Thematische Bibliographien / Transformative reactions

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Transformative reactions“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Transformative reactions"

Ghosh, Pranab, Utpal Debnath, and B. P. Pradhan. "Some Transformative Reactions of Odollactone." American Journal of Organic Chemistry 2, no. 4 (2012): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajoc.20120204.01.

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Griffiths, Kieran, and George E. Kostakis. "Transformative 3d–4f coordination cluster carriers." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 35 (2018): 12011–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt02362j.

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Buitrago Santanilla, Alexander, Erik L. Regalado, Tony Pereira, et al. "Nanomole-scale high-throughput chemistry for the synthesis of complex molecules." Science 347, no. 6217 (2014): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1259203.

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At the forefront of new synthetic endeavors, such as drug discovery or natural product synthesis, large quantities of material are rarely available and timelines are tight. A miniaturized automation platform enabling high-throughput experimentation for synthetic route scouting to identify conditions for preparative reaction scale-up would be a transformative advance. Because automated, miniaturized chemistry is difficult to carry out in the presence of solids or volatile organic solvents, most of the synthetic “toolkit” cannot be readily miniaturized. Using palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions as a test case, we developed automation-friendly reactions to run in dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature. This advance enabled us to couple the robotics used in biotechnology with emerging mass spectrometry–based high-throughput analysis techniques. More than 1500 chemistry experiments were carried out in less than a day, using as little as 0.02 milligrams of material per reaction.

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Pfister, Gertrud. "Prologue: Gymnastics – Divergent European Principals and Practices and American Transformative Reactions and Responses." International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 13 (2009): 1889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360903148655.

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Fischer-Lichte, Erika, and Jens Christian Lauenstein Led. "Begrundelse for det performatives æstetik." Peripeti 3, no. 6 (2024): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/peri.v3i6.107585.

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The well-known German professor of Theatre Research, Erika Fischer-Lichte, argues for the necessity of developing a specific performative aesthetics capable of reflecting the transformative processes and physical reactions which the audience experiences in the face of the rise of performative art forms.

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Gelman, Caroline Rosenthal. "Transformative Learning: First-Year MSW Students' Reactions to, and Experiences in, Gerontological Field Placements." Educational Gerontology 38, no. 1 (2012): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2010.500579.

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Raval, Parth, Rhiannon M. Kennard, Eugenia S. Vasileiadou, et al. "Understanding Instability in Formamidinium Lead Halide Perovskites: Kinetics of Transformative Reactions at Grain and Subgrain Boundaries." ACS Energy Letters 7, no. 4 (2022): 1534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00140.

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Liu, Qiang, Xufang Liu, and Bin Li. "Base-Metal-Catalyzed Olefin Isomerization Reactions." Synthesis 51, no. 06 (2019): 1293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612014.

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The catalytic olefin isomerization reaction is a highly efficient and atom-economic transformation in organic synthesis that has attracted tremendous attention both in academia and industry. Recently, the development of Earth-abundant metal catalysts has received growing interest owing to their wide availability, sustainability, and environmentally benign nature, as well as the unique properties of non-precious metals. This review provides an overview of a broad range of base-metal-catalyzed olefin isomerization reactions categorized according to their different reaction mechanisms.1 Introduction2 Base-Metal-Catalyzed Olefin Isomerization Reactions3 Base-Metal-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Reactions4 Conclusion

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Taleb, Batoul, Rabih Jahjah, David Cornu, et al. "Exploring Hydrogen Sources in Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation: A Review of Unsaturated Compound Reduction." Molecules 28, no. 22 (2023): 7541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28227541.

