effects. We also found a treated organism's reaction to a high fat diet was not a consistent predictor of its untreated descendants' phenotype. The implication of these results is that, given our interest in understanding and preventing metabolic diseases like obesity, we need to consider the contribution of ancestral environmental experiences. However, we need to be cautious when drawing population-level generalization from small studies because transgenerational effects are likely to exhibit substantial sex and genotype specificity.
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Jakob, lina Birgit. „“Hooray, I am a Kriegsenkel!” - Transgenerational Transmission of World War II Experiences in Germany“. Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/104516.
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For decades talking about the wartime suffering of the German
majority population was felt to be a moral taboo. Out of shame
about the inconceivable crimes Germans had committed in the name
of the ‘Third Reich’, suffering of Germans was largely
excluded from public discourses and psychotherapeutic practices.
Recently, however, the topic has moved into public focus, and
questions about the long-term psychological impact of WWII on the
eyewitness generation and their families are being raised.
My PhD focuses on the generation of the ‘Kriegsenkel’ - the
‘grandchildren of war’. Although born in the 1960 and ‘70s
people who identify as Kriegsenkel feel that through processes of
transgenerational transmission, war experiences were passed on to
them by their families and underlie many of their emotional
problems, from depression, anxiety and burnout to relationship
break-ups and career problems. Kriegsenkel now meet across the
country in self-help groups, workshops and Internet fora, sharing
personal stories and discussing ways to overcome their emotional
inheritance. Common psychological symptoms and consequences are
extracted from Kriegsenkel life histories collected in popular
books, contributed to special websites, and continuously
negotiated in closed Facebook-groups.
Drawing on more than 80 in-depth biographical interviews and on
participant observation undertaken in 2012/13 in Berlin, I argue
that through this process of ‘sharing and comparing’, driven
by therapy-experienced participants themselves, a cluster of
symptoms for a new psychological profile as sufferers of
transmitted war trauma is slowly being assembled and associated
by them with a Kriegsenkel identity.
I show that this new identity is constructed, explored and
performed within the framework of Western ‘therapy culture’
(Furedi 2004). Sociologists have critiqued therapy culture as
cultivating vulnerability and victimhood and as promoting
political disengagement and narcissistic self-concern. Looking
from the subjective experiences of ‘consumers’ of therapy and
self-help culture, I argue that that they also create meaning for
emotional problems and offer therapeutic interventions, often
seen as the only hope for a better and healthier future.
In the second part of my thesis, I delve more deeply into
individual life histories of the Kriegsenkel generation. I
explore how mainstreamed concepts of transgenerational
transmission form the backbone of my participants’
auto-biographical accounts, and what they often find to be a
convincing explanation of their emotional suffering. I examine
the strengths and weaknesses of common models of transmission in
helping individuals to make sense of and address their problems.
Lastly, I call for a broadening of these models in a number of
ways to better capture the subjective experiences of descendants
of families impacted by war and violence.
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Fonseca, Márcia Alexandra do Carmo. „A intersubjectividade no transgeracional através de um Rorschach de aplicação conjunta“. Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário das Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2251.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia ClínicaEste estudo foi construído sobre o entendimento teórico do sujeito psicológico enquanto parte integrante de um grupo alargado, nomeadamente, a família. Nas relações de interdependência, entre os seus membros constituintes, ocorre a transmissão transgeracional que, neste estudo, foi explorada através da compreensão da interdependência entre subjectividade e intersubjectividade. Assente numa concepção psicanalítica do sujeito e através da articulação das ideias principais de Kaës, Faimberg, Badaracco e Ogden, ficou constituído o objectivo do presente trabalho: compreender como se interligam e se expressam as experiências da subjectividade e da intersubjectividade, enquadradas na transgeracionalidade, e acedidas através do método Rorschach. De modo a alcançar este objectivo foram criados procedimentos de análise para o instrumento Rorschach, a partir da literatura sobre os processos de transmissão psíquica, e sobre a subjectividade e a intersubjectividade. A análise de um protocolo de aplicação conjunta a uma mãe e um filho foi realizado com recurso aos procedimentos criados, possibilitando assim o alargamento das potencialidades do instrumento neste tema. ------ ABSTRACT ------ This study was constructed on the theoretical understanding of the psychological subject as part of a wider group, particularly the family. In interdependent relationships among its constituent members, transgenerational transmission occur, which in this study was explored through the comprehension of the interdependence between subjectivity and intersubjectivity. Based on a psychoanalytic conception of the subject and through the articulation of the main ideas of Kaës, Faimberg, Badaracco and Ogden, was established the objective of this work: to understand how the experiences of subjectivity and intersubjectivity connect themselves and how do they express, framed in transgenerationality, and accessed through the Rorschach method. In order to achieve this objective, analysis procedures were created for the instrument Rorschach, from the literature about the processes of psychic transmission and about subjectivity and intersubjectivity. The analysis of a protocol with concurrent application on a mother and his son was conducted using those established procedures, enabling the extension of the instrument's capabilities in this area.