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Catalytic transfer hydrogenation has emerged as a pivotal chemical process with transformative potential in various industries. This review highlights the significance of catalytic transfer hydrogenation, a reaction that facilitates the transfer of hydrogen from one molecule to another, using a distinct molecule as the hydrogen source in the presence of a catalyst. Unlike conventional direct hydrogenation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation offers numerous advantages, such as enhanced safety, cost-effective hydrogen donors, byproduct recyclability, catalyst accessibility, and the potential for catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation, particularly with chiral ligands. Moreover, the diverse range of hydrogen donor molecules utilized in this reaction have been explored, shedding light on their unique properties and their impact on catalytic systems and the mechanism elucidation of some reactions. Alcohols such as methanol and isopropanol are prominent hydrogen donors, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in various reductions. Formic acid offers irreversible hydrogenation, preventing the occurrence of reverse reactions, and is extensively utilized in chiral compound synthesis. Unconventional donors such as 1,4-cyclohexadiene and glycerol have shown a good efficiency in reducing unsaturated compounds, with glycerol additionally serving as a green solvent in some transformations. The compatibility of these donors with various catalysts, substrates, and reaction conditions were all discussed. Furthermore, this paper outlines future trends which include the utilization of biomass-derived hydrogen donors, the exploration of hydrogen storage materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), catalyst development for enhanced activity and recyclability, and the utilization of eco-friendly solvents such as glycerol and ionic liquids. Innovative heating methods, diverse base materials, and continued research into catalyst-hydrogen donor interactions are aimed to shape the future of catalytic transfer hydrogenation, enhancing its selectivity and efficiency across various industries and applications.

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Cavusoglu, Lena, and Deniz Atik. "Accumulating capital through social media: the transformative power of underrepresented fashion consumers." Journal of Consumer Marketing 38, no. 5 (2021): 514–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-08-2020-4074.

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Purpose Previous research in sociology, psychology and fashion studies has investigated the concept of diversity in the fashion context, but the topic remains largely understudied within the realm of consumer research. This study aims to examine the reactions of underrepresented women to the fashion industry’s lack of diversity. Design/methodology/approach A total of 38 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted among a sample of female consumers who were diverse with respect to racial and ethnic background, socioeconomic class, religion, sexual orientation, age, body type and physical appearance. Findings Using Bourdieu’s forms of capital – social, cultural, economic and symbolic – the findings shed light on the process of virtual community formation on social media in response to the lack of diversity in fashion; reveal fashion consumers’ power to enact institution-level change, compelling the industry to become more diverse and inclusive; demonstrate the outcomes of capital accumulation and illustrate how all forms of capital are produced by and reproduce each other. Originality/value This study proposes a new outcome of capital accumulation on virtual communities, termed “transformative value,” in addition to the social and information values identified in earlier scholarship.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Transformative reactions"

Sinha, Rajendra Prasad. "Studies on some transformative reactions of triterpenoids." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/816.

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Singha, Rabindranath. "Chemical transformation of carbocyclic compounds and development of novel reaction protocols." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4348.

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Mothay, jyotsna. "Studies on the transformative reactions of carbocyclic compounds." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/771.

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Mandal, Amitava. "Transformative reactions of terpenoids and studies on their biological activity." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1571.

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Amass, Dorothy Gwendoline. "Block co-polymerization by transformation reactions." Thesis, Aston University, 1996. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9679/.

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The aim of this study was to use the transformation of anionic to metathesis polymerization to produce block co-polymers of styrene-b-pentenylene using WC16/PStLi and WC16/PStLi/AlEtC12 catalyst systems. Analysis of the products using SEC and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy enabled mechanisms for metathesis initiation reactions to be proposed. The initial work involved preparation of the constituent homo-polymers. Solutions of polystyryllithium in cyclohexane were prepared and diluted so that the [PStLi]o < 2x10-3M. The dilution produced initial rapid decay of the active species, followed by slower spontaneous decay within a period of days. This was investigated using UV/visible spectrophotometry and the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the PStLi was found to change with the decay from an initial value of 328mn. to λmax of approximately 340nm. after 4-7 days. SEC analysis of solutions of polystyrene, using RI and UV/visible (set at 254nm.) detectors; showed the UV:RI peak area was constant for a range of polystyrene samples of different moleculor weight. Samples of polypentenylene were prepared and analysed using SEC. Unexpectedly the solutions showed an absorbance at 254nm. which had to be considered when this technique was used subsequently to analyse polymer samples to determine their styrene/pentenylene co-polymer composition. Cyclohexane was found to be a poor solvent for these ring-opening metathesis polymerizations of cyclopentene. Attempts to produce styrene-b-pentenylene block co-polymers, using a range of co-catalyst systems, were generally unsuccessful as the products were shown to be mainly homopolymers. The character of the polymers did suggest that several catalytic species are present in these systems and mechanisms have been suggested for the formation of initiating carbenes. Evidence of some low molecular weight product with co-polymer character has been obtained. Further investigation indicated that this is most likely to be ABA block copolymer, which led to a mechanism being proposed for the termination of the polymerization.

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Patel, A. V. "Microbial transformation of spirostanes and related compounds." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375659.

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Clarke, P. D. "Transformation and addition reactions in the chromone series." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372132.

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Kanno, Hisashi. "In situ alcohol oxidation-transformation reactions using manganese dioxide." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270357.

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Pariyar, Gyan Chandra. "Explorative studies on carbon hetero bond transformation reaction and carbon-hetero bond formation reaction." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/2813.

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Zhang, Junlong, and 張俊龍. "Macromolecular ruthenium porphyrin catalysts for organic transformation reactions: mechanistic andcatalytic studies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31545725.

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Bücher zum Thema "Transformative reactions"

Amass, Dorothy Gwendoline. Block co-polymerization by transformation reactions. Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1996.

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Transformation and reaction: America, 1921-1945. HarperCollinsCollegePublishers, 1993.

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Jeansonne, Glen. Transformation and reaction: America, 1921-1945. HarperCollinsCollegePublishers, 1994.

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Clarke, Paul Derek. Transformation and addition reactions in the chromone series. University of Salford, 1986.

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Gomez, Elaine. Tandem Reactions of Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Hydrocarbon Transformation. [publisher not identified], 2019.

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International Conference on Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation (3rd 1990 Newport Beach, Calif.). Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation and immune regulation III: Developmental biology of lymphocytes. Plenum Press, 1991.

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Bagnoli, Carlo, Alessia Bravin, Maurizio Massaro, and Alessandra Vignotto. Business Model 4.0. Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-286-4.

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The manufacturing digital transformation is changing the industry through the introduction of advanced solutions that allow companies to re-interpret their role along the value chain. The industrial revolution opens up great opportunities for Italian companies, in terms of process efficiency, cost reduction and improvement in productivity, but also in the rethinking of products, new services, and the ability of reaction to market needs. This report examines the possible impact of Industry 4.0 on business models considering technological innovation also as a driver of strategic innovation.

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Telomeres and telomerase in cancer. Springer, 2009.

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DeRusso, Paul M. State variables for engineers. Krieger, 1990.

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Sudhir, Gupta, and International Conference on Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation (5th : 1994 : Newport Beach, Calif.), eds. Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation and immune regulation V: Molecular basis of signal transduction. Plenum Press, 1994.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Transformative reactions"

O’Shea, Sarah, Josephine May, Cathy Stone, and Janine Delahunty. "‘So How Was Big School Today?’ Family Perceptions of HE Participation." In First-in-Family Students, University Experience and Family Life. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34451-0_7.

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AbstractO’Shea, May, Stone and Delahunty have indicated how attending university for first-in-family students can lead to significant personal transformation but highlight how the embodied nature of this experience can remain hidden or overlooked in the literature. Equally, the effects that university participation has on those around the student remain unclear, particularly understandings about how their attendance impacts upon the perceptions and ambitions of significant others. This chapter seeks to explore the reactions of family members to this higher education odyssey, particularly how this decision reverberated within the household. Findings indicate that university participation does not only impact on students in an emotional and potentially transformative sense but also on those closest to them, leading to new conversations in the home place and in some cases, broader educational futures.

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Stewart, M. J. "Transformation reactions." In New Methods of Polymer Synthesis. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9552-5_4.