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Kluczniok, Dorothea. „Affect recognition and emotional availability in mother-child interaction“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17551.
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Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die gut belegte Assoziation zwischen mütterlicher Depression und ungünstigen emotionalen und behavioralen Folgen für ihre Kinder. Allerdings sind die Faktoren, die zu der transgenerationalen Übertragung der Depression beitragen, noch nicht geklärt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zwei möglicherweise dazu beitragende psychologische Faktoren zu untersuchen: (1) Affekterkennung von Gesichtsausdrücken in Mutter-Kind Dyaden und (2) mütterliche emotionale Verfügbarkeit. Dazu wurden drei Studien durchgeführt. Studie I untersucht mittels funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) unterscheidbare und überlappende Aktivierungsmuster bei gesunden Müttern, während sie fröhliche und traurige Gesichter ihres eigenen Kindes sehen. Studie II verwendet eine Morphing-Aufgabe, um die Affekterkennung in Müttern mit remittierter Depression und ihren Kindern zu untersuchen. In Studie III wird die emotionale Verfügbarkeit von Müttern mit remittierter Depression in einer Verhaltensbeobachtung untersucht. Ergebnisse der Studie I zeigen eine größere Gehirnaktivierung der Mütter bei traurigen eigenen Kindergesichtern in der Amygdala und anterioren Cingulum, hingegen bei fröhlichen im Hippocampus und inferioren Frontalgyrus. Überlappende Aktivierung wurde in der Insula gefunden. Diese Aktivierungsmuster könnten feinfühliges mütterliches Verhalten erleichtern und das Aufrechterhalten der Mutter-Kind Beziehung unterstützen. Ergebnisse von Studie II belegen einen negativen Verarbeitungsbias bei Müttern mit einer remittierten Depression, wobei parallele Veränderungen bei ihren Kindern gefunden wurden. Dies könnte auf einen transgenerationalen Übertragungsprozess hinweisen. Ergebnisse von Studie III zeigen eine verminderte emotionale Verfügbarkeit bei Müttern in Remission, was eine Trait-Eigenschaft darstellen könnte.Starting point of the present dissertation is the well-established association between maternal depression and adverse emotional and behavioral outcomes in children. The factors contributing to the transgenerational transmission of depression have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this thesis is to investigate two psychological factors that potentially contribute to this transgenerational association: (1) affect recognition of facial expressions in mother-child dyads and (2) maternal emotional availability. Therefore, three studies have been conducted. In study I, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to measure dissociable and overlapping brain activation in healthy mothers, while they view happy, neutral and sad faces of their own child. By using a morphing task, study II tests the hypothesis that affect recognition is biased in mothers with depression in remission and their children. Study III investigates whether emotional availability is reduced in mothers remitted from depression. Study I revealed greater brain activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex while mothers viewed sad faces of their own child, whereas greater brain activation was detected in the hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus in response to happy faces. Conjoint activation was found in the insula. These activations might facilitate sensitive maternal behavior and promote mothers to maintain the mother-child relationship. Findings of study II demonstrate a negative processing bias in mothers with depression in remission, which was paralleled in their children. This finding could possibly point to a process of transgenerational transmission. Results of study III indicate reduced emotional availability in mothers who have remitted from depression, which might represent a trait characteristic of depression.
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Pasold, Tracie. „Understanding the transgenerational cycle of parenting : the role of past parenting experiences and emotional functioning /“. Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1158020849.
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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Toledo, 2006.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-213).
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Merrifield, Matthew, und University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. „Radiation-induced deregulation of PiRNA pathway proteins : a possible molecular mechanism underlying transgenerational epigenomic instability“. Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Science, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2617.
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PiRNAs and their Piwi family protein partners are part of a germline specific epigenetic regulatory mechanism essential for proper spermatogenesis, silencing of transposable elements, and maintaining germline genome integrity, yet their role in the response of the male germline to genotoxic stress is unknown.
Ionizing radiation (IR) is known to cause transgenerational genome instability that is linked to carcinogenesis. Although the molecular etiology of IR-induced transgenerational genomic instability is not fully understood, it is believed to be an epigenetically mediated phenomenon. IR-induced alterations in the expression pattern of key regulatory proteins involved in the piRNA pathway essential for paternal germline genome stability may be directly involved in producing epigenetic alterations that can impact future generations.
Here we show whole body and localized X-irradiation leads to significant altered expression of proteins that are necessary for, and intimately involved in, the proper functioning of the germline specific piRNA pathway in mice and rats. In addition we found that IR-induced alterations to piRNA pathway protein levels were time and dose dependent.ix, 123 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm
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Pasold, Tracie L. „Understanding the Transgenerational Cycle of Parenting: The Role of Past Parenting Experiences and Emotional Functioning“. University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1158020849.
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