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Stewart, M. J. "Transformation reactions." In New Methods of Polymer Synthesis. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1530-8_4.

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Kreowski, Hans-Jörg, and Grzegorz Rozenberg. "Graph Surfing by Reaction Systems." In Graph Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92991-0_4.

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Vloeberghs, Ward, and Sylvia I. Bergh. "Conclusion: Social Accountability Initiatives as Sites of Relational Power." In EADI Global Development Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51322-0_6.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we first summarise the findings from the country chapters on the multiple meanings of SA, documenting terms, translations and contrasting understandings between citizens and public officials. Second, we highlight how civil mobilisation tends to be cyclical over time and is often mediated by brokers. Strategies to spur stakeholders into action rely on a delicate balance of both collaboration and confrontation. Third, we examine the responses from authorities to SAIs, finding that reactions are uneven and that all civic innovators fear appropriation or co-optation by officials. Fourth, we assess overall outcomes of Arab SAIs and highlight that the transformative potential of SAIs exists especially at municipal level, if four conditions for success are present (trust, proximity, endorsement, evaluation). We also point out that the actual outcomes of SAIs in Arab societies have, so far, been limited due to design deficiencies (emphasising short-term objectives and limited context sensitivity) or because of officials’ resistance in active or passive forms. We characterise SAIs as a discursive action format that is best understood with a relational approach to power. In a final section, we formulate recommendations for activists, officials and donors on how to make SAIs more effective.

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Knodt, Michèle, Marc Ringel, and Nils Bruch. "Secure and Sustainable? Unveiling the Impact of the Russian War on EU Energy Governance." In The War Against Ukraine and the EU. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_7.

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AbstractThe Russian war of aggression against Ukraine has brought EU energy security to the forefront of the agenda, leading to a potential shift away from climate objectives. Our contribution provides a preliminary assessment of the first eighteen months of EU reactions to the war and discusses its transformative effect on EU energy policy. Short-term responses of European Member States indicate a “security first” approach, including the reactivation of coal-fired power stations and the substitution of Russian gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG) delivered by sea. This approach has resulted in increased prices in global energy markets and the risk of missing climate targets, thereby underscoring the necessity of increased European coordination and cooperation.Despite initial downgrading tendencies, the war has actually fostered greater coherence between energy security and climate goals. Notably, the development of green hydrogen could act as a catalyst for Europe's energy transition, strengthening the European Green Deal. Nevertheless, both emergency legislation and EU energy legislation face difficulties. Emergency measures bypass parliamentary scrutiny, raising concerns about legitimacy, while EU energy legislation lacks the power to influence national energy policies. The need for stronger governance is evident as targets are raised, necessitating the inclusion of harder elements in energy legislation.

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Hendry, Robin Findlay. "Mechanisms in Chemistry." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46917-6_7.

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AbstractMechanisms are the how of chemical reactions. Substances are individuated by their structures at the molecular scale, so a chemical reaction is just the transformation of reagent structures into product structures. Explaining a chemical reaction must therefore involve different hypotheses about how this might happen: proposing, investigating and sometimes eliminating different possible pathways from reagents to products. One distinctive aspect of mechanisms in chemistry is that they are broken down into a few basic kinds of step involving the breaking and making of bonds between atoms. This is necessary for chemical kinetics, the study of how fast reactions happen, and what affects it. It draws on G.N. Lewis’ identification of the chemical bond as involving shared electrons, which from the 1920s achieved the commensuration of chemistry and physics. The breaking or making of a bond just is the transfer of electrons, so a chemical bond on one side of an equation might be balanced on the other side by the appearance of a corresponding quantity of excess charge. A bond is understood to have been exchanged for a pair of electrons. Since reaction mechanisms rely on identities, doesn’t the establishment of a reaction mechanism explain away the chemical phenomena, showing that they are no more than the movement of charges and masses? In one sense yes: these mechanisms seem to involve a conserved-quantity conception of causation. But in another sense no: the ‘lower-level’ entities can do what they do only when embedded in higher-level organisation or structure. There need be no threat of reduction.

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Divakar, Soundar. "Kinetics of Some Selected Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions in Organic Solvents." In Enzymatic Transformation. Springer India, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0873-0_10.

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Semple, Tara. "Overview." In Kultur und gesellschaftliche Praxis. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39536-0_1.

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AbstractYoung adults and their conceptions and reactions to modernity, capitalism and consumerism constitute a fundamental building block to understanding society. Little sociological work has been done in the field of Hipsterism, although it can function as a paradigm for western, affluent societies. Drawing on qualitative research from two subsequent field stays in Berlin, this work utilizes Hipsterism to demonstrate contradictions of modernity, progress and counter culture in highly individualised societies, analysed through the lens of Modernity (Bauman/Giddens), Consumerism (Bauman), the New Spirit of Capitalism (Boltanski/Chiapello), and shows contradictions of urban space in reference to Lefebvre. Hipsterism demonstrates modes of identity, conceptions and a whole spectrum of activities with varying degrees of commitment. With tools such as conscious consumption, conversations and ethical or creative work within an intentional lifestyle, Hipsterism emerges as an attempt to navigate between individualism and collectivity and thus forms a kind of citizenship based on an imagined global 15 community that individuals empathize with and feel solidarity towards. Resulting from these circumstances are a variety of forms of action, while searching for better ways to contribute and engage at the same time. Attempts to try to construct spaces where milieus dissolve might fail in spatial practice, but the practices in sum still leave a trace in (consumer) culture. All these activities hint at the potential of transformative and negotiating power that Hipsterism could have.

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Genovese, Fabrizio, Fosco Loregian, and Daniele Palombi. "Nets with Mana: A Framework for Chemical Reaction Modelling." In Graph Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78946-6_10.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Transformative reactions"

Nova Sari, Lia, Simson Tarigan, and Albinus Silalahi. "Analysis of Motivation and Learning Outcomes Through Learning Model Using Guided Inquiry and Exe Learning On Redox Reactions in Senior High School Grade X." In 2nd Annual International Seminar on Transformative Education and Educational Leadership (AISTEEL 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aisteel-17.2017.82.

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Cucuzzella, A. "MATLAB code for highly energetic materials." In Aerospace Science and Engineering. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902677-16.

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Abstract. Detonations represent high-speed chemical reactions characterized by rapid propagation, accompanied by a release of high-pressure energy. This transformative process converts unreacted explosive materials into stable product molecules, reaching a steady state known as the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state. This study aims to effectively describe the detonation phenomenon in energetic materials through the application of the CJ theory. Using a computational approach, we developed a MATLAB code to calculate the minimum detonation velocity (DCJ) of the explosive and analyze product expansion under constant entropy conditions.

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Yu, Yong Poh, Khai Yin Lim, and Tong Ming Lim. "A Comparative Study on the Time Series Models for Forecasting Facebook Reactions." In International Conference on Digital Transformation and Applications (ICDXA 2020). Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56453/icdxa.2020.1012.

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The Facebook reactions were used over 300 billion times during their first year of existence. Research on reaction activity is essential especially for the digital marketing purpose. The market needs to understand how Facebook reactions fluctuate to forecast the best period to post advertisements on Facebook that yields the highest number of reactions. In this study, several time-series models are used to forecast the number of Facebook reactions over a certain period for different domains. A comparative study is done to evaluate the performance of each model, in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Keywords: Forecasting, Facebook reactions, time series model, ARIMA, SARIMA

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Hook, David, Seymen Aygun, William Borland, and Jon-Paul Maria. "Low-temperature nitride transformation reactions." In 2011 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2011.6185889.

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ZHANG, Y. H. "RARE EARTH DOPED NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIUM DIOXIDE: PREPARATION, PHASE TRANSFORMATION AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Hydrothermal Reactions. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705228_0040.

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CHEN, CHAO, YULIN YANG, YANGHONG GUO, and W. Q. PANG. "TRANSFORMATION OF TITANIUM PHOSPHATES FROM 1-D CHIRAL CHAIN TO 2-D LAYER." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Hydrothermal Reactions. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705228_0049.

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WANG, KAIXUE, JIHONG YU, CAIJIN LI, LI PENG, and RUREN XU. "STUDIES ON THE TRANSFORMATION FROM AN INTERMEDIATE ALUMINOPHOSPHATE PHASE TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL OPEN-FRAMEWORKS." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Hydrothermal Reactions. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705228_0002.

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Hook, David, Seymen Aygun, William Borland, and Jon-Paul Maria. "Low-temperature thin film nitride transformation reactions." In 2012 IEEE 38th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2012.6317701.

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Suherman, Yarman, Defri Ahmad, and Nurul Afifah Rusyda. "The development flipbook explainer of transformation geometry." In THE PHYSICS OF SURFACES: Aspects of the Kinetics and Dynamics of Surface Reaction. AIP, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0122661.

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Do, Kien, Truyen Tran, and Svetha Venkatesh. "Graph Transformation Policy Network for Chemical Reaction Prediction." In KDD '19: The 25th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3292500.3330958.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Transformative reactions"

Bull, Benedicte. A Social compromise for the Anthropocene? Elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement and the prospects for a Latin American transformative green state. Fundación Carolina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtfo07en.

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The world is urgently facing the need for a “green transformation”, involving not only a transition towards the use renewable energy and reduction of biodiversity loss, but a deep social change towards social justice and sustainability. Such action requires social compromises between elites and popular sectors that allow the building of strong institutions to implement changes. Latin America is faced with huge tasks to increase equality, justice and sustainability, but it also plays a pivotal role in the global green transformation. The region is further characterized by both strong elites, strong socio-environmental movements and deep environmental conflicts making social compromises difficult. This Working Paper discusses elite reactions to the most advanced regional agreement on environmental regulation and conflict resolution, the Escazù Agreement. In many countries, elites opposed it vehemently referring to national sovereignty, but particularly rejecting the institutional implications of the agreement involving a stronger compromise to allow popular participation. This was opposed by economic elites in democratic countries (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Peru) as well as governmental elites in authoritarian countries (El Salvador and Venezuela). However, in various cases, elite opposition was overcome after popular mobilization and dialogue. The paper discusses what we can learn from elite reactions to the Escazú Agreement of importance for future social compromises as a basis for the emergence for transformative states in Latin America.

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J. Helble, Clara Smith, and David Miller. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reaction and Transformation of Hg and Trace Metals in Combustion Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004877.

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Baxley, J. S., and J. R. Wells. The Hydroxyl Radical Reaction Rate Constant and Atmospheric Transformation Products of 2-Butanol and 2-Pentanol. Defense Technical Information Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada380061.

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Cabrol, Marcelo, and Cristina Pombo. How Digitalization can Transform Health, Education and Work as Latin America and the Caribbean Emerge from the Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003726.

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Like other historic disruptions, the COVID-19 pandemic has triggered chain-reactions in innovation, adaptation, and rapid behavioral change. The Latin American and Caribbean Region is no exception. The COVID-19 crisis has exposed a vast, pent-up demand for improvements in the quality, convenience, and cost of basic public services. While the ongoing human and economic toll of the pandemic has overshadowed the potential for dramatic and lasting gains in areas such as health, education, and remote work, it is not too early to ask how these gains might be retained and reinforced. This report highlights opportunities in telemedicine, tele-education, and telework the three areas we think are best positioned to achieve a profound digital transformation in the near-term. For each area, we offer a summary of the status quo, examples of early movers and innovators, and key questions regarding policy actions that can accelerate current trends.

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Ketterer, Juan Antonio. Digital Finance: New Times, New Challenges, New Opportunities. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007028.

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Since the end of the great crisis of 2007-10, the financial services industry began a process of accelerating change. New business models based on convergent technological developments are challenging the status quo of a long-established and traditional industry. The purpose of this document is to consider the latest developments in the financial services industry and to discuss how they might affect the ability for firms--particularly small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)--and individuals to access financing. It concludes that the transformative developments in the financial services industry will most likely improve and expand access of firms and individuals to finance, as well as increase formalization and financial inclusion. Some hurdles and risks that may hamper and/or delay the process are identified: the reaction of the industry incumbents, the lack of appropriate and timely regulation, the lack of access to good-quality and affordable digital connectivity (broadband access), and the unforeseen and seriously disruptive changes that might come from the payments space. To confront these risks, the public sector must define a set of proper and timely responses. The strategy for public interventions must be defined based on a deep understanding of the forces that are driving the change.

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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.

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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.

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Sayers, Dave, Rui Sousa-Silva, Sviatlana Höhn, et al. The Dawn of the Human-Machine Era: A forecast of new and emerging language technologies. Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/jyx/reports/20210518/1.

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New language technologies are coming, thanks to the huge and competing private investment fuelling rapid progress; we can either understand and foresee their effects, or be taken by surprise and spend our time trying to catch up. This report scketches out some transformative new technologies that are likely to fundamentally change our use of language. Some of these may feel unrealistically futuristic or far-fetched, but a central purpose of this report - and the wider LITHME network - is to illustrate that these are mostly just the logical development and maturation of technologies currently in prototype. But will everyone benefit from all these shiny new gadgets? Throughout this report we emphasise a range of groups who will be disadvantaged and issues of inequality. Important issues of security and privacy will accompany new language technologies. A further caution is to re-emphasise the current limitations of AI. Looking ahead, we see many intriguing opportunities and new capabilities, but a range of other uncertainties and inequalities. New devices will enable new ways to talk, to translate, to remember, and to learn. But advances in technology will reproduce existing inequalities among those who cannot afford these devices, among the world’s smaller languages, and especially for sign language. Debates over privacy and security will flare and crackle with every new immersive gadget. We will move together into this curious new world with a mix of excitement and apprehension - reacting, debating, sharing and disagreeing as we always do. Plug in, as the human-machine era dawns.

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Sengupta-Gopalan, Champa, Shmuel Galili, and Rachel Amir. Improving Methionine Content in Transgenic Forage Legumes. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580671.bard.

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Leguminous forage crops are high in proteins but deficient in S- amino acids. It has been shown that both wool quality and milk production can be limited by the post-ruminal supply of sulfur-containing amino acids. Efforts to use conventional plant breeding and cell selection techniques to increase the S-amino acid content of alfalfa have met with little success. With the objective to increase the S-amino acid content of forage legumes, the goal of this project was to co- express the methionine rich zein genes from corn along with a gene for a key enzyme in methionine biosynthesis, aspartate kinase(AK). The zeins are seed storage proteins from corn and are groupec into four distinct classes based on their amino acid sequence homologies. The b-zein (15kd) and the 6zein (10kD and 18kD) have proportionately high levels of methionine (10%, 22% and 28%, respectively). Initial studies from our lab had shown that while the 15kD zein accumulated to high levels in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco the l0kD zein did not. However, co-expression of the 10kD zein with the 15kD zein genes in tobacco showed stabilization of the 10kD zein and the co-localization of the 10kD and 15kD zein proteins in unique ER derived protein bodies. AK is the key enzyme for producing carbon skeletons for all amino acids of the aspartate family including methionine. It is, however, regulated by end-product feedback inhibition. The specific objectives of this proposal were: i. to co-express the 15kD zein with the 10/18kD zein genes in alfalfa in order to enhance the level of accumulation of the 10/18kD zein; ii. to increase methionine pools by expressing a feedback insensitive AK gene in transformants co-expressing the 15kD and 10/18kD zein genes. The Israeli partners were successful in expressing the AK gene in alfalfa which resulted in an increase in free and bound threonine but not in methionine (Galili et al., 2000). Since our target was to increase methionine pools, we changed our second objective to replace the AK gene with the gene for cystathionine gamma synthase (CGS) in the co-expression studies. The first methionine specific reaction is catalyzed by CGS. An additional objective was to develop a transformation system for Berseem clover, and to introduce the appropriate gene constructs into it with the goal of improving their methionine content. Genes for the 15kD zein along with the genes for either the 10kD or 18kD zein have been introduced into the same alfalfa plant both by sexual crosses and by re-transformation. Analysis of these zein co-expressors have shown that both the IOkD and 18kD zein levels go up 5 to 10 fold when co-expressed with the 15kD zein (Bagga et al., MS in preparation). Incubation of the leaves of transgenic alfalfa co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes, in the rumen of cows have shown that the zein proteins are stable in the rumen. To increase the level of zein accumulation in transgenic alfalfa different promoters have been used to drive the zein genes in alfalfa and we have concluded that the CaMV 35S promoter is superior to the other strong leaf -specific promoters. By feeding callus tissue of alfalfa plants co-expressing the 15kD and 10kD zein genes with methionine and its precursors, we have shown that the zein levels could be significantly enhanced by increasing the methionine pools. We have now introduced the CGS gene (from Arabidopsis; kindly provided to us by Dr. Leustek), into the 15kD zein transformants and experiments are in progress to check if the expression of the CGS gene indeed increases the level of zein accumulation in alfalfa. We were not successful in developing a transformation protocol for Berseem clover.

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Hodges, Thomas K., and David Gidoni. Regulated Expression of Yeast FLP Recombinase in Plant Cells. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7574341.bard.

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Research activities in both our laboratories were directed toward development of control of the FLP/frt recombination system for plants. As described in the text of the research proposal, the US lab has been engaged in developing regulatory strategies such as tissue-specific promoters and the steroid-inducible activation of the FLP enzyme while the main research activities in Israel have been directed toward the development and testing of a copper-regulated expression of flp recombinase in tobacco (this is an example of a promoter activation by metal ions). The Israeli lab hat additionally completed experiments of previous studies regarding factors affecting the efficiency of recombinase activity using both a gain-of-function assay (excisional-activation of a gusA marker) and loss of function assay (excision of a rolC marker) in tobacco. Site-specific recombinase systems, in particular the FLP/frt and R/RS systems of yeast and the Cre/lox system of bacteriophage P1, have become an essential component of targeted genetic transformation procedures both in animal and plant organisms. To provide more flexibility in transgene excisions by the recombinase systems as well as gene targeting, and to widen possible applications, the development of controlled or regulated recombination systems is highly desirable and was therefore the subject of this research proposal. There are a few possible mechanisms to regulate expression of a recombinase system. They include: 1) control of the recombination system by having the target sites (e.g. frt) in one plant and the flp recombinase gene in another, and bringing the two together by cross fertilization. 2) regulation of promoter activities by external stimuli such as temperature, chemicals, metal ions, etc. 3) regulation of promoter activities by internal signals, i.e. cell- or tissue-specific, or developmental regulation. 4) regulation of enzyme activity by providing cofactors essential for biochemical reactions to take place such as steroid molecules in conjunction with a steroid ligand-binding protein (domains). During the course of this research our major emphasis have been focused toward studying the feasibility of hybrid seed production in Arabidopsis, using FLP/frt. Male-sterility was induced using the antisence of a pollen- and tapetum-specific gene, bcp1, isolated from Arabidopsis. The sterility inducing gene was flanked by frt sites. Upon cross pollination of flowers of male-sterile plants with pollen from FLP-containing plants, viable seeds were produced, and the progeny hybrid plants developed normally. The major achievement from this work is the first demonstration of using a site-specific recombinase to restore fertility in male-sterile plants (see attached paper, Luo et al., Plant J 2000; 23:423-430). The implication from this finding is that site-specific recombination systems can be applied in crop plants as a useful alternative method for hybrid seed production.

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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, et al. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.

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